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Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-1981 Storm-Sewer Input of Heavy Metals into an Urban Lake Environment George A. Duba Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Duba, George A., "Storm-Sewer Input of Heavy Metals into an Urban Lake Environment" (1981). Dissertations. 2591. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/2591 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STORM-SEWER INPUT OF HEAVY METALS INTO AN URBAN LAKE ENVIRONMENT by George A. Duba A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty o f The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Science Education Western Michigan U niversity Kalamazoo, Michigan A p ril 1981 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. STORM-SEWER INPUT OF HEAVY METALS INTO AN URBAN LAKE ENVIRONMENT George A. Duba, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 1981 T h e purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in runoff entering an urban lake ecosystem and to measure the distribution of these metals in selected tropic levels of the lake. F - is k Lake was chosen as the study site and is located in East Grand R a p id s, Michigan. Samples were collected of stormwater, rain­ water a n d lakewater together with substrate, aquatic macrophytés Peltandm a virginica, chironomid larvae, Chironomidae, snails Phvsa» and eight species of fish, Ictalurus nebulosus, Esox lucius, Lepomi s gibbosus, JL. macrochirus, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, Micropterus sa lm o id e s , Catostomus coitmersoni, and Perea flavescens. A ll samples were c o l 1 acted on the basis of being close to, or distant from, a storm se w e r contaminated portion of the lake. S a m p le s were prepared and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotom etry (AA) and particle induced X-ray analysis (PIXE). T h e results of this study suggested that: 1 - The metals did not show highest concentrations at highest tropic levels. 2 . Lead? zinc aod copper were detected in stormwater. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. Although some substrate was highly contaminated, the other tropic levels need not show sim ilar contamination. 4. The benthic organisms, although shown to contain elevated metal levels, do not seem to be passing these concentrations along the food chain. 5. The two processes of analysis, PIXE and AA, give similar values, 6. In terms o f metal contamination, the fis h o f Fisk Lake appear to present little toxic danger. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION To Mr. and Mrs. John C. Duba Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Clarence J. Goodnight, (Chairperson), W illiam B. Harrison I I I , George G. Mallinson, Richard D. Brewer, and John D. Grace, for their persistence, patience, and assistance throughout the three years of this study. Dr. Julie Jones Medlin, Mr. Andy Davis, Ms. Sara Cunningham, Ms. Margo Johnson, and Ms. Barb Leonard also have my sincerest gratitude for their very special help in producing this manuscript. I would also lik e to thank the Graduate College along with the Geology, Biology, and Physics Departments o f Western Michigan University for their assistance in terms of finances and equipment for this study. The C o rva llis, Oregon Research Branch o f the Environmental Protection Agency also helped immensely with further finances and q u a lity control. Their work is g ra te fu lly acknowledged. A final recognition must be given Mr. Jose Aizpurua and Ms. Linda M iller, for their chironomid expertise, Mr. Mick Lynch, for his superb surgical a b ility w ith frozen fis h , and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Vander Veen, for allowing their boat to become a research vessel. Special thanks must be given the Holm family. Bob, Carol, Liz, John, and Amanda, whose warm house became a laboratory and whose warm hearts encouraged this student. George A. Duba i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. 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Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universi^ Micixxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8117698 D uba , G eorge Alexander STORM-SEWER INPUT OF HEAVY METALS INTO AN URBAN LAKE ENVIRONMENT Western Michigan University Ph.D. 1981 University Microfilms internetionsi 300N.ZeebKaad.AmiAibor.MI4il06 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the availalole copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _____ 3. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... i i LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ v i i i Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................ 1 The Heavy Metal Problem .......................................................... 1 Heavy Metals: Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper ................ 1 Heavy Metal P ollution .............................................................. 4 Non-point Source Metal P o llu tio n ........................................... 7 Total Ecosystem A n a ly s is ........................................................... 19 P u rp o s e ......................................................................................... 23 I I . STUDY SITE, DESIGN, AND METHODOLOGY .................................... 24 Study S i t e ..................................................................................... 24 D e sig n ............................................................................................. 29 Methodology .................................................................................. 31 I I I . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...............................................................

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