Plant Biosystems

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Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology Official Journal of the Societa Botanica Italiana Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713737104 Seed germination in a narrow endemic species (Telekia speciosissima, Asteraceae): Implications for ex situ conservation

To cite this Article: Brusa, G., Ceriani, R. and Cerabolini, B. , 'Seed germination in a narrow endemic species (Telekia speciosissima, Asteraceae): Implications for ex situ conservation', Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 141:1, 56 - 61 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/11263500601153495 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263500601153495

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 obri,Glit Lco,Italy (Lecco), Galbiate Lombardia, O:10.1080/11263500601153495 online DOI: 1724-5575 print/ISSN 1126-3504 ISSN Universita Funzionale, e Strutturale Biologia di Tel.: Dipartimento Brusa, G. Correspondence: reduce may species, each of based requirements techniques, the suitable of on choice the Schu 1985; Moreover, 1991; Fenner, Monsen, environments 1971; & Stebbins, adaptive Meyer changing 1970; of al., and et result (Harper patchy a require- as into particular germination radiation seed have for while species ments Fay, diversity 1990; However, Muir, genetic & 1992). (Fay of ecotypes loss local reproducing the programmes minimizes from propagation recovery seed Plant 2003). for Iriondo, of & material (Heywood extinction local source propagation a of also of and risk 1999), (Bowes, the species endangered specimens reducing using for means populations plant cultivated natural Strengthen- of 2003). Iriondo, ing (Maunder & Heywood purposes 2001; conservation al., et for tool possible a situ Ex Introduction bank. seed transient a establishing biological for the to need germination regime. according the in light/dark given to decrease is a a respect words: results However, with in Key these condition. especially of or light species, interpretation in the darkness An itself. seeds days. of continuous germination testing 150 (91.8%) characters promoted in of percentage before ecological stratification light germination stratification and temperature a highest cold while after higher The of stratification, occurred parameters. days at cold percentages and 90 tested by dynamics after germination broken then attained 10 – influenced was was 6 and strongly dormancy at factors days seed stratified two producing 180 therefore that These of were showed and aim samples the tests 90 with Seed Germination studied germination. 60, were seed 45, plant improving this 30, of factors dynamics potential germination as in Seed investigated species. use low-risk to a protocols as germination List Red Italian the in speciosissima Telekia Abstract 1 BRUSA G. ( species for endemic Implications narrow Asteraceae): a in germination Seed Biosystems Plant cez hmceeAbetl,Universita Ambientali, e Chimiche Scienze iatmnod ilgaSrtuaeeFninl,Universita Funzionale, e Strutturale Biologia di Dipartimento þ 903 249 Fax: 421419. 0332 39 utvto ftraee pce srgre as regarded is species threatened of cultivation xsitu ex 1,2 liecampye,cl taicto,griaineooy ih eurmn,se dormancy seed requirement, light ecology, germination stratification, cold chasmophytes, Alpine .CERIANI R. , o.11 o ,Mrh20,p.5 61 – 56 pp. 2007, March 1, No. 141, Vol. , s hrfr,rgre sasuitable a as regarded therefore, is, sa nei hsoht flmsoeaddlmt olesi h obryPels ti included is It Prealps. Lombardy the in boulders dolomite and limestone of chasmophyte endemic an is þ 903 254 -al [email protected] E-mail: 421554. 0332 39 xsitu ex z&Mleg 1997). Milberg, & tz ¨ 3 .CERABOLINI B. & ª osrainadrcvr rjcs odsrtfiainadlgtrqieet were requirements light and stratification Cold projects. recovery and conservation 07Societa 2007 el td elIsbi,Cm,Iay and Italy, Como, dell’Insubria, Studi degli ` oaiaItaliana Botanica ` xsitu ex el td elIsbi,Vrs,Italy, Varese, dell’Insubria, Studi degli ` 1 conservation 92masl;45 Barro a.s.l.; Monte mountain of calcareous m the small (922 network a these, natural occupies a Park the Amongst Regional including preserve parks. to Lombardy, natural up in set in- resources been Conservation 1959; have 1995). Reisigl, itiatives Reisigl, & 1970; (Pitschmann Pawlowski, Age during the Quaternary refuges and ice-free the glaciation of of establishment events subsequent recurring Alpine to the due in endemism Chain of centre major a considered 2000; al., et 2004). Benson Badola, & 1994; Butola (Fay, resources of waste oiini h egahclrneo Prealpine marginal of a range geographical has the it endemic in 1994); position (Fornaciari, diversity ml,adt eei rso Obr van & (Ouborg erosion 1991). Holsinger, genetic & Falk relatively to 1995; is Treuren, and range to their vulnerable small, when more especially are extinction, populations marginal ever, nIay h rapn itito obryis Lombardy of District Prealpine the Italy, In el td elIsbi,VaDnn ,I-210Vrs,Italy. Varese, 21100 - I 3, Dunant Via dell’Insubria, Studi degli ` eei speciosissima Telekia eei speciosissima Telekia 8 3 9N 9 49’N; etoFoaAtcoadlaRegione della Autoctona Flora Centro 8 2E ihhg plant high with 22’E) Fnrl,16) How- 1965). (Fenaroli, 2 iatmnodi Dipartimento 8 uig15, during C , Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 eaieysalaon fsesprpatwas regeneration; seeds plant natural available guarantee per the to of seeds recommended 20% a is than of more only (no itself amount collected population To small the 2003. to relatively July injuries during major population within avoid Barro specimens Monte selected randomly the 80 was about from Inuleae genus the tribe new assigned the who to the (1991), species Anderberg phylo- within by its recognized isolation Moreover, 1965). genetic (Fenaroli, species of of origin constancy the ancient the an suggest and association characters range morphological geographical rock-fissure small The the speciosissimae of Telekietum – Potentillo species character caulescentis nion sub-alliance Alpine Lake 1965). view (Fenaroli, to of ma of point Como Valley phytosociological Lake a Ledro re- From the from to is Prealps and distribution Garda the Species to (Fenaroli, 1982). stricted a.s.l. Pignatti, dolomite m or 1,900 1965; – limestone 1,000 membranous on and between slopes boulders, or short stem, cliffs of per a crevices 1982). capitulum (Pignatti, by diameter) pappus characterized in (up achenes large cm 6 single a the tribe to with life-form, of Asteroideae, hemicryptophyte 2005). 1976). member a al., et Spampinato, subfamily a (Tutin Inuleae & is family, (Conti species Scoppola lists Asteraceae the red 1997; regional Taxonomically in al., and extinction of national et risk low Italian at is the species and the 1965), among (Fenaroli, listed species endemic Insubrian speciosissima T. methods and Materials pre- al., et stratification Milberg 1998; after Baskin, 2000). reported & (Baskin been germina- treatments in for have conditions requirements & habitat tion light simulate temperatures (Baskin Moreover, to cold used winter. season at then be seeds the favourable may Storing at 1998). the seedl- non-dormant Baskin, for of are occurs unfavourable seeds beginning is dormancy establishment, that physiological ing season vegetation; physiological the of Alpine during is the loss from dormancy because species seed The Asteraceae growth. of in seedling type for germination inferred favourable postpones periods that charac- species a until is plant dormancy of cold Seed teristic evaluating light. and specifically stratification population, marginal of germination a seed for ments h rsn td oue on focuses study present The auesesof seeds Mature sadfeeta pce ftesouth-eastern the of species differential a is L)Ls.i n ftems attractive most the of one is Less. (L.) Terla ta. 94,adi a is and 1994), al., et (Theurillat .speciosissima T. hspeiocomosae-Potentille- Physoplexido Xerolekia .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. . xsitu ex Ste,1969). (Sutter, eecollected were .speciosissi- T. rw in grows require- exhibits from odya omtmeaue(8–22 – (18 temperature room left at were Seeds dry 2004). to Kew, Gardens Botanic Royal ramn h olwn eiewsapid 21 h 25/15 at 12:12 cycle applied: dark ‘light’ – was light the regime For on following chamber. the germination placed treatment a in incubated were days and 45 dishes Seeds Petri for in discs incubated. paper filter were wetted seeds 25 10 – 6 seeds per- stratification). at non-stratified of of were days days (0 consisted tests 150 Controls and germination formed. 15, 90 before for 60, stratification) stratified in 45, then wrapped were dishes 30, Seeds Petri foils. in discs aluminium paper filter wetted Baskin, & use. before (Baskin mixed Asteraceae were seeds of 1998), as heads such in dormancy- requirements, achenes same germination the have and/or not breaking may plant mother 20 the – 18 at bag paper a month. 1 in about dry stored later and ae M eeacietasomd hl count while transformed, (t arcsine data were percen- (M) germination Final tages Chicago). Inc., (SPSS rate 10 germination final the of 50% attained). num- until was germination the days first (i.e. of the time ber until half-germination days and of occurred) number the delay (i.e. germination rates, germination final about calculated: for light room at s. 30 incubated examined – 10 seeds was with darkness dish in Petri counted Each ‘germinated’ were removed. as and seedlings Germinated recorded 1970). were (Come, emergence and radicle foil regime. aluminium temperature same in the wrapped at maintained were dishes Petri otefloigfrua y formula: following according the germi- 1988), describe Mayer, to & to (Brown function dynamics which appropriate nation 1970), most Kotz, the & is Johnson cumulative distribu- 1951; To Weibull (Weibull, germination, the tion by calculated. fitted of were data not patterns germination the were and no describe delay time When germination be analysis. half-germination recorded, to statistical was order to germination in prior transformed normalized reciprocal were time) ie rmtefloigeuto:k equation: following squared the of deter- was from sum (k) the mined rate optimizing germination by Relative obtained differences. 3, to 0 hr t where ea,adc and delay, M y where o ahgriaintetet i elctsof replicates six treatment, germination each For on placed were samples seed 2003 August On on positions different at developing seeds Because ttsia nlsswr efre ihSYSTAT with performed were analyses Statistical were parameters germination three test each For showing those and daily checked were Seeds ¼ edgriainin germination Seed nlgriain(t4 as,z days), 45 (at germination final 50 50 ¼ emnto ea;z half-germination z, delay; germination , ¼ emnto ecnaea iet(days), t time at percentage germination afgriaintime. half-germination ¼ uv hp aaee agn from ranging parameter shape curve eei pcoism 57 speciosissima Telekia 8 .Frte‘ak treatment ‘dark’ the For C. ¼ M{1 7 8 )fr3days, 3 for C) ¼ e germination ¼ 7 k( z)]c – (t [k 1/(t 8 (cold C 8 50 for C z), – }, Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 ie hwfitdWiulcmltv ucin,bsdo xeietldata. experimental on based functions, cumulative Weibull fitted show lines iue1 emnto yaisof dynamics Germination 1. Figure with temperature. increased low germination at from percentage days general, percentage 90 In highest days for (0 the maintained test seeds and control stratification) the in of attained was percentage or light the and condition. an stratification, dark cold for both of trend effect a general clear with germination, a asynchronous parameters. show slightly 1) immediate germination (Figure recorded graphs The the calcu- functions, using Weibull lated the with represented cally The of stratification. dynamics during germination occurred germination No Results 58 o ramn nlgttelws germination lowest the light in treatment For .Buae al. et Brusa G. .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. ed ndr n ih odtosatrcl taicto 0days (0 stratification cold after conditions light and dark in seeds r graphi- are aiblt ntegriainpretgs although percentages, germination In the the for I). cause in main (Table the variability be analysis to appeared was statistical light particular, parameters the germination by on established regime dark – light 150 for stratified seeds days. with Again, seeds. stratifica- decreased non-stratified of germination with lowest days the 90 and with after tion, reached attained was percentage was germination highest The germination time. stratification of increasing increas- an percentage light although the time, ing stratification in final same than each the lower for darkness, was In percentage stratification. germination of occurred days decline 150 a at but time, stratification increasing h nuneo odsrtfiainado the of and stratification cold of influence The ¼ oto) Continuous control). Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 iue2 nuneo odsrtfiainadlgt–dr eieo emnto ea n afgriaintm nt:yae r hw as shown are y-axes (note: time half-germination and delay germination on regime dark – light and scales). stratification reciprocal cold of Influence 2. Figure percentage Germination in parameters cold germination of on influence of treatment the seeds for light (ANOVA) and analysis stratification Statistical interaction I. The Table dark. per- the therefore, germination in regime, in seeds difference than dark – light larger centages a the exhibited Seeds in them. affected incubated strongly also stratification cold brvain:DF eoiao ereo reo;NFD: freedom; of freedom. degree of degree denominator nominator DDF: Abbreviations: time Half-germination delay Germination ih 0506.07 70 41.51 1 70 6 Stratification Light Stratification ih 127 0.104 2.72 61 7.31 47.92 1 61 61 16.98 6 1 61 Stratification Light 6 Stratification Stratification Light Stratification .speciosissima T. 6 6 6 ih 015.04 70 6 Light ih 129 0.013 2.99 0.003 61 3.69 6 61 Light 6 Light . D DDF NDF Fp 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 h oet( as ihsessrtfidfr6 asin days 60 and for stratified darkness, seeds in with days) grown (6 of lowest seeds the control days for (60 occurred 4 (controls). from days with 15 seeds), to ranging stratified stratification) with germination delay days in 7 – germination 1 (differences about indeed of was darkness delay variability in higher the A apparent days) in incubated regime. (3 and dark days – lowest light 90 for and the stratified treatment, seeds in with days) dark (10 with highest controls was radicle delay quick ( germination and (i.e. seeds The treatment, However, stratified small light with occurred the extent. were emergence in days) delay lesser sig- 3 the – germination 1 a also I); in was to (Table differences factors although stratification two cold nificant, the to between and interaction light response in to 2) (Figure delay germination dark – considering light the in than smaller was regime. dark the percen- germination in stratifica- in tage increment during the decreased although significant. tion, requirement statistically light was factors The two the between h ihs afgriaintm 1 days) (16 time half-germination highest The when recorded also were differences Significant edgriainin germination Seed eei pcoism 59 speciosissima Telekia 5 days). 6 Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 fsrtfiaintm.Teerslsarewith agree dark results addition, In These of soil. requirements time. regardless a habitat damp stratification germination or showing within inhibit of germinate wet partially to seeds in conditions fail of they year with with if days 1 agree vitality literature, in to 150 decrease quoted seems after here decline the percentage The recorded (1997). stratification bank’, germination al. Bakker et seed in by Thompson proposed ‘transient and classification 2003), (1989) a the al., et to by (Cerabolini according year characterized 1 than being less for soil 1998). in Baskin, of type & seeds dormancy (Baskin Moreover, and physiological frequent probably is is temperature low to G., (Brusa other observation). capitula with personal smaller contrast bearing in Asteraceae predation, local to of susceptible seeds not apparently capitu- of but with incidence size, increases the lum (2002) infestation al. larvae et seed-eating Fenner months. several to seeds for cold According capitula many senescent although on after Barro, between remain can Monte ripe non-dormant at are species August – became July this of but Seeds of stratification. rate, seeds matured tion freshly speciosissima study, T. this to According Discussion slightly was The factors stratification. two to the only significant. light between but the I), interaction to respond (Table not regime did Accordingly, half-germination treatment. time light regime in half-germination the dark in variability – light evident lower was the time A in days 2). 90 (Figure for and darkness 60 bevddfeecsi emnto percentage. germination in the to differences still contributed are is conditions observed it side weather cues, by that environmental side possible same growing the to plants popula- subjected though same seed even the in in tion; variations individuals large between revealed dormancy (1998) the Andersson on Milberg 1992). plant seed & Gutterman, the mother 1991; of (Fenner, the position plant of and maturation, age environ- during maturation, maternal as during factors of such several ment origin, level by genetic The determined than is other capitula. seeds from in germinate dormancy released to able when are at seeds earlier dormancy some exhibit that suggesting not all, did and immediately nated adapted circumstance doubt common no habitats. a are stony light, seeds in in its only with soil; germinate fissures of to rock layer in thin grows a mainly that plant phytic nteAtrca,se fe-ipnvaexposure via after-rippen seed Asteraceae, the In ntetsspromdb s oesesgermi- seeds some us, by performed tests the In .Buae al. et Brusa G. ipa neteeypo germina- poor extremely an display .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. edt persist to tend chasmo- a , are ao 05.Poaainfo edi ibeand viable for a is method seed Spampi- from inexpensive & Propagation Scoppola 2005). 1997; nato, al., et (Conti extinction uhrzto o edcleto a ie ythe by given Lombardy. was of Government collection Regional seed for Authorization (LIFE00NAT/IT/7258). of Flora the habitats’ management of Insubric-Prealpine ‘Integrated part Project Centro Con- was 2000 it Nature by (Lecco); Life by Barro and Monte Lombardia Parco supported sorzio Regione was della Autoctona research The population Acknowledgements in stages 1994). critical al., history et (Schemske most life growth the the assessing particularly reconstructing required, this are of for data recovery More and plant. conservation endemic for designing in plan step action first the an only is this However, seeds. xsitu ex 2004b). and/or (see al., institutions a et rare regional Cerabolini become and/or example cultivate local for should of aim to populations major plant techniques endangered and knowl- of acquisition edge the Moreover, Planta European 2002). & in Europa, Council objective (European main strategies a conservation is Plan- conservation 1994). plant al., biological et ning (Schemske developing best guidelines for necessary the recovery also an requires available, of information al., recovery species successful step poorly the et first cycle, endangered life the are (Cerabolini plant’s only the is in species exceptions germination Although few endemic 2004a). with Alpine require- known, for germination but ments species, plant threatened Noronha 1981; 1997). (Roberts, al., et misleading laboratory be as could here, drawn tests conclusions necessary the are support seedlings to studies of survival field and However, autumn, emergence Barro. on Monte or at summer frequent conditions Some weather are late mild ecology. and/or damp in germination relatively when germinate of may terms seeds adapta- in local at also exhibit population could tion, range The altitudinal occur. low this 1994), conditions (Fornaciari, cooler Barro where Monte at in slopes tracheophytes northern chasmophytic space, habitats. for helps rocky especially being scarce and resources, is seedlings conditions, which for all growing competition of poor avoid risk in- to the among subjected reduces variation chasmo- Moreover, dividuals on role vegetation. scale ecological fine phytic important a an play on could factors environmental Accordingly, ncnlso,tepeetsuydmntae that demonstrates study present the conclusion, In present At xsitu ex rpgto of propagation osrainpooosfrthreatened for protocols conservation .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. .speciosissima T. xsitu ex sol tlwrs of risk low at only is anygoso the on grows mainly osrainof conservation spsil from possible is nsitu in and , Downloaded By: [University of Milan Bicocca] At: 13:16 22 June 2007 uoenCucl&Pat uoa 02 uoenplant European 2002. Europa. Planta & Council delle regionali European rosse Liste 1997. F. Pedrotti A, Manzi F, Conti oeD 90 e btce a obstacles Les 1970. D. Come M. Villa R, Andreis De M, Caccianiga RM, Ceriani B, Cerabolini eaoiiB eAdesR ein M ireS amniB. Raimondi S, Pierce RM, Ceriani R, R, Andreis De B, Andreis Cerabolini De M, Caccianiga RM, Ceriani B, Cerabolini onir .19.FoaevgtzoedlMneBro Galbiate, Barro. Monte del vegetazione e Flora 1994. G. Fornciari Relation- 2002. T. Baldwin RA, Hurley seed JE, on Cresswell environment M, parent Fenner the of Hall. effects & The Chapman 1991. UK: London, M. ecology. Fenner Seed 1985. M. Fenner eaoiL 1965. L. Fenaroli the in micropropagation of role The 1990. HJ. Muir MF, Fay is situations what In 1994. MF. using Fay plants endangered and rare of Conservation 1992. MF. Fay conservation and Genetics 1991. editors. KE, Holsinger DA, Falk uoaJ,Bdl K 04 feto r-oigteteton treatment pre-sowing of Effect 2004. HK. 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Spichiger P, pfer ¨ ae canescens Carex f ebtInst Geobot ¨ff ssp. vaseyana Salvia ) :