DOCSLIB.ORG

“Gender” Identity? Male and Female? Hermaphrodite? Sexual Sin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Gender” Identity? Male and Female? Hermaphrodite? Sexual Sin “Gender” Identity? Male and female? Hermaphrodite? Sexual sin? Adultery, fornication, masturbation, homosexuality, pan sexualism, beastiality, pedophilia, (consenting adults? As long as you don’t hurt anyone? Love is love?) Gen 5:2 - When God created mankind, he made them in the likeness of God. 2 He created them male and female and blessed them. And he named them “Mankind”[a] when they were created. Hebrews 13:4 Let marriage be held in honor among all, and let the marriage bed be undefiled, for God will judge the sexually immoral and adulterous. Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender Defined? either of the two sexes (male and female), especially when considered with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones. The term is also used more broadly to denote a range of identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and female. Gender reveal? a public announcement by expectant parents of the sex of their unborn child. Roles? Masculine? Feminine? Until the 70s of the last century, the scientific community has been recognized masculinity and femininity as opposite traits - the more expressed is one of these gender traits in personality, the less clearly expressed the other. But social psychologist Dr. Sandra Lipsitz Bem suggested a person can have a high level of masculinity and femininity at the same time. Moreover, such a combination is normal for many people and defines their personality as androgynous. The result of her research was the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, a tool to measure gender traits. The PT Gender-Role Interactive Test was inspired by BSRI and developed as a modern inventory to measure of masculinity and femininity. Bem's work is harshly criticized as not taking cultural, religious, and social differences into account. It’s important to understand that gender stereotypes have changed significantly in recent decades and masculinity and femininity as concepts have become much more complex. Though gender stereotyping is controversial, the BSRI remained a popular test and a quite valid tool for measuring different aspects of gender traits with high levels of validity and reliability. Fluidity? Transgender? gender dysphoria? the feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related physical characteristics. Transgender and gender -nonconforming people might experience gender dysphoria at some point in their lives Conversion therapy? Deuteronomy 22:5 “A woman shall not wear a man's garment, nor shall a man put on a woman's cloak, for whoever does these things is an abomination to the Lord your God. 1 Cor 6:9 - Or do you not know that the unrighteous[b] will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: neither the sexually immoral, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor men who practice homosexuality, [c] 10 nor thieves, nor the greedy, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. 11 And such were some of you. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God. Flee Sexual Immorality 12 “All things are lawful for me,” but not all things are helpful. “All things are lawful for me,” but I will not be dominated by anything. 13 “Food is meant for the stomach and the stomach for food”—and God will destroy both one and the other. The body is not meant for sexual immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body. 14 And God raised the Lord and will also raise us up by his power. 15 Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a prostitute? Never! 16 Or do you not know that he who is joined [d] to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, “The two will become one flesh.” 17 But he who is joined to the Lord becomes one spirit with him. 18 Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin [e] a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body. 19 Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, 20 for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body. 1 Cor 5:1 - It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you, and of a kind that is not tolerated even among pagans, for a man has his father's wife. 2 And you are arrogant! Ought you not rather to mourn? Let him who has done this be removed from among you. 3 For though absent in body, I am present in spirit; and as if present, I have already pronounced judgment on the one who did such a thing. 4 When you are assembled in the name of the Lord Jesus and my spirit is present, with the power of our Lord Jesus, 5 you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, so that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord.[a] 6 Your boasting is not good. Do you not know that a little leaven leavens the whole lump? 7 Cleanse out the old leaven that you may be a new lump, as you really are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed. 8 Let us therefore celebrate the festival, not with the old leaven, the leaven of malice and evil, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. 9 I wrote to you in my letter not to associate with sexually immoral people— 10 not at all meaning the sexually immoral of this world, or the greedy and swindlers, or idolaters, since then you would need to go out of the world. 11 But now I am writing to you not to associate with anyone who bears the name of brother if he is guilty of sexual immorality or greed, or is an idolater, reviler, drunkard, or swindler—not even to eat with such a one. 12 For what have I to do with judging outsiders? Is it not those inside the church[b] whom you are to judge? 13 God judges[c] those outside. “Purge the evil person from among you.” Romans 1:26-27 For this reason God gave them up to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged natural relations for those that are contrary to nature; and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error. Gen. 19:4 - But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both young and old, all the people to the last man, surrounded the house. 5 And they called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may know them.” 6 Lot went out to the men at the entrance, shut the door after him, 7 and said, “I beg you, my brothers, do not act so wickedly. 8 Behold, I have two daughters who have not known any man. Let me bring them out to you, and do to them as you please. Only do nothing to these men, for they have come under the shelter of my roof.” 9 But they said, “Stand back!” And they said, “This fellow came to sojourn, and he has become the judge! Now we will deal worse with you than with them.” Then they pressed hard against the man Lot, and drew near to break the door down. 10 But the men reached out their hands and brought Lot into the house with them and shut the door. 11 And they struck with blindness the men who were at the entrance of the house, both small and great, so that they wore themselves out groping for the door. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Enemies and Sex: How Seed Predators and Pathogens Contribute to Sex-Differential Reproductive Success in a Gynodioecious Plant
    Oecologia (2002) 131:94–102 DOI 10.1007/s00442-001-0854-8 PLANT ANIMAL INTERACTIONS C.L. Collin · P. S. Pennings · C. Rueffler · A. Widmer J.A. Shykoff Natural enemies and sex: how seed predators and pathogens contribute to sex-differential reproductive success in a gynodioecious plant Received: 3 May 2001 / Accepted: 5 November 2001 / Published online: 14 December 2001 © Springer-Verlag 2001 Abstract In insect-pollinated plants flowers must bal- Introduction ance the benefits of attracting pollinators with the cost of attracting natural enemies, when these respond to floral Flowering plants have many different reproductive sys- traits. This dilemma can have important evolutionary tems, the most predominant being hermaphroditism, consequences for mating-system evolution and polymor- which is found in 72% of all species (Klinkhamer and de phisms for floral traits. We investigate the benefits and Jong 1997). However, unisexuality or dioecy has risks associated with flower size and sex morph variation evolved many times, with gynodioecy – the coexistence in Dianthus sylvestris, a gynodioecious species with pis- of female and hermaphrodite individuals within a species – tillate flowers that are much smaller than perfect flowers. seen as a possible intermediate state between hermaphro- We found that this species is mainly pollinated by noc- ditism and dioecy (Darwin 1888; Thomson and Brunet turnal pollinators, probably moths of the genus Hadena, 1990). Delannay (1978) estimates that 10% of all angio- that also oviposit in flowers and whose caterpillars feed sperm species have this reproductive system, which is on developing fruits and seeds. Hadena preferred larger widespread in the Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae (Darwin flowers as oviposition sites, and flowers in which Hadena 1888), and Caryophyllaceae (Desfeux et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Voices of Hermaphrodites Zohra Asif Jetha Aga Khan University, [email protected]
    eCommons@AKU School of Nursing & Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences May 2012 Hidden voices of hermaphrodites Zohra Asif Jetha Aga Khan University, [email protected] Nasreen Sulaiman Lalani Aga Khan University Gulnar Akber Ali Aga Khan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_son Part of the Nursing Midwifery Commons Recommended Citation Jetha, Z. A., Lalani, N. S., Ali, G. A. (2012). Hidden voices of hermaphrodites. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 2(2), 18-22. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_son/147 ARTICLES HIDDEN VOICES OF HERMAPHRODITES By ZOHRA ASIF JETHA * NASREEN SULAIMAN LALANI ** GULNAR AKBER ALI *** * Instructor, The Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan. **-*** Senior Instructor, The Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan. ABSTRACT Gender is a psychological component which is given by the society to a person, while sex is a biological component which is awarded by God. However, there are certain conditions in which the biological aspects are put to challenge with the social and psychological aspects of gender. Hermaphrodites are a third gender role, who is neither male or female, man nor woman but contains the element of both. One may question that if they are neither male nor female then who they are and whether they are equally treated in our society. Looking at the challenges faced by hermaphrodites, one need to question what choices these hermaphrodites have in our society. We being a responsible citizen of the society, how can we make their lives less miserable and make them respectable or functional members of our society.
    [Show full text]
  • Being Lgbt in Asia: Thailand Country Report
    BEING LGBT IN ASIA: THAILAND COUNTRY REPORT A Participatory Review and Analysis of the Legal and Social Environment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Persons and Civil Society United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Paci! c Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-paci! c.undp.org/ September 2014 Proposed citation: UNDP, USAID (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Thailand Country Report. Bangkok. This report was technically reviewed by UNDP and USAID as part of the ‘Being LGBT in Asia’ initiative. It is based on the observations of the author(s) of report on the Thailand National LGBT Community Dialogue held in Bangkok in March 2013, conversations with participants and a desk review of published literature. The views and opinions in this report do not necessarily re!ect o"cial policy positions of the United Nations Development Programme or the United States Agency for International Development. UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we o#er global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © UNDP 2014 United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Paci$c Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-paci$c.undp.org/ Design: Sa$r Soeparna/Ian Mungall/UNDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteenth- Century Medical Science, Intersexuality, and Freakification in the Life of Karl Hohmann
    “What Am I?”: Nineteenth- Century Medical Science, Intersexuality, and Freakification in the Life of Karl Hohmann - Jessica Carducci, Allison Haste, and Bryce Longenberger, Ball State University he gender and sex binary Thave existed in Western Abstract culture for centuries. Western This paper explores the life of Karl Hohmann, an societies attempt to classify intersex individual who lived in Germany in the mid-1800s. Hohmann was examined as a medical biological sex and gender as specimen throughout his adult life as doctors at either male or female. However, the time believed he was a “true lateral hermaph- this binary does not include rodite.” The authors examine the way that cultural any space for people who do beliefs about gender and sex intersected in the not fit, such as a person who nineteenth century. has external male genitalia but internal female genitalia. The modern medical term for this phenomenon is “intersex;” before the twentieth century, however, intersex was called “hermaphroditism.” Because the current medical term is “intersex,” we will use the term “intersex” instead of “hermaphrodite” where appropriate, unless directly quoting from a text. During the nineteenth century, there was an intense medical examination of intersex individuals. Scientists were searching for a physical state they called a “true lateral hermaphrodite,” referring to a person who has intact male reproductive organs on one side of their body and female reproductive organs on the other (Munde 615, 629). For many, the fascination of this “true lateral hermaphrodite” was the idea that the intersex individual could maintain both sexes simultaneously, which supported the notions of the gender and sex binary.
    [Show full text]
  • Testicular Tumor in a Cryptorchid Hermaphrodite; a Case Report
    CASE REPORT PROF-2366 TESTICULAR TUMOR IN A CRYPTORCHID HERMAPHRODITE; A CASE REPORT Prof. Faisal G. Bhopal Dr. Faryal Azhar, Sadaf Faisal Bhopal, Kamran Faisal Bhopal Article Citation Bhopal FG, Azhar F, Bhopal SF, Bhopal KF. Testicular tumor in a cryptorchid hermaphrodite; a case report. Professional Med J 2013; 20(6): 1058-1064. INTRODUCTION Abdomen CASE HISTORY Umbilicus was central & inverted. There was visible A 45 years old Labourer father of 5 children from bulge in Right Iliac Fossa. A palpable mass was Mandi Bahauddin was admitted through out-patient present in hypogastrium and RIF measuring 10 x 9 cm department in February, 2010. Presented with painful on ultrasound abdomen and pelvis. Large fibrous swelling in lower abdomen for last 15 days. Swelling mass in right side of pelvis 10x9 cm pushing urinary rapidly increased in size. It started in the RIF then bladder up. It was tender, hard, partly mobile, upper involved the hypogastrium and became painful. Pain limit was reachable but lower limit was not. Liver and was constant dull ache, relieved somewhat after spleen were not palpable. On digital rectal micturition. There was H/O Anorexia & Significant examination, a hard extra-rectal mass was palpable weight loss over 6 months. There was no H/O Bowel anteriorly, about 7 cm from anal verge. Scrotum was complaints or urinary complaints. not developed. Testes were not palpable in scrotum or groin bilaterally. His phallus was normally developed There was no past history of prolonged illness with external urinary meatus at the tip. There was requiring hospitalization or investigations. normal distribution of the pubic hair and other secondary sexual characters were present.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathologizing the Female Body: Phallocentrism in Western Science Stephanie E
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 8 | Issue 4 Article 6 May-2007 Pathologizing the Female Body: Phallocentrism in Western Science Stephanie E. Libbon Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Libbon, Stephanie E. (2007). Pathologizing the Female Body: Phallocentrism in Western Science. Journal of International Women's Studies, 8(4), 79-92. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol8/iss4/6 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2007 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Pathologizing the Female Body: Phallocentrism in Western Science By Stephanie E. Libbon1 A woman's body reaches to the end of the world Deeper than any meaning, further than what she knows, Long, endless, yearning, unappeasable, profounder Than our touches, unconquerable, never to be mastered-- Theodore Holmes "Woman's Body" Introduction The history of the human body is, as Michel Feher states, a field where life and thought intersect (11). It is a locus that reflects the laws and prohibitions of different cultures at different times. As such, it is the point of inscription for a civilization's norms relative to the individual in society, the relationships between the sexes, and the hierarchy of order. The history of the human body is also the history of medical research, political activism, and labor relations and, as Snezhana Dimotrova notes, "the history of institutions such as marriage, family, army, school, etc., which impose the ruling values" (19).
    [Show full text]
  • Lntersexuality in Pigs: Clinical, Physiological and Practical Considerations
    Acta vet scand. 1996, 37, 1-12. lntersexuality in Pigs: Clinical, Physiological and Practical Considerations By R.H. F Hunter and T. Greve Department of Chmcal Studies, Section for Reproduction, The Royal Vetennary and Agncultural University, Fredenksberg, Denmark Hunter, R.H.F. and T. Greve: Intersexuality in pigs: Clinical, physiological and practical considerations. Acta vet. scand. 1996, 37, 1-12. - Vetennary surgeons and practical pig farmers need to be aware of a cond1t1on that can have important deleten­ ous consequences m a breedmg herd. The ammals m question have sometimes been re­ ferred to as hermaphrodites but would more correctly be termed mtersexes Whilst there 1s a complete spectrum of phenotyp1c sexual development w1thm a population of such , ammals, tlte most common form 1s that of a putative female with a promment up-turned vulva. Reflection of the vulva! bps reveals a much-enlarged chtons. There may be scro­ tal development, m conjunction with an enlarged pemle and preputlal sheath. Coarse half and mc1pient tusk development may further mdicate differing degrees of mascuhn- 1zatton. Surgical explorat10n of mtersex animals confirms a complete spectrum of gonadal types, ranging from 2 ovaries with a proport10n of testicular tissue m one of them (i.e., an ovotest1s) to 2, much-enlarged test1cular-hke structures w1tlt no detectable ovanan tissue. The gonads usually remam w1thm the abdomen, but those w1tlt testicular tissue may descend to an mgumal or even scrotal location. The gemtal tract mvanably com­ pnses a b1cornuate uterus, a partially vestigial Fallopian tube, and some development of one or both Wolffian ducts adJotmng an ovotestls or testicular-like structure to form a convoluted ep1d1dym1s.
    [Show full text]
  • Bisexuality in Republican Rome and the Güevedoces of Salinas (Dominican Republic): the Search for a Retrospective Diagnosis
    Mini Review Open Access Journal of Mini Review Biomedical Science ISSN: 2690-487X Bisexuality in Republican Rome and the Güevedoces of Salinas (Dominican Republic): The Search for a Retrospective Diagnosis Mercedes López Perez* Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Murcia, Spain ABSTRACT The malformations of children and some disabilities, as well as strange natural phenomena, were considered by the Romans, especially in the Republican era, as wonders. The most striking example was the appearance of an androgynous or hermaphrodite, a human being who at birth had the monstrous appearance of having both sexes at the same time. The recommended rites or the atonement of the prodigy are the widest and most complete of the viri sacris faciundis school, which we know thanks to the Sibylline Books, the works of Titus Livius and Obsequens. Also, in the work of Diodorus of Sicily two cases of intersexuality are described, Heraides and Calo are two women who in adolescence or puberty undergo a genital transformation that ends up turning them into men. The main objective of this work is to explain these prodigies according to the modern terminology of teratology through retrospective medical diagnosis, and for this we will include the studies of Imperato McGinley in the Dominican Republic. In this place there are frequent cases of girls who develop male genitals (güevedoces) during which normally converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. The comparison and analysis of Roman sources withadolescence. cases of The transformations absence of male of adolescents genitals at birthin the is town due toof aSalinas deficiency (Dominican of an enzyme Republic) known allows as 5-alphareductase,us to understand this phenomenon more broadly, as well as to deepen the characteristics of the population that inhabited the Italian Peninsula in Republican Era.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency-Dependent Incidence in Models of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Portrayal of Pair-Based Transmission and Effects of Illness on Contact Behaviour James O
    Received 27 August 2003 Accepted 29 October 2003 Published online 6 February 2004 Frequency-dependent incidence in models of sexually transmitted diseases: portrayal of pair-based transmission and effects of illness on contact behaviour James O. Lloyd-Smith1*, Wayne M. Getz2,3 and Hans V. Westerhoff 4 1Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA 2Department of Environmental, Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA 3Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4BioCentrum Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands We explore the transmission process for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We derive the classical frequency-dependent incidence mechanistically from a pair-formation model, using an approximation that applies to populations with rapid pairing dynamics (such as core groups or non-pair-bonding animals). This mechanistic derivation provides a framework to assess how accurately frequency-dependent incidence portrays the pair-based transmission known to underlie STD dynamics. This accuracy depends strongly on the disease being studied: frequency-dependent formulations are more suitable for chronic less-trans- missible infections than for transient highly transmissible infections. Our results thus support earlier pro- posals to divide STDs into these two functional classes, and we suggest guidelines to help assess under what conditions each class can be appropriately modelled using frequency-dependent incidence. We then extend the derivation to include situations where infected individuals exhibit altered pairing behaviour. For four cases of increasing behavioural complexity, analytic expressions are presented for the generalized frequency-dependent incidence rate, basic reproductive number (R0) and steady-state prevalence (iϱ)of an epidemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Page | 124 RIGHT to MARRY and the REVISIONISTS' ADVOCACY: a FUNDAMENTAL JURISPRUDENTIAL RE-READING* Abstract 1. Introduction
    NAUJILJ 2012 RIGHT TO MARRY AND THE REVISIONISTS’ ADVOCACY: A FUNDAMENTAL JURISPRUDENTIAL RE-READING* Abstract Marriage is a natural and social institution which is recognized and respected world over. Precisely as an institution of nature, the natural law has for all times prescribed the conditions necessary for valid celebration of marriage namely: voluntariety, heterosexuality, monogamity, indissolubility and exclusivity. But under the intuition of modern ideologies definitions and approaches to marriage which contradict and so fly in the face of the natural law abound with great patronage. Among the reasons offered for this departure from the natural law marriage type is the claim that marriage should be predicated upon absolute right to privacy, freedom of association and freedom from discrimination as enshrined in the frameworks of various international and municipal laws. This work operates as a counterpoint to the above claim through a hermeneutical analysis of the essence and the limits of the claimed rights. It calls attention to the inexorable need to anchor marriage on the law of laws – natural moral law. The work finds that the advocates of marriage revision has failed to understand the nature of man, society, marriage and indeed rights and freedom. Hence a fundamental clarification of the proper meaning of these terms through legal awareness programme is highly recommended. Key words: Right to Marry, Fundamental Rights, Freedom, Privacy, Association and Discrimination 1. Introduction The clamour for human rights and fundamental freedoms is a universal concern of all men. Various schools of jurisprudence have differently defined human right(s) and freedoms. More than every other interest group, the United Nations is concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV & GBV Prevention for Intersex People
    HIV & GBV Prevention for Intersex People HIV & Gender-Based Violence Prevention for LGBTI People Advocating a Rights-Based Prevention Approach! Intersex Booklet.indd 1 11/24/2011 1:55:34 PM Intersex Booklet.indd 2 11/24/2011 1:55:34 PM Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. FAQs – What does it all mean? 15 3. Being me – responsibly! Protecting myself from HIV and violence 18 4. Where can I get support and resources? 22 Intersex Booklet.indd 3 11/24/2011 1:55:34 PM 1. Introduction 1.1 Who is this booklet for? This booklet is for intersex people who want to find out more about being intersex, about preventing HIV and violence and mitigating their impacts. Within the grouping of sexual minorities, specifically LGBTI people, the “I” – Intersex, has been given the least attention by LGBTI advocacy organisations. It is also very misunderstood, often seen as a sexual orientation or gender identity issue, even by those advocating for the rights of sexual minorities. This booklet attempts to inform and debunk myths about being Intersex. HIV and gender-based violence are still applicable to you, and you need to be equipped with This booklet is a the correct information on celebration of the how to protect yourself and your partners. This booklet will lives of all intersex give you information that will help you to ensure that you people, in Africa exercise your rights through relevant information and HIV and around the and gender based violence world. It is especially prevention services in your community – whatever your dedicated to those sexual identity and practices! whose Human Rights This booklet is also useful for service providers and have been violated staff of NGOs and CBOs and through unnecessary anyone who works around HIV and gender based violence surgical interventions prevention and mitigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rationalizing Sex: the Hermaphrodite in Eighteenth Century Medical Writing
    Rationalizing Sex: the Hermaphrodite in Eighteenth Century Medical Writing By Sarah Welz Geselowitz, Swarthmore College In eighteenth-century Europe, medical writers rejected the their observers interpreted these analogous bodies in fun- existence of human hermaphrodites as contrary to reason. This damentally different ways: in the mid-seventeenth century, paper examines the underlying logic of this “rationalization” physician Thomas Allen declared Ann a hermaphrodite, through textual analysis of James Parsons’ 1741 Mechanical while in the late eighteenth century, surgeon Thomas Brand and Critical Enquiry Into the Nature of Hermaphrodites. declared Elizabeth a boy. For Parsons, the “unreasonableness” of the hermaphrodite body In so doing, Brand rejected the category of “hermaphro- lay not in its sexual ambiguity per se, but in the failure of con- dite” not only for his own patient, but for all human sub- temporary theories of reproduction to satisfactorily explain com- jects5—in stark contrast to Allen’s employment of the term posite male-female offspring. as an unproblematic category. For Brand, rejecting the cat- egory of “hermaphrodite” was a rational act. The existence Introduction of hermaphrodites was a “[doctrine] which had no founda- tion in truth”; it “only existed in the wild and extravagant In early childhood, both Ann and “Elizabeth”1 appeared imaginations” of its proponents; the application of the term to be physiologically typical girls. But when Ann was five or “hermaphrodite” historically lacked “just or demonstrable six, wrestling with a group of playmates, she sprouted a pair grounds.”6 The hermaphrodite, in other words, belonged to of testicles. Some six years later, as she was kneading dough, the realm of imagination.
    [Show full text]