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CCUS in the U.S. CCUS: the role of U.S. leadership A roadmap to at-scale CCUS deployment in the U.S. Options for negative carbon emissions in California

Mar / Apr 2020 Issue 74 ION Clean Energy - a billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050

CO2 DataShare launches open, digital data sharing portal Rice lab turns carbon rich waste into valuable graphene flakes BP, Eni, Equinor, Shell and Total form Net Zero Teesside consortium CCUS only pathway to achieving net-zero emissions in the cement industry CCJ 74_Layout 1 03/03/2020 12:50 Page 2

Projects & Policy Bellona report: North European cities aim at zero emissions with CCUS

Together with The Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance (CNCA) NIRAS and five Northern European capitals, Bellona has launched a report, “Cities Aim at Zero Emissions: How carbon capture, storage and utilisation can help cities go carbon neutral”

The report overviews the latest CCS and The report demon- CCU technologies, the current progress made strates how cities can be by the five cities, and business models and vi- infrastructural hubs for ability analytics. Additionally, it reviews the new climate technolo- current EU funding opportunities available gies and how cities can for cities and develops recommendations for ensure that new inno- cities interested in implementing these emis- vations enter the mar- sions-reducing technologies. ket. The climate leadership of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Stock- Copenhagen, Helsinki, holm and Oslo are examining the latest CCS Stockholm and Oslo, as and CCU technologies to go carbon neutral. an example, is acceler- Though rarely discussed in the cities context, ating innovation and these technologies will be necessary if cities increasing clean invest- are to live up to the Paris Agreement and ment in their cities. achieve their ambitious climate targets. ARC is investigating the possiblity of capturing CO2 from the Amager “In identifying the potential for and barriers Background on Bakke waste-to-energy plant in the city of Copenhagen (Photo: Amager to CCSU on a city-scale, this research gives CCS and CCU Resource Center/Ehrhorn/Hummerston) cities a better understanding of how to make decisions related to CCS and CCU technolo- Technology gy. To get to carbon neutrality well before Carbon capture tech- 2050, cities need to understand all of the op- nologies are not a far-off solution. They’re al- solutions and their technological readiness tions available and risks associated with them, ready in operation. Nineteen facilities are cur- level, which info can be utilized as the city which this important five-city effort, led by rently implemented globally and four more and city-owned energy company seek to Copenhagen, helps address.” said Johanna are under construction. They capture and achieve carbon neutrality by 2035 through Partin, Director of CNCA. store roughly 25 million tonnes CO2 annual- various set of measures” said Esa Nikunen, ly, and this number is expected to increase to General Director at City of Helsinki. about 40 million tonnes CO2 annually as new Why Cities Are Investing in projects come online. Although no perfect recipe exists, this report CCS and CCU includes recommendations for public author- “City cooperation on large-scale CO2 trans- ities willing to engage with these carbon cap- Today, cities account for 75% of global CO2 port and storage infrastructure will bring ture technologies. emissions and therefore have a huge responsi- down costs. It will also create confidence that bility related to reducing their climate impact these cities and regions will remain an attrac- The report overviews how the cities are map- and setting the pathway towards a fossil free tive long-term location for industry that will ping their own emissions; assessing the viabil- society. While many cities are setting ambi- face increasingly strict requirements for cli- ity of carbon capture, transport and storage; tious climate targets, it will become difficult mate action” concluded Olav Øye, Senior accessing funding; and using public procure- to reach carbon neutrality with existing mea- Adviser for CO2 Capture and Storage – The ment to establish a first market for clean sures and within cities’ spheres of influence. Bellona Foundation. products.

Heidi Sørensen, Director of Climate Agency in Norway mentioned in fact that “Oslo’s tar- Lessons Learned, City to City get to reduce emissions by 95% in 2030 de- More information pends on CCS of our waste incineration “Helsinki has learned a great deal about the www.bellona .org plant. This report underlines the potential for current situation and experiences of other CCS and CCU in cities and on waste inciner- northern reference cities in CCS/CCU issues. carbonneutralcities.org ation in particular.” The most important information has been the www.niras.com potential and realism of the various technical

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Contents

Leaders - CCUS in the U.S.

ION Clean Energy looks to capture one billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050 ION Clean Energy is looking to validate promising CO2 capture economics with a FEED study and has an ambitious plan to capture one billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050 ...... 2

CCUS: the role of U.S. innovation leadership in commercialisation A paper by Lee Beck, Senior Advisor for Advocacy and Communications at the Global CCS Institute, concludes that the USA is in a prime position to commercialise CCUS . 6 Mar / Apr 2020 Issue 74 A roadmap to at-scale deployment of CCUS in the United States Carbon Capture Journal A draft National Petroleum Council report finds that CCUS is essential to provide energy while addressing climate change at the lowest cost ...... United House, North Road, London N7 9DP 7 www.carboncapturejournal.com Tel +44 (0)208 150 5295 Projects study CO2 geological storage Virginia Tech scientists are working on two nationally funded projects to study CO2 Editor geological storage ...... 8 Keith Forward Report outlines ways California could become carbon neutral by 2045 [email protected] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists have identified a robust suite of technologies to help California become carbon neutral by 2045 ...... 9 Publisher Future Energy Publishing NETL project validates geologic storage of CO2 Karl Jeffery NETL-backed Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership demonstrates the ability to reduce [email protected] carbon dioxide emissions and enhance the efficiency of oil production ...... 10 Subscriptions Projects and policy [email protected] CCUS only pathway to achieving net-zero emissions in the cement industry Advertising & Sponsorship Carbon capture is an essential technology that can achieve the goal of net zero David Jeffries emissions. By Ian Riley and Manon Burbidge, World Cement Association ...... 12 Tel +44 (0)208 150 5293 [email protected] Atkins report calls for energy ‘sea change’ to achieve UK Net Zero The government’s Net Zero 2050 target won’t be achieved without substantial changes to the UK’s energy mix including an urgent boost to CCS ...... 14 Carbon Capture Journal is your one stop BP, Eni, Equinor, Shell and Total form Net Zero Teesside consortium information source for new technical BP, Eni, Equinor, Shell and Total assume leadership of the Net Zero Teesside project, developments, opinion, regulatory and with BP as operator, transitioning the project from OGCI Climate Investments ...... research activity with carbon capture, 15 transport and storage. Capture and utilisation Carbon Capture Journal is delivered on print and pdf version to a total of 6000 New screening processes will help accelerate carbon capture research people, all of whom have requested to University of Alberta researchers are helping make carbon capture more efficient, receive it, including employees of power screening 120,000 carbon capturing solids in hours—instead of thousands of years . 17 companies, oil and gas companies, government, engineering companies, Standardized testing eliminates amine-based CCS barriers consultants, educators, students, and The International CCS Knowledge Centre is in the process of developing a skid – a suppliers. portable testing apparatus, that is expected to be ready to launch in Q4 2020 ...... 18 Subscriptions: £250 a year for 6 issues. LAUNCH project and Biobe: moulding the future of carbon capture To subscribe, please contact Karl Jeffery LAUNCH is a three-year project aimed at accelerating the implementation of on subs carboncapturejournal.com @ CO2 capture across industry and enabling the development of novel solvents ...... 20 Alternatively you can subscribe online at www.d-e-j.com/store Rice lab turns carbon rich waste into valuable graphene flakes A new process can turn bulk quantities of just about any carbon source into graphene Front cover: flakes at less cost than other processes ...... 21 The conceptual 300 MW CO2 capture island and Transport and storage supporting balance of plant. ION CO2 DataShare launches open, digital data sharing portal Clean Energy is CO2 DataShare has launched a web-based digital portal for sharing reference datasets looking to validate from pioneering CO2 storage projects ...... 24 promising CO2 capture economics CO2CRC Otway Stage 2C project delivers first results with a FEED The project has provided important findings into migration and monitoring of carbon study (pg. 2) dioxide injected underground ...... 25 Carbon capture journal (Print) ISSN 1757-1995 carbon capture journal - Mar - Apr 2020 1 Carbon capture journal (Online) ISSN 1757-2509 CCJ 74_Layout 1 03/03/2020 12:50 Page 2

Leaders CCUS in the United States ION Clean Energy looks to capture one billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050

ION Clean Energy is looking to validate promising CO2 capture economics with a FEED study and has an ambitious plan to capture one billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050.

ION Clean Energy, founded in 2008 with a mission to identify, develop, and commercialize a novel, low-cost carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technology, has recently set a target of capturing one billion tonnes of CO2 by 2050 from large utility and industrial sources.

While this target may seem ambitious, aspira- tions such as these are critical in order to have a significant impact on global CO2 levels. Many of the largest companies around the world have set aggressive net-zero CO2 targets, and ION stands poised to help them de- carbonize their direct and/or indirect emissions from stationary point sources.

ION’s ICE-21 Technology Development

ION has demonstrated the application of their technology at increasing developmental scales through multiple U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Labora- tory (DOE/NETL) funded programs. This started with a proof-of-principle campaign where they tested on both coal and natural gas-fired flue gas at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center at the 0.05 MWe scale.

In 2015, ION performed parametric and steady-state operations at the National Car- bon Capture Center’s (NCCC) Pilot Solvent Figure 1 - The conceptual 300 MW CO2 capture island and supporting balance of plant systems Test Unit, a 0.5 MWe coal-fired post-combustion testing facility located in Wilsonville, Alabama. As a result of the successful test campaign at NCCC, ION continued towards commercialization with a 6-month test cam- data gathered from the TCM campaign vali- cial scale process model predicts a specific re- paign at the CO2 Technology Centre dated the ION process model under various boiler duty less than 2.4 MJ/kg-CO2 (1,060 Mongstad’s (TCM) 12 MWe Amine Plant in operational settings. Building on the results BTU/lb-CO2). Norway. of these test campaigns and utilizing the vali- dated process model, ION has implemented In addition to lower energy usage, ION’s sol- ION conducted a comprehensive and pro- process improvements that take advantage of vent has consistently maintained CO2 cap- ductive campaign at TCM, totaling 2,750 their advanced solvent to reduce energy con- ture targets for long operational periods with hours of testing, while capturing over 14,000 sumption and optimize the system to achieve no indication of accelerated breakdown rates tonnes of CO2. Furthermore, the parametric a low cost of capture. The resulting commer- and has demonstrated excellent material com-

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CCUS in the United States Leaders

patibility against corrosion coupons of typical * materials of construction. Furthermore, * < '& ION’s solvent outperformed the TCM 2015 baseline with approximately 70% fewer emis- 3 C7< C sions when testing on flue gas from a natural - , gas source. 0 6%; ; 4 8 %D77 The ICE-21 solvent technology builds upon decades-old gas treatment engineering funda- 4 43B C71 < C( mentals which, when combined with the E //' C1D < C( lessons learned and experience gained during 8! //' C D< C( the development and demonstration phase, , /3B C C( results in a low-risk, solvent-specific opti- mized process. Based upon independent tech- , 4 C5D $ C( no-economic-analyses (TEA) performed by , 4 /3 $;8 1 D ( Sargent & Lundy LLC, in which ICE-21 C<5%5 C( was compared to the Shell Cansolv DOE- % BBS base case, ION’s system demonstrated more than 20% reduction in the cost of CO2 capture. Table 1 – Cost of capture calculations for the pre-FEED study

Capture Costs for 300 MW

ION has recently completed a preliminary architectural design), while also designing the gy places ICE-21 among the lowest cost Front-End Engineering Design (pre- subsystems that supply the necessary steam, commercially available CO2 capture solvent FEED), targeting the development of an electricity, cooling water, and conditioned technologies in the CO2 capture space. Fig- AACE Class 3 cost estimate (-20/+30%), for flue gas. Supplemental studies were investi- ure 2 compares ION’s levelized cost of cap- a 300 MW CO2 Capture facility retrofitted gated by the project team which included ture at commercial scale to both direct air onto an existing coal-fired power station. identifying quantities and supply of com- capture and currently operating commercial modities required, review of permitting re- installations. The project was supported with funding by quirements, a constructability review, and a DOE/NETL and was performed in collabo- preliminary hazard and operability study. The As a result of this work, ION has recently ration with the host site, Nebraska Public conceptual 300 MW CO2 capture island and been awarded further funding from Power District’s Gerald Gentleman Station. supporting balance of plant systems is repre- DOE/NETL to continue developing this ION designed the CO2 carbon capture sys- sented in Figure 1. project through a FEED study targeting an tem with support from Koch Modular Pro- AACE Class 2 cost estimate. ION will lead cess Systems, who produced engineering de- One of the primary deliverables from the the same project team to continue into this liverables and costed the capture equipment. study was the AACE Class 3 Engineering, new study, at the same generation unit, but Siemens provided vendor support and de- Procurement and Construction (EPC) cost will scale-up the capture island to process the signed the compression system utilizing their for the CO2 island and integration, which is full 700 MW of flue gas generated at maxi- supersonic compressors, the DATUM-S. $438,000,000. As shown in Table 1, these mum capacity. The capture facility will be Sargent & Lundy LLC (S&L) completed the capital costs are annualized and combined comprised of two 350 MW capture trains and balance of plant design and engineering for with the operating and maintenance costs to is expected to generate approximately 4.3 mil- the integration of the carbon capture system determine the total annual cost of the capture lion tonnes of CO2 per year at an 85% capac- with the station. Additionally, S&L compiled facility required to remove, treat, and com- ity factor. all the costing data to generate the CAPEX, press one tonne of CO2. OPEX, and cost of capture deliverables. A conservative interest rate of 7.0% was used Looking to the Future The engineering design effort incorporated based on interest rates utilized by S&L for tens of thousands of engineering hours to this level of study and a financing term of 20 s a result of the 45Q tax incentives, ION has complete the design tasks that are required to years. The 300 MW facility will capture 1.9 begun building consortiums of subject matter achieve the Class 3 cost estimate. These tasks million tonnes of CO2 per year, when utiliz- experts, e.g., engineering, construction, fi- include generating process design deliverables ing an 85% capacity factor, resulting in a cost nancing, utilization, and sequestration, as such as a process flow diagram, process mod- of capture for the CO2 island of ION recognizes that the development of el, heat and mass balances, piping and instru- $36.60/tonne. Applying an interest rate of CCUS projects is likely to be complex and mentation diagrams, equipment specifica- 4.5%, which is supported by historical rates time is of the essence in order to achieve the tions, and utility demands. for previous large capital projects in the power 45Q, December 31, 2023 deadline. With the industry, further reduces the cost of capture to support of these partnerships, ION is cur- The balance of plant engineering tasks cov- $32.50/tonne. rently initiating feasibility studies in order to ered the necessary work for integration of the have multiple projects meet the 45Q dead- capture facility (foundational, structural, and Recent economic analyses of ION’s technolo- line.

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Leaders CCUS in the United States

While control of CO2 emissions has been largely focused on coal-fired power stations, 4" #$$# increasing scrutiny is being felt in other sec- %)*' tors of the carbon economy where emitters 4" #$$# ! with lower concentrations of CO2 in their 4 4 flue gases are surpassing coal-fired emissions in the U.S. on an annual basis. Natural gas $ 4+! ,4- fired power, as well as industrial sources, are %(' !4 4 increasingly becoming more attractive host sites for CCUS given the relatively young age of the facilities as well as the high capacity 4 factors.

%' ION plans to deploy its technology broadly across these industries, targeting facilities with strategic initiatives to reduce their car- 4+! ,4- bon footprint and/or significant remaining lifetime on their assets. ION will be prioritiz- %&' ing targets based on host plant characteristics as well as proximity to existing CO2 &'' &''* &''( &')' &')& &') &')* &')( &'&' &'&& &'& &'&* &'&( &' ' &' & &' &' * pipelines, local EOR utilization opportunities and/or permanent sequestration sites. In addition, ION is also investigating opportunities for sites who could utilize captured CO2 Figure 2 – Cost of capture for direct air capture compared to currently operating and proposed as a feed stock for chemical and biological commercial-scale post-combustion capture projects processes, many of which represent higher value products than EOR. facility, thereby minimizing costs and impact begin our drive to capture one billion tonnes Endeavoring to reduce the substantial costs to the CO2 producer. Alfred “Buz” Brown, of CO2 by 2050.” facing many host sites and in order to take ad- CEO of ION recently stated: “The introduc- vantage of financial incentives such as 45Q, tion of 45Q tax credits creates significant op- ION has also developed business relation- portunities for large scale, commercial imple- More information ships whereby they can facilitate the financ- mentation of CO2 capture technologies. ioncleanenergy.com ing, ownership and operation of the capture Now is the time to launch these efforts and to

U.S. news

Consortium studies feasibility “OLCV is dedicated to advancing low-carbon nerships,” LafargeHolcim CEO Jan Jenisch of capturing and storing CO2 solutions that will enhance Occidental's busi- said. “LafargeHolcim has significantly invested from Colorado cement plant ness while reducing emissions," OLCV Presi- in the development of low-carbon solutions. dent Richard Jackson said. “Participating in Collaborating with Svante, OLCV and Total, svanteinc.com this study aligns with our goals of finding an we expect to realize a successful U.S. carbon- www.lafargeholcim.com economical pathway toward large-scale appli- capture project in the near future.” www.oxy.com cation of carbon-capture technologies to reduce emissions.” “Svante’s capital cost advantage, combined Svante, LafargeHolcim, Oxy Low Carbon with progressive tax credit policies such as the Ventures and Total have launched a joint The carbon-capture facility under review will 45Q tax credit in the U.S., can make carbon study to assess the viability and design of a employ Svante’s technology to capture carbon capture profitable across a range of large-scale commercial-scale carbon-capture facility at directly from industrial sources at half the cap- industrial applications like cement,” said the Holcim Portland Cement Plant in Col- ital cost of existing solutions. Occidental, the Claude Letourneau, president and CEO of orado. industry leader in CO2 management and stor- Svante Inc. age, would sequester the captured CO2 . Pair- The study will evaluate the cost of the facility ing carbon capture from a cement plant with This joint initiative follows the recently- designed to capture up to 725,000 tonnes of CO2 sequestration is a significant step forward launched Project CO2MENT between carbon dioxide per year directly from the La- for the cement industry in reducing its carbon Svante, LafargeHolcim and Total in Canada fargeHolcim cement plant, which would be se- footprint. at the Lafarge Richmond cement plant, where questered underground permanently by Occi- progress has been made towards re-injecting dental. “Being at the forefront of the low-carbon tran- captured CO2 into concrete. sition requires continuous innovation and part-

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CCUS in the United States Leaders

NETL supported Petra Nova project celebrates three years of sustainable operation netl.doe.gov The world’s largest operating post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture system Petra Nova celebrates its third anniversary Jan. 10, 2020.

The project, supported by the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil En- ergy and administered by NETL, is demonstrating how carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies can economically support the flexibility and sustainability of fossil fuels at commercial scale.

Owned and operated by NRG Energy Inc. Petra Nova applies carbon capture technology to an existing unit at the coal-fired W.A. Parish and JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration Generating Station (Image: ©NRG Energy) Corporation, Petra Nova is located southwest of Houston Texas and applies carbon capture technology to an existing unit at the coal- fired W.A. Parish Generating Station. The guidance addresses the definition of "be- NETL infographic highlights Commencing operation in 2017, the Petra ginning of construction" and provides a safe advanced manufacturing Nova project addresses capture and beneficial harbor for partnership allocations of the credit. www.netl.doe.gov reuse of CO2 from coal-based electricity production. The project uses an advanced amine- After the enactment of the Bipartisan Budget NETL has released an informative carbon based process to capture CO2, which is then Agreement in February 2018, the IRS issued capture infographic that highlights the role of compressed, dried, and transported for en- Notice 2019-32 requesting comments from advanced manufacturing in driving down cap- hanced oil recovery (EOR) at the West taxpayers regarding the changes to the carbon ture costs and how it can improve process per- Ranch Oil Field in Jackson County, Texas, to capture credit in the new law. After carefully formance (see back page). boost oil production. considering the comments, the IRS is issuing guidance to provide clarity, especially regard- Additive manufacturing, using 3D printing, Using the Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide ing the definition of "beginning of construc- enables the development of components for Recovery (KM-CDR) Process©, the Petra tion." carbon capture equipment that intensify heat Nova project is designed to capture approxi- and mass transfer, improve process perfor- mately 90% of the CO2 from a 240- In Notice 2020-12, the IRS provides guidance mance and reduce overall equipment size, low- megawatt equivalent flue gas slipstream — to help businesses determine when construc- ering capital and operating costs. which is approximately 1.6 million tons of tion has begun on a qualified facility or on car- CO2 per year (assuming an 85% availability). bon capture equipment that may be eligible for The Lab manages a vast portfolio of carbon the carbon capture credit. This notice provides capture research and development projects that Since beginning operations in January 2017, broad guidance in lieu of taxpayers requesting are successfully reducing costs to ensure the Petra Nova has captured more than 3.9 mil- private letter rulings in this area. availability of clean, reliable and affordable en- lion short (U.S.) tons of CO2 and West ergy from America’s abundant domestic re- Ranch Oil Field has produced more than 4.2 In Revenue Procedure 2020-12, the IRS cre- sources. million barrels of oil through EOR. ates a safe harbor for the allocation rules for carbon capture partnerships similar to the safe In support of these projects, the Lab has pub- harbors developed for partnerships receiving lished a series of infographics that explains the IRS gives clarity on carbon the wind energy production tax credit and the structure of the Carbon Capture Program, il- rehabilitation credit. The safe harbor simplifies lustrates its impact and highlights the achieve- capture tax credit the application of carbon capture credit rules to ments of notable projects. www.irs.gov partnerships able to claim the credit. This most recent graphic outlines three pro- The Internal Revenue Service has issued ini- The IRS anticipates issuing further guidance jects that are using 3D printing to produce tial guidance to help businesses understand in the near future on issues ranging from secure rapid protypes with the potential to capture how legislation passed in 2018 may benefit geological storage to utilization to recapture of CO2 more efficiently and economically. those claiming carbon capture credits. the credit for those claiming credits for carbon capture.

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Leaders CCUS in the United States CCUS: the role of U.S. innovation leadership in commercialisation

A paper by Lee Beck, Senior Advisor for Advocacy and Communications at the Global CCS Institute, concludes that the USA is in a prime position to commercialise CCUS technology.

As of November 2019, more than half of global large-scale CCS facilities are in the USA, thanks to a history of sustained government support for the technologies, says Lee Beck in the paper, “Carbon capture and storage in the USA: the role of US innovation leadership in climate-technology commercialization” published in Clean Energy.

Recently, the USA has seen a raft of new developments on the policy and project side sig- naling a reinvigorated push to commercialize the technology. Analysing these recent developments using a policy-priorities framework for CCS commercialization developed by the Global CCS Institute, the paper assesses the USA’s position to lead large-scale deployment of CCS technologies to commercialization. and pressure to maintain extremely low ener- through government involvement, clarifying It concludes that the USA is in a prime posi- gy prices. liability and regulatory questions, and en- tion due to the political economic characteris- abling the build-out of pipelines between tics of its energy economy, resource wealth However whilst the USA certainly evidences emissions clusters and storage hubs and facil- and innovation-driven manufacturing sector. a very advanced policy incentive and infras- ities. tructure framework, not least because it also As such, US leadership on the deployment of hosts the most facilities globally, conditions Moreover, creative incentive structures to re- CCS technologies would make significant for large-scale CCS deployment on the scale duce emissions in the industrial sector are contributions to the world reaching its cli- necessary to meet climate goals remain in- needed, as is an innovative business model for mate and sustainable-development goals. complete. CO2 transport and storage.

It would also contribute to reducing the cost The latest movements in terms of policy de- Finally, if the USA can accelerate the deploy- of CCS, a technology that is essential to velopment in the USA provide a promising ment of CCS technologies accelerating the meeting climate goals and enabling technolo- outlook, particularly with the implementation cost-reduction process, similarly to what Ger- gy deployment abroad. of 45Q and further initiatives to address in- many has done for solar and Great Britain for frastructure shortcomings, access to afford- offshore wind, this would not only reduce the The paper seeks to provide an overview of able private capital and storage characteriza- collective-action problem that climate change CCS deployment in the USA while assessing tion. represents, but also bring the world closer to the maturity of the US deployment frame- tackling its global emissions problem. work, including policies and infrastructure. Including CCS in regional carbon markets and transition from renewable- to clean-energy standards can further increase policy sup- Conclusions port for CCS deployment. Further priorities include an emphasis on project deployment The paper concludes that the USA provides enabling technology optimization through More information ideal preconditions to commercialize CCS more investment in demonstration projects, www.globalccsinstitute.com technologies due to its strong dependence on fossil fuels and manufacturing, coupled with possibly by the government itself. Emphasis academic.oup.com/ce an innovation-based economy and a desire should also be placed on reducing risk

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CCUS in the United States Leaders A roadmap to at-scale deployment of CCUS in the United States

A draft National Petroleum Council report, “Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Deployment of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage” finds that CCUS is essential to meeting the dual challenge of providing affordable, reliable energy while addressing the risks of climate change at the lowest cost.

Secretary of Energy Rick Perry requested the National Petroleum Council’s (NPC) advice on actions needed to deploy commercial CCUS technologies at scale into the U.S. energy and industrial marketplace. Achieving this objective will promote economic growth, create domestic jobs, protect the environment, and enhance energy security.

The response to the request required a study that considered technology options and readi- !" ness, market dynamics, cross-industry integration and infrastructure, legal and regulatory is- # sues, policy mandates, economics and financing, environmental impact, and public accep- $%& ' $( ' $%(& ' $(& tance. The effort involved over 300 partici- pants from diverse backgrounds and organiza- tions, 67% of whom are employed by organi- zations outside of the oil and natural gas industry. 10 Year RD&D Funding Levels Recommended by NPC Study on CCUS

The Council found in this “Roadmap to At- Scale Deployment of CCUS” that as global economies and populations continue to grow expanding current policies and developing a cil’s following recommendations for engaging and prosper, the world faces the dual challenge durable legal and regulatory framework could stakeholders: of providing affordable, reliable energy while enable a second phase of CCUS projects (i.e., addressing the risks of climate change. 75 to 85 Mtpa) within the next 15 years. • Government, industry, and associated coali- Widespread CCUS deployment is essential to tions should design policy and public engage- meeting this dual challenge at the lowest cost. Achieving CCUS deployment at scale (i.e., ment opportunities to facilitate open discus- additional 350 to 400 Mtpa) within the next sion, simplify terminology, and build confi- The United States is uniquely positioned as 25 years, will require substantially increased dence that CCUS is a safe and secure means the world leader in CCUS and has substantial support driven by national policies. In addi- of managing emissions. capability to drive widespread deployment. tion, substantially increased government and The United States currently deploys approxi- private research, development, and demon- • The oil and natural gas industry should re- mately 80% of the world’s carbon dioxide stration (RD&D) is needed to improve main committed to improving its environ- (CO2) capture capacity. However, the 25 mil- CCUS performance, reduce costs, and ad- mental performance and the continued devel- lion tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of CCUS ca- vance alternatives beyond currently deployed opment of environmental safeguards. pacity represents less than 1% of the U.S. technology. CO2 emissions from stationary sources. • Commensurate with the level of policy en- Increasing understanding and confidence in actment being recommended, the oil and nat- The study lays out a pathway through three CCUS as a safe and reliable technology is es- ural gas industry should continue its invest- phases of deployment—activation, expansion, sential for public and policy stakeholder sup- ment in CCUS. and at-scale—that supports the growth of port. The oil and natural gas industry is CCUS over the next 25 years, and details rec- uniquely positioned to lead CCUS deploy- ommendations that enable each phase. In the ment due to its relevant expertise, capability, first phase, clarifying existing tax policy and and resources. More information regulations could double existing U.S. capacity www.npc.org within the next 5 to 7 years. Extending and Integral to success is adherence to the Coun-

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Leaders CCUS in the United States Projects study CO2 geological storage

Virginia Tech scientists are working on two nationally funded projects to study CO2 geological storage. www.mining.vt.edu

With separate grants from the National Sci- National Science ence Foundation and the National Energy Foundation Technology Laboratory, Cheng Chen, an as- Grant: sistant professor of mining and minerals engineering in the Virginia Tech College of Engi- Convection in neering, is studying the capacity to store CO2 porous media in underground geologic formations. The National Science Chen offers an innovative approach for exam- Foundation also awarded ining how gas can be injected into subsurface Chen with a $368,000 geological formations for long-term storage. grant from the Division of Earth Sciences to study the fundamentals of miscible DoE’s NETL grant: Machine- density-driven convection learning based model in porous media, which is encountered in geologic Members of the Chen Lab Research Group (left to right): Weiyu Zheng, Chen was awarded $480,000 from the De- carbon sequestration. Yuntian Teng, Zihao Li, Patrick Fan, Ruichang Guo, and Cheng Chen partment of Energy’s National Energy Tech- (Image: ©Virginia Tech) nology Laboratory's University Coalition for This project entails labo- Fossil Energy Research Program. The two- ratory experiments in year project seeks to develop a machine-learn- which researchers will ing-based, scale-bridging, data assimilation control and study the process of miscible den- Chen and his team will improve existing nu- framework with applications to geologic car- sity-driven convection. A possible means for merical models by carrying out simulations bon sequestration. storing carbon dioxide is by injecting it into and lab experiments to confirm their hypo- deep saline aquifers. Once injected, the car- thetical models and construct a porous media Chen and his team will work to develop a less bon dioxide is in a supercritical state — some- replica, or analog model. “The analog model time-consuming approach to analyzing the where between a gas and a liquid. Over a pe- enables us to control permeability distribution permeability of geologic rock formations, riod of 10 to 100 years, the gas begins to dis- and porous media, while its glass panel con- which is based on large amounts of visualiza- solve into the water. struction enables the flow of the dyed fluid to tion data, such as that of CT scans. This anal- be observed and recorded with a high-speed ysis is critical to understanding a rock’s per- “The pore water near the top cap rock of the camera,” he said. meability and its effect on carbon dioxide in- aquifer is saturated with dissolved carbon jection. dioxide and thus is denser than the underlying Chen is working with co-principal investiga- water not saturated with carbon dioxide, tors Yang Liu, associate professor in mechan- Normally, this data is analyzed with computer which can therefore cause miscible density- ical engineering's nuclear energy program; modeling, but it can be slow and time-con- driven downward convection," Chen said. Heng Xiao, assistant professor of aerospace suming, Chen explained. The objective of a and ocean engineering; James McClure, com- machine-learning based approach is to collect According to Chen, the process effectively im- putational scientist at Virginia Tech’s Ad- only a specified quantity of sample data. proves the long-term security of geological vanced Research Computing Center; Ripepi; carbon dioxide storage. The miscible density- and engineering graduate students. “Once there is enough mapping between the driven downward convection transports dis- rock geometry and the fluid mechanics prop- solved carbon dioxide away from the cap rock “Geological sequestration is perhaps the only erties of the rock, a model can be trained to and reduces the risk of the gas leaking at the viable technology to mitigate global climate predict the fluid mechanics properties of new cap rock. It also has the potential to enhance change while continuing large-scale use of samples,” said Chen. subsequent carbon dioxide dissolution from fossil energy,” Chen said. “If, as a society, we the supercritical phase into the aqueous phase. still depend on fossil fuels in the foreseeable Researchers will collect image data from asso- future, our understanding of density-driven ciate professor of mining and mineral engi- Salinity of underground aquifers affects the convection in porous media and the ability to neering Nino Ripepi’s field scale injection site, convection of CO2. Chen’s approach is novel better predict and model the fluid mechanics then develop a number of machine-learning in that it seeks to design well-controlled labo- of deep saline aquifers might allow us to safely models to analyze that data. ratory testing methods for testing the process reduce or even eliminate greenhouse gasses and numerous models used to understand it. from the atmosphere.”

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CCUS in the United States Leaders Report outlines ways California could become carbon neutral by 2045

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists have identified a robust suite of technologies to help California become carbon neutral – and ultimately carbon negative – by 2045.

The study, “Getting to Neutral: Options for Negative Carbon Emissions in California,” CALIFORNIA EMISSION REDUCTIONS TTaarget: was conducted as part of LLNL’s expansive 500 431 Mt CO2 energy programs work and the Laboratory’s 400 Carbon Initiative. The goal of the initiative is TTaarget:

260 Mt CO2 to identify solutions to enable global-scale e / year)

2 300 : ce

CO2 removal from the atmosphere and hit r rc 200 Current plan: global temperature targets. 86 Mt CO2 Sou (MTCO CARB, 2018 s 100 GOAL: The report details a thorough assessment of 0 Mt CO 0

the advanced carbon reduction technologies : ce now available, their costs, as well as the trade- 100 r rc Sou GHG Emission offs necessary to reach the state’s decar- This report 200 MtCOЖ = million metric tons of COЖ, GTCOЖe = gigaton of COЖĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚ NEED: bonization goal. The report codifies a number GHG = greenhouse gas emissions, –125 to –150 Mt CO2e of significant conclusions by researchers at 1990 2020 2025 2030 2045 2050 eight institutions. It serves as a resource for ŝ ů Ĩ ů Ĩ ͛ ů ů Ě ; Ϳ Ś Ĩ Ś policymakers, government, academia and industry.

California executive order B-55-18 mandates Goals of California’s emissions plan extrapolated to 2045 (CARB, 2017) with negative emissions that the state achieve carbon neutrality by estimates from the report 2045 and maintain net negative emissions thereafter. Achieving this goal would complete a chain of other ambitious statewide targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. carbon dioxide emissions by balancing any re- silver bullets, we have evaluated strategies that maining atmospheric emissions with removal rely on many existing technologies and re- The LLNL study finds that, not only is car- of carbon dioxide from the air, or simply by sources, creating a CO2 removal blueprint bon neutrality possible, but that California eliminating carbon emissions altogether. It that can be replicated.” can once again be a global climate leader by applies to everything that generates green- demonstrating how to remove significant house gases. “Climate change is the defining issue of our amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. time. From shifting weather patterns that In the report, funded by the Livermore Lab threaten food production to rising sea levels “Our findings give us confidence that this Foundation (LLF) with grant support from that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, combination of negative emissions technolo- the ClimateWorks Foundation, LLNL fo- the impacts of climate change are global and gies and the state’s existing ambitions put the cused on three specific pillars of negative unprecedented,” said Dona Crawford, Liver- finish line in reach for California,” said Roger emissions: natural and working lands, carbon more Lab Foundation board chair. Aines, LLNL’s Energy Program chief scien- capture from waste biomass utilization and tist and the lead on the project. direct air capture. “We are grateful and proud to have worked with the ClimateWorks Foundation to sup- “The report’s findings also indicate we could The team identified a portfolio of approaches port this important research and we hope it become carbon neutral sooner than anticipat- for achieving greater than 125 million tons will serve as a defining guide for action.” ed, at a cost less than expected, while boosting per year of negative emissions for California California’s economy and creating quality by 2045 and evaluated the scope of state and jobs in areas such as the Central Valley. Im- private investment to best achieve the goal. portant co-benefits to air quality and wildfire prevention also will bring welcome relief to “Without CO2 removal, reaching our carbon More information our state.” neutrality goal will be slower, more difficult and costly,” said LLNL chemist Sarah Baker, www.llnl.gov Carbon neutrality refers to achieving net-zero lead author of the report. “While there are no

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Leaders CCUS in the United States NETL project validates geologic storage of CO2

The carbon footprint created by industry and other human activity in Big Sky Country — the area stretching across the Great Plains and into Canada — can be reduced using technology pioneered by NETL and partners at a leading research university.

Work completed as part of the NETL- tive carbon manage- backed Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Part- ment strategies with nership demonstrates not only the ability to attendant economic reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it also en- benefits. hances the efficiency of oil production, an important consideration to bolster domestic en- Another key ergy production. achievement of the PCOR Partnership PCOR is one of the U.S. Department of En- was its assessment ergy’s (DOE) seven Regional Carbon Se- and monitoring of questration Partnerships (RCSPs), which more than 6 million have been laying the groundwork since 2003 metric tons of CO2 for large-scale geologic storage of CO2 in the storage associated United States as a means of mitigating effects with the enhanced of climate change while still allowing for the oil recovery (EOR) efficient and affordable use of fossil fuels for operations, which energy production. inject captured CO2 into oil reser- RCSP activities, supported by NETL, have voirs to increase included assessments of geologic and terres- production, at Den- trial storage potential in each region, followed bury Resources’ Bell by small-scale validation tests and six large- Creek oilfield in scale (greater than 1 million metric tons) geo- southeast Montana. logic storage field experiments. At the oilfield, The Energy and Environmental Research EERC scientists Center (EERC) at the University of North deployed a wide va- Dakota leads the PCOR Partnership. riety of traditional Throughout its history, PCOR has engaged a and novel monitor- membership of more than 120 partner orga- ing technologies Industrial CO2 travels from the Lost Cabin Gas Plant to Bell Creek oil field nizations drawn from industry, government and assessed their via pipeline and research institutions to foster carbon cap- relative strengths ture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) deploy- and limitations. ment across a vast region. Through a combination of techniques, the and its partners have provided important sci- The positive environmental impact of PCOR scientists were able to reliably track the loca- entific and technical support to other large- is significant. Stretching from Missouri tion of the injected CO2 within the oilfield, scale CCUS efforts in the PCOR region, through the northern Great Plains to north- which inspires confidence in the future ability such as the Boundary Dam/Aquistore pro- central Canada, this region possesses out- to permanently and safely store large quanti- jects in Saskatchewan and the CarbonSAFE standing potential for widespread CCUS de- ties of anthropogenic CO2 from industrial efforts in North Dakota, Wyoming and Ne- ployment because it has significant geologic operations. Other advantages of storing CO2 braska. storage resources and an extensive fossil fuel- in EOR operations are the ability to extract based industry. oil that could not otherwise be obtained and reduce the overall carbon footprint of the oil- More information Furthermore, several active CCUS projects in field operation. the region are already setting an example for www.netl.doe.gov future work by demonstrating safe and effec- In addition to the work at Bell Creek, EERC

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Projects & Policy

Projects and policy news

Drax establishes emissions from the atmo- partnerships for negative sphere each year." emissions technology “By working with innovative oilandgasclimateinitiative.com tech companies like Econic www.cleanenergyministerial.org and Deep Branch Biotechnol- ogy, we are exploring new op- Drax has announced new partnerships with portunities for clean growth, Econic Technologies and Deep Branch which could be critical not Biotechnology. only for beating the climate crisis, but also in enabling a Drax has announced a new partnership with just transition, protecting jobs cleantech company Econic Technologies to across the North – delivering explore the potential for using captured car- for the economy and the envi- bon dioxide from its biomass power genera- ronment.” tion to displace oil in the production of plastic products, using its pioneering catalyst tech- Econic Technologies will test nology. the CO2 being captured from Drax’s successful one tonne a The partnership marks a major step towards day BECCS pilot at its own enabling other businesses, including in the industrial pilot facility, to as- automotive, consumer and construction sec- sess its suitability for produc- tors, to produce more sustainable ing polymers used in polyurethane products. Econic’s catalyst tech- polyurethane plastics. nology could save as much as the equivalent of four million petrol cars’ worth of CO2 per The CO2 emissions that are created from converting natural gas to year in this first market alone. Acorn project hydrogen at St Fergus will all be captured and permanently stored awarded UK offshore as part of the Acorn project A new pilot plant has also been installed at the power station in North Yorkshire, by Government Deep Branch Biotechnology to explore the hydrogen funding feasibility of using Drax’s CO2 emissions to pale-blu.com/acorn make proteins for sustainable animal feed hugely exciting project that is a critical step products – technology which could enable the The award of £2.7 million will support 13 for Scotland and the UK to reach its ambi- agricultural sector to decarbonise. months of engineering studies, to progress tious climate change targets. We are working the technical and commercial plans for the extremely hard, alongside our project study The Rt Hon Kwasi Kwarteng MP, UK Min- Acorn Hydrogen project at the St Fergus gas partners: Chrysaor, Shell and Total, to ister of State for Business, Energy and Clean terminal. progress this important component of the Growth visited the CCUS Incubation Hub at wider Acorn initiatives, in the aim that Acorn Drax Power Station, to see for himself the pi- Pale Blue Dot Energy, the project developer Hydrogen’s first injection of hydrogen into oneering work taking place. behind Acorn CCS and Acorn Hydrogen was the gas grid is in 2025.” awarded funds from the UK Government’s Drax was the first company in the world to Hydrogen Supply Competition Phase 2. “Blending as little as 2% hydrogen into the announce an ambition to be carbon negative National Transmission System would remove by 2030 when CEO Will Gardiner spoke at This first phase of Acorn Hydrogen will es- 400,000 tonnes of CO2 per year from the en- COP 25 in Madrid. By applying BECCS tablish the technology to convert some of the ergy system, and that is just the starting point technology to its biomass generating units natural gas at the St Fergus gas terminal in with an ambition to decarbonise all the natu- Drax would remove more carbon dioxide North East Scotland into hydrogen – a clean ral gas flowing through St Fergus." from the atmosphere than it produces across burning fuel. the whole of its operations, creating a nega- Detailed design work on Acorn CCS is al- tive carbon footprint for the company. The CO2 emissions that are created from ready underway, and with this earlier stage converting natural gas to hydrogen at St Fer- design on the first phase of Acorn Hydrogen Will Gardiner, Drax Group CEO said, gus will all be captured and permanently now started, Acorn is on track to establish “Drax’s ambition is to be carbon negative by stored using the Acorn carbon capture and critical infrastructure in the mid-2020s ahead 2030. Having pioneered the use of sustainable storage (CCS) infrastructure that is on track of then significantly expanding both Acorn biomass, Drax now produces 12% of the UK’s to be operating at St Fergus from 2024. CCS and Acorn Hydrogen, delivering a seri- renewable electricity. With the right negative ous contribution to UK and Scottish Net Ze- emissions policy for BECCS, we can do Sam Gomersall, Pale Blue Dot Energy Com- ro targets. much more, removing millions of tonnes of mercial Director said, "Acorn Hydrogen is a

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Projects & Policy CCUS only pathway to achieving net-zero emissions in the global cement industry

With cement demand predicted to rise, carbon capture is an essential technology that can achieve the goal of net zero emissions. By Ian Riley and Manon Burbidge, World Cement Association

It is widely recognised that the cement industry is one of the key contributors to global CO2 emissions, due to the scale of global cement production, as well as carbon dioxide emissions being inherent to the production process.

Scope 1 emissions, defined by the Green- house Gas Protocol as direct emissions created by an organisation’s activities, make up about 90% of the industry’s CO2 output. This is mainly due to the fuel used to heat the cement kilns, and the limestone feedstock, calcium carbonate, which breaks down to form carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

To combat the scale of the industry’s emissions, several steps have been taken over the past 30 years. New technologies have improved average energy efficiency in plants by about 30%, and there has been an increase in alternative fuels, such as municipal wastes, replacing fossil fuels.

The adoption of blended cements has also helped reduced average clinker use per ton of cement and hence the emissions produced from the breakdown of limestone.

Despite this progress, analyses by both cement and non-industry experts have conclud- CO2 storage vessels, and a lorry being loaded with liquid CO2 for transport to the usage endpoint at the Conch Wuhu CCUS facility in China. The Baimashan Cement Factory in Wuhu uses amine technology ed that there is no path to net-zero emissions to capture CO2 from its cement kiln that does not include carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS).

Although there are alternatives to concrete for some applications, the material will con- to generate rapid progress. While carbon Carbon Capture tinue to be necessary for the construction of capture is a proven technology, it is still ex- core infrastructure, such as metro networks, pensive to use and unlikely to progress with- There are two widely used processes to cap- dams and bridges, for the foreseeable future. out strong policies and regulatory incentives. ture CO2. The first is post-combustion cap- Indeed, ongoing global urbanisation will In addition, carbon storage is both high-cost ture which uses CO2 absorption reactors, mean that cement demand is likely to contin- and geographically limited, whilst most car- whereby exhaust gases are mixed with a solu- ue to grow until at least 2050. bon usage applications are still in the early tion that absorbs and removes the carbon stages of development. dioxide.

Where we are today There are, however, a handful of current The second is pre-combustion gasification, technologies and pilots in the CCUS sphere where CO2 is removed using gasification To date, the development of CCUS has not that show particular promise for use in the processes. Feedstock is partially oxidised in received the large-scale investment required cement industry. steam and oxygen at high temperatures and

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Projects & Policy

pressures to form synthesis gas (a mixture of ogy will allow for 400,000t of CO2 to be The CO2 is then reacted with calcium oxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide captured per year, representing approximate- derived from demolition waste or industrial and others). This is usually done using a flu- ly 50% of the plant’s emissions. This will by-products, to produce synthetic aggregates idised bed, which suspends the fuel while flue then be transported by pipeline and injected which are 40% CO2 by weight. gas and steam are introduced at the base of into underground reservoirs beneath the the reactor. North Sea. Similarly, in the UK Carbon8 Systems has developed an accelerated carbonation tech- Conch Wuhu, one of Conch China’s cement nology process to react CO2 with calcium plants, piloted a carbon capture project in Carbon Usage and magnesium salts in industrial thermal 2018 to demonstrate that post-combustion residues to form solid carbonates, which pro- capture technology can be used in a cement Carbon dioxide has many uses, including in duce low density synthetic aggregates. plant, with its relatively low concentration of chemicals, polymers, fertilisers, and synthetic CO2 in the flue gas. fuels, as well as carbon curing of special concrete and aggregates. However, according to Barriers to CCUS This captured 50,000 tons of CO2 over the the Carbon Capture Institute, even the most timescale of the pilot, or 0.5% of the plant’s mature technologies are currently only in Current barriers to CCUS are primarily eco- total emissions. The captured gas was sold to demonstration phases, with fertilisers and nomic: implementing this at scale generally carbonated drinks manufacturers and for use enhanced oil recovery constituting the largest requires government subsidies, with CO2 in agricultural greenhouses. Although tech- markets. used for enhanced oil recovery being the only nologically this project was a success, low de- viable business case at present. mand made it difficult to sell even the small One area which could be particularly promis- proportion of CO2 captured, which has lim- ing for the cement industry is new technolo- The EU CEMCAP project (part of Horizon ited future scale-up possibilities. gy being developed that enables CO2 to be 2020) has suggested that CCUS processes used in building materials. may add 90% to the cost of cement produc- A different approach to carbon capture is be- tion, with other estimates being even higher. ing pioneered at the LEILAC Project in WCA member Solidia has developed a low- Lixhe, Belgium, using technology engineered lime, low-energy cement that is currently be- Recent announcements by Principles for Re- by Calix Global. The aim is to capture the ing produced by LafargeHolcim. In addition sponsible Investment, as well as several other process emissions from cement production to reducing both process and thermal CO2 investment analysts, suggest that future car- by re-engineering the process flows of a tra- emissions at the cement kiln, this cement bon pricing policies may have a substantial ditional calciner, heating the limestone indi- rapidly carbonates when exposed to CO2. impact on both the cost of cement and the rectly in a steel vessel. This enables the cap- market capitalisations of cement producers. ture of pure CO2 and requires no chemical Mineral CO2 sequestration is a naturally oc- reagents or additional concentration process- curring process, whereby compounds present Worldwide, 85% of CO2 emissions are cur- es. in the earth’s crust react with atmospheric rently unpriced, and therefore there is little CO2 to form stable carbonates, such as calci- incentive for companies to invest in CCUS. um carbonate (limestone). Carbon pricing will need to recognise the ad- Carbon Storage ditional operating cost of CCUS before we The ubiquitous presence of calcium, magne- can expect large scale investment from the Carbon sequestration involves placing an- sium and iron in the earth’s crust offers the industry. thropogenic CO2 emissions in underground potential for mineral CO2 sequestration to geological formations for permanent storage. rival the physical storage of CO2 in geologi- Some pioneers, such as WCA member For successful storage, this process requires cal formations, and thus play a major role in Dalmia Cement, have set the goal of being deep, porous layers of rock, capped by several reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. carbon negative by 2040; their roadmap to layers of impermeable rock. achieving this includes carbon capture, utili- When you take into account emissions at the sation and carbon sequestration. Neverthe- Depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep cement kiln and CO2 consumed during car- less, they are still more the exception than the saline aquifers are typically used, so this prac- bonation, Solidia’s cement offers a 60% re- rule. tice is only possible in areas with suitable duction in carbon footprint compared with conditions and hence not equally applicable ordinary Portland cement. The new cement In the meantime, through sharing best prac- or economically viable globally. has been used in precast applications in the tices, WCA supports its members in taking USA, Canada and the UK, and in ready-mix the steps they can today to reduce their emis- The North Sea is an example of a suitable lo- applications in the USA. sions, by improving energy efficiency, utilis- cation for CO2 storage, due to its geology ing alternative fuels and optimising the use of and the existing infrastructure from a mature California-based company Blue Planet has cementitious materials in their operations. oil and gas industry in the region. Norcem, in developed technology to obtain CO2 from collaboration with Heidelberg Cement, is pi- any emission source without the need for loting a project that takes advantage of this concentration or purification. A pilot plant by implementing the industry’s first CCS fa- due to start operation this year will take CO2 More information cility at its Brevik plant in Norway. directly from the flue gas of a natural gas power plant at very low concentration. www.worldcementassociation.org The post-combustion CO2 capture technol-

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Projects & Policy Atkins report calls for energy ‘sea change’ to achieve UK Net Zero

The government’s Net Zero 2050 target won’t be achieved without substantial changes to the UK’s energy mix including an urgent boost to CCS.

Engineering Net Zero highlights the major challenges of creating significant capacity in Recommendations carbon capture and storage, nuclear, wind and hydrogen energy generation. It examines how 1. Early build projects for all recommended energy sources. This process will reduce con- policy makers and industry need to urgently struction time, enabling delivery at the lowest cost and minimising bills for the consumer. resolve a number of technical and commercial challenges associated with decarbonising the 2. Increased focus and investment in nuclear: urgently prioritise Government consulta- economy. To achieve Net Zero the UK needs tion on alternative financing models (RAB) for nuclear and develop innovative approach- a four-fold increase in low carbon energy - es to construction risk. Reviewing the electricity market and evaluating the impact of in- from 155TWh in 2017 to 645TWh in 2050. termittent renewables on firm power pricing.

The report brings Atkins’ experience of deliv- 3. Expedite and fund pilot carbon capture and storage projects as quickly as possible. ering the world’s largest, most complex infrastructure programmes to bear on this most 4. Addressing the ‘hidden costs’ of system balancing and stability in offshore wind, devel- critical of technical challenges – how to avert oping UK floating wind technology and IP, and increased UK supply content. the most devastating implications of climate change. It analyses how current capacity and 5. Accelerating the current hydrogen research programme, with a minimum of two UK policy points away from a reliance on nu- demonstration projects. clear energy, despite its proven ability to produce low carbon solutions. 6. Ensuring the energy storage debate is grounded in current technology. It should be clearly structured on both the power achievable (MW to GW) and how much energy is Current government policy curtails nuclear in stored (MWh). the mid-2030s after completion of the three plants currently in active development. Atkins, said: “The green future we aspire to is “However, to really prioritise the Net Zero Alongside this commitment, carbon capture possible. However, it requires a sea change in target, we would like to see the Government and storage (CCS) capacity is needed to cap- how we approach our energy system and the introduce ‘Net Zero Champion’ or even a ture, transport and store up to 176 Metric scale of investment required. Government has dedicated department with the powers to tons of carbon dioxide by 2050 to deliver the set the target and working in collaboration make the large-scale energy and infrastructure Net Zero target. The UK’s current capacity with industry and academia we can meet the decisions the UK urgently needs.” for CCS is negligible and needs urgent atten- ambition. But it requires an unprecedented tion. level of commitment, investment and co-or- Atkins views COP26 in Glasgow as an im- dination to drive forward a programme of portant moment in the Government’s path to CCS is critical to the Net Zero scenario due works. laying realistic foundations to achieve the to a continued reliance on CCGT as part of critical Net Zero legal requirement. the generationmix, as well as the use of steam “The concern for the UK is that years of only meathane reforming for hydrogen produc- short-term political ambitions have blocked Over the coming months, the company will tion. some urgent investments and actions needed be adding to its Engineering Net Zero report to drive forward Net Zero solutions. As we to include analysis on the infrastructure and The Net Zero scenario requires the UK to look to 2020, and the UK’s new government transportation sectors to give policy makers a have 40% of UK’s energy dependent on CCS. takes shape, we need tangible investment in holistic view of the challenges facing the UK. That equates to an equivalent volume of CO2 testing engineering solutions to our most that is four times the current global CCS ca- pressing challenges. pacity by 2050. The UK currently has no CCS industry and no firm plan in place to de- “We welcome today’s Queen’s Speech with More information liver this. the Government’s commitments to increase offshore wind capacity and invest in building Read the report: Speaking about the new report, Chris Ball, a Carbon Capture Storage cluster.” www.atkinsglobal.com Managing Director for Nuclear and Power at

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Projects & Policy BP, Eni, Equinor, Shell and Total form Net Zero Teesside consortium

BP, Eni, Equinor, Shell and Total assume leadership of the Net Zero Teesside project, with BP as operator, transitioning the project from OGCI Climate Investments.

OGCI Climate Investments – the $1B+ in- anchor project, first ideated at the UK Energy Andy Lane, Managing Director of Net Zero vestment fund of The Oil and Gas Climate Technologies Institute (ETI), developed into Teesside, commented, “Its advantageous lo- Initiative – has announced the formation of a an industrial carbon cluster within OGCI cation, advanced planning stage, the expertise consortium of OGCI members – BP, Eni, Climate Investments and now, the first hub of our world class project partners and gov- Equinor, Shell and Total, with BP as opera- within OGCI’s CCUS Kickstarter initiative. ernment support for decarbonisation in the tor – to accelerate the development of the Net This transfer of ownership to the OGCI con- UK mean Net Zero Teesside is uniquely po- Zero Teesside project, previously known as sortium is proof of how OGCI’s initiative is sitioned to become the UK’s first decar- the Clean Gas Project. successfully supporting emerging hubs.” bonised cluster. The formation of such a powerful partnership led by BP demonstrates The partners bring global experience of car- Net Zero Teesside also announced at its offi- the industry’s commitment to the UK gov- bon capture, utilisation and storage technolo- cial launch event in Middlesbrough that it has ernment’s net zero targets. We’re hugely ex- gy and are committed to working closely with signed memorandums of understanding cited to see Teesside back at the forefront of the UK government and local stakeholders, (MoUs) with 3 existing industrial partners UK industry and want the project to progress including the Tees Valley Mayor and Com- demonstrating the strong local commitment further.” bined Authority, to develop the Net Zero to decarbonising existing local industry. The Teesside project to deliver the UK’s first zero MOUs support the continued engagement Ben Houchen, Tees Valley Mayor, added, carbon cluster. With the right government between the parties in evaluating the techni- “Net Zero Teesside represents the next step support the project has an ambitious yet cal and commercial case for capture of CO2 in our ambitions for Teesside, Darlington and achievable potential start-up date of the mid- from the industrial plant for safe storage. Hartlepool to become a pioneer in clean ener- 2020s. gy, driving almost half a billion pounds into Attendees at the event including MPs, policy the regional economy and boosting the wider The project will decarbonise local industry by makers, business leaders and local stakehold- UK by £3.2billion.” building a transportation and storage system ers will hear from speakers about the signifi- to gather industrial CO2, compress it and cant role Net Zero Teesside will play in help- “This world-leading industrial-scale decar- store it safely in a reservoir under the North ing the UK reach its net zero 2050 green- bonisation project will safeguard and create Sea. The transportation and storage infras- house gas emissions target whilst delivering 5,500 good quality, well paid jobs for local tructure will encourage new investment in the an annual gross benefit of up to £450 million people. It will act as a beacon for new tech- region from industries that wish to store or for the Teesside region and the support of up nologies and further investment as other use CO2. In addition, a combined cycle gas to 5,500 direct jobs. companies are attracted to our area, while turbine (CCGT) facility with carbon capture helping the UK achieve its clean energy po- technology will provide low carbon power as a Net Zero Teesside would be the first major tential.” complement to renewable energy sources and development to be based on the South Tees underpin the investment in the infrastructure. Development Corporation site. The launch event today comes just days after the Tees More information Pratima Rangarajan, CEO of OGCI Climate Valley Mayor struck a landmark deal to se- www.netzeroteesside.co.uk Investments, said, “Net Zero Teesside is a cure the land at the former SSI steelworks site demonstration of OGCI’s commitment to and bring it back into public ownership, ready www.oilandgasclimateinitiative.com accelerating CCUS on a global scale. It’s the for future redevelopment.

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Capture & Utilisation

Capture and utilisation news

New method converts carbon Svante and Climeworks cations.’’ said Claude Letourneau, Svante’s dioxide to methane at low collaborate on CCS President and CEO. temperatures technology development Further potential benefits include the use of www.waseda.jp www.svanteinc.com waste heat from Svante’s industrial carbon A new method developed by a team of Wase- www.climeworks.com capture system for Climeworks’ direct air cap- da University scientists led by Professor Ya- ture process. sushi Sekine may contribute to reducing the Svante (formerly Inventys) and Climeworks use of fossil fuels. have signed an agreement to collaborate on the development of carbon capture technolo- Liquid Wind secures EU The conversion of carbon dioxide to valuable gy solutions to enable customers to transition funding for CO2 to fuel chemicals such as methane has drawn great to a net-zero-emissions future. attention for use in supporting carbon capture technology and utilization. Especially, methane can be Svante offers companies in industries with www.liquidwind.se used not only as fuel but also as a hydrogen unavoidable emissions, such as concrete and carrier, transporting town gas to existing in- steelmaking, a commercially viable way to The company will convert waste carbon diox- frastructure. For instance, some plants in capture large-scale CO2 emissions from ex- ide (using carbon capture) and renewable Germany have already been launched based isting infrastructure at half the capital cost of electricity into renewable liquid fuel, e- on the Power to Gas concept, which allows traditional solutions. Climeworks offers the methanol, providing a viable and cost-effec- energy from electricity to be stored and trans- worldwide first commercial Direct Air Cap- tive alternative to fossil-origin fuels particu- ported in the form of compressed gas. ture (DAC) solutions to remove CO2 from larly for shipping vessels and heavy transport. the atmosphere. “To recycle carbon dioxide into methane, an International Shipping contributes more than established industrial method involves the re- By capturing CO2 from air, DAC solutions 1 billion tons to global GHG emissions and action of hydrogen and carbon dioxide using a can unlock a climate-positive future. By the International Marine Organisation ruthenium-based catalyst at temperatures of working together, the two companies can ac- (IMO) has committed to reducing emissions 300 to 400 degrees Celsius, but this method celerate the development and adoption of by 50% by 2050. The Cruise Line industry limited how much and when methane could both technologies for customers across indus- has even stronger ambitions, with a 40% re- be produced since it requires such high tem- tries and applications. duction by 2030. However the industry cur- perature,” Sekine says. rently lacks a viable alternative fuel to reach The Joint Development Agreement (JDA) this crucial target. “Additionally, operation at low temperatures will enable Svante’s and Climeworks’ respec- was demonstrated to be favorable to improve tive carbon capture technology solutions to be Liquid Wind will develop and manage facili- carbon dioxide conversion and increase the scaled-up faster and effect a transition to a ties to produce e-methanol in large volumes, amount of methane produced.” net-zero-emissions future sooner. The com- which will enable industries such as shipping, bination of Climeworks’ revolutionary DAC to significantly reduce their carbon emissions In this newly-developed method reported in solutions with Svante’s source capture tech- and improve their value proposition. As a liq- Chemistry Letters, carbon dioxide can be nology will support further development of uid, electro-fuel or e-methanol, is easy to use, converted into methane more efficiently and climate-positive carbon solutions for both store and transport with limited modifica- quickly in the 100 degrees Celsius range. carbon removal and industries with unavoid- tions to existing infrastructure. able emissions. “This method involves a reaction of nanopar- InnoEnergy, a European impact fund invest- ticles called cerium oxide with carbon dioxide “We strive to deliver the world’s most robust ing in solutions in the area of energy and in presence of ruthenium catalyst with an and scalable DAC solutions,’’ said Christoph cleantech will provide support and invest electric field,” explains Sekine. “The results Gebald, the Climeworks co-founder. “By 1.7M euros to enable Liquid Wind to develop show that the catalyst exhibited high and sta- combining our cutting-edge DAC solution the world’s first commercial scale e-methanol ble catalytic activity for converting carbon with Svante’s filter technology, we create a facility in Sweden. dioxide to methane through hydrogenation potentially game changing DAC solution.” with the electric field.” Liquid Wind will now commence with engi- “Climeworks is an ideal partner for a large- neering for their first e-methanol facility in With this novel method, methane could be scale rollout of market-ready technology to Sweden, integrating proven technology from produced from carbon dioxide collected from provide a zero-CO2 emission solution. a consortium of leading experts. Six initial fa- the atmosphere, possibly enabling an unlimit- Climeworks’ and Svante’s cost advantage, cilities are planned for Scandinavia, Liquid ed amount of methane production by recy- combined with progressive policies like the Wind will then replicate the operation inter- cling carbon dioxide from the atmosphere re- United States’ 45Q tax credit and the Low nationally to meet demand and significantly leased from factories into valuable energy re- Carbon Fuel Standard (LCSF) credits, can reduce carbon emissions. E-methanol, from sources. make carbon capture and removal profitable the FlagshipONE facility, will be commer- across a range of large-scale industrial appli- cially available from 2023.

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Capture & Utilisation New screening processes will help accelerate carbon capture research

University of Alberta researchers are helping make carbon capture more efficient, screening 120,000 carbon capturing solids in hours—instead of thousands of years.

University of Alberta researchers have devel- Using a machine learning algo- oped techniques that save a significant amount rithm eliminates the need to of time in developing more efficient carbon simulate the performance of capture technologies, which may help lower each molecule, decreasing the the costs to use the technologies and increase computational load by a factor their adoption as a way to mitigate carbon of 10 without losing accuracy, dioxide emissions. Rajendran noted.

U of A engineering professor Arvind Rajen- Carbon capture technologies dran and his team developed a two-step can prevent coal and natural gas screening process that assesses carbon capture power plants from emitting car- materials called zeolites in seconds rather than bon dioxide but they currently a day. cost so much to install and operate that power companies are Zeolites work by adsorbing—basically sticking hesitant to use them, he added. to—carbon dioxide molecules, similar to the Engineering professor Arvind Rajendran (left) in his lab with way odours can be captured by charcoal filters “Our role is to provide these graduate students Vishal Subramanian Balashankar, Kasturi in our refrigerators. In carbon capture systems, tools to help chemists find bet- Nagesh Pai and Gokul Subraveti. The research team developed a the “flue-gas” exhaust emitted from a power ter molecules, and our expertise two-step screening process to assess a potentially more efficient plant can be passed through the zeolites, trap- is designing processes that use carbon-capturing solid in seconds, rather than the day it would ping the CO2 before it enters the atmosphere. the molecules to capture car- take using traditional methods. (Photo: Catherine Tays) bon,” Rajendran explained. Theoretically, millions of different types of materials can adsorb CO2, but to be efficient Finding the perfect materials that fit into this The techniques, recently published in ACS as part of an industrial process, a molecule goldilocks zone has always been a challenge, Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering and must stick to CO2 and also release it on com- but the group’s new machine learning tools are Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Re- mand when the carbon dioxide needs to be pointing researchers to viable new carbon cap- search, can be adapted to speed up discoveries trapped or used. ture materials, saving months lost to dead ends about other kinds of materials and processes or work on inefficient materials. They’re also related to climate change and industrial gas However, not all zeolites are equal, Rajen- helping engineers understand what carbon separations, including methane upgrading and dran’s team explains, some are much better capture design would be most efficient. oxygen purification—topics the research than others at sticking to and releasing CO2. group is currently studying. If adsorbents are like charcoal fridge filters, The team, including master’s graduate Vishal machine learning is helping the researchers “We need renewable sources of energy, but we Subramanian Balashankar, assessed 120,000 understand which brands are most effective at will have these hydrocarbon systems for years zeolites and was able to whittle them down to trapping odours, and how their integration in to come,” he said. “This technology can stop only 7,000, which could then be screened the fridge can change the effect. emissions now, and buy us time to complete down to two dozen good targets using tradi- the transition.” tional methods. One of these materials ap- The traditional process of making these deci- pears to be a significant improvement on the sions was slow, relying on laborious work and Rajendran’s work is funded by the U of A’s current standard material, zeolite-13x, result- extensive computer simulations. Every possi- Future Energy Systems program and Com- ing in 17 per cent more efficient power use. ble molecule and every potential system design pute Canada. had to be individually simulated, requiring ex- The second tool—created together with U of traordinary computing power. A engineering professors Vinay Prasad and Zukui Li, and graduate students Kasturi “The point is to quickly find molecules and More information Nagesh Pai and Gokul Subraveti—used systems that will reduce the cost of capturing www.futureenergysystems.ca known information about the carbon captur- carbon, to bring it down well below the carbon www.ualberta.ca ing molecules to predict behaviour and perfor- tax so it actually gets adopted,” Rajendran mance in a real-world system. said.

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Capture & Utilisation Standardized testing eliminates amine- based CCS barriers

The International CCS Knowledge Centre is in the process of developing a skid – a portable testing apparatus, that is expected to be ready to launch in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Amine, as an essential ingredient in CCS – to separate CO2 from technology in post-combustion carbon cap- other components of a ture (PCC), has a double edge. While it allows flue gas; capturing CO2 for the most substantive cuts in CO2 emis- through a chemical reac- sions needed to meet climate mitigation tar- tion after a flue gas gets, amine is also a central player in tackling a stream is generated from cost barrier for broad CCS deployment. the fuel combustion process. Ironically, deployment is the driving force behind the advancements in CCS technology. It PCC is currently the is by learning that technology reduces costs, most widely-employed risks, and sees gains in optimization and effi- technology used for ciencies. Key to these gains is understanding large-scale carbon cap- amine behaviour, particularly its longevity in ture. PCC methodology application to various sources. is well-established commercially and has a dis- An Amine Post Combustion Capture (PCC) system, where the amine is Improving efficiency is a key factor in ongoing tinct advantage in that it circulated in the system and cooled prior to being mixed with the flue gas process optimization of the energy-intensive can be retrofitted to ex- to capture the CO2. The amine is then moved to a separate vessel where process of CCS. As such, studying the unique isting plants without re- the application of heat reverses the process, releasing the pure CO2 previously captured from the amine. The amine is then cooled in order to characteristics and behaviour of various amine quiring any fundamental repeat the process solvents in combination with different flue gas changes. streams has become a major focus of the Inter- national CCS Knowledge Centre. Amine health and main- tainability are a critical factor in the economics rapidly, selectively, and reversibly react with Having spearheaded the Shand CCS Feasibil- of operating PCC amine technology. The fo- CO2. ity Study, the Knowledge Centre notes a cap- cus of the Amine Validation Program is to ture capital cost reduction of 67 per cent per provide a platform and methodology to allow Amines have been used in carbon capture ex- tonne of CO2 for second generation CCS. the study and comparison of the behaviour of tensively and studied for more than 20 years. multiple amines on a variety of different flue Compared to other options, the types of Amine solvents used in the chemical CO2 ab- gas streams. Identifying key parameters is thus amines used in PCC are generally considered sorption process of CCS have been particular- needed to establish common testing tech- relatively non-volatile, inexpensive, and of ly unpredictable, and in turn, an area of con- niques. moderate technical risk. They have also been cern for decision-makers contemplating a utilized on a commercial scale for many years new, or looking to improve an existing, CCS Creating a standardized and practical testing to capture CO2 from a variety of sources and project. In seeking to continue to eliminate approach is beneficial for amine vendors look- for decades in other applications. Currently, barriers to widespread deployment of CCS ing to create more marketable solutions as well amine-based CO2 capture is the most indus- and further advance this crucial technology, as for project developers looking to quantify trially-developed and widely-used method ap- the Knowledge Centre established its Amine project risks. Reducing a major risk factor in plied to the PCC method. Validation Program in 2019. the capture process then opens the door for greater deployment, which further drives down On post-combustion flue gas streams, the costs, as economies of scale come in to play. CO2 capture and separation process involves a Why amine post-combustion reversible chemical reaction between the CO2 CO2 capture (PCC)? and the amine solvent (see Figure). The ability How amine works of the amine solvent to capture CO2 is key to While all methods of CCS share a particularly the capture process. This ultimately yields high capital investment and a unique set of ad- Amine PCC uses an amine-absorption pro- high-purity CO2 gas that is suitable to be vantages and disadvantages, Amine PCC cess to capture and separate CO2 from a flue compressed into a supercritical state and technology allows for a very high degree of pu- gas stream. Amines are derivatives of ammo- transported by pipeline to be permanently rity in the CO2 captured. The process involves nia and are water-soluble organic chemicals stored or used for enhanced oil recovery using specific liquid solvents – typically amines that contain reactive nitrogen atoms and can (EOR).

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Capture & Utilisation

Amine degradation to study the energy efficiency of a particular sol- amine behavior was also identified as a crucial vent system, but what we’re interested in is how feature of the program. The skid will be Global indications suggest that every amine the amine reacts, how it degrades, and how it equipped with an instrumentation package solvent behaves differently from one combus- will behave, in contact with the gas stream.” that allows for online monitoring and analyses. tion source to another due to the differences in The ability to remotely monitor the skid as it amine chemistry, makeup of the flue gas Long-term testing of an amine solution for operates in the field will eliminate labour costs stream, and other contaminants present in the carbon capture typically occurs after the prod- and other limitations associated with on-site process. uct is selected at a pilot-scale facility, which is monitoring. The online capabilities also allow a rather large and costly process. The ability to parameters to be measured continuously in re- SaskPower’s Boundary Dam 3 CCS Facility test multiple amines prior to selection – target- al-time versus the daily or hourly samples typ- (BD3) – the world’s first fully integrated and ing expected amine health on specific applica- ically acquired and analyzed in a physical labo- full-chain CCS facility on a coal-fired power tions and flue gas streams – is the central pur- ratory setting. plant – continues to provide valuable insight pose of the Amine Validation Program. for cost-savings and operational efficiencies to achieve large-scale emission reductions. At the Eliminating IP barriers end of 2019, BD3 reached a major milestone Cross-industry application in capturing, and permanently storing, three Aside from ensuring the project itself is cost- million tonnes of CO2. A key design feature will allow the skid to be effective to operate, the analytical portion of connected to a variety of carbon dioxide-con- the test equipment will be designed to reduce According to Corwyn Bruce, VP of Technical taining gas streams beyond coal-fired plants as or eliminate Intellectual Property (IP) barriers. Services at the Knowledge Centre, the re- CCS technology is easily applicable to other search currently available on post-combustion heavy-emitting industries. “Most of the information from pilot testing amine-based carbon capture is insufficient for that’s been done has not been shared because adequately understanding interactions be- “If we can predict amine behaviour on a given it’s proprietary, which has been a real set back tween amines and flue gases. application because of learnings from running of long-term adoption of carbon capture. these test skids or from building a database of We’re hoping to design the skid in an IP-neu- “Long-term testing of amines was quite often contaminants vs. amine types – ultimately, tral fashion so we don’t need to know the limited in duration around the time that BD3 that information can go into either selecting chemical formulas of proprietary amines,” says was built. The data we have on the behaviour the type of amine for a particular project or the Campbell. of the amine used on this particular facility size of the amine reclamation equipment,” says does not reflect the accelerated degradation Campbell. When proprietary amines are submitted for that occurred closer to 3,000 or 4,000 hours of testing, legal ramifications and restrictions on run time. This has major implications for advancing who is permitted to conduct the laboratory CCS across industry sectors, allowing the tests and analyses are involved. This has In the presence of the common components same type of amine quality tests to run on flue caused delays and other challenges that are not and undesirable particulates present in a flue gas streams from cement, steel, and other conducive to accelerating deployment of CCS gas stream, amines degrade and must be re- heavy-emitting sources that could greatly ben- technology. placed with fresh amine solution for the cap- efit from large-scale CO2 reductions. ture process to continue optimally. Degrada- The skid runs will be conducted using mo- tion products and operational challenges are “Cement flue gas is similar to coal-fired flue noethanolamine (MEA) – a benchmark unique to each of the different amines in com- gas,” says Bruce. The experience gained on the amine that is the widely used in the chemical bination with various flue gas streams. As first coal systems will be instructive for achiev- absorption process for carbon capture. Upon such, piloting must adequately emulate the ing better outcomes sooner, in other industrial successful completion and operation of several conditions of the final, full-scale process. sectors.” skids, Campbell hopes the technology will encourage more proprietary amine vendors to The Knowledge Centre has already begun ap- take a more extensive look at the degradation Skid underway plying lessons learned from the BD3 CCS Fa- behaviour of their amines. cility to the Lehigh Hanson cement plant in To address this research gap, the Knowledge Edmonton, Alberta in a joint CCS feasibility “Surprises cost money. Hopefully we can Centre is in the process of developing a skid – study that targets a 95% CO2 capture rate. make significant contributions to reduce capi- a portable testing apparatus, that is expected to The Amine Validation Program has the abili- tal and guarantee much-lower operating costs be ready to launch in the fourth quarter of ty to provide further knowledge of process im- by selecting a different amine for an applica- 2020. One of the main objectives of the skid is provements for second-generation large-scale tion, but there has been little study of multiple to conduct longer-term monitoring of amine CCS technology in an effort to increase com- amines over a long-period. We don’t know behaviour that will emulate an equivalent en- merciality of this technology needed for signif- how each will behave and degrade on a similar vironment on a smaller scale. Knowledge icant emissions reductions worldwide. application. These are the answers we’re Centre Chemist, Colin Campbell, explains looking for,” added Campbell. how the project has a completely different focus and approach to how carbon capture sys- Advanced real-time testing tems have traditionally been studied. More information Creating an automated system to aid in better ccsknowledge.com “A lot of the test skids have been used for years understanding, and more closely predicting,

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Capture & Utilisation LAUNCH project and Biobe: moulding the future of carbon capture

LAUNCH is a three-year project funded through the ERA-NET ACT2 initiative aimed at accelerating implementation of CO2 capture across industry and enabling the development of novel solvents.

Our planet is facing an environmental crisis created by plastic overuse, yet this obscures the benefits of a versatile material, which has been used in everything from food production and medical care to electronics and construction. Now, work under way by the LAUNCH CCUS project could see plastic becoming an important ally in climate action.

One approach to capturing CO2 is to use a chemical compound known as a solvent, which is packed into the long, narrow tower of a capture plant. These solvents are recycled for re-use but a percentage is lost due to degradation, incurring a replacement cost for any capture plant operator.

The LAUNCH project is seeking ways to control this degradation and includes rigorous testing of possible countermeasures under different capture plant conditions. That’s where the Norwegian company, Biobe AS, comes in. Composite moulding at Biobe AS. Composites or GRP have much better mechanical and temperature performances than most thermoplastics and can be used in very demanding products (Image: Biobe AS) Scientists engaged in Work Package 2 are using four test rigs to come up with strategies for controlling degradation, including the removal of products thought to cause it. Oxy- gen and nitrogen dioxide are two culprits. A process equipment, such as pumps and valves, ence combined with the other partners’ ex- third is iron. must be made in polymer materials. pertise will deliver the results the project is aiming for. Biobe is a developer and manufacturer of dif- “Even the heat exchangers – basically, insula- ferent products in thermoplastic and compos- tors – will be formed from plastic materials. Hermansen says: “We’re an experienced sup- ite materials, with customers both at home The process of making such a plant creates plier of process cleaning applications. We’ve and abroad. The company is known for its in- many challenges. So, we will be depending on served the sulphur dioxide cleaning industry novative product solutions – from simple the wide cooperation of research institutes for more than 25 years and that has given us products to larger, more complex projects – and material suppliers for our work as part of unique experience and a competitive edge. and it is well equipped to accept the challenge the LAUNCH project.” The work we undertake for LAUNCH will thrown down by the LAUNCH project. support climate action worldwide and will al- The design of the non-metallic plant, which so be a valuable addition to our business port- In a bid to remove iron from the scene, Biobe will be a world-first, aims to increase the effi- folio.” is designing and building a capture demon- ciency of CO2 removal and reduce overall stration plant made entirely of plastic. costs for large-scale facilities as well as small Biobe supplies the packing used within cap- to medium-scale operations. ture plants but also provides a complete range Jon Hermansen, senior engineer at Biobe, ex- of internal components – for absorption and plains: “Research has shown that using plastic On this international project, Biobe will be various stripping operations for power plants, materials in a CO2 cleaning unit will prolong working with Los Alamos National Labora- refineries and chemical plants – made from the lifespan of an amino acid-based solvent. tory and the University of Texas in Austin the thermoplastics and thermoset materials to This means that the whole plant, including USA, together with TNO in the Nether- suit towers of varying designs. According to pipes, scrubbers, absorbers, desorbers and lands. Biobe hopes that its own long experi- Hermansen, these products also have a high

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Capture & Utilisation

degree of corrosion resistance and that is ex- tion units and sales offices in several coun- - National Carbon Capture Center, Alabama, pected to pay dividends for the LAUNCH tries. It is located in Fredrikstad, Norway, USA project. about 100 kilometres south of Oslo, in close proximity to Sweden and the rest of Europe. - PACT test facility, University of Sheffield, Work on the test plant’s design and engineer- UK ing is already under way and the first version The test rigs that will be used within Work is expected to be completed later this year. Package 2 are:

Biobe AS is one of the most comprehensive -RWE’s pilot plant, Niederaussem, Ger- More information suppliers of plastic product solutions, using many launchccus.eu multiple varieties of plastic material. Biobe is www.biobe.no a part of the Bewi Group, which is a Norwe- - AVR’s waste incineration in Duiven, the gian owned European concern with produc- Netherlands Rice lab turns carbon rich waste into valuable graphene flakes

A new process introduced by the Rice University lab of chemist James Tour can turn bulk quantities of just about any carbon source into graphene flakes at less cost than other processes.

The process is quick and cheap; Tour said the “flash graphene” technique can convert a ton of coal, waste food or plastic into graphene for a fraction of the cost used by other bulk graphene-producing methods.

“This is a big deal,” Tour said. “The world throws out 30% to 40% of all food, because it goes bad, and plastic waste is of worldwide concern. We’ve already proven that any solid carbon-based matter, including mixed plastic waste and rubber tires, can be turned into graphene.”

As reported in Nature, flash graphene is made in 10 milliseconds by heating carbon-contain- ing materials to 3,000 Kelvin (about 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit). The source material can be nearly anything with carbon content. Waste food, plastic waste, petroleum coke, coal, wood clippings and biochar are prime candidates, Tour said. “With the present Carbon black powder turns into graphene in a burst of light and heat through a technique developed at commercial price of graphene being $67,000 Rice University. Flash graphene turns any carbon source into the valuable 2D material in 10 to $200,000 per ton, the prospects for this milliseconds. Photo: Jeff Fitlow process look superb,” he said.

Tour said a concentration of as little as 0.1% we could use less concrete for building, and it bon dioxide generated in concrete manufac- of flash graphene in the cement used to bind would cost less to manufacture and less to ture. It’s a win-win environmental scenario concrete could lessen its massive environmen- transport,” he said. “Essentially, we’re trap- using graphene.” tal impact by a third. Production of cement ping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and reportedly emits as much as 8% of human- methane that waste food would have emitted “Turning trash to treasure is key to the circu- made carbon dioxide every year. in landfills. We are converting those carbons lar economy,” said co-corresponding author into graphene and adding that graphene to Rouzbeh Shahsavari, an adjunct assistant “By strengthening concrete with graphene, concrete, thereby lowering the amount of car- professor of civil and environmental engineer-

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ing and of materials science and nanoengi- neering at Rice and president of C-Crete Technologies. “Here, graphene acts both as a 2D template and a reinforcing agent that con- trols cement hydration and subsequent strength development.”

In the past, Tour said, “graphene has been too expensive to use in these applications. The flash process will greatly lessen the price while it helps us better manage waste.”

“With our method, that carbon becomes fixed,” he said. “It will not enter the air again.”

The process aligns nicely with Rice’s recently announced Carbon Hub initiative to create a zero-emissions future that repurposes hydro- carbons from oil and gas to generate hydrogen gas and solid carbon with zero emission of carbon dioxide. The flash graphene process can convert that solid carbon into graphene for concrete, asphalt, buildings, cars, clothing In a flash, carbon black turns into graphene through a technique developed by Rice University scientists. and more, Tour said. The scalable process promises to quickly turn carbon from any source into bulk graphene. From left: undergraduate intern Christina Crassas, chemist James Tour and graduate students Paul Advincula Flash Joule heating for bulk graphene, devel- and Duy Luong. Photo: Jeff Fitlow oped in the Tour lab by Rice graduate student and lead author Duy Luong, improves upon techniques like exfoliation from graphite and this process is industrialized, elements like ological process by which carbon evolves into chemical vapor deposition on a metal foil that oxygen and nitrogen that exit the flash reactor its ground state, graphite,” she said. “Greatly require much more effort and cost to produce can all be trapped as small molecules because accelerated by a heat spike, it is also stopped just a little graphene. they have value,” Tour said. at the right instant, at the graphene stage.

Even better, the process produces “turbostrat- He said the flash process produces very little “It is amazing how state-of-the-art computer ic” graphene, with misaligned layers that are excess heat, channeling almost all of its ener- simulations, notoriously slow for observing easy to separate. “A-B stacked graphene from gy into the target. “You can put your finger such kinetics, reveal the details of high tem- other processes, like exfoliation of graphite, is right on the container a few seconds after- perature-modulated atomic movements and very hard to pull apart,” Tour said. “The lay- wards,” Tour said. “And keep in mind this is transformation,” Bets said. ers adhere strongly together. But turbostratic almost three times hotter than the chemical graphene is much easier to work with because vapor deposition furnaces we formerly used to Tour hopes to produce a kilogram (2.2 the adhesion between layers is much lower. make graphene, but in the flash process the pounds) a day of flash graphene within two They just come apart in solution or upon heat is concentrated in the carbon material years, starting with a project recently funded blending in composites. and none in a surrounding reactor. by the Department of Energy to convert U.S.-sourced coal. “This could provide an “That’s important, because now we can get “All the excess energy comes out as light, in a outlet for coal in large scale by converting it each of these single-atomic layers to interact very bright flash, and because there aren’t any inexpensively into a much-higher-value with a host composite,” he said. solvents, it’s a super clean process,” he said. building material,” he said.

The lab noted that used coffee grounds trans- Luong did not expect to find graphene when Tour has a grant from the Department of En- formed into pristine single-layer sheets of he fired up the first small-scale device to find ergy to scale up the flash graphene process, graphene. new phases of material, beginning with a which will be co-funded by the start-up com- sample of carbon black. “This started when I pany, Universal Matter Ltd. Bulk composites of graphene with plastic, took a look at a Science paper talking about metals, plywood, concrete and other building flash Joule heating to make phase-changing The Air Force Office of Scientific Research materials would be a major market for flash nanoparticles of metals,” he said. But Luong and the National Science Foundation sup- graphene, according to the researchers, who quickly realized the process produced nothing ported the research. are already testing graphene-enhanced con- but high-quality graphene. crete and plastic. Atom-level simulations by Rice researcher More information The flash process happens in a custom-de- and co-author Ksenia Bets confirmed that signed reactor that heats material quickly and temperature is key to the material’s rapid for- www.rice.edu emits all noncarbon elements as gas. “When mation. “We essentially speed up the slow ge-

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Capture & Utilisation Carbon dioxide as a raw material for the chemical industry

VTT and its business partners have launched a two-year project to develop a concept for a process to capture and use carbon dioxide. www.beccu.fi

The aim is to use the carbon dioxide produced The company is involved during bioenergy production as a raw material in BECCU because the for speciality chemicals. As certain end prod- project seeks possibilities ucts have a long lifecycle, the concept may for turning carbon diox- even lead to negative emissions, that is, prod- ide from a problem into ucts that act as carbon sinks. an opportunity, says Neste’s Lars Peter Lind- CO2 can be captured both from the air and fors, Senior Vice Presi- from processes at power plants and production dent, Innovation. facilities. It can be used to replace fossil fuels as a raw material in manufacturing numerous - Valmet’s mission is to chemical products. VTT has previously evalu- convert renewable re- ated that facilities that utilise and process sources into sustainable biomass could be suitable pioneers for viable results. The concept of carbon dioxide capture. capturing biomass-based carbon dioxide for the Although captured carbon dioxide has been production of new end VTT's mobile synthesis unit MOBSU for bench-scale process development. studied often as a raw material for transport products is a good fit (Photo by COMSYN-project) fuels, extremely affordable electrical energy with our mission. would usually be required to make these syn- Achieving climate targets thetic fuels viable. For the BECCU project, calls for new solutions and verifying them with is Business Finland. It is part of Business Fin- VTT and its business partners have selected the whole value chain – and BECCU project land’s Green Electrification ecosystem, which chemicals, and in particular polyols, as the pri- is ideally suited for this, says Ari Kokko, Di- was launched at the beginning of 2020 and mary end products. Polyols are in turn the raw rector, Technology and R&D, Energy Busi- seeks to develop Power-to-X processes. materials for polyurethane products, such as ness Unit, Valmet. insulation materials and foam adhesives. - BECCU is one of the first co-innovation packages to be launched within the ecosystem, The goal is to determine whether polyols can that is, in which research institutes and com- be profitably manufactured from bio-based Power-to-X processes to be panies work together to develop new tech- carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the current piloted nologies and services. In addition to major market situation. The project is developing a driver companies, a significant number of concept for the entire processing chain, from The BECCU project will compare a variety of SMEs are joining the project and getting in- the use of biomass in energy production all the processes to capture carbon dioxide from volved in an extensive research programme. way to the capturing of carbon dioxide and biomass use in energy production. The second The project will play a major role in develop- chemical manufacture. The aim is to prepare main raw material of polyols – hydrogen – will ing Power-to-X technologies and identifying this concept to the next point where industri- be produced using renewable electricity or new applications, says Pia Salokoski, a leading al-scale investments can be targeted. supplied from industrial by-product sources. financing expert at Business Finland. The team will test each stage of the process - Polyurethane products are increasingly being using VTT’s pilot and laboratory test equip- In addition to VTT and Business Finland, the used in construction industry insulation in the ment and assess the techno-economic require- following stakeholders are also participating in global markets, so it’s important that the fossil ments for their entire lifecycle. the project: Valmet, Top Analytica, Metener, raw materials used in these products are re- Finnfoam, Kiilto, Mirka, Pirkanmaan Jäte- placed by bio-based and recycled materials, The concept will also be compared to other huolto, CarbonReUse, Neste, Helen, the both as part of the Finnish chemical industry’s Power-to-X concepts, that is, processes in Chemical Industry Federation of Finland sustainability targets and to strengthen its which transport fuels and other chemicals, along with number of international research market position, says Henri Nieminen from such as methanol and methane, can be pro- partners. Alongside the public project, the Finnfoam. duced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. partners will also be launching their own development projects, which will both utilise the - Neste are seeking solutions to reduce CO2 The BECCU project’s total budget is approx- project’s results and bring market perspectives emissions by 20 million tons per year by 2030. imately EUR 2 million, and its main sponsor to public research.

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Transport & Storage CO2 DataShare launches open, digital data sharing portal

CO2 DataShare has launched a web-based digital portal for sharing reference datasets from pioneering CO2 storage projects. co2datashare.org

The new portal will enable researchers and ators who have limited experi- engineers to improve their understanding, re- ence in CCS. As data acquisi- duce costs and minimize uncertainties associ- tion grows there is the positive ated with CO2 storage. prospect of greater international comparison, collaboration "We hope that many data-owners within the and enhanced experience,” says CCS community will share their data on this James Craig, Technical Pro- new portal. Sharing of reference datasets from gramme Manager, IEAGHG. pioneering CO2 storage projects is essential to accelerate improved understanding, build capacity, reduce costs and minimize uncer- The platform's two tainties associated with CO2 storage in deep first data sets are geological formations", says Grethe Tangen, Project Manager CO2 DataShare. available for use The two first datasets to be shared are provid- threshold for data owners to share with the Lack of relevant data has been a barrier for ed by the Sleipner Group consisting of CCS community within agreed terms of use. CCS research and deployment, a barrier that Equinor Energy AS (operator), ExxonMobil can be overcome by access to open data. The Exploration and Production Norway AS, "Our hope is that other data owners will fol- CO2 DataShare project was established in LOTOS Exploration and Production Norge low Equinor and collaborate with the project 2018 to accelerate the deployment of CCS by AS and KUFPEC Norway AS. They include: to share their data through the portal. Data providing open access to CO2 storage data. documentation, definition of metadata and - The Sleipner 2019 Benchmark model, con- clarification of access rights and licensing “We are very excited to see the CO2 taining a simulation grid with associated data, terms are tasks done by the data provider in DataShare Portal launch", says Sallie Green- suited to advance modelling tools and the un- collaboration with CO2 DataShare", says berg, Associate Director – Energy & Miner- derstanding of CO2 flow dynamics. Grethe Tangen, Project Manager CO2 als at Illinois State Geological Survey. "This DataShare. international collaborative effort has been - The Sleipner 4D seismic data entailing 14 several years in the making. Availability of da- years of injection and a total of 6 repeated CO2 DataShare is a project established in ta will allow for refinement of models, devel- seismic sets gathered. The base line data 2018 by the CO2 Storage Data Consortium, opment of new methods for plume detection, gathered before the CO2 injection started an open international network for data and and potentially help drive commercialization will also be released. knowledge exchange, initiated by Equinor, of this important technology.” SINTEF, University of Illinois and "Sleipner is perhaps the best know CCS pro- IEAGHG in 2016. CO2 DataShare has re- ject in the world – but there is still much to be ceived financial support from Gassnova and Building confidence in CO2 learned from it. I hope this new release of US Department of Energy. The project is co- storage seismic and reservoir data will allow new in- ordinated with the Norwegian CCS Research sights to be gained on this long-running CO2 Centre, NCCS. CO2 DataShare aims to share curated injection project. Especially, we hope to cali- datasets from pilot and industry-scale projects brate the next generation of dynamic flow The portal builds on UNINETT Sigma2's to drive research and development. This is es- models against this reference case" says Philip solution for data storage combined with a tai- sential for building confidence in CO2 stor- Ringrose, Geoscience Specialist, Equinor. lored frontend developed using the open age as a greenhouse gas control strategy. The source software CKAN. UNINETT Sigma2 portal offers a simple, standard, and low-cost is a non-profit company that manages the na- solution for making high-quality data avail- The CO2 DataShare platform tional infrastructure for computational sci- able to the CCS community worldwide. is open to all data owners ence in Norway (www.sigma2.no).

“Interchange of data from established CO2 By providing simple measures for preparing The default and preferred model is for the storage sites will help in regions of the world and sharing CO2 storage datasets from in- datasets to be freely downloadable under an where CCS is less well developed, especially dustry projects, demonstration projects and open license. All documentation of the data for stakeholders including investors and oper- field tests, CO2 DataShare can lower the and the metadata is openly accessible.

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Transport & Storage CO2CRC Otway Stage 2C project delivers first results

The project has provided important findings into migration and monitoring of carbon dioxide injected underground.

CO2CRC injected 15,000 tonnes of CO2 approximately 1,500 meters underground at its Otway National Research Facility located in Nirranda South, Victoria. The CO2 was injected into a saline aquifer between Decem- ber 2015 and April 2016. The CO2 plume was then detected and tracked during the injection and in the years after.

The monitoring was done primarily using an array of geophone receivers buried just under the surface to detect the seismic signal paired with conventional vibroseis where a seismic signal is produced by a truck-mounted seismic vibrator. Surface orbital vibrators were also successfully trialled as a seismic signal source enabling monitoring data to be acquired continuously.

The research, led by Curtin University and supported by CSIRO and Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, USA, demonstrated that a small amount of CO2 (as little as 5,000 A CO2 plume was observed migrating through the subsurface at CO2CRC’s Otway National Research tonnes), can be detected using seismic moni- Facility primarily using an array of geophone receivers buried just under the surface to detect the seismic toring tools and its movement underground signal successfully mapped. the expansion of infrastructure at the Otway “Our hope is that the applied scientific and The demonstration provides CCS stakehold- National Research Facility through the technological research conducted at ers with confidence that any movement of the drilling of four new 1600-metre-deep moni- CO2CRC’s Otway National Research Facili- injected CO2 outside of the storage complex toring equipped with the latest technologies ty will lead to more CCS projects around the can be quickly detected. The project also tri- in fibre optics sensing and subsurface gauges. world, allowing CCS to play a vital role in alled a variety of new seismic monitoring meeting the dual challenge of reducing emis- techniques. Otway Stage 3 will demonstrate the next gen- sions across all major industry sectors while eration of sub-surface monitoring technolo- meeting the growing global demand for af- “The ability to reliably predict the movement gies and improve the efficiency of storage fordable and reliable energy,” Mr Byers said. of CO2 and optimise the use of seismic mon- monitoring. itoring to validate the plume migration path The CO2CRC Otway Stage 2C project is will be invaluable to CCS project operators These new technologies provide data quicker jointly funded through its industry members and regulators around the world,” said David and cost significantly less than the seismic and research partners, the Australian Govern- Byers, CEO of CO2CRC. surveys currently used with initial estimates ment, the Victorian State Government and showing cost savings of up to 75 percent,” Mr COAL21 through ANLEC R&D. “Our success with the Stage 2C project in ob- Byers said. serving the behaviour of a small CO2 plume and understanding the resolution and sensi- A workflow for verifying the stabilisation of tivity of seismic monitoring has paved the way the CO2 plume using seismic data and dy- for CO2CRC’s biggest project to date: Ot- namic modelling has been developed under More information way Stage 3,” he said. Stage 2C and will be tested in the next phase of the project, expected to be completed by www.co2crc.com.au In 2019, work on Otway Stage 3 began with June 2020.

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CARBON CAPTUREE CONTAAE CTS Follow Us Lynn Bri kc ett Timo yht Fout OD E PF/ MargorE reganam N LTE Te olchn ygo Manager 214 . 56.683 74 304 1431.582. https://www.netl.doe.gov/research/coal/carbon-capture yL nn. rB ick h@tte q. vog.eod T tomi hy od.lten@tuoF. e.gov AUGUST 2019