1,1-Bisphosphonic Acid Derivatives
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Synthesis of novel (1-alkanoyloxy-4- alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives Petri A. Turhanen* and Jouko J. Vepsäläinen Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006, 2, No. 2. University of Kuopio, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1627, FIN- doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-2 70211, Kuopio, Finland Received: 29 October 2005 Email: Accepted: 24 February 2006 Petri A. Turhanen* - [email protected]; Jouko J. Vepsäläinen - Published: 24 February 2006 [email protected] © 2006 Turhanen and Vepsäläinen; licensee Beilstein-Institut. * Corresponding author License and terms: see end of document. Abstract A novel strategy for the synthesis of (1-alkanoyloxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (1a-d) via (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), starting from alendronate has been developed with reasonable 51–77% overall yields. Intermediate products, (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives (2a-d), were prepared in water with reasonable to high yields (52–94%). Introduction Bisphosphonates (BPs) are analogs of naturally occurring pyro- Our group has designed, synthesized and studied in vitro several phosphate and are used as drugs for the treatment of various different clodronate (R1 = R2 = Cl, Figure 1) and etidronate (R1 2 bone diseases, like osteoporosis. [1-5] Alendronate, (1-hydroxy- = CH3 R = OH, Figure 1) ester and amide derivatives to act as 4-aminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (HABBPA) diso- biodegradable prodrugs. [15-19] We have also recently dium salt is a typical example of an amino BP compound described the method for the preparation of (1-alkoxycar- (Figure 1). Traditionally BPs have been used for decades as bonyloxyethylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives [20] drugs for the treatment of various bone diseases but recently and novel fatty acid derivatives of etidronate [21] which may these compounds have been found to be active in many other represent prodrugs of etidronate. In the case of etidronic acid, fields, such as against parasitic diseases [6-10] and atheroscler- we have shown that simple phosphonate esters like P(O)-O-Me osis. [11] Unfortunately BPs are very hydrophilic, highly as well as an acyl group at the tertiary alcohol group are stable anionic and their bioavailabilities are very poor. [12-14] It against enzymatic hydrolysis. [18] However, the latter decom- would be a clear advance to prepare more lipophilic and biode- posed gradually due to chemical hydrolysis. gradable derivatives of BPs. A rather straightforward method to improve the lipophilicity of amino BPs is to convert hydroxyl Because of the extreme hydrophilic character of HABBPA, its or/and amino group or the phosphonic acid groups with a biode- solubility and reactivity in organic solvents is very low. As far gradable ester or amide functionality. as we are aware there are only six known examples of amide Page 1 of 4 (page number not for citation purposes) Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006, 2, No. 2. Figure 1 Scheme 1: Preparation of (1-alkanoyloxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives 1a (R = R' = Me), 1b (R = R' = Et), 1c (R = t Pr; R' = Me) and 1d (R = Bu ; R' = Me). Conditions: i) (RCO)2O in H2O; ii) (R'CO)2O then H2O (if necessary). (R-CO-HN-) derivatives of commercially used aminobisphos- were filtered and washed with H2O/MeOH (1:7) and dried in phonates (alendronate and pamidronate) in the literature, vacuo to produce 2a and 2b with 82% and 81% yields, respect- [22-24] but the hydroxyl derivatives are unknown. Probably one ively. Compound 2c was purified (if needed) by stirring in reason for this is the above mentioned solubility and reactivity absolute EtOH for 30 minutes (this was repeated twice if neces- problems. sary) to give 2c with 94% yield. Compound 2d was dissolved in water (3 ml) and dry MeOH (4 ml) was added by stirring before Results and discussion the mixture was placed in the freezer for weekend. The mixture Here we report the first method to prepare (1-alkanoyloxy-4- was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in vacuo alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives to give 2d with a 52% yield. Alendronic acid (HABBPA), 1a-d via (1-hydroxy-4-alkanoylaminobutylidene)-1,1-bisphos- which was synthesized as reported earlier [25] (except for the phonic acid compounds 2a-d (see Scheme 1). The preparation isolation procedure, since in our hands, no precipitation of the intermediate compounds 2a-d was rather straightforward occurred), was also tested as the starting material for the prepar- and was started from the mono sodium salt of HABBPA which ation of 2a (its acid form), but no reaction was observed under was prepared and isolated as previously reported. [25] the test conditions. HABBPA mono sodium salt (200 mg) was stirred in water (2 ml) for a few minutes before a 40% NaOH solution (78 μl, 1.0 This is not an unexpected result since alendronic acid, which eq of NaOH) was added and the mixture was stirred until a clear has pKa values of 0.8, 2.2, 6.3, 10.9 and 12.2 (Ezra et al. [26]), solution was obtained. After addition of anhydride (1 ml), the exists as a zwitterion (see Figure 1) and the ammonium group is mixture was stirred overnight (ca. 16 h for 2a-b and 24 h for protected against electrophilic attack of the acyl group. 2c-d) and water was evaporated in vacuo, diethyl ether (10–15 ml) was added and the white precipitate was filtered and dried Also the mono sodium salt of alendronic acid was a poor in vacuo. Since the products of 2a-d contained a few percent of starting material due to the same reason but ca. 37% of 2a was the sodium salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid formed in obtained. As expected, the in situ prepared disodium salt of the reaction and in the case of 2c, the reaction mixtureHABBPA was a good starting material because of its good solu- contained 31% of starting material 3 (reaction did not proceed bility in water [solubility of HABBPA, its mono- and disodium to completion in even 3 days) according to 1H and 31P NMR salts in water (5 ml) were 41.4 mg, 161.7 mg and > 1000 mg, spectra, they required purification. Furthermore, in the case of respectively, which were tested in room temperature] and react- 2a and 2b, 9% and 7% of 1a and 1b, respectively, were formed ivity of amino group when an excess of anhydride was used. in the reaction. Compounds 2a-b were purified by dissolving in H2O (0.5 ml) and adding dry MeOH (3.5 ml) by stirring before Since the amine group of alendronic acid is protected due to the mixtures were placed in the freezer for 30 minutes. Solids zwitterion, we attempted to acetylate the middle carbon Page 2 of 4 (page number not for citation purposes) Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006, 2, No. 2. OH-group directly by using alendronic acid and its monoso- possible prodrugs of alendronate. Novel biological evaluation dium salt under dry conditions, as we did for etidronic acid, for selected compounds of 1a-d and 2a-d will be carried out [27] but unfortunately this did not prove feasible. However, and published in future. acetylation was successful with this method when starting with the disodium salt of HABBPA. However, this led to a Supporting Information diacetylated product, with an acetyl moiety both, at the amino and the hydroxyl group. Supporting Information File 1 Experimental procedures and full spectroscopic data for all Based on this finding the target compounds 1a-d were prepared new compounds. from 2a-d using this method by stirring in an excess of acetic [http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/ anhydride (1a,c,d) or propionic anhydride (1b). In the case of supplementary/1860-5397-2-2-S1.doc] 1a and 1c, the reaction time was only 2 h and 8 h, respectively, whereas the reaction time for 1b and 1d was 48 h. We also tried to react compound 2c with butyric anhydride but the reaction Acknowledgments did not occur under the test conditions. Acylation of OH-group This study was financially supported by the Academy of with trimethylacetic anhydride was not successful due to steric Finland (projects 105975 and 204510). Authors would like to hindrance of the trimethylacetic group. The target compounds thank Mrs. Maritta Salminkoski for her expert technical assist- 1a-d were isolated by filtration after addition of diethyl ether ance and Mrs. Katja Tiainen for mass measurements. (10–15 ml) to the reaction mixture or by washing the residue with diethyl ether after the reaction mixture was evaporated to References dryness. If needed, after drying the products were dissolved in a 1. Fleisch, H. Bisphosphonates in Bone Disease: From the Laboratory to small volume of water and stirred for 40 minutes at room the Patient; The Parthenon Publishing Group, Inc.: New York, 1995. 2. Papapoulos, S. E.; Landman, J. O.; Bijvoet, O. L. M.; Löwik, C. W. G. temperature for hydrolyzing any of formed bisphosphonate M.; Valkema, R.; Pauwels, E. K. J.; Vermeij, P. Bone 1992, 13 (Suppl. 31 dimers which were obtained as determined by the P NMR 1), S41–S49. spectra. Compounds 1a-c were purified like 2c by stirring in 3. Yates, A. J.; Rodan, G. A. Drug Discovery Today 1998, 3, 69–78. absolute EtOH, compound 1d needed no purification steps. All 4. Papapoulos, S. E. Am. J. Med. 1993, 95 (5, Suppl. 1), 48S–52S. compounds (1a-d) still contained some sodium salt of the doi:10.1016/0002-9343(93)90383-Z 5.