Cadence's Defense Mechanism in Recovering Her Lost
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CADENCE’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN RECOVERING HER LOST MEMORY IN WE WERE LIARS BY E. LOCKHART A THESIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The Bachelor Degree Majoring Literature in English Department Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University Submitted by: MEGALISTHA PRATIWI SOEGIJONO 13020113120014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY 2018 PRONOUNCEMENT The writer honestly confirms that she compiles this thesis by herself and without taking any results from other researchers in S-1, S-2, S-3, and in diploma degree of any university. The writer also ascertains that she does not quote any material from other publications or someone’s paper except from the references mentioned. Semarang, December 2017 Megalistha Pratiwi Soegijono ii MOTTO AND DEDICATION “God helps those who cannot help themselves." Charles Spurgeon I proudly dedicate this thesis to my beloved family and friends, who give me the endless love and support to accomplish this paper. iii iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer’s deepest gratitude goes to Almighty God who has given me the strength and blessings to complete this thesis “Cadence’s Defence Mechanism In Recovering Her Lost Memory In We Were Liars by E. Lockhart”. The biggest appreciation and gratitude goes to my thesis advisor Drs. Siswo Harsono, M.Hum. for his guidances, advices, and suggestions in completing this thesis. I would like to thank all of the people who support me to accomplish this thesis, especially these following ones: 1. Dr. Redyanto M. Noor, M.Hum., as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. 2. Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A., as the Head of the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. 3. All of the lecturers in the English Department for their dedication in sharing knowledge and experiences. 4. My beloved parents, Simon Pieter Soegijono and Lien Lucy Lasamahu, and my dearest sisters, Jesse Maynora Soegijono and Valentia Sean Satya Soegijono. Thank you for the endless love, prayers and supports. 5. My trustworthy friends, Monica Nuritasari, Putri Ramadhan, Lusia Syailindri, Sheila Jingga, Nathaniel Davin, Glenysz Febryanti, Yohana Febry, Syifa Aulia, and Daniel Gestler who always encourage and help me through the ups and downs. 6. All of my friends from English Department batch 2013, PMK FIB, Future Leader Summit 2016, PKL Terasi, Running Fabs and those who I could not mention one by one. Thank your for the memories. vi As this thesis has been accomplished, I realize that the thesis is still far from perfect. I, therefore, will be glad to receive any constructive criticism, recommendation, and suggestions to make this thesis better. Last but not least, I put big expectation that this thesis can be useful to those who read it. Semarang, December 2017 Megalistha Pratiwi Soegijono vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages TITLE ........................................................................................................... i PRONOUNCEMENT .................................................................................. ii MOTTO AND DEDICATION .................................................................... iii APPROVAL ................................................................................................. iv VALIDATION .............................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Problems….…………………………………………………… 1 1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 2 1.4 Method of the Study ................................................................................ 2 1.5 Organization of the Writing ..................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 AUTHOR AND HER WORK……………………………… 5 2.1 Biography of E. Lockhart……………………………………………………. 5 2.2 Synopsis of We Were Liars …………………………………. ………… 6 CHAPTER 3 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................... 10 3.1 Intrinsic Elements..................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Character …………………………………………………………… 10 3.1.2 Conflict……………………………………………………………… 11 3.1.3 Setting ………………………………………………………………. 13 3.2 Extrinsic Elements………………………………………………………. 14 3.2.1 The Organization of Personality …………………………………… 14 viii 3.2.1.1 Id ……………………………………………………………….. 15 3.2.1.2 Ego ……………………………………………………………… 16 3.2.1.3 Superego ……………………………………………………….. 17 3.2.2 Defence Mechanism ………………………………………………… 18 3.2.2.1 Repression ……………………………………………………….. 19 3.2.2.2 Sublimation ……………………………………………………… 20 3.2.2.3 Fantasy ………………………………………………………….. 21 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS …………………………………………… 22 4.1 Intrinsic Analysis ..................................................................................... 22 4.1.1 Characters ........................................................................................... 22 4.1.1.1 The Protagonist ............................................................................ 22 4.1.1.2 The Antagonist ............................................................................. 24 4.1.2 Conflict ............................................................................................... 26 4.1.2.1 Internal Conflict ……………………………………………….. 26 4.1.2.2 External Conflict ………………………………………………. 27 4.1.3 Setting……………………………………………………………….. 29 4.1.3.1 Setting of Time ………………………………………………… 29 4.1.3.2 Setting of Place ………………………………………………… 30 4.1.3.3 Setting of Society ……………………………………………… 30 4.2 Extrinsic Analysis ………………………………………………………. 33 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION …………………………………………….. 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 42 ix ABSTRACT In this study, the writer analyzes a novel by E. Lockhart entitled We Were Liars focusing on the main character named Cadence Sinclair, who lost her memory after having an accident. The aim of this study is to explain and analyze how defense mechanism that is appeared in Cadence could help recovering her memory. The writer uses psychology of literature approach. The theory that will be used is psychoanalytic theory to analyze defense mechanism that is applied by Cadence. The writer uses library research in collecting the data to support the analysis. From this study, defense mechanism helps to protect Cadence after dealing with the accident, and it also helps her to recover her memory. Sublimation, repression and fantasy are three types of defense mechanism that are found in this analysis. Keywords: psychology of literature approach , defense mechanism, recover. x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Literature has become a fundamental feature to entertain society since ages. It expands human knowledge through its entertaining ways. Literature has three main genres; poetry, prose and drama. Rene Wellek and Austin Warren once stated in Theory of Literature that literature is drawn as a social institution. A social creation through language which could reflect life as a big picture of life itself, or a small view about one’s personal storyline that could be said as the imitation. In prose, there is novel which is used as the mediator to deliver the author’s opinion or observation about some events that are revolved around him. Kennedy and Gioia stated that “A novel is a book-length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that while we read, we experience actual life” (2007: 275). The definition explains that a novel could affect the readers senses, so they would get the similar impression as in real life. To discuss the story in the novel, it can use several approaches according to which point of view it wants to be examined; one of them is psychology of literature approach. Through this approach, there is psychoanalytic theory that studies human’s personality. It could be applied to the character in the novel because its activity is similar to human being. In A Primer of Freudian Psychology, Hall stated that “One of the obvious facts about personality is that it constantly changing and developing. The facts that it is always changing and developing are 2 also applicable to the characters in fictional story, although it can be found in limited areas” (Hall, 1956: 72). The writer of this study is interested in learning about the psychological aspect of Cadence as the main character in the novel We Were Liars focused on her defense mechanisms. She has a memory loss after the accident in Cadence’s family private island. Based on the condition, this study is entitled “Cadence’s Defense Mechanism in Recovering Her Lost Memory in We Were Liars by E. Lockhart”. 1.2 Research Questions There are some questions which are raised to analyze Cadence as the main character. The way she deals with her problem is appealing as an analysis for this study. However, there are two main questions related to the topic that will be answered later in the discussion. 1. How is Cadence’s behavior in recovering her memory in the novel? 2. How is defense mechanism used to recover her memory in the novel? 1.3 Objectives of the Study