How Does the Representation of Religion in Local Media Contribute to Maintaining Or Extending Social Cohesion in Segregated Communities?
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From breaking news to broken communities: How does the representation of religion in local media contribute to maintaining or extending social cohesion in segregated communities? Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Lees, Rebecca Citation Lees, R. (2017). From breaking news to broken communities: How does the representation of religion in local media contribute to maintaining or extending social cohesion in segregated communities? (Master's thesis). University of Chester: United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Download date 25/09/2021 08:48:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620599 From breaking news to broken communities: How does the representation of religion in local media contribute to maintaining or extending social cohesion in segregated communities? Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts in the University of Chester in part fulfilment of the Modular Programme in Theology, Media and Communication. January 2017 Rebecca Lees 1 1. Abstract Research suggests that Muslims in Britain have been, and continue to be represented and portrayed less favourably to other religions in mainstream media particularly within the print press, on a local and national scale (Knott, Poole, Tairu, 2013, Poole, 2009). This dissertation critically analyses how religion, specifically Christianity and Islam have been represented in the local media and to what extent this representation has had an impact on the maintaining or extending of social cohesion within Burnley; a town where segregation is apparent and integration is a challenge. Data collected through the application of content analysis and critical discourse analysis to two newspapers from 2001 to 2015 shows the patterns and trends in representation over a substantial period of time, whereby the community they serve became increasingly diverse with each Census. Findings from the research suggest that Christianity was referenced more times than Islam and more positively. However, significant changes to the practice of the press over the fourteen years resulted in the inclusion of more Muslim voices contributing to the enhanced religious literacy of the press. Recommendations for further research to add to this dissertation have been made in addition to enhancements to the practice of the local print media. 2 2. Declaration This work is original and has not been previously submitted in support of a degree, qualification or other course. Signed ………………………………………………………………… Date ………12th January 2017……………………………………. Word count: 20,025 3 3. Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation could not have been possible without the exceptional support received from family, friends, colleagues and staff from the University of Chester and Chester Students’ Union. I am immensely grateful for the help and guidance received whilst studying the MA from the Theology and Religious Studies Department at the University of Chester, with special thanks to my supervisor Professor Elaine Graham for her irrefutable inspiration and guidance throughout. Thanks to Dr Dawn Llewellyn, Professor Emma Rees and Dr Kate Daubney for their continual guidance and infectious enthusiasm, and Dr Karen Willis for her endless support and motivation when I needed it most. Thanks to my friends, whom without I probably would have graduated a year earlier, yet without them, more likely not to have completed at all! To the Bears, Jessica Grocutt, Callum Hogg, Katie Badman, Cherelle Mitchell and team CSU past and present, for ensuring my glass was always half full and always being there to keep me going. I am sincerely thankful to Jane Hodson, Laura Greenwood-Pearsons and Penny Greenwood-Pearsons for their continued friendship, support, understanding and advice. I am most grateful to my family, Team Lees for their love, laughter and always being there to make sure my feet remain on the ground while my head is in the clouds. Last but in no ways least, I dedicate this dissertation and everything I do to my late Father, whose footsteps I can only aspire to fill one day. ‘Take deep breaths and be brave’ he would say, a pearl of wisdom that has kept me motivated throughout the completion of this research. 4 4. Contents 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................... 2 2. Declaration .......................................................................................................... 3 3. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 4 4. Contents .............................................................................................................. 5 5. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 5.1 Background to research ................................................................................ 7 5.2 Research Question and Aims...................................................................... 11 5.3 Justification for research ............................................................................. 11 5.4 Methodology................................................................................................ 12 5.5 Outline of chapters ...................................................................................... 12 5.6 Summary ..................................................................................................... 13 6. Literature Review ............................................................................................... 14 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 14 6.2 The changing landscape of England and Wales ......................................... 15 6.3 Diverse Communities: The local picture of Burnley ..................................... 17 6.3.1 Census Data, England and Wales: Religious Affiliation ............................ 18 6.3.2 Census Data, England and Wales: Ethnicity ............................................. 18 6.4 Diverse Communities and Social Cohesion ................................................ 20 6.5 Maintaining social cohesion ........................................................................ 21 6.6 Social Cohesion and Media......................................................................... 24 6.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 26 7. Methodology ...................................................................................................... 27 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 27 7.2 Research Philosophy .................................................................................. 27 7.3 Justification for the selected methodological approaches ........................... 30 7.3.1 Rejected Methods ..................................................................................... 31 7.4 Content analysis .......................................................................................... 34 7.5 Sample ........................................................................................................ 38 7.6 Limitations to the chosen research methods ............................................... 40 7.6.1 Content analysis ....................................................................................... 41 7.6.2 Critical discourse analysis......................................................................... 43 7.6.3 Sample size .............................................................................................. 44 7.6.4 Time constraints ....................................................................................... 45 7.7 Validity and reliability ................................................................................... 46 5 7.8 Summary ..................................................................................................... 46 8. Findings ............................................................................................................. 48 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 48 8.2 Evaluation of quantitative data .................................................................... 49 8.3 Overview of the representation of Christianity and Islam in the Burnley Express and Lancashire Telegraph, 2001 – 2015 ................................................. 51 8.4 Overview of the representation of Christianity and Islam in the Burnley Express and Lancashire Telegraph between 2001 and 2015 ............................... 54 8.4.1 The Burnley Express ................................................................................ 55 8.4.2 Lancashire Telegraph ............................................................................... 56 8.5 The representation of Christianity and Islam in the Burnley Express from 2001-2015 ............................................................................................................. 59 8.5.1 Burnley Express: Representation of Christianity and Islam, 2001 ........ 59 8.5.2 Burnley Express: Representation of Christianity, 2005 ......................... 68 8.5.3 Burnley Express: Representation of Christianity, 2015 ............................. 74 ..........................................................................................................................