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•Section III ^

THE JUDIGIIRY

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0*=^ Thejudieiary

STATE JUDICIAL SYSTEMS

BY WILLIAM L. FREDERICK*

HE MopERNizATioN 6f State court administrative aiithority over the courts systems which began fifteen or more in their Chief Justices. In Arkansas this Tyears ago continued to mark the Vificluded the power to assign judges. The 1964-65 biennium. It was evident in ac­ ' to'sition of executive secretary of the ju- tions taken in several states to integrate cOcial department was created in the same their court systems; to vest administrative state, and the post of judicial administra­ audiority in their Chief Justices or Su­ tor in Kansas, which also gave its'Supreme preme Courts; to reorganize minor courts; Court additional authority to supervise and to change methods of.selecting judges. the courts of the state. Connecticut added All of these changes reflected the con­ one Associate Justice to its'SupremeJCourt cern of the bench, theljar and the public and designated him. as admmistrator of . over the need to improve the administra­ the judicial system. The executive secre­ tion of justice in the courts of the states. tary of the judicial department .will func-" Today there is widespread agreement that tion under his supervision. ^ / reorganization of state court systems is' Several states acted to revise their minor essential for the efficient dispensation of court systems. Delaware abolished the fee ft' justice in our urban society. system for justices of the peace and pro­ The following sections review some of vided salaries of §8,000 for each of forty- the changes of the last two years. six justices who will serve its reorganized magistrate's courts. An administrative as­ STRUCTURE 4.N1 J ORGANIZATION sistant to the Chief Justice of the Su­ Further steps were' taken in North preme Court will• supervise their work- Carolina during /the biennium to imple­ and have power to assign them to sit in ment the new judiciary article of its state various places. A newly adopted constitu­ constitution. Provision was made for the tional amendment also permits, the legis­ establishment of a district court system lature to set minimum qualifications for which Will replace all minor courts in the justices of the peace. Vermont acted to state. A constitutional amendment was strengthen its municipal court system. ^--approved by the legislature for submis­ And legislatures in New Mexico and Wis­ sion to the voters to permit creation of consin passed constitutional amendments . an intermediate court of appeals.^ An ad­ for submission to the voters to abolish ministrative office of the courts was estab­ justice of the peace courts. lished to aid the Chief Justice of the In other changes during the biennium, Supreme Court in fulfilling his respon­ an intermediate appellate^ourt became sibilities for administering the judicial operative in Arizona, and constitutiorial system of the state. amendments to permit establishment of Arkansas and Vermont vested increased such courts werp given legislative ap­ .*Mr. Frederick is Director of the Eastern Office proval in New Mexico and, as 'previously of the Council of State Governments and Secre­ noted, in North Carolina.^ Wisconsin he­ tary of the Conference of Chief Justices. *The amendment was approved by the voters in The aincncjmcnts received the votersr^.^ :approva l 1965. in both states m 1965. • 109 no THE BOOK OF THE STATES came the thirtieth state to create a judi­ missions, similar to one established pre­ cial 'conference. Oregon established a viously in California, provide a means for judicial council composed of judges, law­ removing judges without resorting to the yers, legislators and laymen to study the cumbersome method of impeachment. courts and the administration of justice in the state. A special nonpartisan com^ COMPENSATION mission was established by Indiana's leg- The trend to increase judicial salaries la ture to study that sta:te's court system. continued during .1964 and 1965. In The Idaho legislature acted to submit to many instances state bar associatiohs led the -voters a proposed constitutional the efforts to objuin salary increases for amendment which would permit retired judges, in recognition of the fact that justices and judges to be recalled for serv­ adequate compensation is inevitably a ice when needed. factor in determining the willingness of. qualified lawyers to accept or seek judicial SELECTION AND TENURE office. Some of the salary changes of the, A constitutional ainendment was rat­ biennium are reported below. Compre­ ified by the North Dakota legislature to hensive data on current salaries and re^ adopt the "ABA (American Bar Associa­ tirement provisions, for Supreme Court tion) Plan" for selecting judges of the Justices and judges of trial courts of gen­ Supreme and District Courts. If it is ap­ eral jurisdiction are reported in tables proved by the people, judges in the future accompanying this article. will be appointed by the Governor from in Alaska, salaries of Supreme Court lists submitted by a cornmission consisting Justices were increased from.§22,500 to of lawyers and laymen, with the Supreme • §24,500, with an'additional §1,000 for the Court's.Chief Justice as chairman. After Chief Justice. Judges of the Superior three years of service a'judge would run Court received an increase from §19,000 for election, without opposition, on his to §21,000. The salary of the Chief Justice record. If thus elected. District Judges of Arkansas was raised from §15,000 to would serve six year terms and Supreme §22,500; salaries of Associate Justices from Court Justices ten year terms. At the con­ §15,000 to §20,000; and those of Circuit clusion of their terms, sitting judges again and Chancery Court Judges from a range would run on their fecorids. of §12,600-§ 13,800. In California the A plan for the appointment of county Chief Justice will receive §34,000, a boost court judges iby the Mayor of Denver from §29,400; Associate Justices were from lists submitted by a special com­ raised from §27,300 to §32,000; Judges of mission was approved by the voters of the Court of Appeals will be paid §30,000 that city in November 1964. instead of §25,200; Superior Court Six states acted during the biennium Judges, who had received §18,900 to to provide new machinery for retiring or §21,000 depending on the area in Which removing judges. As a result of legislative they served, will be paid §25,000; munic­ approval, constitutional amendments cre­ ipal court judges w'ere boosted from a ating commissions on judicial qualifica­ range of §16,800-§ 18,900 to §23,000. A tions will be submitted to the voters in unique feature of, the California legisla­ Florida, Maryland, Nebraska, Oklahoma tion providing for these increases is an _ arid Texas.^ In general, these commissions automatic provision for future salary will have the power to retire, disabled changes. Each four years, salaries of Cali­ judges who are not able to continue to fornia judges will be increased by a per; serve, and the power to remove judges for, centage equal to the per cent increase in cause or recomrnend their removal to the California per'^apita income. appropriate authorities. Legislation in In Connecticut the Chief Justice, who Ohio authorized its Supreme Court to had received §22,500, will be paid §30,000, create a similar commission. These cbiii- with a corresponding increase for Associ- « ate Justices, who are paid §1,000 less. *The Texas amendment was approved by the Salaries of Superior Court Judges were, voters in 1965. raised from §21,000 to §27,500.and those;

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THE fUDlCIARY 111 of Judges o,f the Court of Common Pleas Texas raised the salaries of judges of from 117,000 to $22,500. Increases of all appellate courts and trial courts of. $2,500 were voted for Supreme Court general jurisdiction by $4,000; appellate Justices and District Court Judges in court justices will receive $24,000 and Dis­ , Idaho, so that the former now will receive trict Court Judges $16,000, with some of $17,500 and the latter $14,500. In Iowa the latter receiving additional compensa­ the salaries of Supreme Court Justices tion from the counties in which they were raised to $20,000 and~ those of Dis­ serve. In Utah, the salary of the (phief . trict Court Judges to $18,000—increases of Justice Was increased from $14,200 to' $4,000 in each case. In Maine all judges re­ $17,000, Associate Justices went from ceived salary increases of $ 1,000,. bringing $13,700 to $16,500 and District Court the Chief Justice to $19,000, Associate. Judges from $11,800 to $14,000. Washing­ Justices of the Supreme judicial Court to ton raised the compensation pf Supreme $18,000, and Superior Court Judges to Court Justices from $20,000 to $27,500 • $17,500. Increases : of $2,000 in' Nevada and of Superior Court Judges from $15,- result in salaries of $22,000 for Sujareme 000 to-$20,000. • Court Justices and $19,500 for District Court Judges. In New Jersey all judges AID TO INDIGENT DEFENDANTS received increases of $5,000, so that the The past two years haye witnessed Chief Justice will be paid $32,000; As­ greatly hieightened interest in insuring sociate Supreme Court Justices $31,000; that indigent'defendants artf represented Superior and County Court Judges $27,- by counsel. Decisions of the United States , 000. Increases of $2,500 in New Mexico "Supreme Court requiring counsel in most mean that Justices.of the Supreme Court cases made it necessary forjimj^ states to will receive $20,000 and District Court give attention to^^^ibir"*f^itter. Subse- <• Judges $17,500. A similar increase in quently, some actjmties conducted under North Carolina raises salaries there to the federal' anti-poverty program also $24,000 for the Chief Justice, $23,000 for contributed to concern in this field. The Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, new efforts reenforce the" long standing and $22,000 for Superior Court Judges, work of the National Legal Aid and De­ y. Sala.ry increases in Ohio, as in seveiral fender Association and other groups other states, were voted to take effect at which have sought to make certain that the beginning of new terms of judges. all individuals are representecyjy counsel '\^'' Therefore not all incumbent judges re­ without regard t6 their ability to pay. .J- ceived immediately the salaries repojted Numerous states acted in this area dur­ here. The new salaries to be paid in Ohio ing 1964 and 1965,. either by legislatioi^ | are $24,500 for the Chief Justice; $24,000 or by adoption of court rules. For ex- "7 for. Associate Justices oiE the Supreme ample, Arizona enacted a statute provid-' | Court; $21,000 for Judges of the Courts of ing for the office of public defender in f Appeal,.and from $9,500 to $20,500 for all counties having a population of 100,-, '.TC Common Pleas Judges, depending on the 000 or more. Connecticut required the^ _^districts in which they serve. Salaries of appointment of at l^ast one public de­ judges in Oregon were increased by $2,- fender in each drcuit. Delaware pas^sed 500, so that Supreme Court Justices will a public "defender law based on a model, be paid $21,500, Circuit Court Judges act promulgated by the National Con-- $19,000 and Judges of the District Courts ference of Commissioners on Uniform $13,500i In Tennessee salaries, effective in State Laws. Idaho acted to provide for 1966, were to be $21,000 for the Chief appointment of counsel for indigent de­ Justice, $20,000 for Supreme Court As­ fendants. Nevada authorized the'estab­ sociate Justices, $17,500 fo;* Court of lishment of an office of public defender. Appeals Judges and $15,000 forjudges of A New York statute required each county the Circuit and Chancery Courts. The leg- to make provisions for aid for indigent islatiou'setting tiie new Tennessee salaries defendants through use of public defend-' provided for further increases to be effec­ ers, assigned counsel, or a legal aid system, .K tive in 1970. Tennessee and Utah also provided for \

«»«<. .112 THE BOOJC OF THE STATES . «> counsel for indigents, and WiscoMiri re- of their convictions in federal courts by vised its law so that the state'will pay means of habeas corpus petitions. Eiforts part,of the cost of such services. Other to secure such legislation failed in , states which acted ih this field included the 1965 session of Gongress. The corn- Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire mittee also gave attention to the need for 1^ and Washington. In a number of states, states to strengthen post-conviction reme- • r. specific provision was made to provide dies. The Committee on Allocation of Ju- legal assistance.fof appeals and-habeas risdiYtion Between~T^deraL_aD^ corpus proceedings as well as foF trials. Courts "continued to study proposals, under consideration by the American" i ^^'^^^^^^ ^^^^^^'^^'^^^ Law Institute: for changes in the jurisdic- puring 1964 and 1965 the Conference' '''^tfion of federal and state courts in certain of^Chief Justices and the National Con- specific fields. The committee made rec- -^ - ference of Court Administrative Officers ommendations which were approved by V ...--,. continued to carry on a variety of actiV^i- the Conference forJfurther consideration ties affectingjudicial administration. The by the Institute. ' major work of these two organizations The National Conference of Court is summarized below. Administrative Officers continued to grow The Conference of Chief Justices at as additional states created such offices, its annual meetings in these years con- Topics considered by it at its 1964-and sidered such topics as recent.developnients 1965 annual nieetings included the func-^ -in reapportionment, developments in tions of state and trial court administia- .' . criminal law, uniform rules of .evidence, tors, aid to indigent defendants, the the National Defender Project, certain Massachusetts audit and Pennsylvania aspects of federalism, means of simplify- compulsory arbitrationi, systems, the , ing the procedure for taking appeals, de- Manhattan Bail Project* uW of split trial velbpments in products liability, opinions ^. in personal injury caseSj^judW^ seminars, arid practices of appellate courts, and bail calendar control, collection of judicial and pre-trial release procedures. , statistics> and problems of couVt perison- Two standing committees of the same nel and finance. . Conference contiiiue to be activie. Its With respect to the last of, these sub- Habeas Corpus Committee, in cpopera- jects, the. Conference in 1965 iaiddpted a . •; tion with similar committees of the Na- statement urging that the judicial branch ' '. tional Association of Attorneys General' of government be given control over its .• andtheJudicialConferenceof theUnited own personnel arid finances, Subse- States, attempted to reach agreement on quently, the statement was submitted to proposed federal legislation affecting the theConferenceof Chief Justices for future rights of state prisoners*to obtain review action by it.

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THE JUDICIARY ' iB

TABLE 1 ^ NUMBERS OF JUDGES

^'^•.-- • , \ • . • • . . • " ,. Appellate courts-—s , -, :—:— • Miior trial courts— Court Intermediate * . Other ^thte or other of last appellate Chancery Circuit- District Superior trial jurisdiction resort • court court court court court courts Alabama - 7 . 3\ .... 73 . .... Alaska 3 .... ' ...... 9 Arizona 5 6 ...... 41 /^rkansas. 7 20 • 23 .... CaUfonHa..'."7 -7 33 ...'. .... 358 Colorado 7 ...... 69 Connecticut ...". 6 30 Delaware 3 .... 3 . .^.. 7, Florida... 7 IS yU9 .... ' .... 3(a) Georgia ;...... 7 9 .... 52 Hawaii 5 • 17 Idaho...... 5 ...... 22 . Illlnola.,.:' 7 24 .... ' 560(b) .... .'.... Indiana 5 8 ' 84 42 • 3(0 Iowa 9 .... ./.. 75 KiknsAs 7 ...... ^ .... 57 .... ir • ' • _ Kentucky...... 7 ,..:. • 'x .... '» 68 .... Louisiana ...:.., 7 20 ?•,> 81 Maine 6 - fe.. 10 Maryland ". . 7 ..... 23 - .....* 39(d) Massachusetts r 7 .... * .'... 42 Michigan \. 7 9 102 13(4). Minnesota -^j^- 7 ...... 65 Mississippi. sJ^-... 9 21 21 .... Missouri 7 9 .... -93 , Montana..'.. 5 .... .28 .... A'. Nebraska 7 36 Nevada 3 .... . • .-... 15 New Hampshire 5 ...... * 8 New Jersey 7 12 ...... 40 . 71(f) New Mexico 5 (g) .... '21 .... New York ; 7 26 ...... 173(h) North Carolina 7 .... ;... 43 North Dakota 5 ^ .... 16 Ohio ... 7 34 ...... 185(6 Oklahoma 90) /" 44 5 Oregon... 7 -...... 53 .... Pennsylvania. 7 7 ;... i66(i) Puerto Rico ....- . 9 • ...... N-A. • Rhodelsland...... 5 ...... " .;...... 11 South Carolina. • 5 .... 15 South Dakota 5 21 .... Tennessee 5 9 21 ' 40 15(c) Texas 9(j) 39 ...." 164 .... Utah .5 .... 19 Vermont 5 ...... ':...... 6(f) Virginia.. 7 8 S3 > 18(k) Washington.. 9 76 West Virginia,. •:.. 5 .... -,... I 30 .... Vk^sconsin. 7 ~~ '47 Wyoming.. 4 lU N.A.—Information not a\-ailable , (f) County courts. (a) Court qf Record, Escambia County. (g) Not yet determined'.' • (b) Including approximately 200 magistrates. • • . (h) Supreme Court.. (c) Criminal courts. '. ° •' (i) Courts of common pleas. (d) Courts of Baltimore City. (j) Also, three at Court of Criminal Appeals; (e) Recorder's Court of Detroit. \ 4r ('') Corporation and hustings courts. =. ^ 114 THE ISO OK OF THE STATES

" iS . . . -t TABLE 2 - l' •i.. •• ., • ; TERMS OF JUDGES -\^ . (In years) \ Appellate courts Major trial courts Courts of'limited jurisdiction * % Inter­ y^ ' ' 1 ,~-^ Justice, mediate ^"""^^ ' nia^is- Court appel-- Chan- Cir- Dis- Su-' Other Pro­ • Mu- irate or . - Slate or of last late eery cuit Iricl perior trial bate County tiicipal police Other other Jurisdiction resort court court court court court courts court court court court courts 6 6 6 6 4 .. 10 .... ;... 6...... •....• (a) . • *' . 6 6 4 ...... 4(b) 8 6 4 • .••.. 2 2-4 2 2(c), -, California 12. 12 .... 6 6 6 . Colorado. .. 10; ".,...... 6 ...... 4 .*•• ...• .8 ..;. 8 4 4(c.d) 6(e) Delawar^.. .^^ .. 12 .... 12 .... 12 ...... 12 4 12(c,f) •, ''{ Florida ..6 6 .... 6 ...... 4 4 2-4 •. 4 4-6(g) • J . .. ^ - 4(e.h) '. Georgia ..6 6 .... 4-8 .... 4 . • . • 1-4 4 6(e) Hawaii 7 6 ...... • • . • 4(i) Idalio .. 6 , .... . 4 ...... 2 .... 2 2 • lUlnoIs ..10 10 .... 6 ...... 60) 6 4 .... 6 .... 4 4(k) 4 - , , , ', 4 4 4(e) 8 6 ...... 4 2 4(1) • • Q •••• •• •.» .... 4 .... 2 ' 2 ^ 2 2 • • • • .. 8 ...... 6 \- 4 4 ' . - . .

14 12 .... 6(m) ...." • • • •""••- • • • > • • . • • 4-6(n) 4 6-8(e). 7 7 4 • ••• •.»• 7(i) .. IS 15 15(0) 4 .... 4-10(p) 2 Massachusetts.. .. Life ...... ^ ..!. . Life Life Life Life .... Life (e.q)- 8 6 .... 6 6(r) 6 - , , , , 6 4 6(c) 6 6 4 • • > • 4 2 • • . • .. 8 .... 4 4 .... ._.. 4 4 .. 12 12 .-... 6 ...... 4 .... 4 4(c.8) 6 ...... 4 • • . • 2 . 2 6 6 .... 4 4 2 6(t) ;. 6 , .... 4 .... ^•...... -.. 4 2 New Hampsh ire, .. To ...... To • To To To age 70 ' age-70 age 70 age 70 age 70(0 .. 7 with 7 with .... 7 with 5(u) 3 .... • 5(e,v) reappoint- reappoint­ reappaicj ment . ment ^ ment for life for life ~'.';;"-"—^.-_ for life .. 8 (w) ..... *6 , , ^^2v^ .... 2(x) 2 2(h) • New York .. 14 S(y) .... 14 (z) 6 ~v^ 4 .• 6(t) North Carolina.. .. 8 .... 8 .... 2r-4 2 2-6 2(e) 10 .... 6 ...... 2 2-4 '"•-' •' • . /. Ohio...... ;... 6 6 .... 6(c) 6 4 6 4 6(e) . 6 ...... ,.:. 4 4 , 2 2 2 4(c). 6(e.t) 2(aa) 6 ...... ' 6 r ;•... • . . » 6 6 6 6(i.ab) .. 21 10 • ••• •••- .... - 10(c) 10 10 .... 6 ...... To 12 4 8(i) age-70 .. Life Life . • . • ...... '. • 3(i)(f) • South Carolina.. .. . 10 4 ...... 4 4 .... (ac) • • • .

Texas • 6 6 .... 4 •4- 4 .... 4 4fe,h) . Utah .. 10 ...... 6 , .... • • • • 6 4 6(e) .. 2 ...... 2(u). 2 2 2 2-4(i) Virifcia .. 12 .... 8 ' 8 .J - 8(ag) .. 4 4 4 4-6 (e) Washington. 6 ...... 4 .... 4 West Virginia... .. 12' 8 * . . > .... 6 (ah) (ah)- 6-8 (ai) ., 10 • • • • 6 2 • • • • 8 .;.. • ..;. - 6 *••••• 4(b) .... THE JUDICIARY 115 TABLE 2—Continued TERMS OF JUDGES (Footnotes)

(a) At pleasure of Presiding Judge of Superior Court. (s) St. Louis Court of Criminal Corrections. • (b) For Justices of the peace. In Arizona, terms of city and (t) Workmen's Comp. courts; Court of Ind.-Relations. town magistrates provided by charter or ordinance; in Wyo­ (u) County courts. In New Jersey, judges, on third reap­ ming, police justice's term the same.as that of other appointive pointment, i.e., after 10 years, have tenure. officers of the municipality. (v) County district courts. (c) Courts of common pleas. In Arkansas presided over by (w) Authorized, but not yet activated-. .county judges: in Missouri, by circuit judges. (x) Usually,2 years; dependent on municipal ordinances. (d) Circuit Court. (y) Justices are designated for five-year terms while retaining (e) Juvenile courts; in Florida, New Jersey, Texas and status as elected Supreme Court Justice.i. . • Virginia, juvenile and domestic relations courts; in Oklahoma (z) Supreme Court, to age 70; judges may be ceiitified there­ also Children's Court. after for two-year terms, up to age 76. -/___ (f) Family courts. In -Rhode Island, judges serve during (aal Special sessions court. "good behavior." (ab) "Tax Court. • . (g) Courts of record, (ac) Terms not uniform; fixed by General Assembly. (h) Small claims courts. (ad) Township justices and police magistrates, two years; (i) District courts; 4 years for full-time judges in Vermont, county justices of the peace, four years. (j) Court of Claims, ,. (ae) Six years for county chairmen; terms of county judges (k) Criminal courts. fixed by private acts. (1) Superior courts. (af) Courts of general sessions. Xm) Judges in New Orleans serve 12 years, (ag) Corporation, hustings, law and equity courts, lai^ and (n) Judges in Baton Rouge serve four years. chancery courts. • (o) Supreme Bench of Baltimore, (ah> Municipal and police courts variable, (p) Also People's Courts. (ai) Common pleas, domestic relations, criminal,'intermediate (a) Land Court of Massachusetts^ . . and juvenile courts. (r) Recorder's Court of Detroit.

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TABLE 3 ,; . -> FINAL SEL!p:TriON OF JUDGES Alabama All elected on partisan ballot except that some juvenile court judges are ap­ pointed. Of these appointments, some are by Governor, some by legislature and some by county commissions. Alaska. Supreme Court Justices and superior court judges appointed by Governor from nominations by Judicial Council. Approved or rejected at first general election held more than 3 years after appointment, on nonpartisan ballot. Reelected on nonpartisan ballot—Supreme Court Justices every 10 years, superior court judges every 6 years. Magistrate judges appointed by and serve at pleasure of Presiding Judge of Superior Court. Arizona.'...... Supreme, appeals andsuf)erior coiirt judges elected on nonpartisan ballot; . justices of the*peace elected on partisan ballot; city and town magistrates se­ lected as provideid by charter or ordinance. Arkansas -. .'Ml elected on partisan ballot.; California. ...;,. Supreme Court gjnd di.s'trict courts of appeal judges appointed by Governor with approval of Commission on Judicial Appointments. Run for reelection on record. Ail judges elected on nonpartisan ballot. Colorado...... A.11 elected on partisan ballot. jConnecticut.... .'Ml selected by legislature from nominations submitted by Governor, except that probate judges are elected on partisan ballot. Delaware...... All appointed by Governor with consent of Senate. Florida... All elected on partisan ballot. Georgia... ; ....'. .'Ml elected on partisan ballot e.^cept that county and some city court judges are appointed by the Governor with consent of the Senate. • .._- .. , Hawaii Supreme Court Justices and circuit court judges appointed by the Governor - with consent of the Senate. District magistrates appointed, by Chief Justice: of the state. Idaho..... Supreme Court and district court judges are elected on nonpartisan ballot; probate judges on partifen ballot; justices of the peace appointed by board of county commissioner§"aiid probate judge with approval of senior district judge. Illinois.... . All-elected bn'^aftisan ballot; run on record for reelection. Magistrates, ap­ pointed by circuit judges, serve at pleasure of judges. -^ Indiana...... All elected on partisan ballot e.xcept that judge of municipal court is appointed by Governor. Iowa...... Judges of Supreme and district courts appointed initially by Governor from lists submitted by nonpartisan nominating commissions. Run on record for retention in office. Municipal and superior court judges elected on nonpartisan ticket and justices of the peace on partisan ticket. Kansas..;...... Supreme Court Judges appointed by Governor from list submitted by nominat­ ing commission. Run on record for'! reelection. AH other judges elected on partisan ballot. .•''"••. Kentucky...... All elected on partisan ballot. ] Louisiana All elected on partisan ballot. Maine. All appointed by Governor with consent of E;

TABLE 3—Continued FINAL SELECTION OF JUDGES / :

Montana. • All elected on nonpartisan ballot except that .some judges of police courts are appointed by city councils or commissioners. Nebraska...... Judges of Supreme and district courts, and juvenile court alid municipa.1 judges . 1 , in Omaha and Lincoln, appointed initially by Governor from lists submitted by nonpartisan nominating commissions. Run on record for retention- in-office. Workmen's Compensation Court and Court of Industrial Relations appointed by Governor. Other judges elected on nonpartisan ballot, except justices of the peace on a partisan ballot. ' . Nevada... All elected on nonpartisan ballot. New Hampshire. ' All appointed'by Governor with confirmation of the Council. . New Jersey All appointed by Governor with consent of Senate except that magistrates of municipal courts serving one municipality only are appointed by governing bodies. New Mexico.... All elected on partisan ballot. " " New York. All elected on partisan ballot except that Governor appoints judges of Court of Claims and designates members of appellate division'of Supreme Court, and Mayor-of New York appoints judges of some local courts. North Carolina. All elected on partisan iDallot except that a few county court judges are appointed by Governor or county commissioners, some magistrates are appointed by Governor or General Assembly, and juvenile court-judges are appointed by county commissioners or city boards. ; North Dakota All elected on nonpartisan, ballot. -Ohio.... All elected on nonpartisan ballot. Oklahoma All elected on partisan ballot except that judges.of juvenile and municipal courts and the State Industrial Court are appointed. Oregon.. All elected on nonpartisan ballot. . Pennsylvania... All elected on partisan ballot. i Puerto Rico... • All appointed by Governor with consent of Senate. Rhode Island... Supreme Court Justices efected by legislature. Superior, family and district court justices and justices of the peace appointed by Governor, with consent of; Senate (except for justices of the peace); probate judges appointed by city or. . ." town councils. South Carolina. Supreme Court and circuit court judges elected by legislature. City judges, magistrates and some county judges appointed by Governor. Probate judges and some county judges elected on partisan ballot. South Dakota... AH elected on nonpartisan ballot, except county justices of the peace, who are appointed by the senior circuit judge of the judicial circuit in which the county ,^ is located. :•'".'• Tennessee All elected on partisan ballot. \ Texas.. All elected on partisan ballot. 1 Utah • • • \ All elected on nonpartisan ballot except that juvenile court judges are appointed by Governor from a list of not less than two nomiMtedpy the Juvenile Court Commission, and town justices are appointed by town trustees. .. Vermont...... Supreme Court and county court presiding judges elected by legislature. District court judges appointed by Governor witih consent of Senate. Assistant judges \- of county courts and probate judges elected on partisan ballot. Virginia, i: Supreme Court of.Appeals and[all major trial court judges elected by legislature. Practically all judges of courts of limited jurisdiction appointed by judges of major trial courts. Some, however, are elected by popular vote, some "by the ' legislature, and some by city councils. Washington.... All elected on nonpartisan ballot. West Virginia... All elected on partisan ballot. ' Wisconsin All elected on nonpar^pn ballot. - Wyoming ... Supreme Court Justices and district court judges elected on a nonpartisan basis and justices of the peace on a partisan basis. - -- —^

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• , , TABLE 4 , COMPENSATION OF JUDGES OF STATE .APPELLATE COURTS AND TRIAL COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION* /

• :•, .-. . •. , _ Appella't s tourts Major trial courts '_....• '• Inter­ . 1 Court mediate Slate or of last appellate Chancery ' Circuit District- Superior Other trial other jurisdiction resort court court court court • j court courts $16,500 $15,500 $12,000(a) Alaska. 24,500 (b) $2i,bbo Arizona 19,500 18.500 17,500 20,000 (b) $15,660(c) 15;66b(c) - . 1 32,000fb) 30.000 25.000 18,000(b) .$14,000 •';•;;; ^ • - i' 29,000 (b) 27,500 ,22,000(b) , 2d,bbo(d) : 20,000(d) 24,000 23.000 19,000-22.0{)0(a) . $20.000(e) " Georfila... 22,.';00 .22,500 • 2 7,000(b) 25,boo 16,000-26,000 17.500 14.500

Illinois 37,500 25.000-34,500(a) • 17,500-29,000(a) • • • • 22,500(c) 22,500(c) 12.000-22.000(a) 12.00b-22,000(a,f) 20,000 18,000 ' 12,00b"-2'2,000(a) 18,000(b) . 14.000 Kentucky 20.000 12.500(g) 22,500(b) 21,'5bo Maine . 18.000(b) 17,500 Maryland 2S.000(b) 20,00b-23,000(a.h) 13,200-20,500(3) 2S.000(d;i) | 1 27;000(b) 24,000(d) 25.500 .23,000 15,o6o-'29,000(a) 24,5b0(j) -.. \ 22,500(b) -Mississippi. • 15.000(b.d) 13,S()0(k) . i3,'5'00(k) • 18.50b'-20,000(a) .22.500 21,000- 16.000-19,000 Montana 16.000(b) : 17,000 i4.bbo 22.000 15.000 19,500

4 New Hampshire. 22.000(b) 20,000(d) New Jersey.. 31.000(b) i 27.000 27,000 27.000(1) New Mexico..... 20.000 ' ! (m) 17,500 New York 39.500,(b.n) 33,500-40,000/d,n) 31.500-37,000(n.o) North Carolina.. 23,000(b) 22.0dO(p) North Dakota. .. 14,000 1'2,660' Ohio 24.000(b) . 21,000 9.500-20,500(q) Oklahoma..:.... 16,500 14,5(JO-V5,500 14,506-15,560 Oregon.... 21,500 19.000 Pennsylvania 32,S00(b) • io.s'ooCd) 21,500r27.500(q) Puerto Rico. .. 22.000(b) 13,800-16,800(0 Rhode Island.'... 20,000(b) • 18,000(d) South Carolina.. 19,500(b). 19.500 South Dakota... 17,500 16.000 Teniiessee...... 20.000(b) ii.'sm 15,000 15,000 15,000(0 Texas...... 24,000 20,000 16,000 (a) I Utah...; .16.500 (b) 14,000 , I-

Vermont 18,000(b) •....• 16,500(d,l) Vlrfilnja 20,000(b,s) 15.000 15,000 15,000(t) Washington.. 27,500 20.000 ,.<©• West Virginia,. 22,500 12',5OO-2O,O00(a) Wisconsin...... 24,000(b) •••••. 20,000-25.000(a) Wyoming ...... 16,500 15,000 •Compensation is shown according to most recent legislation even though laws have not . (R) Regular circuit judges are ex oflTicio special commissioners of the Court of Appeift and yet.taken effect. ' . • in that caiiaciiy receive an additional $2,400. (a) Salaries may be supplemented by counties; in Florida, up to $3,000. In Illinois, aiipel- (h) In Prince George's County, additional $2,500 for travel exi)enses. late courfjudges receive a $9,500 aupi)lement and circuit court judges a.$9,000 supplement (ij Supreme Bench of Baltimore. in Cbok County; associate judges of the circuit court receive an optional supplement, of (j) Recorder's Court of Detroit. , , '. $1,500 in counties with a population of 70.000 to 500.000 and a $9,000 siipiilcnient in Cook (k) In addition; judges receive a statutory allowance of approximately $500 in.Iiexi of County. In Indiana, supplements are based on a population sliding scale; in addition, county exiienses. commissioners may increase a judge's salary not to exceed $4,000. In Minnesota, supplement (I) County courts. is $1,500 in counties with a |>opulation of 200,000 or'mure. (ill) Not yet determined. • (b) These jurisdictions pay additional amounts to the Chief Justices of the courts of-last (n) In addition, judges of the Court of Appeals receive $6,000 for expenses, those of the resort. The additional sums are: $500 in Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio. Pennsylvania, Appellate Division (3rd and 4th Departments) $6,500 ($7,500 for Presiding Justice), and Puerto Kico, South Carolina.and Utah; $1,000 in Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Kansas, those of the Supreme Court (3rd and 4th Departnienta) $3,000. Ranges are due to lower Maine, Masaachusetta, Minnesota, Mi-ssissippi, Montana, New Jersey, North Carolina, salaries paid to judges in 3rd and 4th Departments. • Rhode Island, Tennessee. Vermont arid Wisconsin; $1,500 in Virginia'; $2,000 in California; (o) Supreme (Tourt. $2,500 in Arkansas, Louisiana and New 'York; $3,000 in New Hampshire. (p) Including expense allowance. ' "• , (c) In addition, $2,400 expense allowance. In Arkansas, judges may elect to receive actual (()) Courts of common pleas. Variations in salary based on population. In Pennsylvania, exiienses incurred. ' ' ~ ' judges in districts wi.th a jiopulatlon of more than KSO.OOO receive $25,000; those where .(d) Presiding judges of these courts receive an additional $500 in Delaware, Maryland, the population is between 1()0,()00 and 150,000 receive $22,500; and where the population/ Mississippi, New York (3rd and 4th Departments), Pennsylvania and Vermont; SI.000 in is below 100,000, $21,500; Judges of the Coiiimonwealth Court (Daujihin CountyJ receive Massachusetts and Rhode Island; $l,500i n New York (1st and 2nd Departments); $2,000 $27,500. - : f in New^Hampshire. - (r) Salary depends upon length of service'with $600 increment for each two yeara'of/service. (ejt'ourt of Record, Escambia County. .^ (s) Plus $1,500 in lieu of per diem expenses. ' ! (f). Criminal courts. (t) Corijoration, hustings, and law and equity courts. - ' , .

•'^' 120 THE BOOK OF THE STATES TABLE 5 RETIREMENT AND PENSION PROVISIONS FOR JUDGES OF STATE APPELLATE COURTS AND TRIAL COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION Years Amount Amount of State or other • Minimum minimum of judge's jurisdiction age service • annitily contribution Judges to whom applicable 65 . 15 $7.200(a) none Supreme, appeals 65 (b) IS 5,200 none Ciicuit ". Any age 25 5,200 -• none Circuit 70 S(c) up to half pay(e) 5% . Supreme, superior——' 65(d) 10(c,d) up to half pay(e) 5% Supreme, superior 65 12(c) up to H payff) 5% Supreme, appeals, superior Arkansas(g).... 65 15(c) H pay(h,i) 4% Supreme, circuit, chancery 60 to 70 20(c) K pay(h,i,j) 8% Supreme, appeals, superior 60 to 70 10(c) 6S%of pay(h,i,j) . 8% Supreme, appeals, superior Over 70 (c) 50% of pay(h.i.j) 8% Supreme, appeals, superior Colorado 65 10 $3,000-5.000(k) none Supreme 75 20 4,000 -^ none Supreme 80 30 5,000 none Supreme 65 Id rs pay(l) 6% Supreme, district 65 16 H pay(l) 6% Supreme, district Connectlcut(&). 70 " 10 $i pay(m) none Supreme, superior Any age c24(n) 2% of highest 59^ (max. $375 Supreme, superior, chancery salary times number a yr. for 20 yrs.) of years served. Florida(g) ....;. 65 ^ 10(c) .. 3J^%ofaver. 8% Supreme, district courts of appeal, comp. for each year circuit e- . of service (j) 55 10 (o) OCT Supreme, district courts of appeal, circuit 70 10 H pay none Supreme, appeals 65 20 H pay none Supreme J-y •- . Any age 19(c) ii pay .5% Superior - 70 .11(c) H pay 5% Superior HawaiUfi) 55 No minimum up to 75To(j) f>% Supreme, circuit Any age 25 • up to TS%(.}) •6% Supreme, circuit .' , 70 lO(p.q) J^ pay(p,n) 4% - Supreme, district IlHnol8(fi) 60 12(c). M Bay(r) 7}4%(s) Supreme, appellate, circuit . Indiana 65(c) 12(t) . • up toS4.800(u) 5%(v) Supreme, appellate, circuit : - Superior, criminal ' 't. 65 6 . up to J^ of last 4% Supreme, district Any age 25(c) salary (w) 4% • Supreme, district KansasCe) 65 • 10 3M%of pay for 6% Supreme, district . . 70 " 8 each yr. of service 6% Supreme, district 65(c) ' 8 (x) - - 3% Court of appeals, circuit Any age 8 (x.y) Court of appeals, circuit 75-80(c) No minimum (h.z) none Supreme, appeals, district •1 70(c) 20 Full pay(h) none Supreme, appeals, district ' 65(c) 25 (aa) Full pay(h) none Supreme, appeals 65(c) 20 H pay(h) none. Supreme, appeals, district Any age (c] . 23 Ji pay(h) none Supreme, appeals, district Malne(fi)... 70(c) 7 " M pay(i) : none Supreme, superior Maryland (g) 60 No minimum up to $12,000(ab) none Court of appeals, circuit. Supreme Bench of Baltimore ' Massachusett8(g) 70 . 10 J^i'pay none ' . Supreme, superior Mlchlfi«n(g) 70 12 $12,750 7% (max. $1,785) Supreme' 70 12 7.500 7% (max. 1,050) Circuit, recorders 65 16 7.500 7% (max. 1,050) Circuit,-recorders Any age - 30 7.500 77o (max. 1,050) Circuit, recorders Minnesota 65 16(c) J4 pay(ac) none (ad) Supreme 70 • 12(c) H pay(ac) none(ad) Supreme * • . • 70(g) 12(c) H pay none(ad) District Mississippi.. ... 65 15 (ae) 1.65% Supreme, chancery, circuit _ Any age 30 H pay(j.af) 1.65% Supreme, chancery, circuit Missouri 65 • 12 }ri pay(h) none Supreme, appellate, circuit Montana 60 10- (ae) varies (ag) Supreme, district ' ' • Nebraska(g).... 65 (ah) 10 3K% of pay for '*/0 Supreme, district eachyr. of service Nevada. 60 20 fi pay none Supreme, district 60 12 H pay none Supreme, district . , New Hanipshire(fi) 62 No minimum(c) up to H pay(ae) (ai) Supreme, superior New Jersey(e)... 60 25(c) a pay 10% of-^5,000 Supreme, superior 65 10(c) 'A pay". 10% of $5,000 Supreme; superior 70 15 H pay 10% of $5,000 Supreme, superior 70 10 J5pay(k) none County New Mexico. 64 10 H av. ann. salary 6% Supreme, district of last 3 years 60 18 H av. ann. salary 6% Supreme, district of last 3 years New York(g) 60 No minimum up to }'i pay(ae) .Varie3(ag) Court of appeals, appellate, supreme, county . North Carolina. 75 8 ^ pay(h) none Supreme 65 12.(c) H pay(h) none Supreme 65 15(c) Ja pay(H) none Superior Any age 24 . 5^pay(h) none Supreme, superior North Dakota.. 65 varies up to M pay 5% Supreme, district Ohio ... 60 5 . (ae) 7% Supreme, appeals, common pleas 55 •25(aj) (ae) 7% Supreme, appeals, common pleas

Any age 35 (ae) I/O Supreme, appeals, common pleas Oklahoma 65 10 % pay (a) none Supreme, district, superior Any age 20 Ji pay (a) none Supreme, district, superior, crimi­ nal appeals bregon(fi).." 70 12(c) . M pay 7% of salary- ..Supreme, circuit 65 (ak) 16 H pay 7% of salary Supreme, circuit Pennsylvania... Any age 10 varies (ag) varies(ag) • Supreme, superior, common pleas 60 No minimum varies(ag) varies (ag) Supreme, superior, common pleas THE JUDICIARY 121 TABLE 5f-Continued RETIREMENT^AND PENSION PROVISIONS FOR JUDGES OF STATE APPELLATE COURTS; AND TRIAL COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION

Years Amoulnl Amount of Stale or other' Minimum yninimum o/l '• • judge's ' jurisdiction age service annuity contribution Judges to whom applicable Puerto Rlco(g) i. 60 lO(al) . (aU •. ni7o Supreme, superior, district Rhode Island... 7b IS(an) % ppy none Supreme, superior 65 20(an). H vhy none ' Supreme, superior South Carolina. 72 • No minimum $9,000 4% . , Supreme, circuit " • 70 . . .15(c) p.qbo 4%' Supreme, circuit. • • y • 65 20(c) 9.000. 4% • Supreme, circuit ^ • ' . Any age 2S(c) 9.(J0O 4%.: Supreme, icircuit .South Dakota.. 65 15(c) H pay . 4% i - Supreme, circuit 65 24(c) H of last payG) 8% Supreme, appeals, circuit ' OCT' , . 54 30(c) , . varjes(ao) O ,0 Supreme, appeals, circuit TATOAM^" 65 10 5% Supreme, appeals, district Any. age 24 Hn paKy Supreme, appeals, district Utah...... 70(c) 10 J4 P^y up to 7%^ (max^^.° S420 ) Supreme, district S6.dO0(r) Any age (c) 20 H pfiy up to 7% (max. $420) Supreme, district - • • S6.0^(r) i .Vermont(fi)..... 65(ah) 12-18^ -5 pay up to 10.-21%(ap) Supreme, Isuperior 65(ah) 18-24 . 5-^/pay up to 10.21%(ap) Supreme, superior 65 (ah) 24-30 fs/pay . up to 10.21%(ap) Supreme, superior 65 (ah) 30 and over Full pay up to 10.2l%(ap) Supreme,jsuperior ; . Virginia (g).... 65 10 . H pay up to 3%(ap) Supreme,! chancery., circuit, cor­ poration, law and equity, law and chancery, hustings 6orc) 25 M pay up to 39o(ap) Chancery, circuit, corporation • WashlnfitonCg). 70(t) 10 U pay 6}^% Supreme,'superior Any age 18(c.aq) W pay(aq) 6>^% Supreme,lsuperior . Any age 12(c) / (ar) 6H?o Sui)reme, superior West Virginia... 65 16 pi pay 6% Supreme, qircuit : '73 8 H pay. 6% Supreme.-circuit- ' Wisconsin(g)... 55(ah) No minimum i (ae.ah) • (as) Supreme, circuit 65 • 18(at) 40% of salar>'(i.au) none Supreme, district-

(a)' Because the Alabama and Oklahoma constituyioiis pro­ (r) Plus 2H per cent for each year in excess of 12 years' hibit payment of iiensiona, retired judges serve as supernumerary service, with a maximuni of 60 per cent of pay. judges and are subject to call to assist judges in their respective' (s) 7H per cent during the first 18 years (plus 2!^ per cent states. . - I • • . if married); thereafter, 2!/4 per cent if married. (b) 60 if permanently and totally disabled. _ J (t) Judges must contribute to pension system for 16 years. (c) Disabled judges in these states may retire ori pensions Can retire after 12 years by paying up for remaining 4 years. at any age if they have completed the following number of years (u) Pension is 50 per cent of average salary received from: of service: Arizona, 5; Iowa and Oregon, 6; South Carolina and state but not more than $4,800. Virginia (when certified by Supreme Court, at 2/.] pay). 7; (v) S per cent of salary paid by state but not to exceed $500 North Carolina. 8; Florida, New Hampshire, South Dakota, 'annually nor payable for more than 16 years. Tennessee and .Washington, 10; Illinois, Minnesota (Supreme), (w) 3 per cent of average basic salary for his-I^st 3 .years and Utah, 12j Minnesota (District).. 15. In Alaska, 2 years if multiplied byyears of service in one or more of the courts cov­ forced to retire, S years in case of voluntary retirement; in ered. • Georgia disabled Superior Court Judges may retire at 62 after (x) 5 per cent of average compensation during last 5 years 10 years' service; in.Louisiana, at full pay after 20 years; ;if of .service multiplied by number of years of service, not toexceed less, in proiKjrtlon that years of service bear to 2|). but 2/3 100 per cent of.final compensation. minimum. Kctirement pension allowjxl regardless of length of (y) " Equal to annuity upon retirement at age 65 if judge service in Arkansas. California (al 65' per cent of pay), Indiana, elects to have paymeius commence at age 65; if earlier, reduced Kentucky,. Maine, and New Jersey (for Supreme and Sup-^rior actuarially. . Court Judges, at full annuities). . (z) Proportion of salary which years of service bear to 20. (d) Or when age plus years of service equal 75. ^ (aa) Service need not have been on court of record. (e) 4 per cent of salary received per year of service; if pay­ (ab) $750 for each year of service; judges of Court of Appeals ments start before age 65 for reasons other than incapacity, allowed SI00 additional for each year of service up to $13,600. -computed on actuarial basis. (ac) Plus 2 i/i percent of annual .salary for each year in excess (0 Two-thirds of salary after 20 years', service. If fewer of minimum service, but not exceeding 75 per cent of salary. years, proportion that years of service bear to 20. ' (ad) 4 per cent to widows'pension fund. • .'^ • i (g) Failure of judges to retire at 70 causes them to lose all (ae) .Mississippi, Montaila, New Hampshire, New York . pension benctits in Arkansas and Minnesota. In Mhine, rctirer Ohio and Wisconsin—based on length of service. . ' ment must occur before 71st birthday, with 7 ydars service; •, (af) Based on average salary for the 5 years preceoing re­ in Massachusetts, within 30 days after reaching 70. Retirement tirement. compulsory at age 70 in Connecticut, Florida, Ha\jaii, Illinois. (ag) Depending on age. In Pennsylvariia, also on other fac­ Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, New Harnpshire, New tors, including length of service as judge, previous nonjudicial Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Vei-mont, Virginia (judges of state eniployment, average of Salary of best 5 years and retire­ courts of record) and Wisconsin, except that injKansas and- ment plan selectcil. Michigan a judge may complete a term started befbre reaching (ah) Also under Social Security. 70. Ketirement compulsory at age 72 in Iowa, and at age 75 in (ai) Iritegrated state retirement systerh and O.A.S.I. Judges Oregon, Texas, Virginia (Supreme Court Judges) apd Washing­ contribute to retirement systeni 2.81-5.49 per cent on salary of ton. Temporary provisions for incumbents exist »n Arkansas, 51.20O-$4.200; 5.62-10.98 per cent on salary in excess of $4,200. Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Iowa and Massachusetts. Re­ (aj) On a commuted basis. tirement is optional at 65 in Nebraska and Verin'ont.'at 55 in (ak) Judges who cease to hold office before attaining age 65 Wisconsin. // • • and who have served for an aggregate of 16 years may receive (h) Retired judges, with their consent, may be assigned to pension at 65. any'court in Arkan.sas, California and Loiji^Slana; they may be (al) No minimum age require

Justices - . chosen , Name- , *— , • , - • Slate or. of At By , : —Chief Justice '• '• 7-^ . other jurisdiction Court* . large dist. Method of selection^ Term^ i ; ^ ^ \ : __, . ; . : Alabama. S.C. -k .. Popular election 6 yrs. Alaska S.C. iKa) .. Nominated by Judicial Council; Remainder of term as Justice appointed by Governor ' Arizona S.C. •*• .. Selected by Court Unspecified Arkansas. ;. . S.C. -k •• Popular election 8 yrs. California ' S.C, -l: -kiii) ... Appointed by Governor Remainder of term as Justice Colorado. . S.C. |' ' -j*:. .. Appointed by Court-rotation • 1 yr. *', Connecticut S.C. iltCb) ... Nominatedby Gov.,apptd.by Gen. 8 yrs. , , - Assembly '1 Delaware...;..... S.C. i: ^^(c) .. Appointed by Governor, confirmed 12 yrs. , . by Senate Florida...... S.C. -k .. Appobted by Court 2 yrs. Georgia S.C. -k :_.. Appointed by Court Remainder of term as Justice Hawaii S.C. k{c) .. Appointed by Governor with 7 years '. --- consent of Senate • - Idaho ... S.C. k ' •• Justice with shortest time to serve Remainder of term as Justice Illinois S.C. ... -k Appointed by Court-rotation 3 yrs. Indiana S.C. •*• .. Appointed by Court-rotation • 6 mos. Iowa S.C. *(a) .. Selected by Court Remainder of term as Judge Kansas.... S.C. T*:(a) .. Seniority of service Remainder of term as Justice Kentucky; C.A. ' .. -k Seniority of service-rotation 18 mos. Louisiana S.C. .. k Seniority of service Remainder of term as Justice Maine S.J.C. • k(c) .. Appointed by Governor 7 yrs. Maryland ; C.A. .. VKa) Selected by Governor Remainder of term as Judge- Massachusetts .-^ SJ.C. -kic) .. Appointed by Governor Life Michitian S.C. -jlr .. Appointed by Court Pleasure of Court ' • Minnesota S.C. k •• Popular election . 6 yrs. • Mississippi • S.C. .. -k Seniority of service (Remainder of term as Justice Missouri... S.C. kM .'. Appointed by Court-rotation 2 yrs, Montana S.C. -k .. Popular^^^lection - 6 yrs. Nebraska ,. S.C. .. •A'(a,d)'Popular election 6 yrs. Nevada ..; S.C. -k •• Seniority of service-rotation 2 yrs. New Hampshire... S.C. •(c) .. Appointed by Governor and Council To age 70 New Jersey S.C. -kic) , • • Appointed by Governor with consent 7 yrs. with reappointment for of Senate life New Mexico S.C. ^r .. v Justice with shortest t^rm to serve Remainder of term as Justice New York C.A. -k .. ' Popular election 14 yrs. North Carolina.... S.C. •*• .. Popular election ' 8 yrs. North Dakota S.C.,. kr .. Justice with shortest term to serve 2 yrs. Ohio. .." S.C. k •• Popular election 6 yrs. Oklahoma... . S.C. i*r(e) . k(e:) Appointed by Court 2 yrs. Oregon... ;.. S.C, k •• Majority vote of members of 6 yrs. . ', Supreme Court Pennsylvania S.C. •*• ^ .. Justice with shortest time to serve Remainder of term as Justice Puerto Rico...... S.C. Tk^(c) .. , Appointed by Governor with To age 70 '.'• consent of Senate Rhode Island S.C. k{i) .• Elected by Legisbture • Life South Carolina... S.C. *(f) .. Elected by General Assembly 10 yrs. South Dakota..... S.C. .. 'k Appointed by Court-rotation 1 yr. Tennessee...... S.C. kig) •• Appointed by Court Pleasure of Court Texas..;..... S:C. k .. Popular election 6 yrs. Utah S.C. kc .. Justice with shortest time to serve Remainder of term as Justice Vermont S.C. kiO .. • Elected by General Assembly 2 yrs. Virginia S.C.A. kiO .. Seniority of service ., Remiainder of term as Justice Washington...... S.C. * .. Appointed by Court-rotation 2 yrs. West.Virginia..... • S.C.A. ; •*• .. Appointed by Court-rotation . 1 yr. Wisconsin S.C. -jlr .. Seniority of service Remainder of term as Justice Wyoming. .... 'S.C. ,.,^,„„V!r •... • Justice with shortest time to serve Remainder of term as Justice 'Explanation of symbols: (b) Justices are nominated by.Governor, appointed by Gen- S. C. Supreme Court. eral Assembly. C. A. Court of Appeals. (c) Justices are appointed by GoYemor. with consent of Sen- S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. ' ate; in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire with consent of S. C. A. Supreme Court of Appeals. Council; tMethod of selection and term aa Chief Justice rather than (d) Chief Justice is chosen at large, term as Justice on the Court. (e) Nominated by district, elected at large. ; (a) Justices originally ai>pointcd by Governor, elected sub- (f) Justices are elected by legislature. sequently. For details, see Table 3. (g) Juaticea. are chosen at large (each voter may vote for five) but not more than two may'reside in any one of the three geographical regions of the state. , '^

THE JUDICIART 123

• TABLE 7 • " SELECTED DATA ON COURT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES • •"" • • "— , " t — .^ -'" '''••'••'.. / • • • Year of . Slate or other jurisdiction ' Title / ' .. eslablishment Alaska. ;,...... Administrative Director / ' .' ' 1959 Arizona. Administrative Director / : ' ' I960 Arkansas...... ' .. Executive Secretar>% Judicial Department / • 1965 California...... AdnAiistrative Director of the Courts / I960 Colorado. Judicial .Administrator * ' 1959 Connecticut Executive Secretary, Judicial Department 1937 Hawaii... :. Administrative Director ' ' 1959 Illinois.' Administrative Director • '^ • •. 1959"7 Iowa..... ,;..'... Judicial Department Statistician ... 1955 Kansas..: Judicial."Administrator 1965 Kentucky Administrative Director of the Courts 1954 Louisiana ..."...... , Judicial Administrator '—' .1954 Maryland..: ...- Director, Administrative Office of the Courts 1955 Massachusetts E.xecutive Secretary, Supreme Judicial Court for the Commonwealth • 1956 Michigan.. :. Court Administrator . 1953 Minnesota...... ;.... -Administrative Assistant to the Supreme Court 1963 Missouri....- • Executive Secretary, Judicial Conference (a) • 1943 ,. New Jersey: :...,..;.'.. Administrative Director of the Courts .1948 New Mexico .....; Court Administrator , - 1959 New York State .Administrator and Secretary, Judicial Conference of Xew York 1955' - and Administrative Board . ". North Carolina Director, Administrative Office of the Courts" .1965 North Dakota , Secretary, Judicial Council (a) ...... 1927 Ohio.. -. Administrative .Assistant to the Supreme Court 1955 Oregon Administrative Assistant to the. Chief Justice 1953 Puerto Rico ..;.... Administrative Director, Office of Court Administration 1952 Rhode Island..., Administrative Clerk, Judicial Department " "" 1952 • Tennessee...... Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court ;•'. 1964 Virginia .' ; ' Executive Secretary, Supreme Court of Appeals -•— , 1952 Washington Administrator for the Courts . 1957 Wisconsin...... • Court Administrator 1962- U.S. Courts Director, Adriiinistrative Office of the United States Courts • 1939 (a) The Judicial Councils in Missouri and North Dakota are included because their staffs perform.some of the same functions •performed by court administrative officers.

-t. > 124 THE BOOK OF THE STATES

. TABLE 8 SELECTED DATA ON COURT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES

Appropriation for Admi)iistralor administrative office Statfor , : >' '•— Salary Amount] Period other jurisdiction Appointed by* Alaska: CJ(a) ; $21,000 •(b) b) Arizona.. - SC •• 12.500 (b) . • (b). •• Arkansas.. CJ(c) 15.000 $ 64.438 • 7/1/65-6/30/67 California .,; JC 30,000 540,411(d) 7/1/65-6/30/66 Colorado SC 14,400 38.921 7/1/63-6/30/64 Connecticut.. (e^ All 12,040-J5,880 160,000 7/1/65-6/30/66 Hawaii. CJ(a) ' 15.800 52,149 7/1/65-6/30/66 Illinois...... SC .25.000 628,121 7/1/65-6/30/67 iowa ...... SC serve ' 15.500 26,284(f) 7/1/64^/30/65 Kansas SC 12,500(g) 25,001 7/1/65-6/30/66 Kentucky...;...... SC 17,000 .(b) •(b) Louisiana.. JC 15,000' «• 47,500 7/1/64-6/30/65 Maryland.... CJ at 21,600 • 60,503 7/1/65-6/30/66 Massachusetts SC rt.ooo 40,940 -7/1/63-6/30/64 Michigan...... SC 155.961 7/1/65H3/30/66 20,000 25,000 7/1/65-6/30/66 Minnesota..' . SC" 16.500 Missouri. SC pleasure 6.800 19,310(h) 7/1/63-6/30/65 New Jersey.'.. CJ 20,000, 227,922(i) . 7/1/64-6/30/65 New Mexico. : SC (J) .11.000 7/1/63-6/30/64 NewYork (k)' of • 34,500 928,173 4/1/65-3/31/66 North Carolina...... v CJ . • 19.500 100.000 7/1/65-6/30/66 North Dakota , SC . - (1) None (rn) Ohio..../..;... ;4 SC C'O (b) (b) Oregon.^'. ..•.....'..... ' CJ . appointing 12,600- Not available Puerto Ricb. CJ 16.000 . 339,560 771/63-6/30/64 Rhode Islififid (o) 10,530-12,194 20,000 7/1/64-6/30/65 Tennessee.'i SC 17,500 50.000 -7/1/65-6/30/66 Virginia...?.. . SC 15i000 29,360 7/1/65-6/30/66 >^\ Washington..'. SC{p) authority 15,000 78,800 7/1/63-6/30/65 Wisconsin ... SC up to 20,000 (b). . • (b) . U.S. Courts.. SC 27,000 • 1,800,000 7/1/65-6/30/66 "*SC: The.state's court of last resort; CJ: The Chief Justice , (f) Supported by a special trust fund derived from receipts or Chief Judge of the state's court of last-resort; JC: Judicial from a 3i>ecial tiling and docketing fee in the district courts. Council. (g) Also serves as Clerk of Supreme Court and receives sepa­ tAppropriations for the various offices are not necessarily rate compensation for both i>ositions. comparable because of variations in the time periods covered (h).Appropriation for administraiive.'office only. and the purposes of the appropriations. In some states amounts (i) .No separate appropriation for administrative office.- shown include appropriations fOr travel and expenses of trial .Amount listed is expenditure for salaries.. court judges. (j) Receives salary as Clerk of Supreme Court. '^ \' (a) With approvalof Supreme Court. . (k! Appointed by the Administrative Board upon nominiyion '\ (b) Not segregated from general appropriation of court of by Chairman, who is Chief Judge. last resort. (1) Also serves as State Law Librarian. -. . (c) With approval of Judicial Council. (m) State. Bar has given $300. ' (d) Total appropriation for Judicial Council, including (n) Discretion of the Court. .)\ Administrative Office of the Courts. (o) Appointed by Presiding Justice of Superior Court in his . (e) Chief Court Administrator—an Associate Justice of the capacity as administrative judge. '^ . Supreme Court. (p) Appointed from list of hve. submitted by the Governor.

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