Sustainable Management of Mango (Mangifera Indica
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DOI: 10.46909/cerce-2020-040 Review Article Available online: www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/ Print ISSN 0379-5837; Electronic ISSN 2067-1865 Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. LIII , No. 4 (184) / 2020: 473-501 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MANGO NUTRITION FOR BETTER YIELD AND QUALITY Muhammad KHAN1,*, Niaz AHMED1 *E-mail: [email protected] Received: Aug. 17, 2020. Revised: Oct. 29, 2020. Accepted: Nov. 06, 2020. Published online: Jan 29, 2021 ABSTRACT. Optimum supply of macro micronutrients to improve the yield and and micronutrients is of critical quality of mango fruits. To understand the importance in improving the yield and effective use of macro and micronutrients, quality of horticultural crops. Alike, the the positive and negative impacts of the quality and yield of mango plants nutrients are explained. It is suggested significantly increase by balanced that analyzing the soil, mango fruits, and application and uptake of macro and mango plant leaves for their nutrient micronutrients. However, soil type and status can be useful to formulate characteristics are important factors that fertilization strategies for higher fruit directly influence the bio-availability of production and quality. Research and these nutrients to the plants. In addition, development, along with agricultural variability in climate has an impact on extension, should focus more on mango yield in the current scenario. Many introducing genetically effective mango scientists have found that mango varieties to improve nutrient and water cultivation in saline soils is a major utilization efficiency. obstacle to achieving the desired yield and Keywords: nutrient management; fruit improving quality. Overdose of quality; mango production; yield. fertilization is the major factor for the development of saline soils, furthermore, rise in climate temperatures is also a INTRODUCTION major factor. Therefore, to overcome this problem, nutrient management and the Mango (Mangifera indica L.), use of balanced fertilizer are the important most cultivated fruit in tropical factors to be controlled. Thus, this review region, and it is categorized in the plant focuses on the performance and family named as “Anacardiaceae” and importance of essential macro and it is found to be of South East Asia 1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan 473 M.M.H. KHAN, N. AHMED origin (Douthett, 2000). Mango is the stratagems, which are being discussed second major fruit after citrus in in this review. Pakistan and is widely known as ‘king of fruits’ (Usman et al., 2003). Soil type To determine the quality of mango Soil characteristics directly fruit, the size, total sugar contents, influence the mango cultivation. acidity and β-carotene, total soluble Plants use soil as inert medium for solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, sugar-acid growth. Nutrients availability is ratio and golden yellow color must be regulated in soil through root growth observed. and soil effects the functional Owed to disease, insufficient activities of the plants. Several types nutrients and improper management of soil, as of low fertility and low- of fertilizer, mango fruits produce low growing soils to well-fertile deeper yields and quality that are soils (Red Cross Nosium), can be unsatisfactory for export or to be sold used for mango growth (Dirou, 2004). locally (Gurjar et al., 2015). Further, Though, cultivation and growth of higher physical damages and mango is influenced by the physical deteriorated quality have been and chemical characteristics of the observed in mango farms. Imbalanced soil. Soil of less fertility, light and of fertilization, including micronutrients, good drainage properties are improper cultural practices and deliberated as good soils for mango inadequate handling of trees result in production because mango fruit reduced quality farms. In accordance cannot produce good fruit color in with horticultural experts, it is highly fertile soils (Madonsela, 2019) necessary to use basic nutrients along and such soils can also have with micronutrients to get the best nutritional problems (Paul and Duarte, quality of mango fruit. The 2011). The soil which are sandy clay, micronutrients are often used as foliar flat and deep, with sufficient organic application to reduce nutritional matter, is considered suitable for deficiencies and to improve the mango plantation (Magalhaes and quality of mangoes (Sankar et al., Borges, 2000). In addition, sandy 2013). Although, owing to the type of loam, sandy, lateritic and alluvial soils soil and climate, Pakistan is are appropriate for the cultivation of considered suitable for good quality mango trees. Moreover, soils with a and production of mango fruit; considerable depth of 2-2.5 m, having however, yet, the country is far behind a pH range from neutral to alkaline, achieving the potential yield. There with specific value point as 5.5-7.5 are many factors which influence the (Bally, 2006), are ideal for growing sustainability of mango farms and and cultivating good amounts of affect the quality and production of organic manganese (Chowdhury and mangoes, such as soil characteristics, Mehta, 2010). It was reported that climate circumstances and fertilization cultivation of mango trees on sandy 474 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MANGO NUTRITION FOR BETTER YIELD AND QUALITY loam and loam soils advantages to cultivation and production of mango improve the skin color of mango fruit has been reported by Madonsela during the period of ripening and (2019), in calcareous soil type (> 38% reduces the rate of mass thawing of CaCO3), according to pH 9 in Israel. the fruit, cf. soft nose or jelly seeds According to Usman et al. (2003), pH (Bitange et al., 2020). In addition, ranges from 5.5 to 8.7 has been mango trees have also been reported reported for mango production in to be sensitive to sodic and saline Pakistan. Soil having characteristics conditions (Madonsela, 2019). The of stickiness, waterlogging conditions hardpan of the soil under the subsoil and hardpan below subsurface should surface layer or sometimes known as be avoided to obtain higher mango plow layer should be broken as it production. Likewise, the pH of the reduces the mango tree root soil helps in selecting criteria for infiltration into the soil (Paull and establishing mango plantation. Duarte, 2011). Therefore, for the high yield and quality of mango fruit, the Soil salinity selection of suitable soil is a main Owing to the moderate tolerance factor to consider. of mango plants against saline conditions, soil salinity is the major Soil pH concern for reduced mango fruit Trees of mango can withstand a production (Elsheery et al., 2020). pH range from 5.5 to 7.5 because they Leaves tip and edge burning and leave can tolerate alkaline conditions (Bally, curling of mango plants occur in 2006). It has been reported that at high severe saline conditions, subsequently pH, the growth and quality of mango leading to plant death. The effect of reduces because of the unavailability salinity in growth and development of trace elements, which adversely cycle of mango trees is the same and affects the quality of the mango fruit. their symptoms are same as appear in Low soil pH reduces the availability plants other than mango trees of nutrients for trees. When this (Elsheery et al., 2020). The rate of happens, it is not advantageous to transpiration in mango trees dropped apply more fertilizer to the trees, sharply when the salinity period because it often leads to leaching and increases maximum (Schmutz and fixation of the nutrients. To reduce Ludders, 1993). Photo assimilation this problem, it is necessary to add process in mango plants has been lime to the soil of fruit plants to lower found to susceptible for higher salinity the pH of the soil. Therefore, soil levels (Schmutz, 2000). However, the sample for the analysis of basic extent of salinity tolerance in mango parameters including soil pH in the rootstock and fruit production has not laboratory is important. So that we been studied well (Maas and Grattan, may know the requirement for the 1999). Therefore, a diversity in the establishment of garden. Regular mango varieties should be induced to 475 M.M.H. KHAN, N. AHMED develop salt tolerant rootstock disease in the mangoes (Madonsela, (Dinesh, 2003). Nevertheless, a 2109; Davenport, 2006). Ideal calculated data is required containing temperature range, which is required critical values of salinity in soil and during growth season is 24-30oC, with water, for obtaining the required 890 to 1015 mm rainfall and maximum quality and production of mango fruit. humidity. The areas receiving inadequate (254 mm) to heavy rainfall Climatic conditions (2540 mm) are also recognized Temperature and available water appropriate for mango plantation. are considering as important factors During flowering, rainfall is dangerous that influence the mango production owing to reduced pollinating activities by affecting the vegetative growth, (Choudhary and Mehta, 2010). initial flowering and occurrence of Figure 1 - Data of several countries with different seasons (Information source: Saúco, 2004; Siddiq et al., 2017) Mango trees have the capability initiation of flowering and fruits but it to withstand flooding conditions. is not possible to initiate flowering Nonetheless, rain is needed for the without dry span. Internal osmotic 476 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MANGO NUTRITION FOR BETTER YIELD AND QUALITY pressure of the plant helps to keep the soil or it should be applied to the plant leaves and lactiferous cells turgid rows through broad casting method of (Fisher et al., 2012). Due to the deep fertilizer application (Andrade, 2004; root system, by which plants absorbs Sousa et al., 2004). The fertilization nutrients and water from deep into the with macronutrients should be soil, makes the mango trees drought proceeded to the plants at plantation tolerant (Paul and Duarte, 2011). Dry stage or should be applied on various periods are necessary to increase growth stages depending on the flowering in the mango plant (Paul analyses of the soil and mango leaves.