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Mining for Public and State Approval: Corporate Strategies for Metallic Sulfide Mining on Michigan’S Yellow Dog Plains

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Mining for Public and State Approval: Corporate Strategies for Metallic Sulfide Mining on Michigan’S Yellow Dog Plains Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2008 Mining for Public and State Approval: Corporate Strategies for Metallic Sulfide Mining on Michigan’s Yellow Dog Plains Teresa A. Bertossi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Bertossi, Teresa A., "Mining for Public and State Approval: Corporate Strategies for Metallic Sulfide Mining on Michigan’s Yellow Dog Plains" (2008). Master's Theses. 4871. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4871 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MINING FOR PUBLIC AND STATE APPROVAL: CORPORATE STRATEGIES FOR METALLIC SULFIDE MINING ON MICHIGAN'S YELLOW DOG PLAINS by Teresa A. Bertossi A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe Degree of Master o :Arts Department of Geography WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo; Michigan April 2008 © 2008 Teresa A. Bertossi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several people have been influential in the completion of this research. I would like to first give great thanks to my family, co-workers and friends, who have been with me throughout this process and have offered endless encouragement, advice, editing, support, laughter, and patience. I also would like to recognize and thank my thesis advisor Dr. Chansheng He who went above and beyond his duty to support and encourage me to complete this thesis. I wish to thank my additional committee members Dr. David Lemberg and Dr. Joseph Stoltman for their support, editing, and advice. I also thank Dr.· Al Gedicks, from the University of Wisconsin La Crosse, not only for serving on my committee, but whose continued work (a major inspiration for my thesis) helps to protect communities from dangerous mining practices around the world. I also thank Laura Furtman who, along with Roscoe Churchill, wrote the biggest and best book I have ever read and sent me an unfinished copy in advance. Furthermore, I must thank Dr. Michael Broadway, Dr. Gregory Veeck, and Pat Oakes for encouraging me to continue with my education. I thank my big sister Kathy who has been an important role model in my life. I am forever grateful to my mother-her guidance, which included eating big red juicy tomatoes with her in her garden, taught me to appreciate the land, our freshwater resources, and to understand that I am only a part of a much greater circle. Finally, I dedicate this thesis in loving memory of my father Mark Dale Bertossi and to the future of my little brother and sister Lisa and Travis Bertossi. Teresa A. Bertossi 11 MINING FOR PUBLIC AND STATE APPROVAL: CORPORATE STRATEGIES FOR METALLIC SULFIDE MINING ON MICHIGAN'S YELLOW DOG PLAINS Teresa A. Bertossi, M.A. Western Michigan University, 2008 Michigan has become a frontier for metallic sulfide mining due to a high global demand for minerals and a major concentration of sulfide deposits found throughout its Midcontinent Rift. Metallic sulfide mining is challenging, especially in a water-rich state like Michigan. The disturbance of a sulfide deposit during mining activity exposes the sulfide ore to air and water, which can result in sulfuric acid. Subsequently, precipitation can cause sulfuric acid to drain from the mine site, polluting surface water and groundwater. Recently, a corporation called Kennecott Minerals has proposed a metallic sulfide mine called the Eagle Project in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, on the Yellow Dog Plains. The Eagle Project will be the first under Michigan's new legislation regulating nonferrous metallic sulfide mining. This research examines the environmental and resulting social consequences of sulfide mining. As opposition to mining projects grow more powerful around the world, mining corporations are using public relations strategies to stifle the opposition. So far, Kennecott has used public relations strategies such as extensive mineral exploration and leasing, negotiation, risk assessment, and persuasive rhetoric to gain state approval for its Eagle Project. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. .-................................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. Vlll LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................-..................................... lX CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................... .............. ... .............................................. .... 1 Problem Statement .................. ...... ........ ..... ........................................ 2 Significanceof Study ...................... .............. .. ................................... 3 Methods .............................................................................................. 4 Overview ............................................................................................ 5 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................................................ 7 A Commodities Craze......................................................................... 7 Mining's Inevitably Heavy Footprint.................................................. 10 Uranium Mining ............................................................................ 11 A Case Study of Uranium Mining............................................ 11 Gold Mining: Afterthe Gold Rush . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 14 A Case Study of Gold Mining................................................... 15 Metallic Sulfide Mining................................................................. 17 Case Studies of Sulfide Mining.. ....... ..... .......... ......................... 19 The Social Consequences of Mining................................................... 22 West Papua's Grasberg Mine......................................................... 23 Government and Corporate Affairs. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. 26 111 Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Social Movements............................................................................... 28 Peru: Protests Stop Newmont Expansion...................................... 28 Social Movements Challenge Mining Corporations...................... 31 The Networking Structure of Grassroots Organizations................ 33 Case Study: Grassroots and Global Connections....................... 35 Corporate Public Relations Strategies................................................ 36 Negotiation Strategies.................................................................... 37 Mineral Rights and Secret Land Purchases .... .. ... ... ... ...... .. .. ..... ..... 3 8 Risk Assessment............................................................................. 40 Persuasive Rhetoric: Mass Media Campaigns............................... 41 Case Study: Meridian Gold Versus Esquel .............................. 42 Summary......................................................................................... 45 3. WISCONSIN'S ANTI-SULFIDE MINING MOVEMENT........................ 47 The Flambeau Mine in NorthernWisconsin ...................................... 48 The Beginning of an Anti-SulfideMining Movement .................. 49 Local Zoning Authority and Resolutions....................................... 50 Kennecott's Counter Strategy: Media Campaigns..................... 51 The Consensus Process.................................................................. 52 Kennecott Returns with a Local Agreement Strategy.................... 54 Kennecott Utilizes Its Gifting Tactic............................................. 58 lV Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Grassroots Organizations Begin Direct Action Tactics................. 58 Kennecott's Counter Response to Grassroots Protests................... 60 Legislative Tactics to Halt the Mine.............................................. 61 Kennecott and the State of Wisconsin........................................... 62 The Wisconsin Crandon Project.......................................................... 63 Economic Incentives ..................................................................... 64 The Roots of the Grassroots Movement . ..... ..... .. ..... ... .. ..... ... ..... .. 65 Closed Door Negotiations, Legal Challenges, and the Local Agreement Law............................................................................... 67 Tribal Sovereignty......................................................................... 68 The Tribe Purchases the Mine Site................................................ 69 A Mining Moratorium................................................................... 69 Summary ............................................................................................. 70 4. METHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 74 Overview ............................................................................................ 74 Focus Group . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. 75 Semi-Structured Interviews .......................................................... 77 Discourse Analysis and Coding ...................................................
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