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Figwort Family) Examples of a Few Genera (A-M)

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SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY Plant: herbs mostly, few vines, shrubs or trees, some parasitic Stem: Root: Leaves: alternate, opposite, or whorled; simple or pinnate; no stipules Flowers: perfect, often showy, many irregular (zygomorphic); (2)4-5 sepals, lobed or cut; (2)4-5 regular petals, or corolla tubes that flare into upper and lower ‘lips’ (2 lobes above, 3 below); stamens 2-4-5; ovary superior, 1 style Fruit: 2-chambered capsule or berry with 2 to many seeds, sometimes oily Other: a large family, distributed throughout the world; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 280+ genera; locally Agalinis, Aureolaria (false foxglove), Chelone (turtlehead), Linaria; Mimulus (monkey flower), Nuttallanthus (toadflax), Scrophularia (figwort), Verbascum (mullein), Veronicastrum (Culver’s root), Veronica (speedwell) and others – some authors are moving several major genera from here to the Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Examples of a few genera (A-M) Clammy (Common) Hedgehyssop Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove Gratiola neglecta Torr. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. White Turtlehead Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove Chelone glabra L. Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. Butter-And-Eggs Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. (Introduced) American Bluehearts Violet Blue Eyed Mary Winged [Sharpwing] Monkey Flower Buchnera americana L. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Mimulus alatus Aiton SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove; Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake Fascicled [Clustered; Beach] False Foxglove; Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. Smallflower False Foxglove; Agalinis paupercula (Gray) Britt. Purple False Foxglove [Purple Gerardia]; Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell [Gerardia purpurea] Slender Gerardia [Agalinis; False-Foxglove]; Agalinis tenuifolia Vahl Raf. [Gerardia tenuifolia M. Vahl] Smooth Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. Largeflower Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell var. cinerea Pennell Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. Downy Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell Herb of Grace [Smooth Water-Hyssop]; Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell American Bluehearts; Buchnera americana L. [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Western [Yellow] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja occidentalis Torr. Prairie [Yellow] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don var. citrina (Pennell) Shinners Sulphur Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja sulphurea Rydb. Small Snapdragon [Lesser Toadflax]; Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange (Introduced) White Turtlehead; Chelone glabra L. Red [Rose] Turtlehead; Chelone obliqua L. Rocky Mountain Snowlover; Chionophila jamesii Benth. Violet Blue Eyed Mary; Collinsia violacea Nutt. Mullein Foxglove; Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY Clammy (Common) Hedgehyssop; Gratiola neglecta Torr. Sharpleaf Cancerwort [Fluellin]; Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Introduced) Narrowleaf Paleseed [Conobea]; Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida) Butter-And-Eggs; Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. (Introduced) [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel; Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel; Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia Roving Sailor [Snapdragon Vine]; Maurandella antirrhiniflora (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Rothm. Japanese mazus; Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (Introduced) American [Narrowleaf] Cow-Wheat; Melampyrum lineare Desr. Winged [Sharpwing] Monkey Flower; Mimulus alatus Aiton [Allegheny] Monkeyflower; Mimulus ringens L. Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove USDA Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St Clair County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to light purple with dark purple spots inside, mostly 2-3 cm wide, sessile, calyx is green and hairy with 5 lobes, flowers in upper leaf axils; leaves widest at base with a pointed tip, upper leaves often have 1 or 2 lobes (ears; auricled) near the base, leaves hairy; stem hairy; wet to dry prairie areas; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Fascicled [Clustered; Beach] USDA False Foxglove Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St Clair County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to light purple with purple spots inside, mostly 2-3 cm wide, pedicle short in upper leaf axils, calyx green and 5 lobed; leaves linear, single veined, with axillary fascicles; stem hairy and rough (upward pointed hairs); late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Smallflower False Foxglove USDA Agalinis paupercula (Gray) Britt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, dark pink to purple, mostly < 2 cm, pedicle and calyx short and about same length, length of calyx to tube varies; leaves linear, entire; stem smooth; wet areas; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Purple False Foxglove [Purple USDA Gerardia] Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, 2-4 cm (larger than A. paupercula), calyx with sharp points, pedicels about as long as sepals or calyx; leaves entire and linear; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Slender Gerardia [Agalinis; USDA False-Foxglove] Agalinis tenuifolia Vahl Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to rose, often with spots, pedicels very long; leaves very linear, 1-veined; a dark green plant; late summer to fall (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2004] Smooth Yellow False USDA Foxglove Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Jacks Fork River, Howell County, MO Notes: 5-lobed flower, yellow, lobes rounded and short; middle and lower leaves pinnate, lobes rounded, upper stem leaves simple; stem, pedicels and calyx glabrous; oak woods; late summer to fall (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2005] Largeflower Yellow False Foxglove USDA Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell var. cinerea Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed tubular flower, yellow, sepal lobes entire, pedicle very short; leaves opposite, mostly just coarsely toothed; stem finely downy hairy; late summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove USDA Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, yellow, lobes rounded, downy on the exterior, anthers hairy, calyx with stalked glands, peduncles curved up; leaves 1-2 pinnate, lobed and sort of fern-like; stem hairy; oak woods in sandy areas; many-branched tall plant; summer to early fall (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2007] Downy Yellow False USDA Foxglove Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed tubular flower, yellow, sepal lobes entire, pedicle very short; leaves coarsely toothed to lobed below, upper cauline leaves simple; plant finely downy pubescent; oak woods; late summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Herb of Grace [Smooth USDA Water-Hyssop] Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Sandestin, Walton County, Florida Notes: 5 petaled flower, white to light purple, often streaked with purple, lobes often slightly unequal, 4 stamens, sepals sharp-pointed, pedicels from leaf axils with pedicels longer than leaves usually; leaves opposite, somewhat spatulate, thick and fleshy, leaves with one vein; stem smooth, prostrate with ascending shoots, often forming mats; wet or muddy ground especially along shorelines, fresh or brackish; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2015] American Bluehearts USDA Buchnera americana L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Diamond Grove Prairie Conservation Area, Newton County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed flower, purple, corolla tube trumpet-shaped, a small bract at base of each flower, flowers in terminal spikes; leaves somewhat lanceolate, sessile, with large teeth, 3 prominent veins from base; stem densely long hairy especially toward base; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush USDA Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: greenish yellow petals hidden usually by the often scarlet sepals and bracts; basal leaves narrow, cauline leaves alternate, sessile, also narrow, both hairy; stem hairy; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Western [Yellow] USDA Indian Paintbrush Castilleja occidentalis Torr. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: yellow to greenish-yellow petals with 2 lips, subtended by yellow, lobed leafy bracts; leaves alternate, sessile, generally lanceolate, with dense long hairs; stem with dense long hairs; fruit a capsule with seeds; foothills to alpine environments; summer (difficult group, many species) [V Max Brown, 2012] Prairie [Yellow] Indian USDA Paintbrush Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don var. citrina (Pennell) Shinners Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: yellow to greenish yellow
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    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
  • Floristic Quality Assessment Report

    Floristic Quality Assessment Report

    FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al.