SPRING STAGING OF WATERFOWL ALONG THE NAINEK RIVER, ALASKA PENINSULA, ALASKA MARCH - MAY 1993
By:
Angela C. Mehall
Key Words: Aerial surveys, Alaska Peninsula, American wigeon, Canada geese, canvasback, disturbance, Egegik River, eiders, Eurasian wigeon, goldeneyes, greater scaup, ground surveys, Kvichak River, mallards, mergansers, migration, Naknek River, northern pintails, radio telemetry, redheads, tundra swans, Ugashik River, waterfowl, white-fronted geese.
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuge Complex P.O. Box 277 King Salmon, Alaska 99613
June 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF APPENDICES
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY AREA AND METHODS 3 Study Area 3 Methods 3 Aerial Surveys 4 Ground Surveys 7 Telemetry 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8 Abundance and Timing of Staging 8 Species Accounts 8 Species Composition on the Naknek River 22 Distribution on the Naknek River 24 Spring Waterfowl Staging Trends 27 Aerial vs. Ground Surveys 29 Kvichak, Egegik and Ugashik rivers Surveys 30 White-fronted Goose Telemetry and Collar Sightings 32 Methodology and Analysis 33 Disturbances 33
RECOMMENDATIONS 34
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 35
LITERATURE CITED 36
APPENDICES 39 LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page
Arrival and peak dates of waterfowl observed during the spring aerial and ground surveys of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March - May, 1991, 1992, 1993 9
Highest recorded abundance of waterfowl by species for each year of spring aerial and ground surveys on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March-May, 1983-1988, 1991, 1992, 1993 10
3. Highest recorded abundance of waterfowl by species on surveys of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March-May, 1983-1988, 1991, 1992, 1993 21
ii LIST OF FIGURES
. Title Page
Rivers included in the 1993 spring waterfowl surveys, and aerial survey segments of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska 1993 2
Ground survey points, lower route, Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. See appendix for description of survey points. Entire lower river was visible to observer 5
Ground survey points, upper route, Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. See appendix for description of survey points. Darkened portions represent areas not visible from ground observation points 6
Tundra Swans observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 - 1993 11
White-fronted vs. Canada geese observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 13
Total geese observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 - 1993 13
Green-winged teal, northern shovelers and American wigeon observed during ground surveys on the upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 14
Mallards observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991-1993 15
Northern pintails observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 - 1993 15
Greater scaup, oldsquaw, and black scoters observed during ground surveys on lower route of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 18
Common goldeneyes, common mergansers, and red-breasted mergansers observed during ground surveys on lower route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 20
Common goldeneyes, common mergansers, and red-breasted mergansers observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 20
iii LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
No, Title Page
Seasonal change in composition of waterfowl staging on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1992 - 1993 23
Waterfowl composition at the combined staging areas of Paradise Point (Pt 14) and the mouth of Big Creek (Pt 15), on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 26
Waterfowl composition at the staging area of Rapids Camp (Pt 16) on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 26
Dabbling vs. diving duck abundance on lower route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 28
Dabbling vs. diving duck abundance on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 28
Tundra Swans, geese, northern pintails, and mergansers observed during aerial surveys, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993 32
iv LIST OF APPENDICES
No. Title Page
I. Geographical description of ground survey observation points along the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, February - May 1991, 1992, 1993. Some of the Points have been altered to allow better viewing. All amendments are in bold type 40 ABSTRACT
The 1993 annual spring waterfowl migration survey was conducted 26 February to 19 May along the Naknek River on the Alaska Peninsula. The upper Naknek River opened 25 February and the lower opened by 22 March. Ground surveys were implemented for the third consecutive year in accordance with the 1991 survey model. Aerial surveys were implemented to determine waterfowl species composition, abundance, phenology, distribution, man-made or natural disturbances, and utilization of specific habitats. Additional aerial surveys were made on the Kvichak, Egegik and Ugashik rivers to determine if these variables are unicide to the Naknek River or general characteristics of the Alaska Peninsula.
In 1993, Naknek River overall waterfowl numbers were considerably lower than 1992, but comparable to 1991. Ground surveys revealed shifting species composition and considerable variation in individual species' phenologies. Total waterfowl use of the river was 9113 birds (total of all species' highest abundance) of 22 species. Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) were encountered regularly in small numbers changing their recorded status from "rare" to be "uncommon" on the Alaska Peninsula. Numbers of northern pintails (Anas acute) and greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) were the lowest since 1987 and 1983, respectively. The probable cause for the low 1993 abundances was the early opening of area ponds and lakes as well as rivers along the Alaska Peninsula, allowing waterfowl to stage away from the Naknek River. Low abundances were also observed on the Kvichak, Egegik and Ugashik rivers, with total counts of 2261, 451, and 509, respectively.
The highest density staging area on the Naknek River remained between Big Creek and Paradise Point. The Rapids Camp vicinity was heavily used by dabbling ducks in the first 2 weeks of May. Boat traffic, military and civilian aircraft, and human presence along the shorelines were noted to disturb waterfowl.
INTRODUCTION
The management and conservation of waterfowl is a mandate of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS). In April and May, thousands of swans, geese, ducks, and other water birds stage on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, King Salmon area (Fig. 1) during spring migration. Spring aerial waterfowl surveys have been conducted on the Naknek River every year from 1983 to 1988, but were not conducted during 1989 and 1990 due to the diversion of Refuge Complex personnel and resources to the Exxon Valdez oil spill surveys. This year (1993) was the third consecutive year aerial surveys of the Naknek River were supplemented with ground surveys following methods described in Burke (1992). Beginning in spring 1992 and continuing in the spring 1993, aerial surveys were also flown over two area rivers, the Kvichak and Ugashik. In addition, the Egegik River was flown and surveyed during 1993. These surveys followed the Wildlife Inventory Plan of Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
1 Fig. 1. Rivers included in the 1993 spring waterfowl surveys, and aerial survey segments of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska 1993
2 The purpose of the these surveys was to:
Establish a historical record of species composition, abundance, and phenology during spring waterfowl migrat ion. Monitor annual variations, especially in abundances of common species. C. Relate annual variations to factors such as human disturbance along the river and migration phenology.
A ground-based telemetry survey was conducted on staging greater white-fronted geese (Anger albifrons) in conjunction with the ground waterfowl counts. The purpose of telemetry monitoring was to provide the Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Migratory Birds Division, with information on locally staging birds.
STUDY AREA AND METHODS
Study Area
The Naknek River is located at the northern end of the Alaska Peninsula and connects the communities of King Salmon, Naknek, and South Naknek. It lies north of Becharof National Wildlife Refuge and west of Katmai National Park and Preserve. The river drains out of Naknek Lake within Katmai National Park and flows westward for 51.2 km (32 mi) where it empties into the northern end of Bristol Bay (Fig. 1). Bristol Bay's tidal influence affects the lower two- thirds of the river from the mouth to Rapids Camp, 35.2 km (22 mi) upstream, exposing large mudflats during low tides.
The Kvichak River lies 48 km (30 mi) north of the Naknek River and flows 113.6 km (71 mi) southwest from Iliamna Lake into Bristol Bay. The Ugashik River lies 128 km (80 mi) south of the Naknek and flows westward for 65.6 km (41 mi) from Lower Ugashik Lake to Bristol Bay. The Egegik River lies 65.6 km (41 mi) south of the Naknek River and flows westward for 40 km (25 mi) from Becharof Lake into Bristol Bay.
Methods
Historically, aerial surveys have been the primary method of surveying waterfowl on the Naknek River. Ground surveys were conducted simultaneously with aerial surveys for the first time in 1986. These infrequent ground counts were unreliable due to use of only 2 survey sites and the constant flushing of waterfowl by related survey aircraft. After 1986, the ground surveys were discontinued and waterfowl counts were conducted strictly by aircraft. During spring 1991, the first comprehensive ground survey was designed and conducted. This survey utilized multiple observation points, with more frequent monitoring over a longer time, and was independent of aerial surveys. It broadened the scope of the spring surveys allowing increased understanding of species composition, abundance, habitat utilization, and phenology, especially in regards to timing of individual species peaks. The 1993 comprehensive ground survey followed the 1991 model with a lengthened study period and some minor changes in survey points (Appendix I).
3 Aerial Surveys
Surveys from 1983 to 1991 indicated the peak of abundance for staging swans, geese, and most dabbling ducks to be the end of April. Historically, 3 or 4 aerial surveys were conducted at weekly intervals to document the peak excepting contingencies due to weather. This year, only 2 aerial surveys were conducted of the Naknek River (22 April and 29 April) in order to allow for surveys of the Kvichak, Egegik and Ugashik rivers (29 April and 30 April). All aerial surveys were conducted + or - 1 hour of low tide, during daylight hours using the tide tables for the Nushagak District for reference. During the surveys, a Cessna 206 aircraft was flown at approximately 60 knots and 45-122 m (150-400 ft) above ground level with the flight altitude adjusted to minimize disturbance to waterfowl. Surveys were flown into the prevailing winds.
Each Naknek River survey was broken into 2 separate flights. First, the entire river was surveyed for tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) and geese at 90-122 m (300-400 ft). Then, the plane returned to the survey's starting point and began again, censusing ducks at 45-60 m (150-200 ft). Breaking the aerial survey into 2 flights helped reduce confusion when encountering large, mixed flocks, greatly enhancing precision in regard to species abundance and composition. It was found,however, that geese were seen with great difficulty on the mudflats at 122 m (400 ft), proving easier to observe them during the duck count. The river was divided into 10 survey segments (Fig. 1). Observers recorded the starting and ending time for the entire survey as well as the starting time for each segment. Each pass required approximately 45 minutes. When encountering large concentrations of ducks, it was not possible to record all species present with great accuracy. In these cases, primary species such as northern pintails (Arras acute), mallards (Areas platyrhynchos), goldeneyes (Bucephala spp.) and mergansers (Mergus spp.) became the focus and minor species were recorded as possible.
Generally the aircraft was flown down the middle of the river, with an observer counting each side. In the wider stretches of the lower river, the pilot flew over one side of the river and then doubled back and covered the opposite side. Waterfowl tended to occur on mudflats or along river banks, requiring observers' special attention to those areas. When large concentrations were encountered, typically along segments 4-8 (Fig. 1), additional passes were made to ensure a thorough count and proper species identification. When additional coverage became necessary, the front seat observer and pilot coordinated altering flight altitude, flight speed, and/or the flight line and observers communicated to ensure against recounts.
During the Kvichak, Egegik and Ugashik river surveys, waterfowl species were surveyed on a single pass, and only when necessary were additional passes maneuvered. No attempt was made to divide the river into segments; totals were calculated for the entire river only.
All 1993 aerial surveys were completed by the same observers seated in the front right and rear left seats. Both observers recorded counts on small, hand-held tape recorders. Special care was taken to use fresh batteries and appropriate tape speed. Survey results were transferred from tape to paper for storage. Ui
Fig. 2. Ground survey points, lower route, Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. See appendix for description of survey points. Entire lower river was visible to observer. KING SALMON CREEK
ESKIMO NAKNEK CREEK LAKE
KING SALMON LAKE 17 12 CAMP • KATMAI 13 14 NATIONAL PARK PARADISE POINT AND PRESERVE SMELT GRA CREEK 15 •
RAPIDS 16 CAMP •
BIG o CREEK ' 1 miles \
Fig. 3. Ground survey points, upper route, Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. See appendix for description of survey points. Darkened portions represent areas not visible form ground observation points. Ground Surveys
Ground surveys on the Naknek River followed the methods established in 1991 (Burke 1992). The surveys were intended to concentrate on areas that historically supported larger concentrations of waterfowl. The route and survey points were videotaped in November 1992 and May 1993 (tapes on file in the Refuge Complex Office in King Salmon).
The Naknek River was divided into 2 ground survey routes based on time constraints and historical waterfowl distribution. The lower route covered the mouth of the river to Paul's Creek, Within this route there were 9 survey points (Fig. 2 and Appendix I). Midway through the survey the Paul's Creek observation point (Point 9) had to be slightly changed due to difficulty getting access to private property on which the original point was located. The new observation point lies about 80 m (200 ft) north along the bluff from the original point. The upper route covered King Salmon Creek to the outlet of Naknek Lake. Within this route there were 8 survey points (Fig. 3 and Appendix I). The Lake Camp point (Point 17) also had to be changed this year due to problems getting access to private property. Survey coverage began 26 February upon opening of the upper river. During February and early March, surveys were conducted approximately 4 x/week. During peak staging, the more productive upper river was surveyed 3-4 x/week, and the lower river was surveyed only 1-2 x/week.
Initially ground surveys were conducted + or - 1 hour of low tide as dictated by the 1991 report and as practiced in aerial surveys. However, it was found better to begin surveys 2-3 hours before low tide and, if possible, not after low tide. The Naknek River tides recede slowly but "pour in" very rapidly. Beginning after low tide did not make optimal use of tidal fluctuations for observing birds on the exposed mudflats and river banks, and caused problems with the rising river "catching" the observer and increasing the possibility of recounts. Timing was especially important on the upper river during waterfowl population peaks when the counts could take up to 8 hours. Survey points above Rapids Camp are not tidally influenced.
Typically, 1 observer completed the surveys using 10x binoculars and a Questar mirror scope (12-32 mm, 1.5-2x), or when weather demanded, a 15-60x spotting scope. A 2-wheel-drive pickup truck provided access to all ground observation points except observation Point 15 which required a round-trip walk of 1 km.
The same observer (Volunteer A. Mehall) completed most of the surveys, supplemented by 2 additional observers (Biological Technician K. Boden, Wildlife Biologist D. Dewhurst). All new observers were trained for at least 1 week by personnel familiar with the routes and the specifics of the observation points (Appendix I). From most observation points, all waterfowl visible were counted. However, the view from several points overlapped, and observers were careful to delineate borders and avoid recounting. Counts were recorded by species at each point. For discussion and summary purposes, sea ducks were lumped under diving ducks.
7 Telemetry
Telemetric monitoring of white-fronted geese, fitted with neck collar transmitters, was performed on only 4 occasions beginning 21 March due to the low numbers of geese sighted. Geese were monitored using a Telonics receiver/scanner set for 65 white-fronted goose frequencies provided by the Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center. Coverage of the upper river during the ground survey was attempted concentrating on more productive mudflats where the geese were visible. All geese within spotting scope range were carefully scanned for individuals with neck collars and/or tarsus bands to record individual identification.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Abundance and Timing,of Staging
February through April temperatures averaged 8.1-11.9°F above normal accelerating spring break-up in the King Salmon area (National Weather Service 1993). Monthly snowfall averaged 14.5-14.8 inches below normal for February through April (National Weather Service 1993). The river completely broke free of ice 22 March, when the final plug in the Savanoski vicinity on the lower river opened. The upper river began to open at Lake Camp and Rapids Camp during the third week in February. The entire upper river was open by 25 February. Survey coverage began on 26 February, when the only iced-in portion of the river was between Paul's Creek and the Martin Monsen Park vicinity on the lower river, and continued through 19 May, with 43 ground surveys completed.
A total of 22 species of waterfowl were sighted on the river. The highest recorded abundance was on the 21 April ground survey of the upper river when 4539 total waterfowl were counted. There was considerable variation in individual species phenologies. The peak abundances of common mergansers (Mergus merganser) and common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula) were recorded as early as 24 March and 5 April respectively (Table 1). Tundra swans, white- fronted geese, Canada geese (Branta canadensis), northern pintails, and red- breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) peaked between 19 April and 26 April, but green-winged teals (Anas crecca), northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), American wigeon (Anas americana), greater scaup (Aythya marila), and black scoters (Melanitta nigra) did not reach peak abundance until the third week in May. Due to this variation between phenologies, the more relevant figure of total waterfowl abundance on the river is the total of each species' peak abundance or 9113 waterfowl (Table 2).
Species Accounts
Tundra swans (Fig. 4) (Tables 1 & 2) were first sighted on 16 March, with 3 roosting between Big Creek and Paradise Point, while most of the upper river was still iced in. The earliest recorded arrival of swans on the Naknek river was 7 March in 1981 by Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Biologist and local birder R. Russell (Wilk 1987a). Tundra swans are generally among the earliest of waterfowl to arrive with a mean arrival date of 30 March on the Naknek River recorded between 1975 and 1982 (Wilk 1987a). A peak of 1393
8 Table 1. Arrival and Peak dates of waterfowl observed during the spring aerial and ground surveys on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March - May, 1991, 1992, 1993. (Burke 1992, Cook 1992)
ARRIVAL PEAK Species 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 Tundra swan 3/29 3/19 3/16 4/25 4/28 4/21 White-fronted goose 4/05 4/05 4/12 4/19 4/28 4/21 Canada goose 4/11 4/10 4/16 4/19 4/21 4/19 Green-winged teal 4/05 4/10 4/02 5/03 5/13 5/11 Mallard 4/03 4/06 3/18 4/25 4/28 4/09 Northern pintail 4/03 4/02 4/01 4/23 5/01 4/26 Northern shoveler 4/26 4/18 4/19 5/22 5/13 5/17 Gadwall 5/09 4/18 5/07 5/09 4/21 5/07 Eurasian wigeon 4/16 4/21 4/01 5/01 5/01 4/26 American wigeon 4/09 4/12 4/02 5/09 5/01 5/11 Canvasback 4/23 4/17 4/16 4/26 5/01 4/16 Redhead 4/07 3/23 5/01 4/06 Greater scaup 4/11 4/07 4/05 5/07 5/15 5/13 King eider 4/24 3/13 3/25 4/24 3/13&5/22 4/08 Oldsquaw 4/24 3/09 3/12 4/24 3/19 4/08 Black scoter 4/24 4/28 4/07 5/23 5/29 5/13 White-winged scoter 5/20 4/20 5/19 5/20 5/19 5/19 Bufflehead 4/15 4/05 4/02 4/26 5/01 4/15 Common goldeneye 4/03 2/16 2/26 4/15 4/07 4/05 Barrow's goldeneye 4/26 3/09 3/18 4/26 4/07 4/02&4/09 Common merganser 4/03 4/01 2/26 4/16 4/15 3/24 Red-breasted merganser 4/15 4/01 4/05 5/03 4/28 4/26 Table 2. Highest recorded abundance of waterfowl by species for each year of spring aerial and ground surveys on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March-May, 1983-1988, 1991, 1992,1993. (Taylor 1984; Hood 1985, 1986, 1987a, 1988, 1989; Wilk 1985a i 1985b, 1988b; Wilk and Wilk 1988; Burke 1992; Cook 1992)
I 1983 I 1984 I 1985 I 1986 I 1987 I 1988 1 1991 1 1992 I 1993 Species lAerialtAeriallAeriallAeria/IGroundlAeriallAerial lAeriallGroamdlAeriallGroundlAeriallGtound Tundra Swan 720 2625 2776 1965 1145 2903 1970 2379 11544 I 4169 I 2649 I 862 1393 White-fronted goose 63 2453 1610 1129 758 309 124 277 I 252 I 603 I 509 I 512 445 Emreror toose I I Arent 1 I 4 I I I Canada roose 40 182 846 214 52 21 61 38 I 34 I 281 I 167 I 13 39 Green-winged teal 7 13 114 47 I 32 I 310 I 543 I 28 106 Mallard 280 600 263 650 44 621 199 539 I 252 I 788 I 540 I 337 362 }northern rintail 640 1638 1319 1704 988 5573 3983 I 5183 I 9428 111480 I 1577 2610 Northern shoveler 2 150 75 4 f 38 f 32 I 201 I 2 34 Gadwall 25 4 2 I I 9 I 7 Eurasian wimeon 3 4 I 6 I 3 I 23 I 17 American wigeon 'I 354 1 30 375 35 52 9 161 I 206 I 22 I 260 I 185 litreon sop. I 42 Canvasback I I I 3 I I I 6 I 11 I 23 I 38 I 8 Redhead I I I 2 I 16 I 2 8 64 Greater scaut 142 1 I 17 150 53 I 32 I 139 I 156 1 193 I 241 I 796 I 84 342 Ring-necked duck I 2 I Common eider I 75 I Mitt eider I 5000 f I 10 1 118 Stellar's eider I 1 f Harleauin duck I I I I I 6 / I 7 I Oldsauaw 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 I 9 I 410 I I 3200 I 1 396 Black scoter 50 1 1 1 3 1 20 l 357 I I 180 I 41 213 White-winged scoter I 201 51 I 25I I 4 I 4 Surf scoter I 6 I I 36 I Scoter SDD. 42 1 I 2 1 1 I I I I 3 I I Bufflehead 25 1 1 I 1 1 4! 3! 11 I 8! 7! 4 Common toldereve 315 11102 1 733 1 1 171 1 82 1 66 265 I 285 I 271 I 434 1 67 273 Barrow's toldeneve I 2 I I 6 I 10 Common merganser 1 I I I 199 1552 ( 886 I 2660 f 3248 I 940 2073 Red-breasted merganser 3 833 I 228 I 832 I 822 I 252 399 Mertanser SDD. 2075 1558 1644 1126 771 908 I I I t 2.8
2.6 —
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0 iiiiiTAP irrh Ill r 16 18 19 23 24 27 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 IS 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 28 1 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 0 22 26 March April May Observation Dates [74. 1991 1992 1.11 1993 Fig. 4. Tundra swans observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 — 1993.
11 swans was counted on the 21 April ground survey of the upper river, which is the lowest recorded since 1983. Peak abundance of swans on the Naknek River in mid-late April has been documented to be primarily dependent on the break- up of ice on nearby ponds (Wilk 1987b). Even though 1992 experienced an extremely late break-up, swans arrived only 3 days later than in 1993. In 1991 and 1992, most swans departed the river during the first week of May leaving only smaller flocks of 200-700 on the river and nearby ponds. These late May swans were assumed to be non-breeders and their presence is standard for the Alaska Peninsula (Bellrose 1980, Wilk 1987b). Interestingly, only a slight decline in swan numbers was observed in May and there were still 700- 1000 swans on the upper river at the close of the survey. Mated swan pairs were observed leaving the river as early as mid-April and documented on the aerial surveys. The presumably non-breeding remaining swans were observed in higher numbers than seen previously in the last 3 years.
Greater white-fronted geese (Figs. 5 & 6) (Tables 1 & 2) were first sighted on 12 April, 4 weeks behind the first tundra swans. Historically, white-fronted geese arrive shortly after the tundra swans (Burke 1992). Quantities of geese drastically increased over a one month period and then plummeted rapidly by the end of April. A peak of 445 white-fronts were counted on the 21 April ground survey of the upper river. This paralleled the 1992 count which was more than,double the high count for the last 5 years, yet still considerably below aerial counts from 1984-1986. Unlike tundra swans, white-fronted geese were not loyal to particular feeding areas and could be found throughout the river at many different mudflats. The aerial survey of the Kvichak (30 April) River revealed that in contrast to most other species, white-front numbers were double that observed on the Naknek River. This anomaly was also observed during the 1992 survey for both the Kvichak and Ugashik rivers. This suggests that white-fronted geese are widely dispersed over the peninsula and that Naknek River numbers alone should not be used to estimate the Alaska Peninsula population (Cook 1992).
Canada geese (Fig. 5 & 6) (Tables 1 & 2) were first observed on 16 April in a mixed flock with white-fronted geese. Their numbers increased rapidly to a peak of 39 on the 19 April aerial survey and then declined. At no time in May were more than 10 Canada geese seen on a survey. The peak of 39 is notably far below the 1992 count of 281 but does parallel the 1991 count of 38. Canada geese peaked slightly earlier, and were present on the river for a shorter period of time than the more abundant white-fronted geese.
Green-winged teal (Fig. 7) (Tables 1 & 2) were first observed on 2 April. Their numbers slowly increased through mid-April and then dramatically increased during the last week of April and into the first 2 weeks of May. A peak of 106 was observed on the 11 May upper river ground survey, which although much less than last year's count, was still 3 times greater than the 1991 count. This peak was nearly 2 weeks later than the overall 1992 waterfowl peak, and was more than 3 weeks later than the green-wing teal peak documented in 1991 (Burke 1992). -
Mallards (Fig. 8) (Tables 1 & 2) were the first dabbling ducks to arrive on 18 March. A peak of 362 birds was observed on 9 April on the upper river ground survey. Their numbers increased steadily throughout April, maintaining around 300 birds. A sharp decline in numbers occurred around the end of April and
12
450
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300 - a) ri) a) 250 - a) 0 200 -
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100 -
50 -
0 El 1 1 2 5 9 15 16 19 21 I26 28II 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 April May Observation Dates White-fronted Geese Canada Geese
Fig. 5. White-fronted vs. Canada geese observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
600
500 -
cl) 400 - En a)
300 -
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0 4 5 , 6 7 9 10 11 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 28 1 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 22 26 April May Observation Dates EEM 1991 I‘-N 1992 1993 Fig. 6. Total geese observed during gound surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 - 1993.
13
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0 n 1 1 2 5 9 15 16 19 21 26 28 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 April May Observation Dates
Green - winged Ted EZZI Northern Shovelers American Wigeon Fig. 7. Green-winged teal, northern shovelers and American wigeon observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
14 600
500-
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200-
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lk 111 RI4II R II. 0 •r Ir - '9 II 18 24 30 3 6 10 6 19 23 28 6 9 13 18 22 March April May Observation Dates =1 1991 1992 MN 1993 Fig. 8. Mallards observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 —1993. 12 11- 10- 9 - 8 - eTh 7 - co V = C O 6 - .c o 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1-
ant IIi aid l P II -.1 1 3 5 7 10 15 17 19 22 24 28 3 7 9 12 14 18 20 26 April May Observation Dotes (ZZI 1991 1992 NM 1993 Fig. 9. Northern pintails observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1991 — 1993.
15 May, resulting in daily counts below 50 until the close of the survey. Mallards arrived 3 weeks earlier and peaked 2 weeks earlier than in 1991 and 1992.
Northern pintails (Fig. 9) (Tables 1 & 2) were first observed on 1 April. Their numbers increased steadily to a peak of 2610, counted on the 26 April ground survey of the upper river. Pintail numbers began to decline slightly toward the end of April. A constant count of about 500 birds was maintained until May 7, followed by a steady, rapid decline. This pintail count represents the lowest numbers observed since 1988 and is similar to the numbers seen in the 1985-86 aerial surveys.
Northern shovelers (Fig. 7), as in previous years, were among the later arriving dabbling ducks and were not sighted until 19 April. Shovelers maintained a constant count in the 20's during the second week in May and peaked at 28 on 12 May. This was followed by a dramatic decline in numbers on the following survey. Shovelers have been listed as rare (Kessel and Gibson 1978, Armstrong 1990) or uncommon (Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959) but seem to occupy the Naknek River on a regular basis utilizing similar habitats from year to year (R. Russell 1993, ADF&G, King Salmon, Alas., pers. commun.). Both breeding ground surveys and January inventories show a fluctuating but rather consistent rise in shoveler numbers (Bellrose 1980). Shovelers may have been missed in previous aerial surveys prior to 1991 due to the fact that they peak much later than most of the other waterfowl.
Gadwalls (Anas strepera) (Table 2) were observed on the river on only two occasions: 7 May and 11 May. The largest group observed was 7 ducks on 7 May. These low, sporadic numbers are typical for the Naknek River and support distribution descriptions which includes gadwalls as an uncommon spring migrant on the Alaska Peninsula (Kessel and Gibson 1978).
Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) (Table 2) were first observed on 1 April, with a peak count of 17 on 26 April. Typically, 1 to 6 were found among groups of 30 or more American wigeon on various parts of the river. Eurasian wigeon were consistently present on the river from mid-April through the closing of the survey on 19 May supporting Burke's conclusion that Eurasian wigeon would be more accurately described as "uncommon" rather than "rare" spring migrants to the Alaska Peninsula (Burke 1992). Eurasian wigeon have shown a gradual increase in numbers over the last 20 years from an occasional visitor to a fairly consistent migrant of the Naknek River (R. Russell 1993, ADF&G, King Salmon, Alas., pers. commun.).
American wigeon (Fig. 7) (Table 2) were first sighted on 2 April. Their numbers grew steadily to a peak of 185 on the 11 May ground survey of the upper river and then declined slowly thereafter with as many as 61 still present on the river during the third week of May. This spring's American wigeon numbers were comparable to previous counts (Tables 1 & 2).
Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) (Table 2) were seen only once on 16 April when a group of 8 was counted on the upper river ground survey. This is only the fourth year that canvasbacks have been documented on the Naknek River. Because canvasbacks generally occur in sporadic, low numbers on the Naknek
16 River, this supports the listing as a rare spring migrant on the Alaskan Peninsula in which maximum recorded numbers have been below 38 (Table 2) (Kessel and Gibson 1978).
Redheads (Aythya americana) (Table 2) were documented for only the third time this spring. A local birder noted that in 23 years he'd seen redheads on the river during only 4 springs (R. Russell, ADF&G, King Salmon, Alas., pers. commun.). This spring, redheads were seen on 7 occasions betwpen 23 March and 3 May with a high of '8 counted on 16 April. Typically, they were seen actively diving near Paradise Point with mixed flocks of goldeneye and scaup. Their presence is fitting with their status as casual spring migrants in southwest Alaska (Kessel and Gibson 1978). There are known to be scattered nesting colonies of redheads in Alaska (Bellrose 1980).
Greater scaup (Fig. 10) (Table 2) were first observed on 5 April feeding on the upper river. Scaup were observed regularly throughout April and May in sporadic numbers. They were most commonly seen at the area between Big Creek and Paradise Point, and in large rafts at the river's mouth as in the previous two years. A peak of 342 scaup was observed at the river's mouth on 13 May and numbers were still high, particularly on the lower river, at the close of the survey.
King eiders (Somateria spectabilis) (Tables 2) were observed on 4 occasions this spring during the period of 25 March to 12 April. All eiders were observed at the river's mouth in rafts of 39 to a peak of 118 on 8 April.
Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalls) (Fig. 10) (Table 2) were first observed on 12 March when a group of 8 was sighted at the river's mouth. Oldsquaw were seen on a regular basis between 25 March and the close of the survey on 19 May. Numbers were often sporadic, fluctuating between 1 and a peak of 396 on 8 April. Oldsquaw were observed mainly in rafts at the river's mouth and were seen no farther up the river than Leader Creek.
Black scoters (Fig. 10) (Table 2) were the most common scoter observed on the river, with the first sighting on 7 April, when 3 were seen just inside the mouth of the river. Their numbers steadily increased during April and May, and were still high when the survey ended. A peak of 213 scoters was observed on 13 May at the river's mouth. Unlike oldsquaw, scoters did not limit their feeding to the river's mouth and could be seen as far up as the FWS dock in King Salmon. However, most scoters were seen at the mouth on the outermost edge of the extensive mudflats.
White-winged scoters (Helanitta fusca) (Table 2) were sighted only once, at the close of the survey on 19 May. A group of 4 birds was interspersed within a larger raft of black scoters and greater scaup.
Buffleheads (Bucephala albeola) (Table 2) were seen sporadically on only the upper river, always in groups of 4 or less. They were first observed on 2 April when a pair was sighted at the mouth of Big Creek. The maximum sighted in any one day was 4 on 15 May. Interestingly, an incidental sighting of 250 bufflehead on Pike Lake was reported on 4 October 1992 indicating that they may use the Naknek more heavily during fall migration.
17 400
350
300
Sco 250 U 0 01 200 > 0 150
100
50
0 I I I 1 4 8 12 15 19 22 25 30 7 8 12 26 5 13 19 March April May Observation Dates
Greater Scaup Oldsquaw EZZ Black Scoters Fig. 10. Greater scaup, oldsquaw and black scooters observed during ground surveys on lower route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
18 Common goldeneyes (Figs. 11 & 12) (Table 2) along with common mergansers were the first waterfowl present on the river. They were already present, widely scattered within flocks of common mergansers, when the survey commenced on 26 February. Their numbers steadily increased to a peak of 273 on the 5 April ground survey. Coldeneye numbers fluctuated some but remained high (in the 100 to 200 range) until mid-April and then plummeted during the last week in April. As noted by Burke, it is likely that goldeneyes were under-counted in previous years because surveys were not begun in time to document their peak (Burke 1992).
Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) (Tables 1, 2 & 3) were first observed on 18 March when 2 were seen within a group of common goldeneyes. Barrow's goldeneyes were seen on a total of 7 occasions, with a maximum of 10 seen on 4 and 9 April which was the highest recorded abundance. Barrow's goldeneyes may well be more abundant than spring surveys indicate due to several factors: a) confusion at a distance with more numerous common goldeneyes, b) the difficulty in distinguishing females of the two species when no males were present and c) the difficulty of aerial differentiation between the two species.
Common mergansers (Figs. 11 & 12) (Tables 1 & 2) were already present on the upper river in significant numbers when the survey began; 1327 were counted on the upper river as early as 26 February. This was not surprising given their known residence in Alaska as far north as open water allows. Common merganser numbers rose rapidly throughout March to a peak of 2073 on the 24 March ground survey of the upper river. Interestingly, this high was 3 weeks earlier than the 1991 and 1992 counts. A sharp decline in numbers occurred around the second week in April. The 29 April Naknek River aerial survey revealed only 96 common mergansers on the river, whereas twice that amount was observed on the 30 April Kvichak River aerial survey. As with goldeneyes, common mergansers may have been under-counted during previous springs due to the timing of their probable peak before the start of surveys.
Red-breasted mergansers (Figs. 11 & 12) (Table 2) were first sighted on 5 April. In general, red-breasted mergansers arrived in mid-April approximately coincident with the decline in common merganser numbers. The high count was 399 on the 25 April ground survey of the lower river. In the first week of May, red-breasted merganser numbers declined rapidly, and by the conclusion of the survey none were seen on the river. The 29 April Naknek River aerial survey revealed 252 red-breasted mergansers compared to a count of 923 observed on the 30 April Kvichak River aerial survey. It appears that displacement of mergansers to the Kvichak occurred around the time that dabblers moved into the Naknek river area. Red-breasted mergansers tended to concentrate more on the lower river, while common merganser counts were considerably higher on the upper river which correlates with the 1992 survey. This would indicate that these two very similar species may not be utilizing the same habitat but may be merely overlapping in the use of some areas, particularly Point 10 near the mouth of King Salmon Creek. Farrand (1983) states that during migration, common mergansers prefer freshwater, but if not available, will utilize bays and inlets. Unlike common mergansers, red- breasted mergansers are completely at home in the saltwater and prefer inshore marine waters (Farrand 1983, Armstrong 1990).
19 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 -x 1rn 0 o -0C ' 9 o 0.8 .E S' 0.7 .E 2 0.6 ° 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T 1 4 8 12 15 19 22 25 30 7 8 12 26 5 13 19 March April May Observation Dates Common Goldeneyes Common Mergansers 221 RB Mergansers Fig. 11. Common goldeneyes, common mergansers and red-breasted mergansers observed during ground surveys on lower route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska 1993. 2.1 2 - 1.9 - 1.8 - 1.7 - 1.6 - 1.5 - 1.4 v) 1.3 o 1)c 1.2 - a cn 1' 1 - C 3 1 - :E 2c 0.9 - o I-- 0.8 - 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0 1 \ 11 1 r l 111111 26 3 5 8 11 16 18 23 24 29 2 5 9t 15 16 19 21 26 28 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 March April May Observation Dates Common Goldeneyes NM Common Mergansers 221 RB Mergansers Fig. 12. Common goldeneyes, common mergansers, and red-breasted mergansers observed during ground surveys on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska 1993.
20
Table 3. Highest recorded abundance of waterfowl by species on surveys of the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, March - May 1983-1988, 1991, 1992, 1993. (Taylor 1984; Hood 1985, 1986, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1989; Wilk 1985a, 1985b; Wilk and Wilk 1988; Burke 1992; Cook 1992).
• Species Number Year
Tundra Swan 4169 1992 Gr. white-fronted goose 2453 1984 Emperor goose 1 1985 Brant 4 1991 Canada goose 846 1985 Green-winged teal 543 1992 Mallard 788 1992 Northern pintail 11480 1992 Northern shoveler 201 1992 Gadwall 25 1985 Eurasian wigeon 23 1992 American wigeon 375 1985 Canvasback 38 1992 Redhead 16 1992 Ring-necked duck 2 1992 Greater scaup 796 1992 Common eider 75 1991 King eider 5000 1991 Steller's eider 1 1992 Harlequin duck 7 1992 Oldsquaw 3200 1992 Black scoter 357 1991 White-winged scoter 25 1991 Surf scoter 36 1992 Bufflehead 25 1984 Common goldeneye 1102 1984 Barrow's goldeneye 10 1993 Common merganser 3248 1992 Red-breasted merganser 833 1991
21 Species Composition on the Naknek River
Waterfowl species composition on the Naknek River changed dramatically through the spring season (Fig. 13). Most notably, diving ducks tended to reach their peak numbers 1-2 weeks prior to dabbling ducks, causing a shift in the relative percentages of total waterfowl (Figs. 14 & 15). Typically, species composition has been calculated from aerial surveys, scheduled for the peak of dabbling ducks, causing the earlier arriving diving ducks to be under-counted. To avoid this, species composition was also calculated based on the combined total of individual species peaks from Table 1 resulting in 15% swans, 6% geese, 36% dabbling ducks, and 42% diving ducks. These figures however, are based on the high counts for each species and not the species composition present at any specific time during the spring survey.
The following is a discussion of species compositions on the specific dates of the Naknek River aerial surveys (22 April and 29 April).
Swans Tundra swans, as usual, were the only species observed on the Naknek this year. Swans represented 15% and 35% of total waterfowl on the 22 April, 29 April surveys respectively (Fig. 13). Historically, swans have constituted 20-30% of all waterfowl observed at staging peak. This year's percentages may actually be higher, but were reduced due to disturbance in the Big Creek/ Paradise Point area by recreational fishing boats. Interestingly, in comparison to the 1992 record abundance, the relative percentage of swans on the Naknek is similar (Fig.13). Swans could be seen nesting off the river in small ponds and lakes as early as the first aerial survey (22 April).
Geese Only Canada and white-fronted geese were seen on the river this spring. Combined, these geese represented 4-11% of total waterfowl. This paralleled 1991 and 1992, despite differing goose counts indicating again that this year's waterfowl community was consistent with previous species compositions Fig. 13). The 8% range for geese is still considerably down from river surveys in 1984-86 when geese were present in generally higher numbers and respectively represented 26%, 27% and 20% of total waterfowl staging on the Naknek (Table 2). Burke (1992) notes that these mid-eighties high goose counts on the Naknek coincided with extremely low geese population counts on the Pacific Flyway, suggesting the possibility of displacement. However, aerial surveys have demonstrated several staging areas on the peninsula other than the Naknek River, so the decline in geese on the Naknek may be explained by local distribution shifts (Cook 1992). Continued aerial surveys of several area rivers will be necessary to further understand how the Naknek River fits into the distribution dynamics of the peninsula as a whole.
On the 22 April survey, 13 Canada geese were seen with 512 white-fronted geese making for a 2% and 98% split in species composition. Canada geese have been considerably less common than white-fronted geese throughout FWS documentation of spring staging on the Naknek (Table 2).
22 6 April 92 7 April 93 (4,493 Birds) (1,975 Birds)
21 April 92 22 April 93 (12,916 Birds) (4,336 Birds)
4%
28 April 92 29 April 93 (17,836 Birds) (2.460 Birds)
[Z22 Diving Ducks = Swans Dabbling Ducks CI Geese Fig. 13. Seasonal change in composition of waterfowl staging on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1992 — 1993.
23 Dabbling Ducks Combined species of dabbling ducks represented 45% of all waterfowl on 22 April and 43% on 29 April. The April surveys represent dabbler compositions comparable to aerial surveys in 1988, 1991 and 1992, but considerably up from the 1983-87 averages of 20-25% (Table 2).
Northern pintails were by far the most abundant dabbler, representing 818 and 86% of total dabblers present on the 22 April and 29 April surveys respectively (Fig. 13). In addition, pintails generally seemed to be present in significant numbers longer than any other species. On 22 April, other dabblers were predominantly mallards (337 or 17%), 1% green-winged teals, and northern shovelers and wigeons present as less than 1% each. On 29 April, there were 38 green-winged teal, 8% mallards, and 4% wigeon species.
Diving and Sea Ducks On 22 April and 29 April, combined species of diving and sea ducks respectively represented 29% and 18% of total waterfowl. However, as previously noted, these percent compositions occurred at a time when diving duck numbers were on the decline. Before the first aerial survey and the peak of the dabbler migration, diving ducks were much more dominant representing 90-100% of total waterfowl present (Fig. 13).
Common mergansers and red-breasted mergansers traded places as the most steadily abundant diving duck on the river (Figs. 11 & 12). Throughout March, common mergansers represented 75-100% of divers present on the lower river with the exception 15 March when 204 oldsquaw were sighted. Groups of 5-182 common goldeneyes were observed as were low numbers of king eiders on the lower river in March. From the time it opened through the end of March, the upper river contained 86-99% common mergansers and 1-3% common goldeneyes. In April, species composition of diving ducks diversified. On the 22 April aerial survey, with a peak total of 1239 diving ducks, 85% were mergansers, 7% were greater scaup, 5% were common goldeneyes, 2% were black scoters, and redheads and oldsquaw were present at <1% each. These figures almost exactly paralleled the 1992 results. By the 29 April aerial survey when 438 diving ducks were counted, red-breasted mergansers had moved in and the diver composition observed was 22% common mergansers, 58% red-breasted mergansers, 2% common goldeneyes, 9% greater scaup and black scoters. In contrast, the aerial survey of the Kvichak River (30 April) revealed 50% diving ducks (1123 count) compared to 18% observed on the Naknek River, with total counts being almost equal. Kvichak diving duck composition varied from the Naknek with 82% red-breasted mergansers, 168 common mergansers, and <1% oldsquaw, black scoters and common goldeneyes.
Distribution on the Naknek River
Areas of primary importance in supporting the greatest concentrations of spring staging waterfowl were: Rapids Camp, Big Creek, Paradise Point, Grassy Point, Paul's Creek, King Salmon Creek, and the mouth of the Naknek River (Points 1, 9, 10, 13-18; Figs.2-3). In April and early May, the oxbow between Big Creek and Rapids Camp was heavily used by numerous swans, geese and dabbling ducks as observed during aerial surveys (Fig. 3).
24 All the high concentration areas are tidally influenced and have exposed mudflats at low tide. The quantity and movement of ice appeared to play a major role in the distribution of waterfowl and often accounted for the variation in daily counts. Ice coverage decreased the surface area available for feeding and roosting, while also reducing prey abundance in nearshore areas due to ice scour (Divoky 1979). The degree to which each concentration point was used appeared to be dependent not only on tidal and ice conditions, but also on the phenology of individual species utilizing them. Generally, swans, geese, and dabbling ducks used the upper portion of the Naknek, while diving ducks used both the upper and lower portions.
Swans Phenology of tundra swans in Bristol Bay is the earliest reported for any of the major nesting populations (Wilk 1987a). Bristol Bay plays an important and unique role because habitat becomes suitable for nesting much earlier than other major nesting locales, resulting in a more stable annual production (Wilk 1988a). In March, early arrival swans gathered near Big Creek (Point 15). During the peak of swans, Rapids Camp, Big Creek, Paradise Point and Grassy Point (Points 13-16) had the heaviest concentrations paralleling 1992 results (Fig. 14). Swans were observed to be sensitive to disturbance by aircraft and recreational boats and often flushed to the 3-4 large ponds across from the Paradise Point overlook. Swans pteferred the Grassy Point to Big Creek portion of the river (Points 13-15) throughout April, but began concentrating more at Rapids Camp (Point 16) in early May (Fig. 15). The extensive mudflat at the mouth of Paul's Creek (Point 9) was the only consistently used portion of the lower river used for staging. Overall, counts were consistently higher on the upper river.
Geese The Bristol Bay lowlands of southwestern Alaska is one of the major breeding areas of Pacific Flyway white-fronted geese (Takekawa and Klaas 1991). Unlike swans, white-fronted geese were not as loyal to any particular feeding place. Several were seen throughout the survey in fluctuating counts at the mouth of Paul's Creek, along the shores of King Salmon near the Alaska Peninsula/ Becharof Refuge Complex headquarters, upstream from Grassy Point, and at the large area between Paradise Point and Big Creek. Canada geese were seen in small numbers, usually interspersed with white-fronts and did not concentrate at any particular point.
Dabbling Ducks Dabbling ducks, predominantly northern pintails and mallards, were first sighted on the extensive mudflats stretching to Paradise Point, along the north side of the river. This area (Points 14-15) continued to support the highest concentrations of dabblers throughout April with over 2000 dabbling ducks present (Fig. 14). The Rapids Camp area also hosted a large number of dabblers into the first week in May (Fig. 15). This shift by dabblers to Rapids Camp (Point 16) in May paralleled 1991 and 1992, and was noteworthy due to increasing use by shore and boat fishermen at this time of year.
Diving and Sea Ducks Diving and sea duck migration along the north coast of the Alaska Peninsula has been documented to follow nearshore waters where they occasionally
25
1.7 1.6 - 1.5 - 1.4 - 1.3 - 1.2 - 1.1 - 3 13 oc 1- 4- 0 0.9 - 0 D 0.8 - 0 0 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0 26 3 5 8 11 16 18 23 24 29 1 2 5 9 15 16 19 21 26 28 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 March April May Observation Dates MI Swans P221 Pintails Mergansers Fig. 14. Waterfowl composition at the combined staging areas of Paradise Point (Pt 14) and the mouth of Big Creek (Pt 15), on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
1 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 -
0 26 3 5 8 11 16 18 23 24 29 1 2 5 9 15 16 19 21 26 28 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 March April May Observation Dates
INN Swans En Pintails EEO Mergansers Fig. 15. Waterfowl composition at the staging area of Rapids Camp (Pt 16) on the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
26 congregate on lagoons and off the mouths of major drainages (Gill et al. 1978). Any coastal area within the 60-ft depth contour could be considered important diving and sea duck habitat which reflects the dietary importance of marine mollusks and crustaceans (Bowers et al. 1983). Diving ducks were already present on the Naknek River in February when the survey was initiated. Throughout the survey, the mouth of the Naknek River (Point 1) sporadically hosted large rafts of oldsquaw, greater scaup, king eiders, black scoters, and mergansers. Diving ducks generally stage along protected estuarine habitats related to open ocean, with oldsquaw considered the most pelagic of the group (Bowers et at 1983). Diving ducks monopolized the lower river throughout the winter and spring, with use of the upper river occurring late February through mid-April (Figs. 14-17). A decline in diving duck numbers, particularly common mergansers and common goldeneyes, coincided with a dramatic rise in dabbler numbers (Figs. 13, 14 & 17). The most common diving ducks throughout the river were common and red-breasted mergansers, and common goldeneyes which were generally evenly distributed along the entire, river with the exception of concentrations at King Salmon Creek (Point 10) and, to a lesser extent, the Paradise/Big Creek area (Fig. 14). Red-breasted mergansers staged more on the lower river, while common merganser counts were highest on the upper river indicating that these 2 very similar species do not utilize the exact same habitats and may overlap in the use of some areas, particularly at the mouth of King Salmon Creek.
Ice seemed to be the limiting factor in diving duck distribution in March, especially for common mergansers and common goldeneyes, as feeding areas were reduced with each low tide due to shore ice. Large flows of moving ice were common during tidal fluxes, resulting in wide daily fluctuations in diving duck counts. Canvasbacks and Redheads only were seen occasionally and in limited numbers at the area between Paradise Point and Big Creek. Greater scaup were distributed throughout the river but were seen most often at the mouth. Oldsquaw were generally observed at the mouth and up river to Leader Creek. Black scoters were also sighted primarily at the mouth but ranged upstream as far as the Refuge Complex headquarters. King eiders and white- winged scoters were restricted to the edge of the extensive mudflat at the mouth.
Spring Waterfowl Staging Trends
Numbers of staging waterfowl were considerably lower than 1992, but were comparable to 1991 (Table 2). The higher numbers seen in 1992 likely occurred due to a late spring break-up experienced along the Alaska Peninsula and across the state. Ponds and lakes normally providing habitat for migrating birds remained frozen through mid-April, which may have concentrated waterfowl on the Naknek River. The 1992 expanded duck population estimate for northern Bristol Bay was twice that of 1991 (Short and Johnson 1992). Despite higher migration counts, waterfowl productivity was reduced in 1992 and below average overall (Conant and Groves 1992). The late arrival of spring break-up combined with flooding in the interior to depress waterfowl production statewide (Conant and Groves 1992).
During 1993, two factors may have influenced the timing and abundance of waterfowl staging on the Naknek River: a) early spring break-up providing abundant open water during migration and b) a wet spring in the "lower 48" following several years of drought.
27 1.7 1.6 - 1.5 - 1.4 - 1.3 - 1.2 - 1.1 - 1 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0 1 4 8 12 15 19 22 25 30 7 8 12 26 5 13 19 March April May Observation Dates MI Dabblers EZZI Divers Fig. 16. Dabbling vs. diving duck abundance on lower route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
3 2.8 - 2.6 - 2.4 - 2.2 - 2- '7,-; 1.8 - 0 u c 1.6 - o 1.4 - 0 1.2 1 - 0.8 - 0.6 - 0.4 - 0.2 - I 0 RILL, 26 3 5 8 16 18 23 24 29 1 2 5 9 15 16 19 2 26 28 3 6 7 11 12 17 18 March April May Observation Dates MN Dabblers EZ2 Divers Fig. 17. Dabbling vs. diving duck abundance on upper route of Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1993.
28 Unlike 1992, spring break-up arrived early in 1993 resulting in abundant open water available for staging and less waterfowl on the Naknek River. The Naknek River broke completely free of ice on 22 March, 3 weeks earlier than 1992. Ponds and lakes adjacent to the river began opening shortly thereafter and swans could be seen nesting in early April. Because of the bounty of open water suitable for staging, waterfowl could be selective this spring. Lower numbers of ducks staging on the Naknek River may have been due to birds overflying the river and continuing to breeding areas (Yukon Delta) further north. Wildlife Biologist/Pilot Rod King noted that in his 13 years of aerial surveying, this was the first year that he had seen so many waterfowl in the breeding grounds so early (R. King, FWS, Fairbanks, Alas., pers. commun.).
Due to a delay in printing of this report, it was learned that numbers of breeding and molting waterfowl were lower than usual in the Yukon Delta and other interior Alaska breeding areas this summer (R. Oates, Fish & Wildl. Res. Center, Anchorage, Alas., pers. commun.). Total ducks sighted on Alaska aerial breeding pair counts was down 48 from 1992 and 3% from the 10-yr average (Conant and Groves 1993). This was possibly due to wetter conditions in the "lower 48" causing birds to stop short. Most likely, the reduced numbers of waterfowl staging on the Naknek River this spring were due to a combination of both the earlier spring break-up in Alaska and the wetter spring in the "lower 48."
Timing of arrival and departure for waterfowl that do not winter in the Bristol Bay area has been demonstrated to vary by species and weather patterns (Bowers et al. 1983). Of the 22 species of waterfowl staging on the Naknek River this spring, 18 species arrived earlier than in 1991, 12 earlier than in 1992 (Table 1).
Although many waterfowl arrived early this year, many 1993 waterfowl peak dates paralleled those in 1991 and 1992 (Table 1) (Figs. 4, 6, & 9). Notable exceptions are mallards which peaked 3 weeks earlier than 1991 (Fig. 8) and 2 weeks earlier than 1992. Common mergansers also peaked 3 weeks earlier than 1991 and 1992 (Table 1). This seems to reinforce that weather may be the impetus for migration for many species, but it cannot stimulate a bird to migrate unless it is physiologically prepared (Lincoln 1979). For example, despite the mild and early spring, many of the cyclic phenomena were similar over the past 3 years including length of stay, rate of population increase and decline and general fluctuations in counts (Fig. 4, 6 & 9).
Aerial vs, Ground Surveys
Burke (1992) discussed in depth the advantages of conducting both ground and aerial surveys to document spring staging along the Naknek. This year's experience only reiterates Burke's findings that frequent ground surveys allowed for much more comprehensive and accurate accounting of both species composition and migration phenology.
Aside from the logistical advantages of ground surveys (low cost and being less weather dependent), ground surveys were conducted much more frequently and allowed for improved identification of waterfowl species. Using numerous ground surveys over a longer period of time allowed a broader view of the rise and decline of waterfowl as opposed to the mere documentation of peaks. More
29 importantly, ground surveys identified many species either not counted or not present during aerial surveys. Of the 22 species seen on the river this spring, only 13 were identified on aerial surveys (Table 2). Eurasian and American wigeon, and common and Barrow's goldeneyes were identified only to genus. In addition, some species (goldeneyes and mergansers) arrived and peaked before the aerial surveys were conducted. Of the 13 species sighted on aerial surveys, this was the first year that none had their highest abundance recorded during an aerial survey (Table 2). This was the case even though ground surveys only documented half of the river on any given date due to the necessary division of the river into upper and lower routes. This year it was difficult to predict when peak abundance would occur to schedule aerial surveys, due to the early spring and low observed numbers.
One drawback to ground surveys was getting access to private property to observe waterfowl. In fact, Point 9 on the lower route and Point 17 on the upper route had to be changed this year (Appendix I). Access on the lower route to Point 9 had been verbally granted in the past, but we discovered that this permission was not granted by the landowner. In trying to resolve the situation, a 10-day gap occurred in the data. Point 17 was accessed by a privately-owned road that had orginally been assumed to be public. Additional details on both cases are on record in the Refuge Complex files in King Salmon.
The principle advantage of aerial over ground surveys remained in their ability to cover the river from bank to bank, counting birds not observable from the ground, for the most accurate total count of common species. While this is true in theory, the reliability of the aerial survey to document peak abundance was questionable given the low numbers observed. Unfortunately, aerial surveys were more sensitive to boat traffic that could alter the counts. Waterfowl flushed by recreational boat traffic affected both aerial flights of the Naknek River (22 and 29 April). On both occasions, fishing boats flushed waterfowl (especially swans, geese and northern pintails) in the Paradise point to Big Creek area prior to and during the flight. Most swans flew to the adjacent Swan Lake, whereas white-fronted geese tended to abandon the area completely. Some white-fronted geese were recounted during the duck survey as they began settling back into the area. Although many more swans were seen during the second flight, they were not recounted, resulting in their low numbers. In addition, scheduling logistics, weather limitations and the high cost of flight time limited the ability to conduct replicate aerial surveys.
Kvichak. EgeRik and Ugashik River Surveys
Additional aerial surveys revealed that on 30 April approximately 2000 waterfowl were staging on the Kvichak River and on 29 April approximately 500 waterfowl were present on the Egegik and Ugashik rivers. These counts were made at a time when 2500-3000 waterfowl were present on the Naknek. In general, abundance of each species was considerably lower (50-80%) on both the Egegik and Ugashik rivers than on the Naknek (Fig. 18). In comparing the Naknek River with the Kvichak River, overall total waterfowl observed was almost equal, but the composition of dabblers, divers, geese and swans was dramatically different (Fig. 18). The Kvichak had only about 1/3 as many swans and 1/2 as many northern pintails as the Naknek, yet twice as many
30 2 1.9 - 1.8 - 1.7 - 1.6 - 1.5 - 1.4 - 1.3 - 1.2 - 1. 1 - 1 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7 - 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
4/22 4/29 4/29 4/29 4/30
Naknek Naknek Egegik Ugashik Kvichak River River River River River
Observation Dates
Swans "/ Geese Pintails Mergansers Fig. 18. Tundra swans, geese, northern pintails, and mergansers observed during aerial surveys, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska 1993.
31 common mergansers, >3 times as many red-breasted mergansers were observed on the Kvichak. A red-breasted merganser count of 923 was well above the 399 peak observed on the Naknek River (25 April). The decline in merganser numbers on the Naknek may have been due to the movement north onto the Kvichak. This was the second year that the Kvichak River housed a higher percentage geese species composition. This year twice as many white-fronted geese were found on the Kvichak than the Naknek River.
Clearly one aerial survey is not sufficient to make any concrete conclusions on the waterfowl use of these rivers. There is a tendency to assume that because these surveys were completed at the peak of staging on the Naknek, that the peaks for these other rivers were also documented. Replicate surveys on all of the staging rivers would be necessary to compare the timing of waterfowl staging between the rivers. It is apparent that results from the Naknek River cannot be extrapolated to other river systems. Each river system appears unique and hosts a different composition and abundance of waterfowl. Additionally, it is possible that the distribution on the rivers varies from year to year and/or depends on the timing of the spring.
Limitations aside, the lower waterfowl numbers on these rivers raised the question of why waterfowl seem to utilize the Naknek River more heavily for spring staging. This is a perplexing question given the higher level of development and disturbance on the Naknek River than on the rivers slightly to the north or south. Several possible explanations do exist. The first lies in the subtle variation in weather patterns within the Peninsula. During spring, southern peninsula temperatures are generally milder, but the disparity decreases in late spring and by mid-April the mean temperature in the north exceeds the south (Wilk 1987b). In general, the weather tends to be mildest in the Naknek vicinity and the Naknek River tends to be the first area river to open, being usually 90% ice-free by early April (Wilk 1987b). Another possible explanation could be the level of clarity and low sedimentation that is seen on the Naknek and not on the Egegik or Ugashik rivers. With the warmer temperatures and clearer water, productivity levels of submergent vegetation, such as pondweed (Potamogeton sp.), may exceed those seen in adjacent river systems. This could also serve as an dependable attractant for migrating waterfowl.
White-fronted Goose Telemetry and Collar Sightings
Identification of individual white-fronted geese was possible this spring reading neck collars only. Yellow plastic neck collars documented included #348 (4 May) and #298 (7 May). Both the collared geese were banded in 1989 at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge in central California. Goose #348 was banded at the upper sump of the refuge on 29 September and #298 was banded on the lower sump on 19 October. ADF&G Biologists R. Sellers and R. Russell observed a neck collar on a tundra swan 15 May near the state dock in front of the Refuge Complex. Unfortunately they were unable to read the alpha-numeric code, but based on size of the collar lettering it is most likely that the bird was collared sometime since 1977 on the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge located at the southernmost end of the Alaska Peninsula.
32 Methodology and Analysis
This year's data showing the diversity in individual species phenologies (Figs. 4-12) further support the belief that the most accurate measure of overall waterfowl numbers is the total of individual species' peaks rather than the magnitude of peak migration (Burke 1991, Cook 1992). This year for example, the total of individual species' highest recorded abundances equalled 9113 (Table 2). In contrast, the peak ground survey of the upper river (21 April) revealed 4539 waterfowl and the peak aerial survey (28 April) reported a total of only 4336 waterfowl on the river.
Disturbances
Frequent disturbances may have implications on waterfowl behavior which could affect reproductive potential and success. Energy necessary for courtship, nesting, laying, and incubating is expended during repeated flushing and valuable foraging opportunities are also lost (Frederickson and Reid 1988, Dahlgren and Korschgen 1992). The Naknek River has been specifically identified as critical habitat, recommended for protection for both staging tundra swans and white-fronted geese during spring migration (Bowers et al. 1983).
The greatest threats to waterfowl staging along the Naknek River are man-made disturbances from recreational and commercial fishing boats, airplane traffic and the human presence along the shores of prime staging areas.
As noted in 1991 (Burke 1992), airplane traffic did cause observable disturbances, although the staging waterfowl seemed to tolerate all but the lowest and loudest flying aircraft. Specifically, swans, geese, and ducks staging )petween Paradise Point and Big Creek were observed to flush when F-15 fighter planes departed straight out from Runway 11 or when commercial and military cargo and larger passenger jets approached this runway flying low over the river. When military aircraft, specifically F-15 fighter planes, altered their take off trajectory by either climbing rapidly or banking left or right, their disturbance to waterfowl was minimal (Cook 1992).
Small boat traffic on the river continued to be a major disturbance to waterfowl especially given the later peaks this year and that many waterfowl were still present on the river when commercial fishing and angling-related traffic picked up in late April. Dabbling ducks flushed and typically returned as soon as boats departed, but swans and geese appeared to be more sensitive, flushing from the river and often not immediately returning. They either flew to another part of the river or left the river completely to roost on the tundra as they were observed doing at high tide. The greatest disturbances occurred at low tide when waterfowl were concentrated and actively foraging. While Burke's recommendation to introduce a "No Wake" zone in prime staging areas would still be valuable, it was observed on numerous occasions in 1992 and again this spring that even a passing canoe caused most nearby waterfowl to flush (Burke 1992, Cook 1992). The best approach to traveling on the river without disturbing waterfowl seemed to be to avoid concentrations of ducks, geese, and especially swans, allowing the sensitive birds as much undisturbed space as possible. However, most boats must stay within channels deep enough for travel which may restrict an operator's ability to avoid certain areas.
33 It should be emphasized that in addition to boats and planes, simple human presence along the banks of the Naknek caused disturbance to staging waterfowl. The disturbance was manifested by the presence of people trout/char fishing and driving vehicles on the Rapids Camp shoreline in May when the adjacent mudflats become the most heavily used staging area for late departing dabbling waterfowl.
This concern for waterfowl staging on the Naknek River should also be extended to the surrounding tundra with its numerous ponds and lakes that provide suitable habitat for nesting swans and geese. A disturbance within the vicinity of a swan nest, regardless of the amount of habitat destruction, can diminish production and cause abandonment of the lake as a nesting site (Bowers et al. 1983).
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Naknek River index for waterfowl abundance should continue to be based on peaks of the individual waterfowl species instead of overall peak taken from the aerial surveys.
A minimum of 2 aerial surveys should be conducted on the Naknek River each spring, starting mid-April, to document the peak of diving ducks and continuing through early May, to document the peak of dabbling ducks, geese, and swans.
Aerial surveys should be continued of the Kvichak, Egegik, and Ugashik rivers during the peak of geese staging in order to understand larger distribution patterns along the Peninsula. If funding permits, initial surveys of the Meshik, Dog Salmon, King Salmon and Kejulik rivers should also be attempted to determine their importance to staging waterfowl.
A cooperative effort should be proposed with the Natl. Park Service and Togiak Natl. Wildlife Refuge to conduct parallel aerial spring migration surveys of the Alagnak, Nushagak and Igushik rivers.
Ground surveys on the Naknek River should continue as the primary method of determining waterfowl phenology and detecting human disturbances. Combining these with the aerial surveys gives a more complete understanding of species composition and distribution.
Ground surveys should continue to focus on the more productive upper river and should be conducted at least 3 times per week on the upper route and once per week on the lower route. Ground surveys need to be conducted in strict accordance with low tide, beginning 2 hours before low tide.
7. Ground surveys should be started in early March and continued through mid- May. For purposes of familiarization, 1-2 preliminary surveys should be conducted before the survey formally begins, with emphasis on understanding observation boundaries and points of overlap.
34 Monitoring of human disturbance needs to become a formal part of every ground survey, with a formal study design to be written in 1994. This study should examine both vehicle traffic and angler pressure.
Communication should be continued with the King Salmon Air Force Base regarding the potential conflict between waterfowl staging in the vicinity of Paradise Point and military planes using the east/west runway.
Efforts should be made to educate King Salmon residents and visitors about the sensitivity of staging waterfowl to human disturbance, both from boats and human presence along the shore. Local education could be attempted through exhibits in the King Salmon Visitor Center.
Contact and communication must be made with private land owners prior to the start of the ground survey in order to get access for waterfowl counts. This is particularly true for Point 9 (contact Les and Judy Burtner or Earl and Jenny Patterson), and Point 17 (contact Judy Fisher). (Phone numbers are on file at the Refuge Complex Office in King Salmon).
12. A parallel survey of autumn waterfowl staging on the Naknek River should be attempted at least once to compare seasonal migration patterns. The autumn study would concentrate on ground surveys, with aerial surveys only conducted if waterfowl concentrations are documented.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Greatly appreciated was the assistance provided by Wildlife Biologist Donna Dewhurst and Refuge Biological Technician Kevin Boden. Donna Dewhurst provided guidance and support throughout the survey and report writing process and acted as primary observer on aerial surveys. Kevin Boden taught me the survey routes and conducted surveys when I was unable. Both kindly helped with graphics and completed the last minute editing to take this report to a final product. Volunteer Zeke Peters also assisted with final editing. Everyone shared much appreciated birding enthusiasm. Thanks also to: ADF&G Biologist Richard Russell for background information on waterfowl trends; Wildlife Biologist/Pilot Rod King and Wildlife Biologist Rus Oates for information on waterfowl observations; local residents Les and Judy Burtner, Earl and Jenny Patterson, and Judy Fisher for graciously allowing access to their private property for waterfowl counts; Maintenance Worker Gary Terry for getting the truck and myself out of several precarious positions; Administrative Technician Jan Collins for her daily administrative support and good humor; Park Service Pilot Joel Collins for his excellent piloting on aerial surveys; and to Refuge Manager Ronald E. Hood, Deputy Manager Rick Poetter, and the rest of the Alaska Peninsula/Becharof Refuge staff for local support and advice.
35 LITERATURE CITED
Armstrong, R. H. 1990. Guide to the birds of Alaska. Alaska Northwest Books, Anchorage, Alas. 342pp.
Bellrose, F. C. 1980. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Third ed. Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pa. 540pp.
Bowers, F., E. Halpin, and J Parker, editors. 1983. Migratory birds and marine mammals of the Bristol Bay Region. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep., Anchorage, Alas. (Unpubl). 84pp.
Burke, T. A. 1992. Spring staging of waterfowl along the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, April - May 1991. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 40 pp.
Conant, B. and D. J. Groves. 1992. Alaska-Yukon waterfowl breeding population survey. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Juneau, Alas. (Unpubl). 25pp.
and . 1993. Alaska-Yukon waterfowl breeding population survey. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Juneau, Alas. (Unpubl). 26pp.
Cook, N. 1992. Spring staging of waterfowl along the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, February - May 1992. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 42pp.
Dahlgren, R. and C. Korschgen. 1992. Human disturbance of waterfowl: an annotated bibliography. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Res. Publ. 188. 62pp.
Divoky, G. J. 1979. Sea ice as a factor in seabird distribution and ecology in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Sea. Pages 9 - 17 in J. C. Bartonek and D. N. Nettleship, editors. International symposium on conservation of marine birds of northern North America. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Washington, D.C.
Farrand, Jr., J., editor. 1983. The Audubon Society master guide to birding: loons to sandpipers. Vol. 1. Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 447pp.
Frederickson, H. and F. Reid. 1988. Waterfowl uses of wetland complexes. Waterfowl management handbook. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Leafl. 13.2.1.
Gill, Jr., R., C. Handel and M. Petersen. 1978. Migration of birds in Alaska marine habitats. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Anchorage, Alas. (unpubl). 41pp.
Gabrielson, I. N. and F. C. Lincoln. 1959. The birds of Alaska. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 922pp.
Hood, R. E., editor. 1985. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1984. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 107pp.
36 editor. 1986. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1985. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 179pp.
editor. 1987a. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1986. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 233pp.
1987b. Naknek River spring aerial surveys. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Memo., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 2pp.
editor. 1988. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1987. U.S Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 155pp.
editor. 1989. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1988. U.S Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. 168pp.
Kessel B. and D. D. Gibson. 1978. Status and distribution of Alaskan birds. Cooper Ornith. Soc., Los Angeles, Calif. 100pp.
Lincoln, F. C. 1979. Migration of birds. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Circular 16. 119pp.
National Weather Service. 1993. Local climatological data monthly summary February-May 1993., King Salmon, Alas. 4pp.
Short, B. E. and H. Johnson. 1992. Migration, staging and nesting of migratory waterfowl, southwest Alaska: A status report of the 1992 waterfowl monitoring efforts on the Togiak Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Dillingham, Alas. (Unpubl). 35pp.
Takekawa, J. Y. and E. E. Klaas. 1991. Survival, habitat use, and movements of Pacific Flyway greater white-fronted geese wintering in Mexico. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Progress Rep., Dixon, Calif. (Unpubl). 23pp.
Taylor, J. T., editor. 1984. Alaska Peninsula/Becharof National Wildlife Refuges - 1983. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Ann. Narr. Rep., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 95pp.
Wilk, R. J. 1985a. Naknek River aerial survey #1. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Memo., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 2pp.
1985b. Second survey, 1985 - Naknek River aerial waterbird survey. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Memo., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 3pp.
. 1987a. Early arrival dates for summering tundra swans, Cygnus columbianus, in Alaska. Can. Field Naturalist 101(1):93-94.
37 1987b. Tundra swans in the Bristol Bay lowlands northern Alaska Peninsula. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. 89pp.
1988a. Distribution, abundance, population structure and productivity of tundra swans in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Pages 288 - 291 in G. W. Hodgson, editor. Arctic. The Arctic Inst. of North America, 41(4).
1988b. Naknek River aerial survey in spring. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Memo., King Salmon, Alas. (Unpubl). 6pp.
and K. I. Wilk. 1988. Composition and abundance of waterfowl on the Naknek River, Alaska, 25 April and 8 May, 1988. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep., King Salmon, Alas., (Unpubl). 7pp.
38 Appendix I. Geographical description of ground survey observation points along the Naknek River, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, February - May 1993. Some of the Points have been altered to allow better viewing. All amendments are in bold type.
Lower Route
Point 1 - Mouth of Naknek River Departing from the King Salmon FWS office, drive 0.3 km (0.2 mi) and turn left onto the King Salmon - Naknek Road, follow road west 24.6 km (15.3 mi) into and through Naknek to where road dead ends in front of FISHERMAN'S BAR. Turn left onto gravel road, follow road as it turns right, proceed 0.3 km (0.2 mi), take right turn onto gravel road across from INLET SALMON, follow 1.2 km (0.8 mi) and take right turn onto gravel road across from sewage lagoon. Follow this road (Monsen Creek Road) 1.4 km (0.9 mi) to a small gravel parking lot overlooking the Bristol Bay. Walk 64 m (70 yd) from parking lot down the road and on to 6.1 m (20 ft) high bluff overlooking the beach. From this point, record all waterfowl located in the mouth of the river as well as all adjacent tidal flats of the Bristol Bay.
Point 2 - Sewage Lagoon and Overlook From observation Point 1, return down Monsen Creek Road turning right at the 4-way intersection. Follow road 0.6 km (0.4 mi) to where it ends in a turn- around adjacent to sewage lagoon. Park and walk 64 m (70 yd) south to the edge of a high bluff overlooking the mouth of the river. From this point, record all waterfowl in river and its mouth not visible from Point 1. Additionally, record waterfowl observed in both settling/leaching ponds of the sewage lagoon complex.
Point 3 - End of State Road From observation Point 2, return down sewage lagoon access road where road meets INLET SALMON and turn right. Proceed 0.3 km (0.2 mi) until reaching sign marked "STATE MAINTENANCE ENDS", adjacent to PETER PAN CANNERY. From this point overlooking the cannery and river, record all waterfowl not visible from Point 2.
Point 4 - Municipal Barge Dock From observation Point 3, return to FISHERMAN'S BAR and turn right onto the paved King Salmon - Naknek Road. Proceed east 2.0 km (1.3 mi), turn right onto gravel drive across from cargo storage lot and follow drive 0.3 km (0.2 mi) down to dock facility. Walk to the end of the dock and record all visible waterfowl on the river.
Point 5 - Leader Creek From observation Point 4, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed east 2.9 km (1.8 mi), turn right at NA1CNEK MARINE CENTER "LUMMI" sign. Follow gravel road 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to its end near boat ramp at river's edge. From the gravel lot above the boat ramp, record all visible waterfowl, concentrating on tidal flats in the mouth of Leader Creek.
Point 6 - Martin Monsen Park From observation Point 5, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed east 3.0 km (1.9 mi), turn right onto gravel road across from Martin Monsen Park
39 sign. Follow road 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to where it forks into 3 separate driveways, follow the middle driveway 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to its end at Martin Monsen Park. From atop the 9 m (30 ft) bluff, at the picnic table area, record all visible waterfowl (principally from Telephone Point to Kunsiniali Point).
Point 7 - Savonoski Crossing From observation Point 6, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed east 2.4 km (1.5 mi), turn right onto gravel road (Lynx Loop) across from Naknek Cemetery. Follow road 1.2 km (0.8 mi), turn right on gravel road marked Savonoski Trail, follow road to its end down to the river opposite Savonoski. All visible waterfowl are recorded (principally from Kunsiniali Point to Kanaknoli Point).
Point 8 - Wolverine Road From observation Point 7, return to Savonoski Trail - Lynx Loop intersection, take a right turn, follow Lynx Loop east 1.0 km (0.6 mi) to intersection with King Salmon - Naknek Road. Turn right, proceed east 3.7 km (2.3 mi) and turn right onto gravel road marked Wolverine Road. Follow road 2.6 kth (1.6 mi) where it ends at a large turn-around, walk south 91 m (100 yd) to the bluff overlooking the river. All visible waterfowl are recorded (principally from Horseshoe Point to Rocky Point).
Point 9 - Paul's Creek From observation Point 8, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed east 0.9 km (0.6 mi), turn right on gravel road (Thelma Drive) 91 m (100 yd) before Paul's Creek bridge. Follow road 0.6 km (0.4 mi), turn right onto road marked Eckerts Drive and park at road end. Walk south 51 m (55 yd) on wooden trail to a cottage. Walk to the left of the cottage 14 m (15 yd) to the steep bluff overlooking the river. Stay clear of the bluff edge to minimize erosion. All visible waterfowl are recorded, (principally from Iniam Point to Omakstalia Point) concentrating on the tidal flats in the mouth of Paul's Creek.
Upper Route
Point 10 - King Salmon Creek Departing from the King Salmon FWS office, drive 0.3 km (0.2 mi) and turn left onto the King Salmon - Naknek Road. Proceed west 1.9 km (1.2 mi), turn left onto gravel road just beyond the fire station, follow road 1.3 km (0.8 mi) to its end at West Housing complex, and walk south 64 m (70 yd) on a well worn dirt trail to views overlooking the river. All visible waterfowl are recorded, concentrating on the mouths of King Salmon Creek and Smelt Creek. Walk 14 m (15 yd) back up the trail and turn right. Walk 27 m (30 yd) to edge of clearing overlooking the river and count any waterfowl that you may have missed from the previous point.
Point 11 - Eskimo Creek From observation Point 10, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed east 0.5 km (0.3 mi), turn right on gravel road and follow 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to its end past the U.S. Air Force fuel depot. All visible waterfowl, including but not beyond the tidal flat in the mouth of Eskimo Creek, are recorded.
40 Point 12 - FWS Dock From observation Point 11, return to FWS compound, observation point lies at the dock platform. All visible waterfowl are recorded upstream from the Eskimo Creek tidal flats.
Point 13 - Grassy Point From observation Point 12, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road, turn right and proceed east 1.3 km (0.8 mi) following the road as it curves right and proceed 1.6 km (0.3 mi) to the dock. Park on the dock and count all waterfowl present. Head back out 0.25 km (0.15 mi) and take an immediate right onto the dirt road just north of the dock. Continue on this road for 0.3 km (0.20 mi) casually observing waterfowl to the right as you drive. Take the gravel road (FAA Rock Rd.) on the right for 0.5 km (0.3 mi) and park at the turn around. Walk 82 m (90 yd) southeast over the tundra to a tree line. Walk 4.5 m (5 yd) through the trees to the rivers edge. All visible waterfowl are recorded, concentrating on the tidal flats upstream from Grassy Point.
Point 14 - Paradise Point From observation Point 13, return to King Salmon - Naknek Road and proceed west 1.1 km (0.7 mi), turn right before KING KO INN onto King Drive and follow 0.8 km (0.5 mi). Turn right onto Wolf Drive. Wolf Drive becomes Lake Camp Road after approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi). Follow this road 2.4 km (1.5 mi), and turn right onto gravel road (there will be a large gravel pile and a small depression to the right before the turn). Proceed 0.6 km (0.4 mi), follow road as it turns left and runs past an orange radio dish mounted on a telephone pole. Follow road to abandoned concrete plant, take immediate right at the fork and follow 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to its end in front of 2 small white buildings that lie near the end of the main runway of King Salmon Airport. Park near the buildings to avoid getting stuck in the sand and walk 82 m (90 yd) to high bluff overlooking the river. All visible waterfowl are recorded from the furthest visible point down stream up to the first marshy flats encountered upstream from Paradise Point located on the north side of the river. Also, be sure to count all swans on the 2-3 large ponds on the south side of the river directly across from the Paradise Point overlook.
Point 15 - Big Creek From observation Point 14, return to Lake Camp Road and proceed east 4.5 km (2.8 mi), turn right at fork onto gravel road (Rapids Camp Road) and follow 1.0 km (0.6 mi) stopping at dirt road on right (this road is at the end of a continuous gully on the right). Park and walk 0.6 km (1.0 mi) down dirt road to high bluff overlooking Big Creek and the river. All visible waterfowl are recorded from the first marshy flat located on the north side of the river to the furthest visible point upstream. After viewing the marshy flat, move north along the wooded trail to a bluff approximately 36 m (40 yd) where the observer can overlook the bluff and observe Big Creek. Count all waterfowl as far up Big Creek as possible and as far up Naknek River as possible.
Point 16 - Rapids Camp From observation Point 15, return to Rapids Camp Road, turn right and follow south 1.7 km (1.1 mi). Stop at barbecue pit located on left side of road on a high bluff overlooking the river before the Rapids Camp Road descends down toward river. From the barbecue pit, all visible waterfowl are recorded, concentrating on the tidal flats in the bend of the river. Due to trees
41 obstructing the view of the shore from the barbecue pit, observations are also made from the shore of Rapids Camp. Follow the road down a steep hill and turn left at the base of it to the shoreline. Park near the Naknek river sports fishing regulations sign. Observations are made from the concrete slab beside the sign. All visible waterfowl are recorded, concentrating on the tidal flats in the bend of the river. Whenever time allows, other migratory shorebirds should also be identified and counted.
Point 17 - Naknek Lake Outlet From observation Point 16, return to Lake Camp Road, turn right and follow east 8.2 km (5.1 mi) to Katmai National Park and Preserve sign. The road will split three ways after the sign. Take the middle road 0.2 km (0.1 mi) and park in the large open area. Walk 27 m (30 yd) to the shore and record all waterfowl observed, concentrating on the mudflats and riverbanks of the outlet of Naknek Lake.
42