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Cadmium Metal and Cadmium Oxide Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Toxicology and Chemical Substance (TCS) European Chemicals Bureau I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy CADMIUM METAL AND CADMIUM OXIDE CAS No: 7440-43-9 and CAS No: 1306-19-0 EINECS No: 231-152-8 and EINECS No: 215-146-2 Summary Risk Assessment Report 2008 EUR 23424 EN The mission of the IHCP is to provide scientific support to the development and implementation of EU polices related to health and consumer protection. The IHCP carries out research to improve the understanding of potential health risks posed by chemical, physical and biological agents from various sources to which consumers are exposed. The Toxicology and Chemical Substances Unit (TCS), commonly known as the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), provides scientific and technical input and know-how to the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies on dangerous chemicals including the co-ordination of EU Risk Assessments. The aim of the legislative activity of the ECB is to ensure a high level of protection for workers, consumers and the environment against dangerous chemicals and to ensure the efficient functioning of the internal market on chemicals under the current Community legislation. It plays a major role in the implementation of REACH through development of technical guidance for industry and new chemicals agency and tools for chemical dossier registration (IUCLID5). The TCS Unit ensures the development of methodologies and software tools to support a systematic and harmonised assessment of chemicals addressed in a number of European directives and regulation on chemicals. The research and support activities of the TCS are executed in close co-operation with the relevant authorities of the EU Member States, Commission services (such as DG Environment and DG Enterprise), the chemical industry, the OECD and other international organisations. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute of Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) Toxicology and Chemical Substances (TCS) European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) Contact information: Institute of Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) Address: Via E. Fermi 1 – 21020 Ispra (Varese) – Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 785959 Fax: +39 0332 785730 http://ihcp.jrc.cec.eu.int/ Toxicology and Chemical Substances (TCS) European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) E-mail:[email protected] http://ecb.jrc.it/ Joint Research Centre http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa Server (http://europa.eu.int). EUR 23424 EN ISSN 1018-5593 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy CADMIUM MET AL AND CADMIUM OXIDE CAS No: 7440-43-9 and CAS No: 1306-19-0 EINECS No: 231-152-8 and EINECS No: 215-146-2 SUMMARY RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT Final report, 2008 Belgium This document has been prepared by the Belgium rapporteur on behalf of the European Union. Contact point: Information on the rapporteur: BE Rapporteur: Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment Directorate-general Environment Roland Moreau, general-director Service of Risk Management Place Victor Horta 40 Box 10 1060 Brussels Belgium Contact person for the rapporteur: [email protected] [email protected] Date of Last Literature Search: 2005 Review of report by MS Technical Experts finalised: December 2005 Final report: 2008 © European Communities, 2008 PREFACE This report provides a summary, with conclusions, of the risk assessment report of the substances cadmium metal and cadmium oxide that has been prepared by Belgium in the context of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 on the evaluation and control of existing substances. The present study essentially covers the production of cadmium metal and cadmium oxide, the use of these substances in the production of stabilisers, pigments, alloys and plated products. Further down-stream uses are not or partly included. However, major attention is attributed to the most important application, i.e. batteries with the whole life-cycle covered, thus including the main waste management options (recycling, incineration and landfill). The risk assessments of metallic Cd and of CdO are combined in one study because both products transform into the environment to the same form and risk is associated with exposure to the most toxic form, mainly ionic Cd2+. For detailed information on the risk assessment principles and procedures followed, the underlying data and the literature references the reader is referred to the comprehensive Final Risk Assessment Report (Final RAR) that can be obtained from the European Chemicals Bureau1. The Final RAR should be used for citation purposes rather than this present Summary Report. 1 European Chemicals Bureau – Existing Chemicals – http://ecb.jrc.it III CONTENTS 1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION.......................................................................................... 3 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE.................................................................................. 3 1.2 PURITY/IMPURITIES, ADDITIVES............................................................................................ 3 1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................................ 4 1.4 CLASSIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... 6 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE..................................................................................... 7 3 ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE.................................................................................................. 8 3.2 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 11 3.3 RISK CHARACTERISATION ....................................................................................................... 13 4 HUMAN HEALTH ................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 HUMAN HEALTH (TOXICITY) ................................................................................................... 15 4.1.1 Exposure assessment ............................................................................................................... 15 4.1.2 Effects assessment ................................................................................................................... 20 4.1.3 Risk characterisation................................................................................................................ 27 4.2 HUMAN HEALTH (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES) ................................................... 34 5 RESULTS................................................................................................................................................... 35 5.1 ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................................. 35 5.2 HUMAN HEALTH........................................................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Human health (toxicity)........................................................................................................... 37 5.2.2 Human health (risks from physico-chemical properties)......................................................... 39 TABLES Table 1.1 Summary of physico-chemical properties ..................................................................................... 4 Table 3.1 Total anthropogenic Cd emissions in the EU-16 (T y-1) from Cd/CdO industry and its downstream users and diffuse Cd emissions from other sources. Source: RAR Cd/CdO (2002) and TRAR on Cd/CdO in batteries (2002).................................................................................... 9 Table 3.2 The environmental Cd concentrations in Europe (observed and predicted for the regional scale) and the environmental thresholds derived in the RAR of Cd/CdO ..................................... 12 Table 4.1 Summary of occupational exposure data used in the risk characterisation.................................... 17 Table 4.2 Summary and conclusions of scenario’s of potential consumer exposure..................................... 18 Table 4.3 Estimated daily Cd up take in adults through environmental exposure in areas at ambient Cd concentrations (Scenario’s 1-2) and near point sources with largest atmospheric Cd emissions in EU (Scenario 3)........................................................................................................................ 19 Table 4.4 Most significant toxicokinetic parameters in humans ................................................................... 21 Table 4.5 Acute exposure Cd/CdO................................................................................................................ 27 Table 4.6 Repeated dose toxicity: kidney and bone (critical Cd-U:
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