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Theoretical Ecology a Unified Approach Cover ‘r Theoretical Ecology A Unified Approach Second Edition Luís Soares Barreto Costa de Caparica 2017 Costa de Caparica 201X 2 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology Theoretical Ecology Theoretical Ecology Sem texto © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 3 Theoretical Ecologyy Theoretical Ecologyy Theoretical Ecology A Unified Approach Second Edition 4 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology Theoretical Ecology Sem texto © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 5 Theoretical Ecology Theoretical Ecology A Unified Approach Second Edition Luís Soares Barreto Jubilee Professor of Forestry University of Lisbon Portugal 6 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology © Luís Soares Barreto, 2005, 2017 © Luís Soares Barreto, 2005, 2017 Theoretical Ecology A Unified Approach Second Edition E-book published by the author Prof. Doutor Luís Soares Barreto Av. do Movimento das Forças Armadas, 41 – 3D 2825-372 Costa de Caparica Portugal This e-book is free ware but neither public domain nor open source. It can be copied and disseminated only in its totality, with re- spect for the authorship rights. It can not be sold. With compliments © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 7 Dedication Dedication In memoriam of my parents, also to Sandra Isabel, Luísa Maria, ecology students, and ecologists I am grateful to those who contribute to the existence of ClickCharts, LibreOffice, Maxima, R, Scilab e wxMaxima 8 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology Cover image Cover image Cover image Modified photo of an Iberian lynx, obtained from the internet. Cer- tainly from a Spanish author that I was unable to identify. With my gratitude © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 9 The author The author Luís Soares Barreto was borne in 1935, in Chinde, a small village in the delta of the Zambezi River, in Mozambique. In this African country, from 1962 till 1974, he did research in forestry, and he was also member of the faculty of the Universidade de Lourenço Marques (actual Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo), where he started the teach- ing of Forestry. While member of this university, from 1967 to 1970, he was a graduate student at Duke Univer- sity, Durham, NC, U.S.A.. From this university, he re- ceived his Master of Forestry in Forest Ecology (1968), and his Ph. D. in Operations Research applied to Forestry (1970). Since 1975 till March, 2005, he taught at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lis- boa. From 1975 to 1982, simultaneously, he taught in the Department of Environmental Sciences of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Here, in 1977, he conceived, and created a new five years degree in environmental engineering. He is the only Portuguese who established a scientific theory. Besides the ecological theory presented in this book, he proposed also a unified theory for forest stands of any kind and ecologically sound management practices grounded on it. The later theory is a particular case of the former one. His first contact with mathematical or theoretical eco- logy occurred in the spring of 1968, when he was gradu- ate student at Duke University, and he attended a course (mathematical ecology, MBA 591) in North Carolina State University, at Raleigh, taught by Professor Evelyn C. Pielou, holding a visitor professorship in this university. The author taught population dynamics for about twenty years. Actually, he is jubilee professor of the University of Lisbon. 10 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology The author © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 11 The author Other books by the author: Madeiras Ultramarinas. Instituto de Investigação Científica de Moçambique, Lourenço Marques, 1963. A Produtividade Primária Líquida da Terra. Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente, Lisboa, 1977. O Ambiente e a Economia. Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente, Lisboa, 1977. Um Novo Método para a Elaboração de Tabelas de Produção. Aplicação ao Pinhal. Serviço Nacional de Parques, Reservas e Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa 1987. A Floresta. Estrutura e Funcionamento. Serviço Nacional de Parques, Reservas e Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa, 1988. Alto Fuste Regular. Instrumentos para a sua Gestão. Publicações Ciência e Vida, Lda., Lisboa, 1994. Ética Ambiental. Uma Anotação Introdutória. Publicações Ciência e Vida, Lda., Lisboa, 1994. Povoamentos Jardinados. Instrumentos para a sua Gestão. Publicações Ciência e Vida, Lda., Lisboa, 1995. Pinhais Mansos. Ecologia e Gestão. Estação Florestal Nacional, Lisboa, 2000. Pinhais Bravos. Ecologia e Gestão. E-book, Lisbon, 2005. Theoretical Ecology. A Unified Approach. E-book, Lisbon, 2005. Iniciação ao Scilab. E-book, Lisbon, 2008. Árvores e Arvoredos. Geometria e Dinâmica. E-book, Costa de Caparica, 2010. From Trees to Forests. A Unified Theory. E-book, Costa de Caparica, 2011. Iniciação ao Scilab. Second edition. E-book, Costa de Caparica, 2011. Ecologia Teórica. Uma Outra Explanação. I - Populações Isoladas. E-book, Costa de Caparica, 2013. Ecologia Teórica. Uma Outra Explanação. II - Interações entre Populações. E-book, Costa de Capa- rica, 2014. Ecologia Teórica. Uma Outra Explanação. III – Comunidade e Ecossistema. E-book, Costa de Capa- rica, 2016. 12 © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology Quotations Quotations “No theory, no science" Mario Bunge. Philosophy of Science. From Problem to Theory. Volume I, page 437. "I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the highest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others, and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabric of their lives." L. Tolstoy Quotation obtained from Bohmian Mechanics,* (Section 15), Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, in the internet. *Sheldon Goldstein. Bohmian Mechanics. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zanta (Ed.) URL=< http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entriesqm-bohm/> “We can put it down as one of the principles learned from the history of science that a theory is only overthrown by a better theory, never merely by contradictory facts”. James B. Conant, 1958. On Understanding Science. Mentor Book, New York. Page 48. Without text © L. S. Barreto, 2017. Theoretical Ecology 13 Contents Contents Cover .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Theoretical Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 2 Theoretical Ecologyy ...................................................................................................................... 3 Theoretical Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 3 Theoretical Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 5 © Luís Soares Barreto, 2005, 2017 ................................................................................................. 6 Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Cover image .................................................................................................................................... 8 The author ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Quotations .................................................................................................................................... 12 Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 18 1.1. The Scope of this Book ...................................................................................................... 18 1.2 The Fundamental Assumptions .......................................................................................... 18 1.3 The Book ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.4 Theory Synopsis .................................................................................................................. 20 1.5 Connection ......................................................................................................................... 21 1.6 References .......................................................................................................................... 21 PART I ............................................................................................................................................ 22 ISOLATED POPULATIONS ............................................................................................................. 22 2 Population Descriptors, and other Basic Concepts ................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Basic Concepts of Dimensional Analysis ...........................................................................
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