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Home , Agalinis paupercula, Agalinis purpurea, Aureolaria, Chelone obliqua, Gratiola, Gratiola neglecta

– FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

Plant: herbs mostly, few vines, shrubs or trees, some parasitic Stem: Root: : alternate, opposite, or whorled; simple or pinnate; no stipules Flowers: perfect, often showy, many irregular (zygomorphic); (2)4-5 , lobed or cut; (2)4-5 regular petals, or corolla tubes that flare into upper and lower ‘lips’ (2 lobes above, 3 below); 2-4-5; ovary superior, 1 style Fruit: 2-chambered capsule or berry with 2 to many seeds, sometimes oily Other: a large family, distributed throughout the world; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 280+ genera; locally , Aureolaria (false foxglove), (turtlehead), Linaria; (monkey flower), Nuttallanthus (toadflax), Scrophularia (figwort), Verbascum (mullein), Veronicastrum (Culver’s root), Veronica (speedwell) and others – some authors are moving several major genera from here to the (Plantain Family)

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Examples of a few genera (A-M)

Clammy (Common) Hedgehyssop Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove neglecta Torr. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng.

White Turtlehead Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove L. (L.) Raf. Butter-And-Eggs P. Mill. (Introduced)

American Bluehearts Violet Blue Eyed Mary Winged [Sharpwing] Monkey Flower Buchnera americana L. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Mimulus alatus Aiton SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove; Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake Fascicled [Clustered; Beach] False Foxglove; Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. Smallflower False Foxglove; (Gray) Britt. Purple False Foxglove [Purple Gerardia]; (L.) Pennell [Gerardia purpurea] Slender Gerardia [Agalinis; False-Foxglove]; Agalinis tenuifolia Vahl Raf. [Gerardia tenuifolia M. Vahl] Smooth Yellow False Foxglove; (L.) Farw. Largeflower Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell var. cinerea Pennell Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove; Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. Downy Yellow False Foxglove; (L.) Pennell Herb of Grace [Smooth Water-Hyssop]; Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell American Bluehearts; Buchnera americana L. [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Western [Yellow] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja occidentalis Torr. Prairie [Yellow] Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don var. citrina (Pennell) Shinners Sulphur Indian Paintbrush; Castilleja sulphurea Rydb. Small Snapdragon [Lesser Toadflax]; Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange (Introduced) White Turtlehead; Chelone glabra L. Red [Rose] Turtlehead; Chelone obliqua L. Rocky Mountain Snowlover; Chionophila jamesii Benth. Violet Blue Eyed Mary; Collinsia violacea Nutt. Mullein Foxglove; Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

Clammy (Common) Hedgehyssop; Torr. Sharpleaf Cancerwort [Fluellin]; (L.) Dumort. (Introduced) Narrowleaf Paleseed [Conobea]; Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida) Butter-And-Eggs; Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. (Introduced) [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel; dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel; Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia Roving Sailor [Snapdragon Vine]; Maurandella antirrhiniflora (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Rothm. Japanese mazus; Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (Introduced) American [Narrowleaf] Cow-Wheat; Melampyrum lineare Desr. Winged [Sharpwing] Monkey Flower; Mimulus alatus Aiton [Allegheny] Monkeyflower; L. Eared [Earleaf] False Foxglove USDA Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) S.F. Blake Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St Clair County, Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to light purple with dark purple spots inside, mostly 2-3 cm wide, sessile, calyx is green and hairy with 5 lobes, flowers in upper axils; leaves widest at base with a pointed tip, upper leaves often have 1 or 2 lobes (ears; auricled) near the base, leaves hairy; stem hairy; wet to dry prairie areas; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Fascicled [Clustered; Beach] USDA False Foxglove Agalinis fasciculata (Elliot) Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St Clair County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to light purple with purple spots inside, mostly 2-3 cm wide, pedicle short in upper leaf axils, calyx green and 5 lobed; leaves linear, single veined, with axillary fascicles; stem hairy and rough (upward pointed hairs); late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Smallflower False Foxglove USDA Agalinis paupercula (Gray) Britt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, dark pink to purple, mostly < 2 cm, pedicle and calyx short and about same length, length of calyx to tube varies; leaves linear, entire; stem smooth; wet areas; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Purple False Foxglove [Purple USDA Gerardia] Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, 2-4 cm (larger than A. paupercula), calyx with sharp points, pedicels about as long as sepals or calyx; leaves entire and linear; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Slender Gerardia [Agalinis; USDA False-Foxglove] Agalinis tenuifolia Vahl Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, pink to rose, often with spots, pedicels very long; leaves very linear, 1-veined; a dark green ; late summer to fall (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2004] Smooth Yellow False USDA Foxglove Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Jacks Fork River, Howell County, MO Notes: 5-lobed flower, yellow, lobes rounded and short; middle and lower leaves pinnate, lobes rounded, upper stem leaves simple; stem, pedicels and calyx glabrous; oak woods; late summer to fall (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2005] Largeflower Yellow False Foxglove USDA Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell var. cinerea Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed tubular flower, yellow, lobes entire, pedicle very short; leaves opposite, mostly just coarsely toothed; stem finely downy hairy; late summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove USDA Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, yellow, lobes rounded, downy on the exterior, anthers hairy, calyx with stalked glands, peduncles curved up; leaves 1-2 pinnate, lobed and sort of fern-like; stem hairy; oak woods in sandy areas; many-branched tall plant; summer to early fall (varieties present) [V Max Brown, 2007] Downy Yellow False USDA Foxglove Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed tubular flower, yellow, sepal lobes entire, pedicle very short; leaves coarsely toothed to lobed below, upper cauline leaves simple; plant finely downy pubescent; oak woods; late summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Herb of Grace [Smooth USDA Water-Hyssop] Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Sandestin, Walton County, Notes: 5 petaled flower, white to light purple, often streaked with purple, lobes often slightly unequal, 4 stamens, sepals sharp-pointed, pedicels from leaf axils with pedicels longer than leaves usually; leaves opposite, somewhat spatulate, thick and fleshy, leaves with one vein; stem smooth, prostrate with ascending shoots, often forming mats; wet or muddy ground especially along shorelines, fresh or brackish; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2015] American Bluehearts USDA Buchnera americana L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Diamond Grove Prairie Conservation Area, Newton County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed flower, purple, corolla tube trumpet-shaped, a small bract at base of each flower, flowers in terminal spikes; leaves somewhat lanceolate, sessile, with large teeth, 3 prominent veins from base; stem densely long hairy especially toward base; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] [Scarlet] Indian Paintbrush USDA Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: greenish yellow petals hidden usually by the often scarlet sepals and bracts; basal leaves narrow, cauline leaves alternate, sessile, also narrow, both hairy; stem hairy; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Western [Yellow] USDA Indian Paintbrush Castilleja occidentalis Torr. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: yellow to greenish-yellow petals with 2 lips, subtended by yellow, lobed leafy bracts; leaves alternate, sessile, generally lanceolate, with dense long hairs; stem with dense long hairs; fruit a capsule with seeds; foothills to alpine environments; summer (difficult group, many species) [V Max Brown, 2012] Prairie [Yellow] Indian USDA Paintbrush Castilleja purpurea (Nutt.) G. Don var. citrina (Pennell) Shinners Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: yellow to greenish yellow petals with 2 lips, subtended by greenish-yellow leafy bracts; leaves alternate, sessile, generally lanceolate with deep lobes; stem (plant) hairy; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2011] Sulphur Indian USDA Paintbrush Castilleja sulphurea Rydb. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Upper Spearfish Canyon, Lawrence County, South Dakota Notes: yellow to greenish-yellow petals with 2 lips, subtended by greenish-yellow leafy bracts; leaves alternate, sessile, generally linear to lanceolate; stem (plant) short hairy; summer [V Max Brown, 2014] Small Snapdragon [Lesser Toadflax] USDA Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped flower, blue, or blue stripes on white, 2-lobed above and 3 below, spurred, throat almost closed by palate, sepals deeply lobed, solitary in leaf axils; leaves linear to lanceolate, tapering to stem, alternate above but often opposite below; plant very hairy (glandular) and branched; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2005] White Turtlehead USDA Chelone glabra L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower tubular, 2-lipped, white; leaves long-lanceolate to linear, fine- toothed, mostly sessile, acute tip; fruit a hard capsule; late summer to early fall Red [Rose] Turtlehead USDA Chelone obliqua L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower pink, purple, or reddish-purple; leaves ovate lanceolate, sharp toothed; fruit a hard capsule; late summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Rocky Mountain Snowlover USDA Chionophila jamesii Benth. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped, somewhat flattened tubular flower, mostly white to cream colored with brown tedges of lobes, one-sided spike with light greenish sepals and bracts; leaves both cauline and basal, glabrous, sessile, and lanceolate; subalpine to alpine; summer (endemic species) [V Max Brown, 2012] Violet Blue Eyed Mary USDA Collinsia violacea Nutt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: flower 2-lipped, lower lip blue or violet sometimes with some white, upper lobes notched and usually white with yellow spots; leaves ovate to elliptical, sessile or nearly so, slightly toothed or entire, with short hairs; stem with short evenly distributed hairs; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2011] Mullein Foxglove USDA Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, lobes rounded, yellow, petals hairy inside; lower leaves pinnate on long petioles, upper leaves becoming nearly sessile and less cut (ovate lanceolate); stem somewhat hairy, glaucous (bloom), may turn purple; fruit a hard capsule; tall plant; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Clammy (Common) USDAUSDA Hedgehyssop Gratiola neglecta Torr. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Lou Campbell State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped Flower, white, yellowish inside, subtended by 2 long bracts, solitary from leaf axils with long pedicels (up to 3-4 cm); leaves opposite, sessile but not overly clasping, widest near middle, a few teeth; stem with sticky hairs; pods symmetrical, sepals about equal length; wet or muddy ground; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2009] Sharpleaf Cancerwort USDA [Fluellin] Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: 2-lipped Flower, light yellow palate, long-spurred, upper lip purple within; leaves deltoid to somewhat ovate, usually with a lobe or tooth at base; plant is hairy throughout; plant spreading (vine-like); summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Narrowleaf Paleseed USDA [Conobea] Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. (Conobea multifida) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped Flower, very light or pale blue, small, sepals linear and glandular pubescent; leaves deeply pinnatifid (lobed), glandular pubescent; stem glandular pubescent; wet areas along streams; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Butter-And-Eggs USDA Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped Flower, yellow with orange-yellow palate, long-spurred; leaves linear, sessile to sub- sessile (not clasping), narrowing to stem, very numerous; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2006] [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel USDA Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped Flower, white to somewhat purplish, purple spotted in interior, sepals linear and sharp-pointed, on long pedicels from leaf axils, pedicles usually longer than leaf; leaves ovate, mostly entire (sometimes with minor teeth), mostly clasping stem in pairs, base almost cordate; wet places and shorelines; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] [Yellowseed] False Pimpernel USDA Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Shawnee State Park, Scioto County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped Flower, white to somewhat purplish, sepals linear and sharp-pointed, on long pedicels from leaf axils, pedicles mostly less than leaf length to equal or slightly longer; leaves opposite, ovate, mostly entire (sometimes with minor teeth), tapering to stem; wet places and shorelines; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Roving Sailor [Snapdragon USDA Vine] Maurandella antirrhiniflora (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Rothm. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) Family Friedrich Wilderness Park, Bexar County, Texas Notes: vine; 5-lobed flower, corolla tupe cream-colored, lobes purple to violet, palate is raised; leaves alternate, tri-lobed with acute tips, cordate at base; fruit a round capsule; spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Japanese Mazus USDA Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Ash Flat area, Sharp County, Notes: flower 2-lipped, blue, white with yellow- spotted palate, long; leaves ovate, sessile or nearly so, slightly toothed or entire; plant often somewhat creeping; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007] American [Narrowleaf] Cow-Wheat USDA Melampyrum lineare Desr. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped flower with a long tubular body, mostly white outside, yellow inside, paired flowers, sessile, in leaf axils; leaves lanceolate, short petiole, mostly entire; stem square, finely hairy; dry woods; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Winged [Sharpwing] Monkey USDA Flower Mimulus alatus Aiton Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 2-lipped flower, pink to purple, yellow palate, pedicel short; leaves mostly lanceolate to elliptical, short petiolate, petiole slightly winged; stem with well developed wings on four corners; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] [Allegheny] Monkey Flower USDA Mimulus ringens L. var. ringens Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped flower, pink to purple, yellow palate, pedicel longer than calyx; leaves somewhat lanceolate to elliptical, sessile and usually clasping; stem not or just barely winged; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004]