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Survey of Communication Study Contents Articles Survey of Communication Study 1 Chapter 1 - Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study 2 Chapter 2 - Verbal Communication 9 Chapter 3 - Nonverbal Communication 19 Chapter 4 - History of Communication Study 30 Chapter 5 - Communication Theory 47 Chapter 6 - Communication Research 67 Chapter 7 - Rhetorical Criticism 84 Chapter 8 - Mass Communication 95 Chapter 9 - Interpersonal Communication 110 Chapter 10 - Group Communication 128 Chapter 11 - Organizational Communication 144 Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication 162 Chapter 13 - Gender Communication 180 References Article Sources and Contributors 198 Article Licenses License 199 Survey of Communication Study 1 Survey of Communication Study Survey of Communication Study Welcome wW elcome to the open source version of Survey of Communication Study.Study. This text offers the opportunity to introduce people to Communication asas an academic field of study. We have broken the book into two parts. First, we lay the foundation by covering the scope of communication study, its history, as well as a brief introduction to theories and research methods. Second, we provide chapters that survey many of the areas of specialization practiced in the field of Communication today. Table of Contents Part I Chapter 1 - Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study Chapter 2 - Verbal Communication Chapter 3 - Nonverbal Communication Chapter 4 - History of Communication Study Chapter 5 - Communication Theory Chapter 6 - Communication Research Part II Chapter 7 - Rhetorical Criticism Chapter 8 - Mass Communication Chapter 9 - Interpersonal Communication Chapter 10 - Group Communication Chapter 11 - Organizational Communication Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication Chapter 13 - Gender Communication Authors Laura K. Hahn, Professor, Humboldt State University Lance Lippert, Associate Professor, Illinois State University Scott T. Paynton, Professor, Humboldt State University Chapter 1 - Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study 2 Chapter 1 - Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study Chapter 1 Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study Chapter Objectives: After reading this chapter you should be able to: • Explain Communication Study. • Define Communication. • Explain the linear and transactional models of communication. • Discuss the benefits of studying Communication. Y ou are probablyprobably reading this book because you areare takingtaking anan introductoryintroductory communicationcommunication class at your college or university. Many colleges and universities around the country require students to take some form of communication course in orderorder toto graduate.graduate. IntroductoryIntroductory communicationcommunication classes include courses on publicpublic speaking,speaking, interpersonalinterpersonal communication, or a class that combines both. However, a new trend is beginning to emerge. Many Communication departments are now offering an introductory course that explains what Communication is,is, howhow itit is studied as an academic field, and what areas of specialization make up the field of Communication. That is our goal in this text. As professors, we hear a lotlot ofof peoplepeople totalk k aboutabout communicationcommunication both on andand offoff ourour campuses.campuses. We'reWe’re alwaysalways surprised at how few peoplepeople cancan actuallyactually explainexplain whatwhat communicationcommunication is, oror whatwhat CommunicationCommunication departments are about. Even our majors sometimes have a hard time explaining to others what it is they study. Through this book we provide you with the basicsbasics forfor understandingunderstanding whatwhat communicationcommunication is, whatwhat CommunicationCommunication scholars and students study, and how you cancan effectivelyeffectively useuse the study of communicationcommunication in in youryour life,life, whetherwhether or or notnot youyou are a Communication major.major. WeWe accomplishaccomplish this this by by takingtaking youyou onon aa journey through time.time. TheThe material inin the text is framed chronologically, and and is is largelylargely presentedpresented inin context ofof thethe eventsevents thatthat occurredoccurred beforebefore thethe industrialindustrial revolution (2500 BCE-1800BCE-1800's),’s), and after the industrial revolution (1800(1800's-Present).’s-Present). In each chapter we include boxes that provide examples on thatthat chapter'schapter’s topictopic inin contextcontext ofof "then,"“then,” "now,"“now,” and "you"“you” toto helphelp you grasp how the study of communication at colleges and universities impacts life in the "real world." To help you have a generalgeneral understandingunderstanding of communication study as an academic field, we have divided the book into two parts: Part I (Chapters(Chapters 1-6)1–6) providesprovides youyou withwith thethe foundationsfoundations ofof CommunicationCommunication as an academicacademic field of study. In thisthis chapterchapter youyou willwill learnlearn thethe definitions definitions ofof CommunicationCommunication andand CommunicationCommunication study,study, asas well as understand possible careers that result from studying communication. InIn Chapters 22 and 3 you will learn that verbal and nonverbal communication are the primary human acts we study as an academic field. By reading a brief history of Communication study in Chapter 4, you will learn the chronologicalchronological development of the field, which determined our choices for how we orderedordered the chapterschapters in Part II. Finally, Chapters 5 and 6 brieflybriefly highlighthighlight thethe differentdifferent theories and research methods we use toto studystudy humanhuman communication.communication. Part II (Chapters 77-13)–13) highlightshighlights many of the prominent communication specializations that have shaped the field in the past 100 years. We present them in the chronological order in which they became part of the Communication discipline. While there are many more areas of specialization wewe would likelike to cover in this text, we have chosen to highlight the ones that have shaped what you likely recognize as partpart ofof thethe CommunicationCommunication departmentsdepartments at youryour collegescolleges andand universities.universities. BecauseBecause we cannotcannot Chapter 1 - Foundations: Defining Communication and Communication Study 3 cover every specialization, wewe chose to include ones that were instrumental in the earlier development of the field that are stillstill beingbeing exploredexplored today,today, as wellwell asas specializationsspecializations we believebelieve represent new directions inin the field that examine communication in our every-changing society. Before we introduceintroduce you toto verbalverbal andand nonverbalnonverbal communication,communication, history,history, theories, research methods, and the chronological development of communication specializations; wewe wantwant to set a foundation for you in this chapter by explaining Communication Study, Communication, Models of Communication, and communication at work. Defining Communication Study W hen wewe telltell othersothers thatthat wewe teachteach Communication, Communication, people often ask questionsquestions like, "Do“Do you teachteach radioradio andand television?"television?” “"DoDo you teach public speaking?"speaking?” “"DoDo you do newsnews broadcasts?"broadcasts?” "Do“Do you workwork withwith computers?"computers?” "Do“Do you study Public Relations?"Relations?” "Is“Is that Journalism or Mass Communication?"Communication?” But, the most common question we get is, "What“What is that?"that?” ItIt's’s interesting that most people will tell us they knowknow what communicationcommunication is,is, but they do not have a clear understanding of what we study and teach as an academicacademic discipline. In fact, many professors in other departments onon ourour campus alsoalso askask us what it is wewe studystudy andand teach.teach. IfIf you'reyou’re aa Communication Communication major,major, you'veyou’ve probably been asked the same question, and like us, had a hardhard timetime answeringanswering it succinctly.succinctly. If you memorizememorize the definition below, you will have a quick and simple answer to those who ask you what you study as a Communication major. Bruce Smith, Harold Lasswell, andand Ralph D. Casey (1946) provided a good and simple answer to thethe question,question, "What“What is communication study?study?"” They state that communication study is an academicacademic field whose primary focus is “"whowho says what, through what channels (media) of communication, toto whom, [and] what will be the results"results” (p. 121). ConununicationCommunication Study • Who? • What? • What Channel? • To Whom? • What Are the Results? Although they gave this explanation over 60 years ago,ago, itit stillstill succinctlysuccinctly describesdescribes thethe focusfocus ofof CommunicationCommunication scholars and professionals. As professors and students of communication we extensively examine the various forms and outcomes of humanhuman communication.communication. In 1995,1995, thethe NationalNational CommunicationCommunication AssociationAssociation (NCA), our nationalnational organization, stated that communication study “7ocusesfocuses onon howhow peoplepeople useuse messagesmessages toto generategenerate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures,
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