Models of Posthypnotic Amnesia *
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Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders
2 Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders Angelica Staniloiu1,2,3, Irina Vitcu3 and Hans J. Markowitsch1 1University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 2University of Toronto, Toronto, 3Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, 1Germany 2,3Canada 1. Introduction Although they were for a while “dissociated” (Spiegel, 2006) from the clinical and scientific arena, dissociative disorders have in the last several years received a renewed interest among several groups of researchers, who embarked on the work of identifying and describing their underlying neural correlates. Dissociative disorders are characterized by transient or chronic failures or disruptions of integration of otherwise integrated functions of consciousness, memory, perception, identity or emotion. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) includes nowadays under the heading of dissociative disorders several diagnostic entities, such as dissociative amnesia and fugue, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (such as Ganser syndrome). In contrast to DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10 (1992) also comprises under the category of dissociative (conversion) disorder the entity of conversion disorder (with its various forms), which is in DSM-IV-TR (2000) captured under the heading of somatoform disorders (and probably will remain under the same heading in the upcoming DSM-V). Dissociative disorders had been previously subsumed under the diagnostic construct of hysteria, which had described the occurrence of various constellations of unexplained medical symptoms, without evidence of tissue pathology that can adequately or solely account for the symptom(s). Although not the first one who used the term dissociation or who suggested a connection between (early) traumatic experiences and psychiatric symptomatology (van der Kolk & van der Hart, 1989; Breuer & Freud, 1895), it is Janet (1898, 1907) who claimed dissociation as a mechanism related to traumatic experiences that accounted for the various manifestations of hysteria. -
Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation On
Neuropsychology In the public domain 2010, Vol. 24, No. 4, 457–464 DOI: 10.1037/a0018625 Benefits of Immediate Repetition Versus Long Study Presentation on Memory in Amnesia Mieke Verfaellie and Karen F. LaRocque Suparna Rajaram Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare Stony Brook University System, and Boston University School of Medicine Objective: This study aimed to resolve discrepant findings in the literature regarding the effects of massed repetition and a single long study presentation on memory in amnesia. Method: Experiment 1 assessed recognition memory in 9 amnesic patients and 18 controls following presentation of a study list that contained items shown for a single short study presentation, a single long study presentation, and three massed repetitions. In Experiment 2, the same encoding conditions were presented in a blocked rather than intermixed format to all participants from Experiment 1. Results: In Experiment 1, control participants showed benefits associated with both types of extended exposure, and massed repetition was more beneficial than long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 14.03, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .45. In contrast, amnesic participants failed to show benefits of either type of extended exposure, F Ͻ 1. In Experiment 2, both groups benefited from repetition, but did so in different ways, F(2, 50) ϭ 4.80, p ϭ .012, partial 2 ϭ .16. Amnesic patients showed significant and equivalent benefit associated with both types of extended exposure, F(2, 16) ϭ 5.58, p ϭ .015, partial 2 ϭ .41, but control participants again benefited more from massed repetition than from long study presentation, F(2, 34) ϭ 23.74, p Ͻ .001, partial 2 ϭ .58. -
Confabulation Morris Moscovitch N
Confabulation Morris Moscovitch n Memory distortion, rather than memory loss, occurs because re- membering is often a reconstructive process. To convince oneself of this, one only has to try to remember yesterday's events and the order in which they occurred; or even, as sometimes happens, what day yesterday was. Damage to neural structures involved in the storage, retention, and auto- matic recovery of encoded information produces memory loss which in its most severe form is amnesia (see Squire, 1992; Squire, Chapter 7 of this volume). Memory distortion, however, is no more a feature of the memory deficit of these patients than it is of the benign, and all too common, memory failure of normal people. When, however, neural structures involved in the reconstructive process are damaged, memory distortion becomes prominent and results in confabulation, even though memory loss may not be severe. Though flagrantly distorted and easily elicited, confabulations nonetheless share many characteristics with the type of memory distortions we all pro- duce. Studying confabulation from a cognitive neuroscience perspective, of interest in its own right, may also contribute to our understanding of how memories are normally distorted. Confabulation is a symptom that accompanies many neuropsychological disorders and some psychiatric ones, such as schizophrenia (Enoch, Tretho- wan, and Baker, 1967; Joseph, 1986). What distinguishes confabulation from lying is that typically there is no intent to deceive and the patient is unaware of the falsehoods. It is an "honest lying." Confabulation is simple to detect when the information the patient provides is patently false, self- contradictory, bizarre, or at least highly improbable. -
Pdffiles/Hypnotizability/Hgshsaresponse1002.Pdf 32
THE MEASUREMENT OF POSTHYPNOTIC AMNESIA WITH THE HARVARD GROUP SCALE OF HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, FORM A Shelagh Freedman Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters of Arts in Psychology Concordia University August 2012 Shelagh Freedman ii CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Shelagh Freedman Entitled: The Measurement of Posthypnotic Amnesia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Psychology) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Dr. Andrew Chapman Chair Dr. Peter Shizgal Examiner Dr. Lucie Bonneville Examiner Dr. Jean-Roch Laurence Supervisor Approved by _____Dr. Jean-Roch Laurence_____________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _____Dr. Brian Lewis____________________________ Dean of Faculty Date _____August 30th 2012___________________________ iii Abstract Shelagh Freedman The Measurement of Posthypnotic Amnesia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A) has proven to be a reliable and efficient measure of hypnotizability (Siuta, 2010). However, the psychometric properties of the posthypnotic amnesia suggestion on this scale lack integrity (Sadler & Woody, 2004; Piesbergen & Peter, 2006). It is hypothesized that the ambiguously written instructions explaining the recall test to participants are obscuring measurement, resulting in non-amnesic participants being scored amnesic. To show participants can be scored amnesic for reasons not attributable to the suggestion, 81 participants were administered the HGSHS:A without the amnesia suggestion. -
PAVOL JOZEF ŠAFARIK UNIVERSITY in KOŠICE Dissociative Amnesia: a Clinical and Theoretical Reconsideration DEGREE THESIS
PAVOL JOZEF ŠAFARIK UNIVERSITY IN KOŠICE FACULTY OF MEDICINE Dissociative amnesia: a clinical and theoretical reconsideration Paulo Alexandre Rocha Simão DEGREE THESIS Košice 2017 PAVOL JOZEF ŠAFARIK UNIVERSITY IN KOŠICE FACULTY OF MEDICINE FIRST DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY Dissociative amnesia: a clinical and theoretical reconsideration Paulo Alexandre Rocha Simão DEGREE THESIS Thesis supervisor: Mgr. MUDr. Jozef Dragašek, PhD., MHA Košice 2017 Analytical sheet Author Paulo Alexandre Rocha Simão Thesis title Dissociative amnesia: a clinical and theoretical reconsideration Language of the thesis English Type of thesis Degree thesis Number of pages 89 Academic degree M.D. University Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Faculty Faculty of Medicine Department/Institute Department of Psychiatry Study branch General Medicine Study programme General Medicine City Košice Thesis supervisor Mgr. MUDr. Jozef Dragašek, PhD., MHA Date of submission 06/2017 Date of defence 09/2017 Key words Dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder Thesis title in the Disociatívna amnézia: klinické a teoretické prehodnotenie Slovak language Key words in the Disociatívna amnézia, disociatívna fuga, disociatívna porucha identity Slovak language Abstract in the English language Dissociative amnesia is a one of the most intriguing, misdiagnosed conditions in the psychiatric world. Dissociative amnesia is related to other dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder and dissociative fugue. Its clinical features are known -
Cadence's Defense Mechanism in Recovering Her Lost
CADENCE’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN RECOVERING HER LOST MEMORY IN WE WERE LIARS BY E. LOCKHART A THESIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The Bachelor Degree Majoring Literature in English Department Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University Submitted by: MEGALISTHA PRATIWI SOEGIJONO 13020113120014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY 2018 PRONOUNCEMENT The writer honestly confirms that she compiles this thesis by herself and without taking any results from other researchers in S-1, S-2, S-3, and in diploma degree of any university. The writer also ascertains that she does not quote any material from other publications or someone’s paper except from the references mentioned. Semarang, December 2017 Megalistha Pratiwi Soegijono ii MOTTO AND DEDICATION “God helps those who cannot help themselves." Charles Spurgeon I proudly dedicate this thesis to my beloved family and friends, who give me the endless love and support to accomplish this paper. iii iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer’s deepest gratitude goes to Almighty God who has given me the strength and blessings to complete this thesis “Cadence’s Defence Mechanism In Recovering Her Lost Memory In We Were Liars by E. Lockhart”. The biggest appreciation and gratitude goes to my thesis advisor Drs. Siswo Harsono, M.Hum. for his guidances, advices, and suggestions in completing this thesis. I would like to thank all of the people who support me to accomplish this thesis, especially these following ones: 1. Dr. Redyanto M. Noor, M.Hum., as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. 2. Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A., as the Head of the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. -
Chapter 13 Teachers 1. When an Individual Is Unaware That They
Chapter 13 Teachers 1. When an individual is unaware that they present different personalities to the world this is known as a. Dissociative identity disorder (A) b. Dislocated identity disorder c. Disjointed identity disorder d. Disappropriate identity disorder 2. Dissociative identity disorder is the name for a disorder where a. There is a presence of many distinct identities that each periodically take control of an individual’s behaviour. (A) b. There is a lack of any distinct personal identity c. There is confusion about personal identity d. All of the above 3. Dissociative disorders are generally characterised by which of the following significant changes a. sense of identity b. memory, c. perception or consciousness d. All of the above (A) 4. Symptoms of these Dissociative disorders include which of the following a. an inability to recall important personal or life events b. a temporary loss or disruption of identity c. significant feelings of depersonalisation d. All of the above (A) 5. A community sample study by Seedat, Stein & Forder (2003) found what percentage of respondents endorsed 4-5 lifetime dissociative symptoms ? a. 6% (A), b. 4% c. 19% d. 11% 6. A community sample study by Seedat, Stein & Forder (2003) respondents endorsed a. 4-5 lifetime dissociative symptoms, (A) b. 10-12 lifetime dissociative symptoms, c. 15-20 lifetime dissociative symptoms d. 1-3 lifetime dissociative symptoms 7. In an American community sample (Johnson, Cohen, Kasen & Brooks, 2006). figures suggest a 12-month prevalence rate of what percentage for dissociative disorders generally in individuals with a mean age of 33-years. -
The Three Amnesias
The Three Amnesias Russell M. Bauer, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology College of Public Health and Health Professions Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida PO Box 100165 HSC Gainesville, FL 32610-0165 USA Bauer, R.M. (in press). The Three Amnesias. In J. Morgan and J.E. Ricker (Eds.), Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press. The Three Amnesias - 2 During the past five decades, our understanding of memory and its disorders has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950’s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970’s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980’s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970’s. The famous case of Henry M. (H.M.), published by Scoville and Milner (1957), marked the beginning of what has been called the “golden age of memory”. Since that time, experimental analyses of amnesic patients, coupled with meticulous clinical description, pathological analysis, and, more recently, structural and functional imaging, has led to a clearer understanding of the nature and characteristics of the human amnesic syndrome. The amnesic syndrome does not affect all kinds of memory, and, conversely, memory disordered patients without full-blown amnesia (e.g., patients with frontal lesions) may have impairment in those cognitive processes that normally support remembering. -
Can Cognitive Neuroscience Illuminate the Nature of Traumatic Childhood Memories? Daniel L Schacterl, Wilma Koutstaal and Kenneth a Norman
207 Can cognitive neuroscience illuminate the nature of traumatic childhood memories? Daniel L Schacterl, Wilma Koutstaal and Kenneth A Norman Recent findings from cognitive neuroscience and cognitive distortion? Can traumatic events be forgotten, and if so, psychology may help explain why recovered memories of can they be later recovered? We first consider evidence trauma are sometimes illusory. In particular, the notion of that pertains to claims of recovered memories of trauma. defective source monitoring has been used to explain a wide We then consider the relevant memory phenomena in the range of recently established memory distortions and illusions. context of concepts and findings from the contemporary Conversely, the results of a number of studies may potentially cognitive neuroscience of memory. be relevant to forgetting and recovery of accurate memories, including studies demonstrating reduced hippocampal volume The recovered memories debate: what do we in survivors of sexual abuse, and recovery from functional and know? organic retrograde amnesia. Other recent findings of interest The controversy over recovered memories is a complex include the possibility that state-dependent memory could be affair that involves several intertwined psychological and induced by stress-related hormones, new pharmacological social issues (for elaboration of this point, see [8-131). models of dissociative states, and evidence for ‘repression’ in Here, we consider four critical questions. First, can patients with right parietal brain damage. memories -
Hypnosis As a Retrieval Cue in Posthypnotic Amnesia
Journal of AbnormalPsychology Cog~ight 1985 by the AmericanPsychological AssoOafion, Inc. 1985, Vol. 94, No. 3, 264-271 0021-843X/85/$00.75 Hypnosis as a Retrieval Cue in Posthypnotic Amnesia John E Kihlstrom Heather A. Brenneman University of Wisconsin--Madison University of Saskatchewan. Donna D. Pistole and Ronald E. Shor University of New Hampshire The effectiveness of hypnosis as a retrieval cue was tested in a group of 80 highly hypnotizable subjects who demonstrated posthypnotic amnesia on an initial recall test. The 40 subjects who received a reinduction of hypnosis showed a significant improvement in memory on a retest; there was a significant loss of memory on a third test following termination of the second hypnosis and a more substantial recovery on a fourth test following administration of a prearranged reversibility cue. Another 40 subjects, who merely relaxed before the second test, showed a similar improvement in memory on the retest but no subsequent memory loss. The amount of trial-to-trial improvement in memory shown by the subjects was unaffected by explicit instructions to maintain amnesia until the reversibility cue had been given. Posthypnotic amnesia is not a case of state-dependent retention, nor does hypnosis provide retrieval cues that can lead to the emergence of previously unrecalled memories. Upon termination of hypnosis, many hyp- gard, 1966; Kihlstrom, 1977, 1985). One way notizable subjects find it difficult to remember of approaching the question of mechanism is the events and experiences that transpired to find ways of restoring access to the forgotten while they were hypnotized. The amnesia memories without administering the revers- occurs only as a result of suggestion, and ibility cue. -
Inquiry Into the Practice of Recovered Memory Therapy
INQUIRY INTO THE PRACTICE OF RECOVERED MEMORY THERAPY September 2005 Report by the Health Services Commissioner to the Minister for Health, the Hon. Bronwyn Pike MP under Section 9(1)(m) of the Health Services (Conciliation and Review) Act 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................................4 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................7 3 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................17 4 BACKGROUND TO THE INQUIRY.....................................................................................18 4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................18 4.2 Terms of Reference.............................................................................................................19 4.3 The Inquiry Team ................................................................................................................20 4.4 Methodology...........................................................................................................................20 4.4.1 Literature review ..........................................................................................................20 4.4.2 Legislative review ........................................................................................................20 -
The Hippocampus and Dorsolateral Striatum Integrate Distinct Types of Memories Through Time and Space, Respectively
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 18, 2020 • 40(47):9055–9065 • 9055 Behavioral/Cognitive The Hippocampus and Dorsolateral Striatum Integrate Distinct Types of Memories through Time and Space, Respectively Janina Ferbinteanu Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 Several decades of research have established that different kinds of memories result from the activity of discrete neural net- works. Studying how these networks process information in experiments that target specific types of mnemonic representa- tions has provided deep insights into memory architecture and its neural underpinnings. However, in natural settings reality confronts organisms with problems that are not neatly compartmentalized. Thus, a critical problem in memory research that still needs to be addressed is how distinct types of memories are ultimately integrated. Here we demonstrate how two mem- ory networks, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum, may accomplish such a goal. The hippocampus supports memory for facts and events, collectively known as declarative memory and often studied as spatial memory in rodents. The dorsolat- eral striatum provides the basis for habits that are assessed in stimulus–response types of tasks. Expanding previous findings, the current work revealed that in male Long–Evans rats, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use time and space in distinct and largely complementary ways to integrate spatial and habitual representations. Specifically, the hippocampus sup- ported both types of memories when they were formed in temporal juxtaposition, even if the learning took place in different environments. In contrast, the lateral striatum supported both types of memories if they were formed in the same environ- ment, even at temporally distinct points.