Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions Along the Beaverhead River Near Dillon Montana
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 Groundwater-surface water interactions along the Beaverhead River near Dillon Montana W. H. Craig The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Craig, W. H., "Groundwater-surface water interactions along the Beaverhead River near Dillon Montana" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7488. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7488 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. üùii-L//4M CiZAiG i S Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY TheMontana University of Permission is granted by the author to reproduce tliis material in its entirety, provided that tliis material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check ”Yes*‘ or "No " and provide signature Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author’s Signature ______ Date: /a -//» /? y for commercial puiposes or fmancial gain may be undertaken author’s explicit " ent Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER ENTERACnONS ALONG THE BEAVERHEAD RIVER Near Dillon, Montana by William H. Craig B.S., Trinity University Presented in partial fulfilment of the reguirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Montana December 1994 Approved by: Chauman, Board of Examiners >l5e^ Graduate ^School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number; EP38289 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Oias«rtatk» Rjbiiahing UMI EP38289 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48108 -1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. William H. Craig. M.S., December. 1994 Geology Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions Along the Beaverhead River near Dillon, Montana (234 pp.) Director: Dr. William W. W o e s s n e r/^ W / ^ Management strategies which seek to minimize deleterious impacts from surface water irrigation diversion and aquifer overdraw on riparian zones require a quantitative assessment of groundwater / surface water interaction. The goal of this study was to assess the interaction of the floodplain and the basin scale groundwater system with the Beaverhead River which is used for irrigation and recreation. Methods to evaluate this system included: exploratory drilling; establishing a monthly monitoring well network; water quality sampling; aquifer testing; seepage meter / mini-piezometer experimentation; synoptic stream gaging. The 28 square mile study site was located in the semi-arid basin of the Beaverhead River just south of the town of Dillon in Southwest Montana. Geometric distribution of valley fill sediments can be grouped into two hydrostratigraphic units: a shallow alluvial floodplain aquifer (0-300ft) composed of sands and gravels; and a deep confined Tertiary aquifer (300-2000ft?) composed of sands and silts. Potentiometric surface maps show that the Beaverhead floodplain aquifer receives recharge from surface water sources as well as groundwater recharge from nearby mountain ranges. Aquifer test, water quality analyses, and the hydrologie budget support a two layer hydrostratigraphic model of the Beaverhead basin. Vertical leakance between these two aquifers occurs, however assumptions of hydraulic properties used in numerical simulation indicate limited communication between each aquifer. The Beaverhead River and its main tributaries are tied closely to the shallow floodplain aquifer; up to 21% of the total water balance for the floodplain is involved in interactive flux between surface water and groundwater. Synoptic stream surveying yielded the most reliable results when quantifying this interaction. A basin scale numerical groundwater flow simulation was used to verify surface water / groundwater interactive flux estimates as well as assess the amount of interaction between aquifers. It was concluded that continued development of the deep Tertiary aquifer will have limited impact upon the shallow alluvial floodplain aquifer and Beaverhead River flows; however, further geometric characterization of the deep Tertiary aquifer is needed to refme the project derived conceptual model and to quantify impacts to the river from additional basin groundwater withdrawal. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. I owe special thanks to members of the DNRC Beaverhead County Groundwater Project; Bill Uthman, Jim Beck, and Kirk Warren. They provided the time, information, and funding that made this project possible. I would also like to thank the members of the Beaverhead Coimty East Bench Irrigation District who provided valuable information and assistance. I would like to thank Eric Smart, Jim Ford, Jim Bigley, and Bill Woessner for their technical and field assistance. I would also like to thank Nancy Hinman, and Don Potts for participating on my committee. A special thanks goes to my committee chairman; BUI Woessner, for his guidance and support. Thanks. I l l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... ü ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................. ni LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ x LIST OF PLATES........................................................................................................ xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................. 3 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE.............................................................................. 5 1.3 SITE LOCATION.......................................................................................... 5 1.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE UPPER BEAVERHEAD BASIN....................................................... 7 1.5 GEOLOGY..................................................................................................... 8 1.6 BEAVERHEAD RIVER AND MAJOR TRIBUTARY STREAMS.... 10 1.7 HYDROGEOLOGY...................................................................................... 12 2.0 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................ 13 2.1 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION.................................................... 13 2.2 GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION............. 13 2.3 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES....................................................................... 14 2.4 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION....................................................... 15 2.5 INTERACTIVE FLUX BETWEEN AQUIFERS..................................... 16 2.6 INTERACTIVE FLUX OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER..................................... 16 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.7 WATER BALANCE CONSTRUCTION................................................... 17 2.8 EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL HYDROGEOLOGIC SYSTEM..................................... 18 3.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................... 19 3.1 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION.................................................... 19 3.2 GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION............. 26 3.3 HYDRAUUC PROPERTIES....................................................................... 37 3.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS...................................................................... 40 3.5 GROSS CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION........................................ 46 3.6 INTERACTIVE FLUX BETWEEN THE SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER.............................. 49 3.7 WATER BALANCE CONSTRUCTION................................................... 56 3.8 EVALUATION