PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 ttps://pos.sissa.it/ h em model to Tand osed we simply review previous gy n an 551, f Earth, uce newly prop Japa f Technolo 198, Jap 540,

okyo 152-8 4.0). u, T C-ND ro-k BY-N (CC Tokyo Institute o n theory, and introd Shizuoka 411-8 carboncycle mmarized why I came to be involved in these research topics. License Creative Commons Creative ima, n Theory and Origin o the yama, Megu of ka Mish , 2 terms 1 3 the O-o -1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0 2 under ife Science Institute, planetary formatio 4 Pirogova 1, 630090, Russia 1111 Yata, 2-1

try: try: try: the author(s) un un un untry: 2-1 Planetary Formatio ail: [email protected] (2) s paper is comprised of 6 sections as follows. as sections 6 of comprised is paper s owned by Institute of Genetics tion: Genome Evolution Laboratory, National tion: RIKEN tion: Earth-L tion: Novosibirsk State University n E-m Thi (1) Introduction (2)Earth of Origin and Theory Formation Planetary (4)life Earth’s the of Origin researches of explain the formation In In (1) Introduction, I briefly su (3) planet: habitable a of Origin (5)life Evolutionofthe Earth’s Astrobiology (6) of establishment the Towards ail: [email protected] ail: [email protected] ail: [email protected] Copyright Affilia Affilia Affilia Affilia Speaker 3 Address, Co E-m Kurokawa Ken 4 Address, Co E-m E-m 1 2 Address, Co Shigenori Maruyama Shigenori Origin and Evolution of Earth and Life: Towards the the Towards Life: and Earth of Evolution and Origin to Universe from Astrobiology of Establishment Genome Japa Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Toshikazu Address, Co 1  Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 e g (5) the Author(s) Author(s) Cycle, ich we must be n . And we rward the olve into d complex Towards Life, after we Carbo e life emergin b (6) is single and unique earth and life. Those ravel when, how, and ts to requirements that must Planet: for the earth and life, to earth’s history accretion an irements to ev reactor and geyser. In ere to mantle through earth’s rough ypothesis to push fo ) requ in of the Earth’s produce material circulation system Habitable g h ropose nine ideal site to emerge life is Natural y the history of

described, and each tion condi Orig we p make life very difficult even to appear, which to In (4) from the atmosph time, which is significantly a new method to troduce the ABEL model as another new theory theory new another as model ABEL the troduce 2 ose the workin s; (1) planetary requiremen (3) Origin of a the emergence of life is not easy. The order and To tackle with such a big question, fundamental through

running . requirements are

, we introduce an 2 irthplace of life, e conditions to evolve to a habitable planet, wh f the earth. Stratigraphy (OPS); we propose carbon compensation depth the birthplace, and (3 CO p we prop , n o III(FRAPWS2018) gy to present day. In addition, based on n of of three group Totally 40 d solid earth. In es for the b ctio f carbon cycle n. ts that must be satisfied f earth e clarified. Th

o uirements for e significance to unravel the carbon cycle th b mprised the Earth was formed. This model can explain long unsolved enigma of th irthplace of life. Then concept o

lain th rks as the fun exp new lar system with new factor. Then, we in we Then, factor. new with system lar a and the birth in the universe life was born of earth’s water an er of requiremen 2 June2 2018 - - derstand more essential and significant events to stud ents were selected considering the criterion to extract, whether the event henomenon to become a turning point for the earth’s history. In lanet with civilizatio ropose here, is co of the so the of numb be quite rare in our Galaxy. suggesting the planet with civilization might p planet, (2) nine req p satisfied in sequence as listed. It means to explain how origin we try to propose history geology centering on Ocean Plate (CCD) wo approach environmental evolutio review previous research be met at the b to synthesize life by Evolution of the Earth’ life, we pick up 20 biggest events the in the history combination between natural un nuclear ev p Establishment of Astrobiolo present Astrobiology research. Astrobiology is the research where field to un requirements must geyser system on the Hadean primordial continent, ontier Research in Astrophysics - Astrophysics in Research ontier Fr 28 May May 28 Italy (Palermo), Mondello Title (orshort title) Title PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

2 d ort o To ids within when supp rn with [2], and ike sized Author(s) Author(s) is model model is proposed proposed -l d introduce a a d introduce d ocean do not

giants such as ectation. Because is estimated to be gas.

2 outer icy asteroids. asteroids. icy outer asteroids,giants, gas in Fig 2. Th 2. Fig in posed by [1], at 10AU. [6] [6] 10AU. at idence. Therefore, Therefore, idence. 5AU. lems remaining unsolved. remaining lems ot mean life emerged on hydrogen hydrogen Saturn ious ev ious ikescorching planet, because the gical records, at least 300 bar CO bar 300 least at records, gical me prob me -l lanets, gas giants and icy asteroids asteroids icy and giants gas lanets, wever, if the Earth was bo optimistically about the presence of ersion of of ersion another 100bar CO 100bar another e universe, the number of exoplanets is

geolo vide obv vide Venus by [6] as shown shown as [6] by lation became able to treat more than tens rbit of the Mercury) with with Mercury) the of rbit iter at 5AU and and 5AU at iter became available (e.g. [5]). More recently, Gran became available (e.g. More [5]). recently, roposed 3 ody simu er magnitude greater than our exp p drogen hy of gas.means It that gas blems inherent in their explanation, an explanation, their in inherent blems people think n of the solar system was pro n and planetesimals, (3) accretion to become astero become to (3) accretion planetesimals, n and N-b ave evolved to to evolved ave solid earth was born with atmosphere an distribution between 2AU and h Earth which can overco can which Earth one-ord AU as first planet inthe solarsystem. Before innerrocky e universe, however, it does n efore or after the disp the after or efore dispersion s, only Earth can pro can Earth only s, loring technology of th w with pro with w to 0.3AU (the o (the 0.3AU to us problems because some observational facts ormation of the the of rogen gas due to 10 Earth mass, while it remains controversial controversial remains it while mass, Earth 10 to due gas rogen (4) (4) n in th Tack model was ital position, e.g. Jup e.g. position, ital orn at 6-7 at orn is unclear whether highly civilized life forms are present. highly civilized life forms are present. is unclear whether f stem ries belo ries y research organizations from 28 countries. finally, finally, t orb t commo crust, and crust, continental terrestrial the lanets formed b formed lanets oth model explain d sed the gap in mass s olar eric carbon is too much. According to According much. too is carbon eric and complex more simulation

s), an s), schematically illustrated Fig in 1, showing the process from (1) contraction of s he fundamental question fundamental models contain serio t of cess cau might be to explain the origin origin the explain to

the development of exp y lanetary formation theory and origin of the Earth theory formation lanetary med to exceed 20 billion or P The classic theory of the formatio and Saturn trapped hyd trapped Saturn and ike exoplanet and abundance of life forms in the universe. Indeed, Earth lanetary disk, (2) the birth of protosu of birth the (2) disk, lanetary More recently, Grand More recently, After classic formation theory the of solar system was proposedby [2] and [1], [7] [3], What is life? What is conditions evolution? for emergence the of life? What islife’s With These the development of supercomputer, planets 1 Theor roposed that Jupiter was b was Jupiter that roposed migrated Saturn up, grew lanets ne million years after the primordial Earth formed. Ho ow assu 2. protop followed by [3] proposing the formation process of planets based on N-body simulation (e.g. [4]). With Tack model was newly proposed which by [6] discuss migration the of planets solar the in system. theo those summarize We model new (from inner outer to domainthe of solar system, typesof asteroids were rocky asteroid icy and Jupiter p rocky inner whether of thousandsof N, explainedas it n of overwhelming abundance of exoplanets, Earth-l answer these we we need life. to this In paper, understand research the Astrobiology, forEarth’s we discuss summarize researches the life frontier which of those have been Earth’s progress our ing through research project with 48 such planets. Moreover, it exo 2. 1. Introduction Title (orshort title) Title is being stored within within stored being is atmosphere and ocean, the earth should earth the and ocean, atmosphere atmosph of amount p p rocky inner to volatiles After those supplied icy asteroids o p returned back to presen to back returned that this pro them. For example, b PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 . el ut ility f the t and 00AU, ar [8]. ouse gas Author(s) Author(s) 5 b ted only N- al instab an to accep e appearance of in meteorite parent s are stable even in g made through the d basaltic crust, and e enough st be less th sun reached to 1 u Al. If the proposed mod m 26 2 re is take into consideration, ter region of the solar system. to the estimation of planetary , resulting in th ou n. With time, temperature structure e like strated in Fig 3. Their new model sphere when the Earth was formed. If ff to w of proto are currently fixed in the solid earth f rock forming minerals, especially for

spheric CO inner region. 2 be an ocean due to extreme greenh atmo s models, [9] proposed a new model o Tack model, icy asteroid ifferentiation observed with lanets form in outer domain of such stagnant ported by observational facts. As illustrated in 4 into the into d (2) compositional zonin p the e to this, Mercury has less silicate minerals b meteorites fell on the earth. reviou ived radionuclid did not consider (1) magnetorotation would not ntain serious problems is that they adop inner stagnant regio Earth, ypothesis. e on form. Icy [11] and g h stability an els co y short-l based on the distance from the Sun amed “Tandem model” as illu lanet will Tandem model is sup er, in the case that temperature structu

erals evaporate. Du system. When the bipolar flo , to exist cean to n n these mod occur isk, (2) thermodynamic features o d servational facts, such model is not comprehensiv rbit to form a planet migrates

rmatio ob m in diameter, i.e. metallic core, silicate mantle, an veloped the Earth, there magnetorotation in For the o For . en 0k

2 atmosphere, caused b 2 orbit. Howev 20 lation as a method. They volatiles had been originally distributed to atmo planetary including volatiles, (3) compositional d CO the most inner region near the Mercury orbit, the temperature exceeds 1,000 ºC To overcome the difficulties by p CO metallic elements. According to Grand even silicate min chemical zonation is observed in asteroid belt according system fo simu , The reason why At

On the other hand 5 proto dy over dy ulk chemical composition by [10], However, However, 400 bar effect of stored in the mantle. Therefore, totally 400 bar CO rich in Mercury’s blown o even silicate minerals evaporate and volatiles are where bo bo adhoc workin the leaves only which solar considers (1) stagnant region where a p region, and rocky planets form in th of minerals primordial cannot explain evolution of the solar dehydration reaction changes and the o Title (orshort title) Title Fig. b PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 f o AU the p to ps of 0.3 Jupiter f nebula Author(s) Author(s) o as a function to nearly n event caused the in one million years million one in f the illustration. icy planets)

accretion become to asteroids within e final formation of three grou toplanetary disk with disk toplanetary rained mineral dust particles with chemical e solar system evolves over time from to lanetary core, and -g e 5 ck p fin o rmed from pro from rmed ormation: Formation: Th sition within 500,000 years. These migratio lanets fo lanets AU [6]. re on the left at the bottom) in the timing of dispersion 00 years after it was born. Icy asteroids migrated System ula (top), through (top), ula after [12]. at 2-5

e figu in 70,0 Solar r free gas (middle bottom), and th

g gas neb g gas Tack Model [6]: The time progress from top to bottom o to present orbital po volatiles to inner rocky planets. Later, Saturn also migrated to 2AU. Both gas giants the right vs. th velope o asteroids with

(AU). The timing of gas dispersion is controversial. Note the difference (between (rocky planets, gas giants with ice-r rn at 3.5AU as the first planet with the biggest mass. Jupiter migrated to 1.5AU with Model of the bo istance was lack of mass distribution Fig 2. Grand outer icy le), formation (midd of planetesimalsdifferentiation and their d figure on gas. Figure was modified to supply moved back -p of illustration. Proto the bottom rotatin the from a gas en planets Title (orshort title) Title Fig 1. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 4], to .9 AU, ction of Author(s) Author(s) ary between xygen isotope [17]. material moved atorial plane of the ase is at 1.8-1 condition. The major Ca. 4.56 Ga: Progressive us ph a clay mineral line assumed reached 100AU, [16], with ike, as inferred from the o f protosun sts in the nebula disc is seen as a fun 6 omponents are also necessary additions er stability limit of the hydro Mg-c Material is concentrated on the equ enstatite chondrite-l nd Zonation of the Solar System at Earth was formed under a completely dry lanetary mineral du y [9]: After bipolar flow o that the inn arth was Chemical Ca and Al- a Note

Model b disk. With increasing temperature, material accumulates at bound and CO at 40 AU are shown [15] and

the Sun (AU). Organics line is at 2.1 AU [13], snowline at 2.7 AU (170 K) [1 m 9 AU. zoning of proto-p field and stability field. Tandem along the equatorial plane. ce fro planetary lent at 10 AU,

2 ite far from 1 AU where ack Fig 4 Progressive Fig 3. proto turbu b Title (orshort title) Title chemical qu CO occur at 1. rock type of proto-E ratio, but in reality distan PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

r to to by o This aceous Author(s) Author(s) ther words, followed carbon ygen isotopic on size. The ugh the accretion drite, but enstatite oon system. In this from erefore, even silicate lar system. In o ondrite in asteroid belt like ean c rm Earth-M cean. It indicates that all rocky reached midway between Moon d o us ch d o ave originated system as we see today. h length orn as a dry planet without ocean ion of the so it became Mars size. Finally, Mars sized oon to n, inner domain of the solar system where sphere an sphere when it reached Mo Earth reached Mar's own length, was b an mosphere 7 outer reg at as its size the atmosphere and ocean. However, ox when from carbonaceo mpleted when here ithout the Earth to have Earth-M both gen isotope. Fig 7. shows the D/H of Earth’s water which perienced giant impact to fo so, captured atmo . This indication is consistent with the chemical zonation in dro of solid Earth is not carbonaceous chon s chondrites, but far from that of comets or solar wind. perienced very high temperature, th in volatiles, while solid Earth was formed from enstatite If latiles to form atmo w Earth arth ex Fig. 6 silicate mantle. n system is assumed to be originated from carbonaceous oo a dry enriched the origin rmed ex Venus, Earth, and Mars, was born as a dry planet without atmosphere or metallic core formed rdial earth e Model of the Earth [12]: With time, the Earth grew thro rite

Earth’s water is derived icates process of the Earth was proposed by [12] as illustrated in Fig 5. According According 5. Fig in illustrated as [12] by proposed was Earth the of process ets fo own in Fig. 4. ther hand, Earth’s water is assumed of the core from mantle co he Earth lanetesimals accreted with each other to form asteroid (400km in diameter) with that of carbonaceou Mercury, because the Earth has p could not have vo as illustrated in of ormation meteo based on the D/H of hy later stage, proto-E evaporated and volatiles blew to a rmation rmation arth rite. rigin ofrigin t Fo However, as we summarized in previous sectio So far, Earth-M On the o rocky plan asteroids. Primo O 2 roto-E Title (orshort title) Title 2. f The 2.2.1 their model, and . Mars Then, th minerals p planets, i.e. time' at ocean. the formation model, the Earth held atmosp from the the differentiation Murchison differentiation asteroid collided with primordial earth Fig 5 Evolutional chond chondrite is similar to fact means that of atmosphere. chondrites, composition ind asteroid belt sh chondrite, PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 ars, Author(s) Author(s) modified as w M for ygen oxygen, in ile ordinary almost dead igure . F ns of ox arth idence of secondary accretion E o the on became an ompositio compositions of c sotopic form atmosphere and ocean must have been of Earth’s ocean approximates the valueof Earth’s of t orresponding 8 nd ocean of i lots P c ine ht) l TF rom the rom analyzedeitherofD/H thesolar atmosphere at wh the terrestrial fractionation (TF) line, n Rig on n: (Left) Plots of isotopic o ots a tmosphere when did the Earth have them? The ev rite plots as a dry planet, volatiles to

( do not. ndrites If so, arth havearth a . ho [19].

us c nd comet [20]. comet pl Moon The d Vesta. n enstatite chond can be interpreted from lunar geological records. Mo a , a [18]

on aceous chondrite, while distinct f distinct while chondrite, aceous nd o e did the When If the Earth was born

on 7. The originTheof7. water onThe Earth: the D/H Ga or of a a of or Ga

.5 Title (orshort title) Title Fig Fig. 6 Oxygen Isotopic Compositio delivered secondarily of volatiles 2.2.2 4 carb which case carbonaceo and a after M the PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

e e e d n n ents the lanet y rface, ts of m th magma ment of of ment Author(s) Author(s) m across across m .20Ga. Th .20Ga. f dry p ,000k ABEL model, 2] redefined the Bombard -3 00 e birth o et. [2 zircon age distributio age zircon s; (1) If the meteorite solidification of of solidification topolog moon's the f ugh bombardmen eavy bombardment is from from is bombardment eavy From this perspective, we thro on. uish other models. lunar surface. surface. lunar craters were collected fro bombardment) is 4.37-4 is bombardment) o e surface eavy bombardment age. Fig 8 shows shows 8 Fig age. bombardment eavy eteorites. by meteorites. nar crust instantaneously evaporate by lements) % of of % e most important event to lead to io-e the nearside of the Moon, (B) shows and the sphere, th sit and form regolith layer. On Moon su of th 9 8 (B), the period of h of period the 8 (B), d rocks around atmo

mbarded lu mbardment to disting ry earth to form a habitable planet. In bo planet with water on rocky plan le e period (about 90 (about period e the Earth as same as Mo rough bombardment. rough bombardment.

nto a d rite bombardment with following step itab ssumed to be agitated, suggesting that the the that suggesting agitated, be to ssumed period is back to 4.37Ga, continued 170 million years, an nless bombarded changed u ardment are not limited on the on the not limited are ardment hasize it as one previously proposed “Late Heavy Bombardment” or “Late veneer” rred on rite itself and meteo formed th and N o crater, such tektite depo sis. Regolith is a layer of loose superficial deposits including sand, dust, 's missions, regolith an rites as illustrated in Fig 9. The bombardments delivered life constitu e number of bombardments (over 1,000 times 1,0 for times 1,000 (over bombardments of number e event is called ABEL Bombardment, which is essentially different in the ave occu cooling, evaporated minerals form glass or tektite to fall on the lunar ond size. Due to no e to its small nd C, H, O,

0km, meteo ch g analy du

10 dy atin secondary accretion of volatiles (b of life, and renamed ABEL Bo bo It is formed after the two-step formation of the earth, called ABEL model; (1) th

(3) Arou These facts bomb of facts These s should h dent from the giant impact. impact. giant the from dent for d aceous

Through Apollo th Considering on 0m thick regolith were 0m thick regolith ig 8. Thorium density distribution on the nearside of the Moon and the result of zircon dating: dating: zircon of result the and Moon the of nearside the on distribution density Thorium 8. ig f lunar regolith semiquantitatively means the average of h of average the means semiquantitatively regolith lunar f proposed carb F definition of the event from un have remained and geology asteroids), regolithlayers were a such distribution; (A) indicates the sample sites on Fig the to According distribution. age zircon extensiv however 3.90Ga, to 4.37Ga asteroid Earth, (2) elements such as this bombardment models. ABEL Bombardment significant event to make a hab bombardment event to emp emergence Moon or rocks. size is over impact, (2) With 10 o important indication is regolith never shows thebefore age 4.56Ga when ocean occurred by so called giant impact. The oldest age of zircon shows 4.37Ga which is younger is layer regolith from age zircon It means [21]. crust lunar of rock base from given age the than indepen Title (orshort title) Title planetary surface. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 tep ears, -s tion of Author(s) Author(s) gas giant giant gas inal orbit to lead to lead to a programs. own are the rig its o independent from from independent ange on Earth (Fig

be strictly limited to

e ABEL Bombardment. Bombardment. ABEL e ts; Jupiter, Saturn, and and Saturn, Jupiter, ts; ility of such a a such of ility Soviet Lun possib ure shows the distribu et returned to lements. ABEL model is two lements.ABEL -e 3]. Fig roposed by [24]. Also sh to several tens of thousands of y ircular feature at the upper left roughly as born as a dry planet without without planet dry a as wasborn earth the generated KREEP basalts) largely highlighted , which initiated the first metabolism metabolism first the initiated which , 10 and [28] suggested a a suggested and [28]

med that this plan dry earth dry uirement of Habitable Trinity [26]. [26]. Trinity Habitable of uirement al scattering by big three gas gian gas three by big scattering al ccretion ccretion e prominent quasi-c e question is what was the trigger of th of trigger the was what is question e rbit. Or Black Sheep might have gone somewhere in the des those of the NASA Apollo and arth. Secondary accretion volatiles of must inclu first step (left figure), step first a econdary At f s o on the E the on system once between few thousand earth. earth.

oceanic component on component oceanic relating to the Milankovich cycle, affecting global climate ch population diagram by [25]. population diagram d sites, which lar of the solar system. Th system. solar the of echanism le hypothesis is gravitation is hypothesis le ing However, [27] and [28] assu the theorized Lunar Procellarum Basin first p map of the Moon based on Clementine data [2 The period of ABEL Bombardment starts from 4.37Ga,ABEL so thisThe event period is of elevated Th regions, with th craters, and KREEP II basalts (secondary ssib po The m 3 The tlining iverse. the 2. 0). impact lunar land Fig 9. ABEL model [22]: ABEL means the advent of bio of advent the means ABEL [22]: model ABEL Fig 9. by (B) Zircon age Title (orshort title) Title (A) ou the emergence of life life of emergence the req the satisfy to landmass huge appear 2. One moving with extended elliptical o un within the so which could be 1 the formation formation the presently missing “Black Sheep” planet. [27] atmosphere or ocean. At secondatmosphere step or (right ocean. figure), secondary accretion of icy asteroids delivers an atmospheric formation of the formation PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 med to to form pic age. Author(s) Author(s) as shown of Hadean zed m 3.0Ga layers t. After water n to the zircon dating e ABEL ardmen h ike chondrites and volatiles elements on aelements dry So,planet. is - stallized magma. Fig 11 clearly lting in the oxidation And in additio

resu

resent in the Kuiper Belt with highly highly with Belt Kuiper in the resent circulating between mantle and the ean records from the Earth’s surface. d gradually oxidized between 4.0Ga and n shows up to 4.37Ga radioisoto ection, late tectonics late after t

xidation of cry from enstatite-l crystals have been found fro f p through ABEL Bomb 11 er the world. the deliveryof bio such Had formed

magma that zircon crystallized was analy the present Earth, because active mantle convection and ndary e Earth, it begun to be the result of mantle convection after the delivery of Earth the operation o to th o was rather reductive an e t indicates the state of o

of host granitic ＋ mm across tiny zircon 3

Ce an 1 found at about ten sites all ov

/

＋ xidation is thought conglomerate and sand. Those zirco 4 gen level o ugh plate tectonics and mantle conv trigger of the ABEL Bombardment:Theorized ABEL “Blacktrigger Sheep” of planet the is assu less th xy orbit [22]. du mantle ydrated lements) were accreted seco H The ABEL Bombardment is a critical eventABEL in Earth the historyThe the first as event No Hadean rocks are remained on 4 sisting of latiles. In other words, a dry 2. FigThe 10 Title (orshort title) Title cause an interference event a gravitationalAfter with Jupiter and scattering Saturn. by three these p be and might gone was planet Sheep Black giants, gas Bombardment 2. eccentric atmosphere and ocean on the Earth, as well as on the Earth? the record of the ABEL Bombardment remained (bio-e surface thro the operation of plate tectonics However, erased con They have been in Fig 11. Ce shows that Hadean magma 3.5Ga. Such vo components were given on mantle. analysis, o PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 of of iddle figure figure material Author(s) Author(s) ardment, ardment, ne of the the of ne Bomb ed Early-M sively large sized volatiles enough to t figure). Right Right figure). t the ratio through time span time through ratio

impact heating to cause the 3+ arth [21]. /Ce lithosphere preventing + 4 zircons (righ zircons not yet operated. Stagnant lid tectonics tectonics Stagnant lid yetnot operated. on the E stallized y zircon Ce zircon y ombardment (Fig 12). were to be puddles, and exten t for Earth. The earth remain 12 icy asteroids supplied moted decompressional melting to generate basaltic basaltic generate to melting decompressional moted finally B y ABEL of plate tectonics st magma of cry of magma st uppermost mantle melted due to b ectonics A cratered surfaces e operation

t ate dition of ho of dition idized condition measured b measured condition idized rface environment and inner Earth [31]. By the ABEL ABEL By the [31]. Earth inner and environment rface x stored to form ocean Earth and its surface was covered by rigid xic con xic

no -a crystals [30]. tiation of pl between su between

ocean on the earth. lidwas destroyed, and the to form oceanic crust. Finally, bimodal lithosphereto form oceanic (continental crust. Finally, plate and oceanic plate) Continued intense bombardments by water could be zircon the After the formation of the Earth, plate tectonics had tectonics plate of Earth, the formation the After were created by the bombardment of large asteroid with Ceres size (about 1,000km across), ini 5 The 2. Fig 11 The evidence of ABEL Bombardmen stagnant was operated on the 2. magma appeared, which initiated th Hadean to o the the of present spots [29]. Left measured figure and shows texture the circulation pro rebound Mantle mantle. the of rebounding oldest Title (orshort title) Title Hadean super shows the Reductive-o form hole where PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 class -class Author(s) Author(s)

cs, the presence of huge landmass 30km thick to generate the bimodal bimodal the generate to thick -30km 13

h, stagnant lid tectonics, through stage 2 of ABEL Bombardment, to lead stage 3 of stage lead to Bombardment, ABEL of 2 stage through tectonics, lid stagnant h, The role plate of tectonics is to enable thermal transport inner from area to the surface of The roleplateof tectonics forhabitable a planet has long beendiscussed so far (e.g. [32]),

. planet. Through this process, the surface temperature could be kept less than 100ºC (in the the (in 100ºC than less kept be could temperature surface the process, this Through planet. 2 12. From stagnant lid to plate tectonics by the destroy of rigid lithosphere by Celes by lithosphere of rigid destroy by the tectonics to plate lid stagnant From 12.

.2.6 The role of plate tectonics to create and maintain a habitable planet and a maintain habitable to create tectonics of plate role The .2.6 however it is not enough to understand the importance. The Earth is the only planet to keep plate plate keep to planet only the is Earth The importance. the understand to enough not is it however critical the suggesting life, have to planet only the is Earth the and tectonics system, in solar the correlation between the habitability and the operationof plate tectonics. can fix carbon compound by covering with sediment, and prevent the increase in atmospheric atmospheric in increase the prevent and sediment, with covering by compound carbon fix can CO case ofcase 1 bar atmosphere) andnecessary nutrients forlife can be circulatedand supplied the in tectoni plate of operation the to addition In environment. surface the asteroid to generate ca. 10,000km across tectonic depression equivale Pacific nt tomodern the huge such into flowed ponds small of numbers from liquid dioxide water/carbon which to Ocean evaporation of both tectonic asteroids Simultaneously, depression region andaccumulate water. hole huge of mantle the peridotite whichmade was heated lithosphere by impact continental and andenergy mantle rebound generated oceanic curst ca. 20 From tectonics. of plate to led This initiation the todayas on same lithosphere, Earth. modern the stage 1 Eart plate tectonics to generateAt continental granitic granitic margin, magma. crust accumulated to increase the size of landmass (stage 4). 2 Fig Title (orshort title) Title PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - int itable erature Venus- se this to the . Present Author(s) Author(s) -million

a 2 . Thanks to the olve into lve into a hab surface temp . According the ace, and Venus evolved to a y globall uter sp from the mantle to the surface. As ave ocean and life becau o

2 , that in organics (living animals, fossil, animals, (living organics in , that a planet would ev 2 ario with the Earth, however, at some po us could h erated, by basaltic lav

from the main route to evo 14 Ven r dispersed to the Venus experienced mantle overturn 700Ma which moved e Venus a scorching planet, where evolving scen Probably, . 2 ocean. Vapo Venus is covered

ht have gon ic activities to supply abundant CO bar CO , therefore, total amount of carbon corresponds to 300 bar CO bar 300 to corresponds carbon of amount total therefore, , wed similar 2 orate the gas effect made y 93 rface of if plate tectonics was not op volcan

. Fig. 13 shows the fixed carbon amount in solid earth. Carbon amount fixed as as fixed amount Carbon earth. solid in amount carbon fixed the shows 13 Fig. . use 2 Venus mig ho based on cratering rate, reen n rigin of a habitable planet: carbon cycle carbonrigin of a habitable planet: Meanwhile, O The material circulation in the Earth system, e.g. system, carbon Earth the in circulation The cycle,material has been discussed by some

Carbon is fixed in types some of the such form, as sedimentary rock, oil,natural coal, gas, planet. The su ail of geological history including the amount of sedimentary rocks, because generation of generation because rocks, of sedimentary amount the including history geological of ail f its history, 3. -elements bio other or carbon of behavior -term long the recognized has one no however, experts, 10cm/year). (about so or 100m only is movement plate the years, 1,000 Within years. 1,000 over Therefore,carriagethe of carbon thein fixed crustinto mantlethe is negligible. result,a As meteorologists have not taken intoconsideration the circulation material between atmosphere and ocean when less than think we 1,000 theyears. material However, circulation with 200 year time span, the amount of carbon cycle cannot be negligible. After 200 million years pass, pass, years 200 million After negligible. be cannot cycle carbon of amount the span, time year surface is all subductedoceanic plate the into on mantle (averaged the Earth’s age of oceanic plate is60 million years). needSowe to review the material circulation between the surface earth. inner and environment 3.1 Carbon cycle: The estimated amount of carbon in the present continental crust continental present in the amount estimated of carbon The 3.1 cycle: Carbon Title (orshort title) Title carbonate rock in the continental crust is about 100bar CO 100bar about is crust continental the in rock carbonate like assumptio a result, g reached 500ºC to evap the planet covered b planet could have follo o planet. accelerated active and fuel) is 200 bar CO 200 bar is fuel) and and living organism including plants and microorganisms. The mount of fixed carbon in the the in carbon fixed of mount The microorganisms. and plants including organism living and continental crust has been estimated from geological surface. Suchrecords surface of the Earth’s records are basically accessible only within upper 2km of the continental crust development of recent technology, understanding of geological structure deeper than 2km is being being is 2km than deeper structure geological of understanding technology, recent of development At present, people commonly estimation use estimation stillgained, includeuncertainty. however, on based crust continental the in who amount assumed the carbon by Russiangeologist Ronov, the in rock no sedimentary was there that assumed He [33]. continent Asian on rock sedimentary Hadeanand Archean time, but increasedsince the endProterozoic. of But assumptionhis of reviewed the estimated amounttion of sedimentary distribu and rocksgeneration was We wrong. the of application the with Earth the of history geological on renewed based carbon, of a give to able is geology complex Accretionary [34][35]. globally geology complex accretionary det sedimentaryrock is closely controlled bythe size and distribution continental of crust. We As a result, it ate rocks. carbon of ratio isotopic Sr in change the with information that combined bar 300 to correspond crust continental the in carbon of amount fixed the assumed was atmospheric CO PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 a y once Author(s) Author(s) n zone is is n zone must be less less be must

2 through volcanic volcanic through

2 is fixed. As the s. Carbonate mineral mineral Carbonate s.

2 the subductio the increases over bars, 5 the

is negligible comparing to to comparing negligible is ng . 2

antle 2 2 had never exceeded 5 bars in , which is finally carried into carried finally is , which

m 3 2 he t ing wall rock wall ing 100 bar during 1 billion years (i.e. (i.e. years 1 billion during 100 bar o

nt: Carbonate rock in the continental he crust t intothe mantle through the earth histor sed, and carried into the deeper mantle (Fig 14). (Fig mantle deeper the into and carried sed, 15 Amou ic erosion of hang of erosion ic re at the Moho depth alo depth Moho the at re n

bo in atmosphere, and that of in organic matter on the

are carried from mantle is partly buried to be fixed in the crust, not to not crust, the in to fixed be partly buried is mantle from t from rocess 2

2 Car tal the temperatu the reaches 5 bar suggesting after 50 millionyears by volcanic activity, minerals

To 2

reacts with Such rocks exposed onthe surface with the help water. of

2

ate mineral is not decompo not is mineral ate subduction and/or tecton and/or subduction on is only 400ppm, so the amount of atmospheric CO atmospheric of amount the so 400ppm, only is

thermal gradient at the Moho depth is less than decomposition level of carbonate carbonate of level decomposition than less is depth Moho the at gradient thermal 2 oceanic ridges, hot spot volcanoes, and island arc volcanoes. The total amount amount total The volcanoes. arc island and volcanoes, spot hot ridges, -oceanic mount. carb ycle: The circulation p this estimation, mantle could be the reservoir of CO Estimation of environment is about 200 bar. So, totally 300bar CO Carbon fixed within inner Earth returns to the surface as the form of CO of form the as surface the to returns Earth inner within fixed Carbon supplied through volcanic activities is assumed to be to assumed is activities volcanic through supplied

rbon c corresponds to 100 bar CO rock interaction produces carbonate minerals such as CaCO 2

Atmospheric CO - 10According bar/100 million to planetaryyears). scientists, total atmospheric CO the mantle by plate by plate mantle the Since 4.4Ga, geo 4.4Ga, Since they are fixed in the crust on thesurface. minerals, so that carbonate is stable below 730ºC. So, if if So, 730ºC. below stable is 730ºC, below thanbe bar 5 present to Earth It [8]. means thatatmospheric if the CO fixed carbon a carbon fixed 3.2 Ca water crust surface Fig 13. outside of Title (orshort title) Title atmospheric CO Earth should have evolved into Venus like burning planet due to greenhouse gas effect. However, However, effect. gas greenhouse to due planet burning like Venus into evolved have should Earth CO volcanic of amount the the history. It means It discharged CO the history. Earth has not has Earth the However, planet. like Venus into evolve to possibility the have could Earth the atmospheric It indicates CO that thefollowed Earth’s such history. remain in the atmosphere. activities at at mid activities of CO PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

. e re ③ mes n of n it is ②

nsumed Author(s) Author(s) . But such carbonate difficult to 2 , however, if 2 s history after esting it works it esting ere is co to mantle beco mantle to duction zone abov It is more asaltic from komatiitic. from asaltic o carbonate mineral is ate in ate le in the crust. However, crust. the in le at sub resent day subduction zone in atmosph p Mantle: Red line is solidus line of matiite becomes widen, indicating nate mineral exists in lower temperatu lower in exists mineral nate r example, . Through the subduction, fixed nstable, therefore n Fo

the Deeper the temperature at subduction becomes lower lower becomes subduction at temperature the and carriage of carbon of carriage and ead bacteria release atmospheric CO

tle. 16 carbon er remaining low in temperature than solidus line. emical composition turns to b to turns composition emical carbonate mineral into mantle, as illustrated in illustrated as mantle, into mineral carbonate fix fix o t le to be fixed ate mineral in ko carry Minerals into matiite. When carbo When matiite. anics g lidus line of carbonate mineral in basalt. nate nics plays an important role to buffer atmospheric CO of or ole Carbo gh to carry carbonate mineral into mantle. into mineral carbonate carry to gh and fix it as organics again, so carbon f

field of carbon 2 ou to deeper mantle whenev before 4.4Ga. After 4.4Ga, After 4.4Ga. before on of oceanic slab turns to basaltic [66] and lesser amount of carbon mineral mineral carbon of amount lesser and [66] basaltic to turns slab oceanic on of th, carbonate mineral becomes u

becomes possible to possible becomes plate tecto mineral into mantle once ch once mantle into mineral y carbonate mineral into deeper mantle. With time, chemical compositio chemical time, With mantle. deeper into mineral carbonate carry lower than solidus line, where carbonate mineral is stab is mineral carbonate where line, solidus than lower anges from komatiitic to basaltic, to komatiitic from anges oceanic slab is komatiitic (olivine). The temperature low en low dep stability r The ycle: ch activity of life. This is the basic carbon cycle related to life on the Earth. Carbon time, the temperature of subduction zone is lowering with time, sugg time, with lowering is zone subduction of temperature the time, fix atmospheric CO2 in parallel, the Earth could not be maintained as a habitable is carry carbonate mineral into man Carriage o heric CO o Red dotted line is so

carried in minerals contained in ko in contained minerals line, carbonate mineral is stab Oxidation of organic matter including d the The is utilized by life forms again to maintain their bodies. Or photosynthesis consumes However, chemical compositionHowever, of oceanic slab changes with time. In the Hadean, oceanic

gh atmosp

2 sitive to c Carbon 3.3 cycle driven by mineral is Before 4.0Ga, to easier much more easy. po CO the throu life did not carbonate red than depth Moho below Moh carried into mantle it and gradually, After 4.0Ga, slab oceanic carry carbonate same the At is temperature Fig 14 Title (orshort title) Title can be fixed (Fig. 14). So, carriage of carbonate mineral into mantle becomes more difficult during during difficult more becomes mantle into mineral carbonate of carriage So, 14). (Fig. fixed be can Earth’ through do so to easier much becomes it hand, other the On Hadean. late slab is dominantly komatiitic and it is possible to fix more carbonate mineral in it. After 4.0Ga, 4.0Ga, After dominantly is possible and in it is slab carbonate tokomatiitic fix more mineral it. chemical compositi zone. subduction of cooling secular to due Archean PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 rock 5]. In ceanic 650ºC. Before Author(s) Author(s) 4][3 ich cannot ose organic temperature nitrogen can f atmospheric wer than minerals. 00Ma [3 d. Th 0Ga, produced d hydrated minerals t of nitrogen can be own basaltic crust is erground an rn to the surface as gas. ecomes lo onent. So basically, almost ed as organics and buried in 5). After 4. ºC, going-d around 1,000-6 limited amoun ,000 to deeper mantle as well as slabs 50-1 very e in chemical composition at mid-o f life, the total amount o and nitrogen retu d 6 ent or water comp ing fluid. Granitic magma moves upwards with sed lements than carbon n o bduction zones. When und nt of nitrogen is fix So the nitrogen does not circulate between inner 17 could be taken into mica when it crystallizes (e.g. this case, rocess is continuing until now to carry surface water ng the su e uppermost mantle (Fig 1 ica). In and evolutio st negligible. in th not small amou ics are decompo ed to rock compon almo or Ca-m in the atmosphere. However, through chemical reaction, that some nitrogen

2 ica, ot partition e decreased in proportion to total biomass. sediment, and they are carried in those organ years. roduce granitic magma includ

p erosion processing alo

ºC, 00 gen is n uld hav ceanic ridge basalt (MORB) is consisting of hydrated silicate minerals, wh ere are cases uried in b into the mantle until the temperature at the Moho depth b Through the emergence en existed as N Nitro The lowering of the temperature at Moho depth begin other bio-e ter cycle and nitrogen cycle: anges from komatiite to basalt due to the chang into mantle, but it is Mid-o Water component is carried into deeper mantle as the form of hydrated

fixed as amino acid, protein, or macromolecular organic compoun nitrog carried 4 Wa artially melted to r 4 billion planet ove ridge. be During the temperature at the Moho depth is aroun fluid. 3. Archean time, rock type produced on the earth is komatiite. The stability field of komatiite is the region shallower than 60km depth type ch p Title (orshort title) Title be matter is through tectonic However, th carried sediment. nitrogen sho muscovite, biotite, Na-m Earth and the surface. However, this period, the temperature at Moho depth becomes lower than 650ºC, all nitrogen remains in the atmosphere. Therefore, at the beginning of the Earth’s history, all is over 100-2 (ocean) into upper mantle as the form of hydrated minerals. (ocean) into upper mantle as the form move down to deeper mantle. And this p PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) -Archean . Under the increased, and Nuna

2 CO

in the crust was carried intothe mant le,

2 -like planet. It is because the ocean works as the 18 through the bombardment had been carried into deep deep into carried been had bombardment the through

2 of given CO given of

into the surface environment. In spite of catastrophic increase in the

2

, the Earth did not turn to Venus to turn not did Earth the , 2

amount of CO of amount In the Archean, supply of volatiles (including carbon) from the universe to the earth stopped stopped earth the to universe the from carbon) (including volatiles of supply Archean, the In Since the end of Archean, total area of exposed land gradually gradually land exposed of area total Archean, of end the Since According to the ABEL model, volatiles including carbon were delivered to the earth mainly mainly earth the to delivered were carbon including volatiles model, ABEL the to According supercontinent appeared around 2.0Ga in Paleoproterozoic time. By this time, life evolved into into evolved life time, Bythis time. Paleoproterozoic in 2.0Ga around appeared supercontinent life their for carbon more fix to life, prokaryotic than larger times 1 million organism, eukaryotic carbon Proterozoic, more late was fixed the In carbon. as organic activity. due to ABEL Bombardment period ended. It means there is no more supply of carbon in the the in carbon of supply no more is there It means ended. period Bombardment ABEL to due Most part history. earth’s spending over 200 million years (Fig 16). 16). (Fig years 200 million over spending atmospheric CO subduction zone geotherms correspond to D, whereas the modern geotherm A to geotherm modern the whereas D, to correspond geotherms zone subduction Hadean earth, water cannot be delivered into mantle [35]. the of p is function CCD history: Earth through 3.5 cycle Carbon Fig. 15 Stability field of hydrous silicates of MORB composition. Blue region is the stability field field stability the regionis Blue composition. ofMORB silicates of hydrous field Stability Fig. 15 of hydrous silicates, whereas yellow is the region of anhydrous silicates. Hadean Title (orshort title) Title buffer. through the ABEL Bombardment during from 4.37Ga to 4.20 Ga 170 million years. During the the During years. 170 million Ga 4.20 to 4.37Ga from during Bombardment ABEL the through water through crust the in fixed be to assumed was carbon Hadean, the in period bombardment CO fixed initiated, tectonics plate After rock interaction. mantle, however, volcanic activity returns carbon from mantle to atmosphere. Around 2.7Ga, 2.7Ga, Around atmosphere. to mantle from carbon returns activity volcanic however, mantle, mantle overturn (overturn between upper mantle and lower mantle) occurred, which released back huge PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

. 2 in a

2 CO Author(s) Author(s) CCDrefers to the in earlyHadean was

2

s less than 100 bar. 100 than less s 19 pelagic), (4) trench turbidite composed of mudstone and mudstone of composed turbidite trench (4) pelagic), with some ten times, or hundreds of times). of times). hundreds or times, ten some with

2 O p approximately. Therefore,overview to historical pCO2, we look intoapproximately.

, carbon remains in the mantle i 2 sea living organisms. Basically, CCD is controlled by temperature, pressure,pH living-sea and Basically, organisms.

ert (pelagic), (3) mudstone- (semi Carbon cycle hasyetbeen not well investigated could as we not have evidence of pCO Fig 16 Carbon cycle: (Left) Almost all carbon was fixed in the continental crust as At the onsetof the Phanerozoic multicellular large time, life on earth. the emerged They For this approach, accretionary complex geology can provide us CCD to figure out the out figure to CCD us provide can geology complex accretionary approach, this For Getting a quick overview of carbon cycle, most part of given CO given of part most cycle, carbon of overview quick a Getting ch cycled ofbetween the life, emergence carbon was utilized mantle andWith surface environment. environment. surface the within organism living by Title (orshort title) Title sandstone. These stratigraphy is formed at the bottom of ocean. If CCD is less than 1km like 1km than less is CCD If ocean. of bottom the at formed is stratigraphy These sandstone. present Earth, OPS does not contain any carbonate layers. If contains OPS carbonate layers, it means CCD is deeper than ocean floor. large sense (e.g. large increase in carbonates, and carried into mantle through plate subduction. Fixed carbon in the mantle is is mantle the in carbon Fixed subduction. plate through mantle into and carried carbonates, releasedto surface the environment (Right)Estimated through carbon volcanicstorage activity. 400bar to corresponds amount carbon given initially If given. is mantle and crust the in atmospheric CO consumed and fixed more carbon with their body. And dead bodies were buried in the sediment sediment the in buried were bodies dead And body. their with carbon more and fixed consumed crust the of subduction through organics of Decomposition mantle. in to carried be to crust the on release carbon intothe surface. However, we found that Carbon Compensation Depth (CCD) could be the function of p of function the be could (CCD) Depth Compensation Carbon we that found However, specific depth of the oceanat which calcium carbonate minerals dissolve in the water quicker than they can accumulate. CCD is controlledby physical factorssuch as temperature andpressure, and also by deep which boundaries, convergent plate the along exposed complex Accretionary pCO2. of amount conserves Ocean Platewhich Stratigraphy is formed (OPS). OPS consists ofstratigraphy, a set of -oceanic mid ridgetrench. the to from OPS consisting is spreading of (1) plate MOR basalt,during (2) other chemical factors, and it reflect various environmental it factors. is still possible However, to pCO2 of index the as it use CCD under simple environmental condition such as constant temperature, pressure, or other other or pressure, temperature, constant as such condition environmental simple under CCD parameters. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 h the e total

Author(s) Author(s)

et. Throug n from [8], and and [8], from n h time. If th ike plan is too much (over 5 bar), a 5 bar), (over too much is

2 didnot reach the critical level

2 Venus-l , which occurred at around 2.5Ga 2

CO p 20 iscritical to evolve into habitable a planet. If atmospheric

amount in atmosphere: Red line means atmospheric 2 nt means the amount of biomass throug cess 5 bar, Earth evolves into ex amount of habitable planet have to be maintained between 5 bar 5 bar between maintained be to have planet habitable of amount

2 2 like planet which cannot be habitable. How did the Earth evolve not to to not evolve Earth the did How habitable. be cannot which planet -like eric CO

there were two crises due to increase in time, while green amou atmosph -rock interaction neutralizes oceanic composition. the end By of Hadean, ocean should gh

of From early to middle Hadean, primordial ocean is assumed to be extremely toxic due to high high to due toxic extremely be to assumed is ocean primordial Hadean, middle to early From It is assumed that CO Thepresence ofatmospheric CO Fig 17. Fluctuation of carbon After the deliveryof volatiles from outer asteroid belts to the earth, given carbon carried was throu is absent, life cannot emerge. If the amount of atmospheric CO atmospheric of the amount If emerge. cannot life absent, is

2 2 2.5Ga, mantle overturn released huge amount of carbon from the the from carbon of amount huge released overturn mantle -2.5Ga, 2.7 At 1.4Ga. and -2.5Ga ve been almost neutral [36], except for salinity and carbonate could be formed on the bottom bottom on the formed be could carbonate and salinity for except [36], neutral almost been ve into mantle through plate subduction and tectonic erosion. Huge amount of CO2 should have have should CO2 of amount Huge erosion. tectonic and subduction plate through mantle into to transported was CO2 of amount the all mean not does it however, earth, inner into carried mantle. Some of remainedthem in atmosphere and part some of is them dissolvableocean, in which is reflected as CCD (carbonate compensationdepth). xtreme acidity, which prevent forming carbonate in ocean. ocean. in carbonate forming prevent which enriched in acidity, heavymetals, and extreme salinity, with However, continent. primordial the on limited is period this in CO2 of fixing words, other In water time, ha of ocean. for the planet is that life fixed carbon more actively than emission in this period. At 1.4Ga, 1.4Ga, At period. this in emission than actively more carbon fixed life that is planet the for but effectively, mantle the into carry be not could Carbon occurred. tectonics plate of stagnation volcanic which disrupted activity the released balance carbon in atmosphere. constantly, mantle into surface environment.The reason why atmospheric CO (maximum limit) and 100ppm (minimum limit). give limited is limit) limit). and 100ppm (minimum Maximum (maximum there were two crisesThrough the earthat history, minimum limit activity. is given by the life’s 2.7 CO Title (orshort title) Title habitable planet a to value amount of be carbon and minimum 3.6 Maximum planet evolves into Venus into evolves planet be Venus like planetThe through answer is time?. schematically shown in Fig 17. Venus be earth’s history, CO amount and 1.4Ga. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

life's iew of Author(s) Author(s) ic in science. ered. . lt top on the rev 5-2

has long been discussed. st difficu ty. 800Ma, the the 600-800Ma, and -2.3Ga he surface he through circulation. e reasonable scenario for are identified in nmental setting lanet is one of the mo n a p f enviro 21 s o ty is one of the most significant index to explore explore to index significant most the of one is ty ely known as the range of orbits in which liquid water water liquid which in orbits of range the as known ely g from biological to astronomical viewpoints. Based on dition factindicate planetary habitability cannot be determined

s remained not enough to provid type star (larger than Sun) is farther from a central star, aversely, -type than star (larger Sun) is farther aversely, from a central star,

habitable zone concept habitable zone

rigin of the Earth’s life rigin of the Earth’s O One important factor is carbon cycle. If the amount of carbon is too much on the planetary planetary on the much too is carbon of amount the If cycle. carbon is factor important One We summarize the necessary conditions for birthplace of life based Since Darwin’s time, the origin of life research The concept of habitable zone is wid

ler central star has habitable zone in nearer orbital range (Fig 18). Looking into the solar solar the into Looking 18). (Fig range orbital nearer in zone habitable has star central ler ace is covered by liquid water (ocean), but not the all 2.2 time. rigin. o previous multidisciplinary studies rangin these, nine requirements for the emergence of life o For the emergence of life, necessary con However, previous discussion 4. Fig 18 The problem of the concept of habitable zone: Habitable zone concept cannot be fixed only only fixed be cannot concept zone Habitable zone: habitable of concept the of problem The 18 Fig The concept ofby habitable the zone distance from must the be reconsid central star. Title (orshort title) Title 3.7 Beyond can exist on the surface ofthe planet.Habitable zone by is affected type the of central star, F of zone habitable suggesting smal system,the Sun and three planetsis categorized are within G-type habitable star, zone; Venus e,g, (0.8AU), Earth (1AU), and Mars (1.5AU).The earth locates in central parthabitable of zone, the zone, habitable within location the of spite In Sun. the from far 150,000,000km is which reaches 550ºC and there is no ocean on the surface. surfaceLikewise, temperature MarsVenus of observational This ocean. have not do by because the distance the amount the from centralor composition star, planetary of atmosphere causes greenhouseIn the case of which gas can the effect, Earth, destroy the habitability. the surf earth experienced snowballAt that earth. time, the surface was frozen [37][38].Therefore, we should reconsider which factors can determine the planetary habitabili habitable exoplanet. surface,greenhouse makes a planet gaseffect inhabitable. If the amountof carbon toosmall, is t on carbon enough keep must planetary The emerge. cannot life To circulate carbon, plate tectonics must be operated,To which indicates the coexistence of ocean become to [26] environment Trinity Habitable have must planet a means It landmass. and habitable.conceptThe ofHabitable Trini PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 a s, 43], 43], ; (5) 3 would Author(s) Author(s) onstituting oxic aqueous irthplace b the , HCN and NH 4 of Panspermia [43], (3) Mars ments, and (9) cyclic condition several hypothesesfor the birthplacelife. of (1) an energy source (ionizing radiation and dry cycle, and reducing environment. Then, Then, environment. reducing and cycle, -dry uced gases such as CH 22 f red of life

], and (6) Nuclear geyser model [48]. model geyser Nuclear (6) and ], s research about the origin of life, o bearo life have notyet clearly defined. Most people vaguely anspermia as succession model (8) highly diversified environ of ‘Darwin’s warm little pond’, involving an organic soup either either soup organic an involving pond’, little warm ‘Darwin’s of

membranes and polymerize RNA; (6) a non-t nments [47 nments

igh concentration o or water; h o a supply of nutrients (P, K, REE, etc.); (3) a supply of life -c wing nine requirements at least. (2)

ceanic ridge hydrothermal system [45] or in an alkaline hydrothermal vent [46], vent hydrothermal alkaline in or an [45] system hydrothermal ridge ceanic ); follo -o met Based on our review for previou et cycles to create In previous studies, conditions t conditions studies, previous In Hypotheses of birthplaceThese include time. life of have been the proposed Darwin’s since

‘Darwin’s warm little pond’, or in tidal flats [39][40][41], (2) the [39][40][41], flats tidal or in pond’, little warm the classic concept ‘Darwin’s of oceanic ridge hydrothermal system [45] or in an alkaline hydrothermal vent [46], (5) the idea the (5) [46], vent hydrothermal alkaline an in or [45] system hydrothermal ridge -oceanic 19. Hypotheses19. of thebirthplace There of are life. Island arc volcanic enviro volcanic arc Island d ) ife. However, the of emergence life isife. not However, such a simple process.The birthplace should have had mi (3) theidea that life originatedwas Mars from [44],(4) proposalthe that initiatedwas life in [47], continent primordial a to related environments volcanic arc island under born was life that environment geyser at born was life that model geyser nuclear proposed recently the (6) and [48](Fig.19). continent primordial Hadean on the reactor nuclear natural a by driven wet think that if life there couldwater, are emerge with the birth of first life, free oxygen accumulated through time, evolved to present earth and earth present to evolved time, through accumulated oxygen free life, first of birth the with l requirements to have life. land or in tidal flats [39][40][41], (2) the panspermia model that explains life as arriving from from arriving as life explains that model panspermia the (2) [39][40][41], flats tidal in or on-land theextraterrestrial Universe [42] andNeo-panspermia successionas modelPanspermia of [ 4.2 Nine requirements for the emergence Fig (1) -p and Neo [42] model panspermia [44], (4) Mid (5 following: (1) the classic concept 4.1 Hypotheses for the birthplace of birthplace life the for 4.1 Hypotheses Title (orshort title) Title dry-w environment; (7) Na-p thermal energy have to major elements; (4) a PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) to facilitate to facilitate

2 O, and CO 2

thermal energy during uranium uranium during energy -thermal as well as H

2 -Bosch process was invented, utilizing high energy density. energy

23 has tohas react with other material invery spite of strong

2 able 1). old etc (T -c o t-t ho

activation energy barrier. In nature, however, such conditions cannot be cannot conditions such however, nature, In barrier. energy activation

1,000atm) to facilitate reactions of N by ofN reactions to facilitate -1,000atm) (200 pressures high and -600°C)

ight, -n o ay-t

To synthesize organic compounds, N compounds, organic synthesize To sintegration, this is the only one solution to destabilize N destabilize to oneonly solution the is this sintegration, able1. requirementsNine forthe birthplace of Forof life:thelife, birthplace emergence must temperatures (500 high a overcoming maintainedto facilitate the necessary reactions of toN produce building blocks of life (BBLs). The only reasonable source is energy radioactive non di triple bonding. To break this triple bonding, the Haber the bonding, triple this break To bonding. triple 4.2.1 An energy source (ionizing radiation and thermal energy) radiation and thermal (ionizing source energy An 4.2.1 T meet nine environmental requirements at least. If even one requirement is satisfied, life cannot emerge. Title (orshort title) Title such as d chemical reaction (Fig. 20). Through a continuous supply of aqueous electrons and active active and electrons aqueous of supply continuous a Through 20). (Fig. reaction chemical be can compounds organic macromolecular or simple of kinds numerous products, chemical facilitate to enough energy high of supplier one only is reactor nuclear natural A produced. the 21, Fig in illustrated as source energy the Comparing earth. on Hadean BBLs of production nuclear reactor is the onlysupplier of necessary PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) can reactcanwith each

2 ,and N 2 as hydrothermal vent, solar UV, as hydrothermal vent, solarUV,

O,O 2

24 particle, stable H

other to produce intermediate material such as HCN, KCN. cosmic rays etc. In other words, the birthplace requiresThe such only life. high to emerge energy candidate is the supplied energy nuclear from reactor. Fig 21. Comparison between energies: To produce organic compounds, Miler and Urey Urey and Miler compounds, organic produce To energies: between Comparison 21. Fig experiments used higher than most sources such energy energy Fig 20. The importance of high energy particle to overcome the energy uphill problem: Without Without problem: uphill energy the overcome to particle energy high of importance The 20. Fig particlehigh like energy aqueous electrons, chemical reaction doesnotproceed, because material energy high of supply the With stable. remain Title (orshort title) Title PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 .e. the.e. Author(s) Author(s)

constituting elements (C, (C, -constituting elements However, major difficulties However,

2, the supply of life of supply the 2, -2- 25

-oceanic overcome ridges this or surface environment. To as stated 5 in

and is necessary HCN [49][50]. [43]

95% of living organisms, and the remaining 5% is made up by up by made is 5% remaining the and organisms, living of 95% 3

, NH 4

constituting major elements major -constituting

, CO, CH 2 -acids to amino of lead to the origin synthesis the of life, presence the promote of reducing To More than 95% of individual body of living organism is composed of C, H, O, and N. N. and O, H, C, of composed is organism living of body individual of 95% than More C, H, O, and N upmake able trinity concept. trinity able ig 22 Habitable Trinity is the new concept to explore a habitable planet: For emergence of life, life, of emergence For planet: habitable a explore to concept new the is Trinity 22 Habitable ig .2.3 A ly ofsupp life A .2.3 arise in the mechanism to accumulate these gasses in nature. Gas is into diffused open atmosphere or ocean, which is the case at mid nutrientssuch potassium as (K), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium(Mg). them. without emerge cannot organisms living constituents, minor are nutrients Although gases, such as H 4.2.4 A high concentration of reduced gases such as and HCN NH3; such CH4, gases of reduced concentration high A 4.2.4 F Therefore, no one has questions about the necessity of C, H, O, and N for life. Combined with the the with Combined life. for O, and N H, C, of necessity the about questions has no one Therefore, etc.) P REE, (K, nutrients of supply water is necessary but water itself cannot produce any life. Necessary elements; life constituent major elements (C,H,O,N) and minor elements such as phosphorus and metallic elements, must make it possible, a habitable planet has to maintain the coexistenceTo of be supplied constantly. the is which circulation, material the of force driving the under landmass and ocean, atmosphere, habit H, O, and N) is critical to sustain life. A concept simply of [26] the shows “HabitableH,Trinity” O, and N) is critical toA sustainlife. -existence co of the that suppliers holds of which all necessarycondition, a elements;such i promoting Sun, the by driven is system supplying the and landmass, and ocean, atmosphere, material and circulation energy (Fig. 22). Most planetaryscientists adhereto prevailinga concept They regard concept this as the water. liquid of presence the on focusing zone, habitable the of cannot organisms living however, life, of presence potential the for condition important most The presence conditions of theTrinity must Habitablesurvivebe emphasized with only in water. life. of survival and emergence the considering 4 Title (orshort title) Title REE, etc.) K, (P, of supply nutrients A 4.2.2 PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

se [47]. ores ores , and - ) and and ) + 2+ 2 Author(s) Author(s) , halogens halogens ,

2 and Mn and

, SO 2+ 2 , N , , Zn 2 + secondaryaccreted by icy

toxic water environment. The The environment. water -toxic O, butO, also CO , temperature, salinity and chemical 2 2 O , while conversely it is enriched in K . + + forming minerals of minerals -forming rock of variety a and P), 3 (called PAN, MAN, and FAN), KREEP basalts KREEP MAN, and FAN), (called PAN, -hydration, that been has repeatedly emphasized

26 ions and conversely enriched in K in enriched conversely and ions

+

ironment

ich can provide different pH, p pH, different provide can ich . This indicates. This that the first cells are originated from highly reduced 3-

4

Co alloys, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, native iron, oxides, sulfides, molybdenite (MoS molybdenite sulfides, oxides, iron, native Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, -Co alloys, -wet cycles membranes to create and polymerize RNA poor water -poor Dry and wet cycle is necessary of for the life, emergence as exemplified by a series of diver For life, water must be moderately clean, which we call non Modern cell cytoplasm is extremely poor in Na in poor extremely is cytoplasm cell Modern The process to generate building blocks of life is truly complex. It needs reducing material material reducing It needs complex. truly is life of blocks building to generate process The 8 Highly diversified environments diversified Highly 8 -oxides, Ni (e.g. [40][41][51][52][53][54]). prebiotic chemical reactions including polymerization of amino acids to peptides and synthesis of synthesis and peptides to acids amino of polymerization including reactions chemical prebiotic from nucleotides by repeated dehydrationRNA Fe Therefore, the birthplace of life would be poor in Na in poor be would life of birthplace the Therefore, 4.2. reasonwhy emphasize we it oneas of requirements is that Hadean Asocean was too toxic to live. atmosphere and explainedmodel, ocean was earth’s in the ABEL H of amounts large only not of composed are which asteroids, 4.2.7 Na 4.2.7 4.2.6 A env aqueous non-toxic A 4.2.6 4.2.5 Dry Title (orshort title) Title be could produced gas reducing the because site, ideal an is cave underground an problem, accumulated over on time the ceiling of the cave. conditions related to the catalytic minerals, even contrasting conditions, e.g., oxidized vs. reduced, makeit possible,presence ofthe a oracidic vs.alkaline, atthe same To time place. atdifferent the provide can it and necessary, is Earth Hadean on the environment surface diversified highly large have should Earth Hadean the of environments surface diversified highly The solution. sole anorthosite of composed continents, primordial Bombardments,filling serpentinized inABEL cratered basins Mgcreated suites (komatiites), by U zones, subduction at equivalents plutonic and their rocks volcanic andesite formed newly associated with minerals such as schreibersite (Fe otherkey minerals to generate the necessary metallicproteins. In addition varie a rocks to ty of area, tropical lowlands, highlands, as such provided, also is diversity topological minerals, and glaciated area, deserts, wetlands, lakes, swamps, and rivers onThey land.provide can different and humidity, temperature, e.g. chemically, and physically both site to according conditions such as Cl andTherefore, F [55]. initially appeared ocean was extremely toxicwith ultra -high as well as a high abundanceacidity of heavy and salinity, metallic elements. In such water -toxic non So water environment is necessary emerge. for not life. could life chemistry, conditions that were highly depleted in Na in depleted highly were that conditions also enriched in PO and oxidizing allowmaterial at such the samevariety time, for of reactions, example. the To varied wh environment is necessary, PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - Author(s) Author(s) unfolding of -unfolding deserts, wetlands, lakes,

with 60°C as the critical

temperature conditions result result conditions -temperature

-replication processes in the RNA

cold-to- etc able birthplace able 27

changes in the surrounding water chemistry would affect affect would chemistry water surrounding the in changes -night, hot -to important factor for maintaining cycles,life as seen in the

. 2 -reconnection,several and steps for self

O, and CO 2 , H

2 As the ideal place to meet nine requirements, proposed [48] the Nuclear GeyserThe model. Cyclic changes provide an forming process, e.g., low e.g., theaffected earlieststeps process, of the life -forming

transition temperature. This fluctuation to related folding be the temperature may transition temperature. DNA, fragmentation world. It is assumed that the cyclicDNA may genes in coded the fundamental functions and evolution, processes chemical of pre-biotic changes. cyclic environmental of “fossil” of kind a provide in regular crystallizationof specific organic compounds, conditions whereas high-temperature compounds, organic crystalized the of orientation random promote advantagethisof model is the presence of a natural nuclear reactor as a supplier of high energy particles which can promote chemical reaction between thermodynamicallystable substances such as N 4.3 The nuclear Geyser model as Geyser theThe most nuclear prob 4.3 swamps, and rivers on land, which enable chemical reaction between numerous kinds of building building of kinds numerous between reaction chemical enable which on land, rivers and swamps, circulation. through material blocks of life day as such conditions, Cyclic 4.2.9 Fig 23 Highly diversified environment: Hadean surface environment should have been highly highly been have should environment surface Hadean environment: diversified 23 Highly Fig diversity topological continent, on the minerals and rocks of variety a to addition In diversified. is also provided, such as highlands, lowlands, tropical area, glaciated area, fundamental processes in which life is associated with periodic fluctuations (e.g. [56][57]). must anions, and ions inorganic/organic pH, temperature, as such change, environmental Periodic have Title (orshort title) Title by promoted transportation and erosion, Weathering, rivers. or lakes of composition chemical composition chemical complex with region surrounding to nutrients various provide can climate 23). (Fig PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) 5) In a small lake interaction between wall uclear reactor and geyser

-rock ic ions, anions and organics depends on depends organics and anions ions, ic etween a natural n eal place for the emergence of life, [48] ne environment on primordial continent, such such continent, primordial on environment ne 28 the locally reduced environment. (3) With the flow of flow the With (3) environment. reduced locally the to promote pre-biotic chemical evolution. and evenand HCN through water

3 el: As the most id , NH 4 Mod site for life was forms lacustri ,CO, CH 2 -

clear Geyser model. Combination b -acids and Amino peptides can progressing be mpounds. with increasingdistance from e system to circulate material the Nu . Nuclear Geyser In addition, importance the is the combinationnuclear of reactor a and geyser which generate roposed p provide th Fig 24 Title (orshort title) Title a system to maintain material/energyThe circulation. combination between a geyser andnatural nuclear reactor construct perfect the system that would meet several critical conditions tobear life.The advantages of nuclear geyser system are as follows. (1) Formation of highly reduced volatiles such as H rocks and inflow of surface water into the caves, in spite of oxidized atmospheric composition of composition atmospheric oxidized of spite in caves, the into water surface of inflow and rocks the surface environment(Fig. 24).The (2) reducedgasses generated are concentrated on the ceilingsgeyserof cave, which maintains waterinto geyser cave, reduced gas, high particles, energy intermediate activated matters,organic complex more form to radiation ionizing through another one among react products other and co organic -acids to amino polymerize warm little would ponds), cycle wet-dry on surface the (Darwin’s The forces. tidal strong by evaporation through membranes form or RNA to finally and proteins most fruitfulwater the natural reactor. (4) Periodicthe splash natural of reactor. geyser system caused byphase change of water/vapor ( environment. oxidizing to exposed be to surface the to BBLs brings 1:1,000, as lakes, rivers, wet lands like swamps [58], which was provided through global hydrological hydrological global through provided was which [58], swamps like lands wet rivers, lakes, as environment oxidized surface the on produced materials The [35]. system climate by driven cycle the into geyser down cave brought again then in the processare of material circulation. (6) Inside boiling of eruption periodic of because 100ºC, above condition -temperature high lacks geyser of Therefore, nuclear geyser system and DNA wouldwater and vapor. prevent synthesized the RNA periodic Also, birthplace. a as characteristics unique provides which destroyed, being from splashing sustains cyclicnature within the nuclear geyser system, which can advantageous be to because solubilitychange the water of chemistry, inorgan temperature. This would help the evolution from RNA to DNA world. DNA to RNA from evolution the help would This temperature. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

. , - - 2 4 ged -life). O-N rming rming ind ofind Which 2 appear. appear. surface surface MgPO Author(s) Author(s)

4 t. -H p between 2 V: lacustrine

of P to create create to P of s unchan uites (k uites d did not have have not d did o enable P to P To enable third stage proto stage third

probable birthplace, into [22],-u meet V: incubation to room was crystallized from the the role of respective site; respective of role the P) on 3 of primordial life, the the life, primordial of ser main room in combination combination in room main ser P is highly is reduced mineral ofP was totally dry an dry totally was changing changing environmen KREEP basalt, anorthosite,KREEP and was generated inorganic from

to evolve to 3 ife emerges (secondife emerges proto -l ife ife a was hydrous, struvite (NH riven by geyser. Uranium ore, fo ore, Uranium geyser. by riven III: gey III: to the circulate material and energy. process within in each domain are described. low under oxidized condition. condition. oxidized under low urface of primordial continents as the supplier supplier the as continents primordial of urface schreibersite (Fe ironment is stable and remain -s emerge first life. 29 -l proto second water and oxidized atmosphere of CO zing radiation, and circulate them between reduced i uranium ores must have been present commonly to , so hydrous struvite cannot be a source source a be cannot struvite hydrous so , iotic chemical evolution chemical iotic second stage proto ment which is d is which ment lved to adapt phosphorusmineral, and schreibersite was not the Earth, -b dry cycle is maintained. Domain Domain maintained. is dry cycle - is extremely extremely is ided into five domains based based domains five into ided

ife e schematic illustration of Hadean surface environment environment surface Hadean of illustration schematic e viron 3- drogen. If initial magm initial If drogen. ge if the env -l 4 tep. At first stage, firsttep. proto life appeared as ectosymbiont, then uites, where periodic splashing occurs. Domain I roto tep model for life’s emergence at emergence its most tep model for life’s -s next section,detailed -s y of PO metabolism. Since then, natural nuclear reactor played a key role to surface en surface he emergence of life r the emergence ife. Inife. unts of BBLs by ion by BBLs of unts e three step evolution to e three step evolution there was no schreibersite, function of metabolism cannot begin. function no of metabolism schreibersite, was there ized -l to evolve or chan ests three ests earing minerals and water components from icy asteroids initiated the chemical environmental factors trigger the evolution of life. Based on this concept,

with P-bearing minerals, life. cell first the is which ife), sses with three-s enriched in olivine (60 modal%), Domain modal%), (60 olivine in enriched -l underground space with wall rocks dominated by komatiite or Mg or -s komatiite by dominated rocks wall with space underground surface environmentwith clean a precursor of apatite appeared as a hydrous merous amo merous proto hase without oxygen or hy or oxygen without hase nu reduced P-b reduced , another environmental change forces forces change environmental another y, Fig 25 (top figure) shows th shows figure) 25 (top Fig Maruyama’s new idea explain to how the first life Maruyama’s Before to begin the scenario of pre of scenario the begin to Before Charles Darwin explained life evo Associated O) and erground and oxid and erground 2 model fo 4 Three step nd . including nuclear geyser, which is div is which geyser, nuclear including Domain I: environments, sugg environments, centeringa nuclear on geyser system. In this model, he hypothesizes that prebiotic chemical progre evolution after the drastic environmental change, (third life Finall final residue of dry magma under extremely dry condition. Fe condition. dry extremely under magma dry of residue final condition oxidized under stable is Struvite life forms, because solubilit react with other materials, the presence of schreibersite under highly reductive environment is If important. critically Maruyama proposed th Maruyama proposed In other words, ocean or atmosphere. On surface the of 4.4.1 The emergence of first p means life does not Earth Initial emphasized. be should earth Hadean of environment Title (orshort title) Title 4 6H Domain II: II: Domain plutonic rocks) rocks) plutonic serpentinized komatiite or Mg environment on the surface where wet first stageemerge pro metallic p metallic with naturalnuclear reactor the in presence of schreibersite ore, have natural nuclear reactors on the surface or sub Bombardmentof particles. high energy occurred After the ABEL at 4.37Ga produce produce highly highly reaction as workeda natural nuclear as a driving reactor, force to u PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

2- or 4

3 Author(s) Author(s) , etc. that 2 -wet cycle , N 2 , which, reacts with to produce NH produce to 2

-life,where all the O, CO 2 2 H -close Moon. Material from this is difficult to be soluble in water, water, in soluble be to difficult is reacts with H

2 2 -very P are available as catalyticP nutrients, NH 3

30 and nutrients such as K (sourced from KREEP basalt)andnutrients such as K (sourced KREEP from suite of plutonic rocks to produce H produce to rocks plutonic of -suite

, HCN and KCN. N 2 4 can be soluble in water, although it depends on various various on depends it although water, in soluble be can -rock interaction. Domain III is the powerful factorythat

2 O-N 2

-H 2 starting inorganic material to synthesize BBLs. About 10 % of the the of % 10 About BBLs. synthesize to material inorganic starting , and temperature. Particularly, N Particularly, temperature. , and 2 circulated into the interiorof thenuclear is geyser system. DomainV - O

-sectional depiction of a nuclear geyser system, showing its division into five

onment is re is onment Top. Cross Top. Domain I supplies

Surface water was incorporated into thegeyser cave (Domain II) through river to react with to increase CO, also reacts with N

2 .25 .4.1.1 Domain I: Inorganics I: Domain .4.1.1 .4.1.2 Domain II: From inorganic to organic inorganic to From II: Domain .4.1.2 oxidized atmosphere of CO of atmosphere oxidized and P (from schreibersite) toyieldand CH P conditions such as pH, p Title (orshort title) Title domains related to their roles. Domain I supplies the starting material of Fig 4 the most moderate and optimal site for of the the emergence first proto are necessary for of the life. emergence Domain II produces highly reduced gasses, including HCN, and amino acids, through water splash of geysers, periodic to Due these BBLs BBLs. are complex tossed on more to theproduces surface environment. is Domain lacustrine IV environment around the geyser where dry is maintained due to strong tidal forces generated by a then surface envir necessary material accumulated. can be enriched in water. 4 CO but if highly reduced minerals such as native Fe and Fe and Fe native as such minerals reduced highly if but wall rocks dominatedby komatiite or Mg PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 , 4 , CH

3 Author(s) Author(s) phosphate -phosphate in water. Then, in water.

, CO, NH - 2 life -life in V. Domain condition, schreibersite exposed

2 O p

-13 by the increase of OH ticles derived from natural nuclear reactor (Fig 31 -aminooxazole. aminooxazole [43] to produce phosphoimidazole which will play play will which phosphoimidazole produce to [43] -aminooxazole phospate and 2 and -phospate 05 times more soluble in water than oxidized condition (e.g. [47]), so after after so [47]), (e.g. condition oxidized than water in soluble more 05 times -rock interaction between komatiite underground the in and neutral water pH

) is supplied into water, which) is supplied would into generate glyceraldehyde water, 3 3- 4 is formed through serpentinization, brucite is dissolved easily due to high solubility in in solubility high to due easily dissolved is brucite serpentinization, through formed is

2 ent generated is the from serpentinized surface, hence electron density gradient appears. With the presence of HCN, another very important organic compound to lead to synthesis synthesis to lead to compound organic important very another HCN, of presence the With

itical role to synthesize RNA in Domainitical II/III role and tocomplete synthesize first proto RNA ig 26 Domain II of the nuclear geyser system. Birth of highly reduced gasses (H gasses reduced of highly Birth system. geyser nuclear the of II 26 Domain ig F pH gradi pH If these reactions occurthe on surface, those gasses woulddisperse right into away atmosphere, butgeyser in the underground system, gasses would accumulate and being concentrated on the irregular ceilings of cave the to basic make BBLs such as amino acids (Fig. 26). Under this compounds organic important other and glycolaldehyde glyceraldehyde, cyanohydrin, condition, par energy high of help the with produced be can of RNA can be also formed in Domain II. Under very low low very Under II. Domain in formed also be can RNA of 24). cave. Note that the concentrated HCN promote synthesis of even complex compounds organic such as glyceraldehyde 3 HCN) through water (G3P), or combine with 2 or combine (G3P), cr water, hence water turns intowater, alkaline aroundpH =12 Title (orshort title) Title HCN. If K is available, even KCN can be generated. When anorthosite isavailable, Na-poor environment couldprovided be enableto water toreact with altered low minerals -temperature derived from igneous minerals If brucite toyield variable metallic ions and anionswater. in Mg(OH) on the geyser wall is 1 (PO phosphate PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 n P, ly S, 3 2 rock -rock

dazole, Author(s) Author(s) northosite. ooxy f zeolites or tense radiation emical reactio e minerals such min t aqueous electrons dan , MnS, (Zn, Fe)S, Cu

2 main III, which is a main ucleotide, myriad proteins, lashed out on the surface surface on the out lashed ts, but those colonies would be , MoS to Do 2 , TiO ucleobase, n ing radiation. Simultaneously, water Simultaneously, ing radiation. or CaMg carbonates on meta-a s. ntered millions of steps of ch e flow to go in acids to more complex 2-a ike ectosymbion cou tinite, -S Fe teraction at low temperature less than 100 C° 32 en Mg- and ock in biofilm-l n serpen with a natural nuclear reactor, as the powerful factory anorthosite, and KREEP basalt) could produce main o

f high energy particles such as abun and Ca-, 2 ed dvanced BBLs more advanced o unt as allanite, monazite, clay minerals, and variety o the water-r -like colonies on the surfaces of wall rocks. Mg(OH) , gh tens of ectosymbionts are formed within biofilms on th 4 7). A series of biofilms could be formed naturally right on the slightly far from the reactor’s core to keep away from in O 3 REEP basalts, eral throu nies comprised of , Fe ormous amo

ost rock (serpentinite, on (Fig. 2 minerals such h to generate further advanced BBLs, such as n where en the geyser system, combin Various BBLs, from simpler amino i alloy, Fe-S oduction of Production Domain III: produce in Domain II, move along with th f earing 3 With the BBLs, time, formed are sp withinWith nuclear geyser, . 4.1 ig 27. Domain III of the nuclear geyserThe system.natural together with nuclear Fe reactor, .4.1.4 Domain IV: Production of BBLs in an oxidizing wed-dry in an oxidizing of surface BBLs environment Production IV: Domain .4.1.4 f BBLs, F 4 promotes the production of advanced BBLs by ioniz BBLs advanced of production the promotes interactions develop biofilm develop interactions present of times (1,000 Sun the from UV to exposed were which IV, Domain e.g. environment, one) and enormous galactic cosmic rays (GCR) because it was the peak of starburst period in our Title (orshort title) Title 4. As a result, which room o o is supplied (Fig. 27), which seems effect. More than sev as Fe-N carbonates on meta-K mixed together through geyser eruption, condition within nuclear geyser system with different secondary rals mine RNA and so REE-b three different colo PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - Author(s) Author(s) at lacustrine life is due to due is -life

- Moon present of -third -wet cycle P) with ionizing radiation, radiation, with ionizing P) 3

life -life in V. Domain

dehydration of amino acid was promoted. It It promoted. was acid amino of dehydration m schreibersitem (Fe life -life V or outer margin of Domain III where the energy energy the where III Domain of margin outer or V 33

n, toward to bear first proto first to bear n, toward he nuclearhe geyser system (Fig. 28).

IV is basically oxidized environment which is opposite to underground Domain II Domain underground to opposite is which environment oxidized basically is IV bearingThroughenzymes. material circulation, almost all of arerecirculated them - dehydration process. RNA polymerizationdehydration is alsoprocess. progressing RNA in in which Domain IV -

Domain Finally, first proto in-life first Domain emerges Finally, acids are progressively polymerized to peptides and proteins, or RNA with the the with RNA or proteins, and peptides to polymerized progressively are -acids amino And ig 28 Domain IV of the nuclear geyser system. Along the lakes, tidal fluctuation provided dry provided fluctuation tidal lakes, the Along system. geyser nuclear the of IV Domain 28 ig .4.1.5 Domain V: Birthplace of the first proto first of the Birthplace V: Domain .4.1.5 density is moderate to save primitive life (FigThe 29). appearance of first proto within compounds organic complex of kinds and number numerous of mixing infinite almost and III. At this time, Moon’s orbit was at 128,000km from the Earth (one Earth the from 128,000km at was orbit Moon’s time, this At III. and dry produce to force tidal severe a causing 384,000km), distance; Earth Title (orshort title) Title non- be to remain to tar to turned compounds organic complex highly or acid Amino galaxy. these reactive.tars could However, go into geyser cave as a part of material circulation, which canreact again with other chemical materialthanks the to ionizing radiation by natural nuclear reactor. - hydration where geyser, the around environment couldthe synthesis lead to of proteins, fattyacids, nucleic acids, andalso vesicles and membranes fro form could easily Fatty [54][59]). (e.g. acids 4 F wet cycle under oxidized condition, where membranes were formed through repeatedly occurring occurring repeatedly through formed were membranes where condition, oxidized under cycle wet hydration III. Domain of rocks wall from provided is Zn role. key a play Zn however, if polycondensation if progressedhowever, a small in pond, turned it coacervate to or vesicleto material through possible become would which [53] membrane cell primordial into evolve t on centering circulation into thegeyser caves again and agai help of ZnS of help PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 , 2 energy energy Author(s) Author(s) life forms,-life

nieswere formed on the

from anorthosite, and MoS and anorthosite, from

2+ life was born was -life as the form of -rockColo interactions. 34 and FeS from serpentinite, Ca from FeS and

2+ life in -life proto first those Then, 30). Fig 29, (Fig colonies ng three from KREEP basalt.The outeredge of KREEP each from rock typehasof a different

2 life is thought to be very primitive with insufficient functions and live as as live and functions insufficient with primitive very be to thought is -life

h as vesicle or membrane.Through repeated material circulation, sourcematerial -like colonies. They still depend onthe natural nuclear reactor as the ain V of nuclear the ain geyser V system. First proto First protoFirst life as ectosymbiont in form of biofilm, which develop develop which biofilm, of form in ectosymbiont as -life proto first of colony of types Three 30 ig. ig 29 Dom ig (Zn, Fe)S, and TiO and (Zn, Fe)S, ectosymbiontto exchange electrons or necessary ionic elements with adjacent proto while the primary source of electrons Nutrients is still were all natural supplied nuclear reactor. from wall or host rocks, such as Mg -life. proto first Also bear to underground to carried were polymer nucleotides and membrane of mixing. through developing were III Domain in created molecules organic numerous Title (orshort title) Title nuclear geyser system, which periodically circulated advanced BBLs between reduced materials underground geyser, the of By splash environment. surface oxidized and underground were carriedonto the surface for further reaction with BBLs produced under oxidized suc environment F F source, and all necessary nutrients were suppliedwall by or host rocks. rightabove secondarythe minerals through water ectosymbiont on the three types of host rocks (serpentinite, anorthosite, and KREEP basalt) basalt) KREEP and anorthosite, (serpentinite, rocks host of types three on the ectosymbiont biofilm forming basalt,surface of anorthosite, alteredKREEP and komatiite. These three microbial different communities areMost splashed of die them out to bedue tar the to surface and mixed altogether. to no continuous supply energy as well as nutrients. ectosymbiont, presumably formi presumably ectosymbiont, colonies were splashed out to the surface tohybridized be through process the of material radiation. Sun utilizing life the be would which environment to adapt to circulation PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 e -layer COH) 3 Author(s) Author(s)

as electron transfer through time, which is which time, through

2 O rock interaction is a key. -rockinteraction is a key.

. COOH)/Acetaldehyde(CH 3 -life producing environment like Hadean Hadean like environment -producing 2 times times morecomparing the to modern

5 wet cycle-wet on the surface environment with with H

2 is the second lowest value O

35 2- n (III/II, Proterozoic) n(III/II, to Cu (II/I, Phanerozoic). In llic and metallic redox system. With the increase of the With llic and redox system. metallic irthplace protoirthplace of-life, first because membranes and /2S which was 10 2-

2 3- 4 -proteinnon complex. metal (3) and It b should -sulfurprotein, (Fe -S) Archean), through M through -Archean),

metallicproteins, Acetyl hydroxide (CH

geyser be must enrichedPO in o synthesizethroughwater ferredoxin, formed Fe -S minerals layer phospholipid or its bi its or phospholipid -layer of mono membranes surface, on the IV Domain the From It is assumed that metallic proteinshave beenutilized this in early stage to stabilize the Among non- Among T most important role for the metabolism for the first proto first for the metabolism the important for role most ig. 31 Redox potential in terms of non-meta of terms in potential 31 Redox ig. otedhere that the metallic redox is function a system increasing of p F pO2 through time, metallic redox system evolved from Fe, then Mn, to Cu [61]. Cu to Mn, then Fe, from evolved system redox metallic time, through pO2 the Hadean geyser system, stable metallic protein must be ferredoxin,because of the lowest redox played and sulfur, with coupled (III/II) Fe of potential redox uses Ferredoxin 31). (Fig. potential the from Fe (III/II,from Hadean shows the lowest redox potential,S and precursor RNA havemust been synthesizedprecursor by dry RNA system. provideor III,V because to Domain of the constant material circulation inwhole the system, or directly to where Domain the from IV b V V. Domain into brought and (Zn,Fe)S) (e.g., enzyme mineral of help n surfaceenvironment, ferredoxin expectedwas to bea key metallic protein which contains Fe -S redox and metallic non-metallic for potential redox the 31 shows Fig. center. activate bearing systems [60][61]. Metallicproteins are classified intothree types with colored different letters, (1)iron (2) metalloprotein, life chemically. Underthe extremely lowlife- chemically. proto p Title (orshort title) Title proteins of4.4.1.6 metallic Utilization oxidized water [47]. Rock type to be effective for synthesis of ferredoxin should be komatiite. Moreover, water in in water Moreover, komatiite. be should ferredoxin of synthesis for effective be to type Rock nuclear PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 ern and

2 Author(s) Author(s) -life born -lifewhen life should should life - ion of plate ion plate of st proto

life was easilywas -life damaged by such rock basalt interaction at of KREEP - -life was in underground cave, they were nuclear reactor. On surface environment,nuclear the reactor. Sun 36

-life through they decomposition were source ofminerals water, of

KREEP primordial continent was subducted into the bottom of of bottom the into subducted was continent primordial -KREEP 2 ed to have no geomagnetic field, which is thought to be generated generated be to thought is which field, geomagnetic no have ed to and O and

2

rated byphotochemical reaction.On the surface of Hadean Earth, TiO nt through material circulation centering on the nuclear geyser system. Despite of

Earth. At 4.53Ga, dry magma ocean was solidified through the cooling of primitive Earth, Earth, primitive of cooling the through solidified was ocean magma dry 4.53Ga, At Earth. Due to enforced change in habitat from geyser to surface environment, proto first At that time, first proto were-life first periodically time, that At and repeatedly splashedonto outthe surface Early Hadean Earth seem .4.2 The emergence.4.2 of second proto (Zn,Fe)S were common, which were formed throughwater low temperature.As these semiconductor minerals areknown for artificial photosynthetic mod H produce to technology 4 anorthositic time, With tectonics. primordial of slab stagnant that, After there. accumulated then depth, 660km at mantle upper As a result, outer heated up solid and core. (CMB) boundary mantle core onto dropped continent strong generate could core outer liquid 4.2Ga, By core. liquid have to melt core solid of margin geomagnetic field and protected the surface environment and the GCR from outer UV from space. protection by Therefore, and GCR are dangerousUV as it can life body. for primitive its break geomagnetic field is important factor toprepare the nicer place for proto -life. Title (orshort title) Title 4.4.2.1 Drastic environmental change from Step 1 to Step 2 1 to Step Step from change environmental 4.4.2.1 Drastic of generation and core liquid of appearance The core. outer liquid of convection the by geomagnetic field seems to be around 4.20Ga [62]. Fig. 32 shows the schematic cross section of Hadean and stagnantlid tectonics operated Bombardment [21]. After delivered 4.37Ga, ABEL water operat the initiating and ocean, atmosphere formed and Earth on dry components have experienced mass extinction and almost all of them turned to be tar, dead end products. So, So, products. end dead tar, be to turned them of all almost and extinction mass experienced have environment? this to adapt to response biological the is what oxidant. Presumably, semipermeable membraneoxidant. of first proto Presumably, oxidants. they moved inside from of geyser to the surface environment. First problem was the source energy proto first primitive While surface. the on to survive natural from and energy material enough given in underground space. There were two critical environmental problems for fir for problems environmental critical two were There space. underground in appearance of geomagnetic field, the surface environment was still dangerous for proto environme is the only one energy source, however, it is too weak for them to survive. Also, they have no have they Also, to survive. them for weak too is it however, source, energy one only the is problem Second metabolism. maintain to critical is more which time, night during source energy gene oxidant, is PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 t t to ife. -l times times

f solid pplied. pplied. -3 en nigh en Author(s) Author(s) magnetic cluster to cluster to survive, survive, to is su is seemed -S n y of proto ATP) to enable ring ev ring eriod. Primitive Primitive eriod. ctio g Fe g en, they took in in took they en, increase [63][64]

2 O , which is 10 is which , this p this p no energ . With time, this function function this time, With y. uter core. After ABEL eyser. Th eyser. into the part ife is assumedife be to the function iven during night time. Therefore, Therefore, time. night during iven ife. difference in of One the largest en as electron en donor or hydrog ulfur ife to reform its fun its reform to ife -l -l roto lizing system which could utilize very very utilize could which system lizing followed by quick quick by followed oxin should have developed on the surface surface on the developed have should oxin uter core could generate strong geo 2 p solid core. As a result, outer margin o 2.9Ga, 2.9Ga, ight and transfer energ and transfer ight of the Earth. Early Hadean Earth t t metabo ich started to be invented in in invented be to started ich 37 esis (combination of photosystem I (PSI) and and (PSI) I photosystem of (combination esis ell, and it could supply energy du energy supply could it and ell, ep ep -c St roteins such as ferredoxin containin ferredoxin as such roteins

pe ferred pe o y rb sunl rb t life and second p second and life life to second-l proto -t 1 lar energy density is extremely weak extremely is density energy lar etic field p a proto a e So proto- - proto ic photosynth ic 1). Also, sun energy cannot be g be cannot energy sun Also, 1). By 4.2Ga, liquid o eomagn due to the absence of liquid o g St rom (CMB) and heated u oxins were synthesized within nuclear g nuclear within synthesized were oxins to be the function wh function the be to Ga), Earth’s atmosphere and ocean were formed on a dry planet Earth, the of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics carried primordial continents into -s ion of potential redox utilized enic) 20 . energy within within energy oxyg thought thought

ped to oxygen to ped ergy from sunlight. sunlight. from ergy ife had to develop more efficien more develop to had ife earance of -l have liquid core. eomagnetic field evelo g 33). 33). to the evolution of first first of evolution the to f response iological ovide necessary metallic elements, which was taken B re mantle boundary 2 Another importantfactor metallic is p Critical environmental change necessitated first proto tosystem II (PSII)) which was completed by by completed was which (PSII)) II tosystem 2. e no otosynthesis (an otosynthesis 4. ho of natural nuclear reactor (Fig 2 (Fig reactor nuclear natural of proto second store also and during reusenight energy the when time weak Sun energy, Then, new metabolizing system is assumed to acquire adenosine triphosphate( chemical transporting (Fig. time play a role as excellent electron transferThese system. kinds of metallic protein were numerously created in Domain of III/V nuclear geyser cave where serpentine, basalt anorthosite, and KREEP pr could Title (orshort title) Title Fig. 32 App to take in the en the in take to 4. hav core melt to outer space. onment from UV and GCR from the field and protected the surface envir led which metabolizing system between first initiating the operation the co Bombardment (4.37-4 after initial type of ferred of type initial after abso successfully to molecule chlorophyll p Photosynthesis is is Photosynthesis ph in electron transfer system. Chloroplast d been has PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s)

-life. -proto

-lifeis exposeddaily to climate change life reformed its function to fit to new new to fit to function its reformed life 38 -2.2 2.3 Ga (GOE at and II) I) which Event ion transformed the Earth thought to live as ectosymbiont as well as first

life could have evolved a lot kinds of different ecosystems here and there on the on the and there here ecosystems different of kinds lot a evolved have could life . Complex structure prevents material from transporting between inside and outside. outside. and inside between transporting from material prevents structure Complex . -lifeAfter using proto second solarsplashed of energy on the outBirth surface. from (A) Another change of function occurred in membrane. On the surface environment, solar solar environment, surface the On membrane. in occurred function of change Another -life was born proto second environment, surface the to evolution adaptive above Through

life, using Sun energy. (B) The birth of of birth The (B) energy. Sun using -life, proto second into evolved and ronment, 33 Fig geyseronto cave surface environment, first proto- envi and ferredoxin protein, oldest the improving by ATP get to energy solar using photosynthesis atmospheric composition to more oxidized which caused the evolution to Eukaryote. to evolution the caused which oxidized more to composition atmospheric Title (orshort title) Title 2.6―2.5GaOxidat(Greatat oxidant through photochemical reaction, which should have broken broken have should which reaction, photochemical couldenergy generate through oxidant should membrane survive, To environment. geyser in formed membrane semipermeable primitive more got structure its and strengthened be to had membrane of structure The evolved. have complexity surface region the geyser, of inside from Differently globally. habitat their expanded gradually and was vast, andthe environment was varied; secondproto Therefore, import of proton pumps, aquaporins, and aquagrlceroporins were repeatedly attempted attempted repeatedly were aquagrlceroporins and aquaporins, pumps, proton of import Therefore, Also, to handle osmotic pressure, second-life was proto permeability. to improve the membrane’s assumed to inventATP. active material transportation using (from sunny to rainy), seasonal physical changes (from winter to summer), in differences surface geyser the within occurred not had which rocks), volcanic to rocks sedimentary (from geology cave, and they adapted themselves to such an environmentalresult, As a situation gradually. - proto second they are Earth. However, PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

Author(s) Author(s) cluster. (D) The cluster. -S -S

on Hadean surface environment, environment, surface on Hadean

39 odified after [65]). Note there are the three barriers life. life. - proto third to evolve to -life life, prokaryote -life,

layer membrane with aquaporin and aquaglyceroporin. and aquaporin with membrane -layer e for production of individual functional proteins surrounding DNA control tower. control DNA surrounding proteins functional individual of production for e life could expand the habitat globally habitat the expand could -life proto second After From the viewpoint of planetary formation theory, Hadean ocean was too toxic. Heavy Heavy toxic. too was ocean Hadean theory, formation planetary of viewpoint the From ig 34 (Top)Drastic environmental change from clean water in lake (left) to influx of toxic ocean ocean toxic of influx to (left) lake in water clean from change environmental 34 (Top)Drastic ig .4.3 The emergence.4.3 of third proto Title (orshort title) Title Fe with structure its and Ferredoxin (C) cave. geyser the in born protein related 4.4.3.1 Drastic environmental change from Step 2 to Step 3 2 to Step Step from change environmental 4.4.3.1 Drastic structure of bi thebiggest and critical most environmental change was the encounter withThe toxic Earth ocean. has initiated the plate tectonics between 4.37 Ga and 4.20Ga when ocean appearedABEL through time. through continents of amalgamation and breakup the promoting [22], Bombardment had-life a fate to proto meet toxic second ocean necessarilyTherefore, over time (Fig. 34). 4 by continental rifting of primordial supercontinent. Invasion of toxic ocean caused mass mass caused ocean toxic of Invasion supercontinent. primordial of rifting continental by death. until time survival severe the during occurred have must response biological and extinction, (m prokaryotes of sketch schematic A (Bottom) for DNA by cell wall, outer lipid bi-layerlipid outer wall, by membrane, and cell Also at leastinner two membrane. kinds DNA for is which factory) (protein ribosomes of Numbers holes. wall cell with connected aquaporins of responsibl metals from meteorites were dissolved in ocean water to it make ultra-acidic, and chlorine from carbonaceous chondrite was also dissolved in ocean, which made Hadean ocean ultra-saline. Such -life, encountered proto Second with life. a toxic grow ocean, were never could ocean harmful a killed without exception at initial stage,and extinction mass this repeatedly occurred. However, process necessitates the secondproto F PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - - e ic ic ife ife rld rld -l with water water e. The e. Author(s) Author(s) s for life life for s formation the surface surface the nou f ocean was ocean f through through rrounding tox rrounding films. The The thirdfilms. up evolved into more into evolved to be the backed in evidence Such membrane also membrane Such huge continent as th as continent huge why genetic code was cean was still high, ca. ca. high, still was cean ife ife -l the shift from RNA wo RNA from shift the ater regionsnear the river transported to transported t was broken and carried ife as a responseife of rapid Na pump is assumed to be

and metabolism within one one within and metabolism ocean was removed from removed was ocean ally cleaned cleaned ally Isua, Greenland [66], and4.0 it was it was risky third protofor -w ish

life from the su the from life ich is still remaining in modern modern in remaining still is ich rack to enable enable to , salinity of o of salinity , oo much Na is poiso is Na Too much -l proto of n eared tio und b first life, e.g. our oldest ancestor, have e.g. ancestor, life, ourfirst oldest limited to small island arcs. So, to third arcs. small island proto limited eplication) within it. -replication) ermeable membrane helped by ribozyme, ribozyme, by helped membrane ermeable eir body, wh body, eir -p as NaCl. NaCl. as this this nt app nt 3 e other hand other e

evolution, second proto second evolution, ife, presumably4.1Ga. by And this presumably is 40 gly protected cell cell protected gly the biggest change is assumed ep ep ife, primordial continen -l ife has continuously been ocean (FigThissituation 35). is ocean ocean 35Ma [68]. Therefore, [68]. 35Ma tive tive -l first stage of ectosymbionts in underground cav underground in ectosymbionts of stage first o St s life until 2.2Ga at least. least. at 2.2Ga until life ’ s heavy metals dissolved in dissolved metals heavy t dosymbio 2 environment with less Na, so ife needs to control membrane membrane to control needs ife p -l e nt. One of - bio in ectosymbionts still but stage, second

erosion driven by plate tectonics. After After tectonics. plate by driven erosion tage proto -s n at at n St rom neutral and and neutral at the bottom of eplication. Probably, eplication. tio stage, and en and stage, consuming adap consuming of amino acids to form th form to acids amino of

tectonic tectonic

self-r this environme this e evolu e ife was born in the

of carbonate rocks formed on the3.8Ga seafloor in in this third this in since the formation of ocean. By around 4.0Ga, pH o pH 4.0Ga, around By ocean. of formation the since rogressed

change twice after the birth birth the after twice change ck minerals, but abundant in abundant but minerals, ck from Labrador in Canada [67]. On th On [67]. Canada in Labrador from to ocean, however, it was possible to live aro live to possible was it however, ocean, to the same time, third samethe time, proto f response iological After the appearance of third -l proto

At At Fig. 36 provides a brief summary of the evolu the of summary brief a provides 36 Fig. B ve membran ve st live in difficult time. However, toxic ocean had been gradu been had ocean toxic However, time. difficult in live st rokaryote, being with the right conditions for three definitions; (1) membrane, (2) membrane, (1) definitions; three for conditions right the with being rokaryote, presence rocks rocks

rms including human being. ade in ade 2

This is appearance the of third stage proto

As a result- time of deep mantle due to due mantle deep e is the completion of prokaryotes as stron as prokaryotes of completion the is e

3. geyser system to help survival of Earth system geyser 4. ofcell wall, which couldwrap their bodyby strong cell wall to resist toxic ocean, andalso encapsulated necessary functions (metabolism and self ldshou havedeveloped pump the function, especially for sodium (Na). Na is less contained in ro continental cell, which means ectosymbiont cannotwork survive to This anymore. is world. to sophisticated more DNA robust life to survive survive to life robust -l proto as function, in period. this completed developed well Title (orshort title) Title 4. life mu life rock interaction associated with a series of process; weathering, erosion, andtransportation, which p continuously almost to turn to expected seawater to be metallic ore by the 3.9Ga 6 until salinity present of times 5 than more inv to environmental first stage is dominated by metabolism with semi extensi stag Also noted that theocean. first by incidentally had 20 kinds 20 kinds had incidentally first p first metabolism, and (3) life fo landmass lost, to of life supply was nutrients is mother mouth. followed bysource energy change nuclear from reactor to the Sun, hence associated into PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 of irth Author(s) Author(s) of proto- e. The first ribozymes. by ed round cav the Earth. The evolution ich occurred twice after the b nd enrichment in heavy metals). Water nd enrichment in heavyWater metals). ife on -l ges, wh an 41 as ectosymbionts in an underg olution of proto tep ev raland heavythe metals that were initially dissolved thein ocean bably lived ward rapid environmental ch

ife, which pro -l proto e was dominated by metabolism with a semi-permeable membrane, help is a response to ig 35 Cleanup of the toxic primordial ocean through time. The Hadean ocean was toxic to life life to toxic was ocean Hadean The time. through ocean primordial toxic the of Cleanup 35 ig high acidity, more than 5 times modern salinity, a salinity, modern 5 times than more (ultra- acidity, high F Title (orshort title) Title Fig 36. A summary of three-s rock interactions associated with a series of process; and weathering, erosion, and transportation, ocean of pH the 4.0Ga, around By ocean. of formation the following progressed continuously neut almost became probably water were removed form metallic ores salinity at the ocean. remained However, higher until 635Ma. about first life stag PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

Author(s) Author(s) -planetary is the birth of birth the is e third stage

is the formation of formation the is was the change in is the of emergence

is appearance the of

is the mass extinctionthe mass is

ilms. Th is the loss of primordial primordial of loss the is io-f

which protect birthplace of birthplace protect which rozoic time to enable further to enable time rozoic -2.2Ga)

tic b

n was enabled by a continuous is drastic the change in the surface

is the Cambrian explosion, which is is which explosion, Cambrian the is

-542Ma) (635 11 Event is the mantle overturn, which could be could which overturn, mantle the is

symbio -4.20Ga) (4.37 3 Event Event 6 (4.0Ga) Event the second stage, which

-magnetosphere, ife evolutio

42 ser system. rm of ecto roto-l y ge (2.7Ga) Event8 Event 12 (540Ma) 12 Event tep p producing cyanobacteria, which is another important event event important another is which cyanobacteria, producing

the fo 2 uclear nmental change to ee different environmental surfaceee different factors changed the earth’s by n prokaryotes, which strongly protected cellular life from the ife 4.10Ga) -4.10Ga) 5 (4.20 Event Sun. violent young of flare - is the formation of the solar system, as the initial event to lead to the birth birth the to lead to event initial the as system, solar the of formation the is

roto-l is the birth the is of O

still maintained is theappearance of strong geo d p

-quadrupole, (2) the increase inthe landmass, (3) return flow of seawater into t 20 Events in Earth the History from a nuclear reactor to the Sun. This produced more extensive membrane -3.5Ga) Event 2 (4.56Ga within 1 million years after the appearance of proto appearance the after years million 1 within 2 (4.56Ga Event followed followed by the enviro volution of the Earth’s life of the Earth’s volution E such an event is not listed up as one of the biggest events. biggest the of one up as listed not is an event such is the birth of the Earth to start earth’s history. history. the earth’s is birthto start Earth of the The research for the origin and evolution of life is typical interdisciplinary science, requiring science, interdisciplinary typical is life of evolution and origin the for research The Fig 37 shows 20 biggest events through earth’s history. The criterion to extract those events events those extract to criterion The history. earth’s through events biggest 20 shows 37 Fig (4.56Ga) 1 Event ) rce energy ora is critical as the evolution of life. life. of evolution the as critical is ora .1 The .1 The bigges environment drastically, and life had to evolve to adapt it. adapt to evolve to had life and drastically, environment mantle. The combination of thr combination The mantle. snowball earth, which is caused by starburst.(2.2Ga) Event 9 is birth the Eukaryote, of leading to -600Ma) 10 (700 Event life. of multicellular emergence the from change to due intensity -magnetic geo of decrease (1) of combination to due environment quasi to bipolar the Ediacaran fauna and flora and its extinction.mass The appearance of Ediacaran fauna and fl one of the critical situation to turn to be Venus state. Event 9 (2.4 state. Venus be to turn to situation critical the of one to make life evolve to more complex life. life. complex more to evolve life make to “mother of earth’s life” that had supplied nutrients to life. life. to nutrients supplied had that life” continent, earth’s which of means the loss of “mother 7 (4.10 Event 5. and biology molecular paleontology, science, planetary geology, biology, of combination the should we understand life history, and summarizemany complex other researchearth’s fields.To events. miscellaneous from extracted are that history the in events important more rather focus So, which eventscan be the history. representative events of earth’s sou evolution, but these was the appearance of surrounding toxic ocean. This three-s supply of BBLs an Title (orshort title) Title This was Event 13 (250Ma) Event appeared. 35 phyla existing presently that known well Phane in extinction mass biggest the of one organisms, Paleozoic of is that the event is single and unique phenomenon to become a turning point for the earth’s history. history. earth’s the for point turning a become to phenomenon and unique single is event the that is supercontinent of formation the as such Therefore, extracted, be repeating not events should Indian as such continent of collision The continent. of dispersion and amalgamation through event, global not and local is 50Ma at belt mountain Himalayan form to Asia against continent hence disc Bombardment, whichABEL enabled the earthatmosphere to be and a habitable ocean planet. by 4 (4.20Ga) Event history. life’s of beginning the is which life, first of the earth. earth. of the primordial life from life from super primordial 5 PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) -replicating Event 16400 (in

is disappearance of the Earth,

is the birth of self birth the is of

is the collision between the Milly the collisionbetween the is

content less than 40ppm, which will affect

2 on years. However, geologicalonyears. evidences However, do 43 is termination tectonics, the of as plate Earth the making

Eventyears) 19 5 (in billion

is the death of C4 plant due to low CO low to due plant C4 of death the is

Event 17 1 (in billion years) From the biological perspective, more significant key events are from Event 9 to Event Event 9 to Event from are events key significant more perspective, biological the From ig 37. 20 biggest events of the earth’s history. history. earth’s the of events biggest 20 37. ig Event 20 (in 8billion years) 20 (in Event Andromeda Galaxy. Galaxyand Way history. earth’s the of end the metazoan eukaryote, into evolve to times 1 million by size body of expansion the including 13, and plant.These events are closely related to the drastic environmental changes, represented by misunderstood somehow is earth Snowball universe. the in starburst by driven earth, snowball the 200 milli over continuing period cold of event the as in fluctuation intense caused rather period, glacier -continued long is Snowball period not indicate producing oxygen period, frozen In level. hot extremely to level frozen from temperature surface to down oxygen atmospheric of reduction the in resulting damaged, severely is photosynthesis oxygen. requiring life of extinction mass caused which level Archean F able to explore the universe through space and time. time. and space through universe the explore to able life, be will that artificial Title (orshort title) Title the to leading Valley, Rift African at being human of birth the (7Ma) 14 Event evolution of life. future) years 200 (in 15 Event society. of civilized formulation animal. is theyears) loss billion 1 of 18 (in Event life. of all termination the resulting in state, Venus state. oceantheas result Venus of million years) million PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - g et, Yet, ving being being

ding out Author(s) Author(s) and brain. brain. and Eon. outstandin er biological biological er lligence, i.e., i.e., lligence, g geological f human brain is is brain human f ozoic ozoic .5Ga since the birth eriods, size of li of size eriods, ion within a cell to cell within a ion 2+ two p two monkey, biologically. biologically. monkey, g is essentially stan rain is more significant in e evaluated to be be to evaluated e ron, vertebrate, eye, eye, vertebrate, ron, -0 0.8 and Ga the development o development the .0 -2 eriod after the emergence. And now (Fig. 38). Then, at 7Ma, human human 7Ma, at Then, 38). (Fig. 2.0Ga) is from prokaryotes to eukaryote, eukaryote, to prokaryotes from is -2.0Ga) manozoic Eon by redefinin se the new eon to emphasize the appearance d closely related to related d closely ria at 2.3 at ria 2.3 44 e Hu lant [69]. Through these these Through [69]. lant aryote evolves to 1mm eukaryote, and (2) at 0.8 at (2) and eukaryote, 1mm to evolves aryote d p ate Hadean time, two revolutional changes occurred in pose th -l f primate, an primate, f may be the time of the end of the Human the of end the of time the be may e ability to produce many different tools to create other on nal geological time table, table, time geological nal Phanerozoic Eon. the development of human b e world within short p ture. It It ture. We pro .0Ga, 1µm prok 1µm .0Ga, -2 ). is surprisingly remarkable and extremely faster than oth than faster extremely and remarkable surprisingly is of species o species of of traditio of Quaternary period, and regards the Humanozoic Eon as well as connected to further development of neu of development further to connected

E umanozoic brain In addition, of brain. Therefore, we propo ncept ncept is one one is olves to 1m metazoan an metazoan 1m to olves t. g involve in even space exploration. Human bein the periods of punctuated equilib punctuated of periods the

(and te ev te the co the larly the e.g. (1) at 2.3 at (1) e.g. spread to all over th , y, elopment evolution. s Human had th able to of H roposal Archean, Proterozoic, and

ical Human bein Human Beyond Beyond After the birthAfter of in middle life histor eplicating robot in near fu near in robot -replicating man is p 2 The ig. 38 Life history through time based on fossil records of life [69]. Size of living organism organism living of Size [69]. life of records fossil on based time through history 38 Life ig. of life at 4.0Ga. Hence, the birth of human being at 7Ma could b could 7Ma at being human of birth the Hence, 4.0Ga. at life of hu Hadean, 0.5Ga, eukaryo 0.5Ga, before than larger times one million became organism human of development the evolutionary even tools, and for the dev of human being finally appeared. except evolution, biolog time, particu drastically changed with two steps. First change ( F transmit information, and information, transmit Such evolutionary development could be a turning point to the age of artificial inte artificial of age the to point turning a be could development evolutionary Such self significant. Revolutional development was initiated by utilization of Ca by initiated utilization was development Revolutional significant. 5. Title (orshort title) Title life’s life’s PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) Ga (see a be ideally

-0.6

by plate tectonics, because

2 CO increased. Theyincreased.re- thought decrease -4.0Ga,2.3Ga, and 0.8 2 .5 lar biologist, who introduced the neutral neutral the introduced who biologist, lar CO snowball state, and the earth reverted to p warm climate fluctuation could - once once

2 45 caused

2 effect of cold -effect and on from primordial life to human being would spend over 15 over spend would being human to life primordial from on 10% PAL in the Proterozoic, and 1PAL in the Phanerozoic. Phanerozoic. the in 1PAL and Proterozoic, the in PAL -10% l period, the length of Marinoan is only is is length It years. of Marinoan l period, few the million a is driven by mantle dynamics and plate as seen tectonics. in the However, orrespond to the increase in oxygen level as shown on the top of column, column, of top the on shown as level oxygen in increase the to orrespond -magnetic measurements. Most people have imagined that entire earth was

2 leo

CO -driven drastic evolution hasbeen well recorded history, as fossils through Earth’s , expected as the cause of snowball state, has no relation to plate movement. Snowball earth is characterized by glaciers covering even equatorial regions which was well Mutation all earth caused by extensive radiation could also explain global mass extinction, extinction, mass global explain also could radiation by extensive caused earth all Snowb Alternatively, starburst could bethe best to explainAlternatively, snowball the event, which is caused by Late professor Motoo Kimura is a Japanese molecu circulated between atmosphere and mantle through plate tectonics. It means the change in 2

2 < 0.1PAL in the Archean, 1 in the < 0.1PAL 2 CO .3 Accelerated Evolution of life through time through of life Evolution Accelerated .3 specifically, the of emergence eukaryoteat ca. 2.0Ga, and thatspecifically, of metazoan and plant at Cambrian fluctuation environmental remarkable that out pointed be time at 0.54Ga should It (Fig. 38). anomalous Such 38). Fig. 37, (Fig. organism new of emergence the before right occurred the thought people and [37][38]”, Earth “Snowball called been has change environmental correlation between snowball earth evolution. state and acceleration of life’s documented pa by documented covered by glacier during snowball earth period continuing for a few hundred millions of years, years, of millions hundred few a for continuing period earth snowball during glacier by covered tense in includes period Snowball records. geological to according right not is it however, fluctuationtemperaturein between hot period and frozen periodseveral with times, and as a whole researchersof snowball period, periods warm dominate rather thanTraditionally, glacial periods. interpreted the decrease in atmospheric CO theory of molecular evolution. Including him, molecular biologists has been investigating the the investigating been has biologists molecular him, Including evolution. molecular of theory their to According mutation. of experiments laboratory on based evolution biological experimental evoluti result, life’s from evolved life Earth’s Gyr). (13.8 age cosmic the than longer is which (15Gyr), years billion evolutional Hence, (4Gyr). years billion 4.0 within being human up to microorganism across 1 µm speed is about faster times 4 than simple estimation by molecular biologists.What causedthe rate? mutation the of up speed impossible to explainmechanism the to decrease and increase p case of Marinoan snowbal normal state due to greenhouse of gas CO effect p which should have affected the production of free oxygen by photosynthesis. When global mass mass global When photosynthesis. by oxygen free of production the affected have should which explained by the radiation of galactic cosmic ray(GCR) which is 1,000 stronger times than period. normal in radiation summary by [71][72]). The cause- the collision between dwarf galaxy and the Milky Way Galaxy, considering chronological chronological considering Galaxy, Way Milky the and galaxy dwarf between collision the through formation star of distribution frequency Age 39)[70][71]. (Fig. them between coincidence universal history indicates the peakof formation star at 4 O Title (orshort title) Title -0.5Ga) is from (0.8 eukaryote multicellularlarge change to life such second and as metazoans, one million volume of expansion the caused change Each fossils. to respect with plants, fungi, Both c periods times. and increase of p plate motion speed is 10cm/year at largest (100km/1 million year), which is too short to make make to short too is which year), million (100km/1 largest at 10cm/year is speed motion plate CO 5 PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 e . 2 - 2 O Author(s) Author(s) ightafter 2.2Ga, and -2.2Ga, sulting in the the sulting in genes must have

period, however, they they however, period,

2 O p induced mass mass -induced by radiation life f niversality and specialty of earth’s without glaciers.

2 state due to extreme reduction in p in reduction to extreme due state

O ds on whether we understand earth’s life. en correspondence of starburst and snowball snowball and starburst of -correspondence during snowball event, new event, snowball during

nown other life than earth’s life. Therefore, to 2 O 46

-lateHadean, (2) birth of eukaryote at 2.0Ga r t for us to know the u ge completely dep r human being. being. human r

. After snowball state was over, photosyntheticAfter snowballstate was bacteria over, came back. first, followed 2 O understanding, it is importan Astrobiology, our knowled niverse. However, we have never ever k Toward the establishment of Astrobiology of the establishment Toward p of -down up of repetition the Through u Astrobiology is one of the new research fields to investigate how life begin and evolv

eep -establishment of new ecosystem under recovered p e times more than before in terms of PAL) (Fig. 38). We thinkultimate an cause of acceleration (Fig.We 38). times more than beforein terms of PAL)

0.5Ga. Evolution of life is schematically illustrated as tree of life, (1) birth of life with with life of birth (1) life, of tree as illustrated schematically is of life Evolution -0.5Ga. 3 evelop d For d in th life. Based be the be starburst could in the Universe. evolution life’s of 10 could return to the surface environment snowball during environment surface the to return could by re 0.5Ga -0.5Ga 0.8 during plant and metazoans of birth (3) and long, Myr -300 200 over event snowball the time the Note life. of explosion Cambrian the before events, which may have caused theexplosive evolution o nucleobases. of one G(guanine), the injured selectively oxygen poisonous Increased extinction. This maysuggest the uni-directionalevolution of terrestrial life and refuse accidental evolution for the final of emergence ou 6. extensive mass extinction in the middle the in extinction mass extensive Fig. 39. The relationship between starburst, snowball earth, and evolution of life. Punctuated Punctuated life. of evolution and earth, starburst, snowball between relationship The Fig. 39. universe. the in starburst of result the be could Earth on the life evolving the for equilibria 2.7 -4.0Ga. 4.6 at occurred which Starburstcolumn, events the are show of top n on the 0.8 decrease of p Title (orshort title) Title re extinct, became bacteria photosynthetic producing oxygen occurred, extinction been prepared within genes of which older of type organism was available in anoxic conditions. high during environment subsurface in remained organisms Those Then they evolved to adjust themselves to new environment with more oxidized condition (10 condition oxidized more with environment new to themselves adjust to evolved they Then PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) rsal life including life origin the rsal 47 sustaining, and Forth group is requirements to evolve into evolve to requirements is group Forth and sustaining, fe- me other scientists discussed the possibility of life utilizing silicon (Si), instead (Si), utilizing silicon possibility the discussed of life other scientists me

100ºC under 1 bar), the kind of chemical compounds centering on silicon is less than than less is silicon on centering compounds chemical of kind the bar), 1 under 100ºC Clues to understand how planet evolves to be habitable come from the earth’s history. history. earth’s the from come habitable be to evolves planet how understand to Clues For example, the universality of earth’s life is life that mainFor constituent example,elements the universality are C, H, O, earth’s of

erefore, the understanding of how the earth formed under which conditions, how the surface surface the how conditions, which under formed earth the how of understanding the erefore, ig 40 Conditions to evolve to a habitable planet. There are four groups to become a planet with a planet become to groups four are There planet. habitable a to evolve to 40 Conditions ig and evolution. and Title (orshort title) Title unive is what consider further to able be will we information, such on civilization. First group picks up planetary requirements to be life emerging planet. Second group group Second planet. emerging life be to requirements planetary up picks group First civilization. 100.and carbon using compounds form cannot compounds organic and minerals addition, In compounds, organic of centre the be cannot silicon Therefore, proportion. arbitrary in silicon in theof universality life the is This O, consisting of H, Si, life and N. indicatingpossibility no of universe. Th 40 Fig planet. habitable a to evolve or be to history the unravel to key a is evolved, environment shows the 43conditions tobecome a habitable First groups. planet, four to which are categorized nine shows group Second planet, emerging life be to requirements planetary up lists group requirements shows group Third 4), section in details (discussed place birth the for requirements li be to condition planetary keep to requirement. briefly each we introduce part, following In with civilization. planet andThis N. is common for few all decades types of ago, life on earth. How aboutA universal life? Carl Sagan and so the in group same the to belong C and Si because C replace can Si thought They (C). carbon of theirperiodic idea was table. denied. However, In the stability fieldofliquid water (in the case of earth, 0 - F PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 - Author(s) Author(s) ), and M and ), E -type stars evolve

-type M (0.8

), K

E difference betweendifference summer

rom comets) rom

d due to greenhouse effect of thick of effect greenhouse to due d pernova explosion. In the final stage, stage, final the In explosion. pernova sustaining, and Forth group lists up lists group Forth and sustaining, e- n 0.8, planets cannot have water due to to due water have cannot planets 0.8, n captured by a planet, resulting in failure to to failure in resulting planet, a by captured type (1.0 M (1.0 ), G-type E 48 -typehavedonot star nuclear fusion reactions since its -type (>2M

-Earth)has long magma ocean perio

), based on the with mass the comparison against solar mass. F E

Accordingthe to observational facts of exoplanets andcentral stars, there is great diversity Gas giants has an important role to supply icy asteroids to inner rocky planets by planets rocky inner to asteroids icy supply to role important an has giants Gas If the mass of central star is smaller, electromagnetic ray, wind of central star, and energy and energy wind central of star, electromagneticIf the of mass central ray, star is smaller, If thecentral of mass like star stars, F-type is large lifetime of central star becomes shorter categorized into F into Central starts are categorized If a planet has a circular orbit, fluctuation of surface temperature of a planet is not large

.1.2 Mass central of star .1 First group: Planetary requirements to be life emerging planet emerging life to be requirements Planetary group: .1 First .1.4 Birth of gas giants (supplier of asteroids and guardian f of asteroids of gas giants (supplier Birth .1.4 .1.3 Circular orbit Circular .1.3 -0.3M (0.2 type 6 requirements to evolve into planet with civilization. This is working hypothesis to go forward to go forward to hypothesis working is This civilization. with planet into evolve to requirements establish Astrobiology. 6 of composition central Chemical 6.1.1 star For planets. of composition chemical the controls which stars, of composition chemical of tha bigger is star ofcentral C/O ratio the if example, chemical words, other In appears. planet carbon case, that In oxygen. of amount insufficient compositionof central star determines whether a planet has water or not. Title (orshort title) Title group Third 4). section in (stated planet on the life of place birth the for requirements nine is lif be to condition planetary keep to requirements includes 6 6 gravitational scattering. Without gas giants, there is no mechanism to supply volatiles to inner inner to volatiles supply to no mechanism is there giants, gas Without scattering. gravitational and winter becomes larger, suggestingand difficulties for the winter life to becomessurvive. larger, other In words, a planet habitable. become to possibility more has orbit circular a with be a habitable planet. temperature orbit, elliptical an in planet a If during revolution. the irradiationTherefore,are weak. too muchvolatiles are fast with nucleosynthesis from hydrogen to elements of higher atomic numbers over time. In 10 In time. over numbers atomic higher of elements to hydrogen from nucleosynthesis with fast formation, its years F-type starmillion after undergoes a supernova explosion to release heavy elements in the universe, and neutronstar remains. G-type star (the Sun) does not synthesize a su andnotelements undergo heavier thanFe its in center, starevolves M into or whitedwarf. K-type formation. atmosphere, suggesting possibility less haveto water on its surface. rtion to the size, indicating there is insufficient time for life if even for life planet, to a evolve on time insufficient is indicating there to size, the rtion propo in the mass rocky of as well. planet tends larger be life is to born. addition, In the is mass larger, if Ifso, a planet (Super PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s)

with volatiles (under with volatiles

t the same time, gas giants protect y evolution. On the other hand, if the the if hand, other the On yevolution.

-Earth) step formation”) -step 49

hate compound phosp and is precipitate.), 2

-6H If there is no inclination of rotational axis, there is no season. no season. is there axis, rotational of no inclination is there If

4 Levy 9, which collided with the Jupiter in 1994. The source of large large of source The 1994. in Jupiter the with collided which 9, -Levy MgPO earth and comets is potential events even on present earth. Good example example Good earth. on present even events potential is comets and earth 4

To evolve into a habitable planet, planet must be born without atmosphere or ocean, as as ocean, or atmosphere without born be must planet planet, habitable a into evolve To The presence of phosphorus activity is critical as represented to enable by life’s Inclination of rotational axis produces four seasons on a planet, which make the change in change the make which planet, on a seasons four produces axis rotational of Inclination Satellite can produceforce, tidal whichgenerate dry/wet cyclethe on surface of the planet The size of planet is critical evolution Mercurythe is for is like the of planet If size small The mass of planet. tabolism. Phosphorus is accumulated in the continental crust through the solidification of of solidification the through crust continental the in accumulated is Phosphorus tabolism. .1.9 Existence of Fe3P (schreibersite) .1.9 Existence of Fe3P .1.8 Birth of rocky planet (first step of “Two (first planet of rocky Birth .1.8 axis of rotational Inclination .1.7 .1.5 Mass planet of (between Mars and super me kept be must phosphorus life, for phosphorus utilize to However, planet. the of ocean magma present is phosphorus If stage. initial the at environment reducing under oxidizing environment) from the initial stage, phosphorus does not react with other material material other with react not does phosphorus stage, initial the from environment) oxidizing it supplied, is water liquid then environment, reducing under present was phosphorus If anymore. produces struvite (NH 6 6 6 discussed in ABEL model. Reductive planet can have phosphorus that is not combined with with combined not is that phosphorus have can planet Reductive model. ABEL in discussed reactionto chemical leading promote to possible it makes environment reductive Such oxygen. Bombardment (secondaryfirst ABEL metabolism through accretion of icy asteroids as listed in 6-1-11. if there is landmass and ocean. temperature more moderate. Equatorial regions are always heated while polarregion is always frozen, causing difference large south and north between temperature in 6.1.6 Appearance of satellite Appearance 6.1.6 6 and Mars, volcanic activity As cannot a continue longer because the planet cools down faster. result, materialcirculation stops in early stage of planetar inner planets from invasion of comets from outer solar system. If gas giants did not guard, inner inner guard, not did giants gas If system. solar outer from comets of invasion from planets inner planet. habitable of creation the foil also which water, much by too covered be would planets rocky Collision between the is the Shoemaker comet comets is the Kuiper belt further or region. mass is too volatiles more large, (atmospheric and oceanic components) are captured to cause planet. on the ocean have to failure in resulting effect, greenhouse Title (orshort title) Title A planets. habitable to create failure the in resulting planets, PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

Author(s) Author(s) onaceous chondrite are are chondrite onaceous

-step formation”)

50

O O 2

. If this amount was half, it is assumed that earth’s life. If ended this amount 2 was half, it is assumed that earth’s 2 -constituent elements

-rock interaction is necessaryto the make planet habitable.

The distancethe from central star is critical to haveliquid water on the planetary surface. Accretionlife constituent of elements by asteroids icy is very significant event create to Itis expected stagnant tectonicslid is operated after the formation planetof and before

Initial mass of ocean to expose landmass to supply nutrient and to operate plate plate operate and to to nutrient supply landmass to of expose ocean mass Initial Major life constituent elements C, H, O, and N. To emerge life,Major emerge adequate life constituentamount of elements theseC, H, O,To and N. Primordial ocean is too toxic because metallic elements of carb When the initial mass of ocean is converted to the thickness of ocean, it must be 4±1 km km be 4±1 must it ocean, of thickness the to converted is ocean of mass initial the When Total chemical composition of supplied icy asteroids icy determine the supplied of balance of life composition chemical Total e at such distance. 1.13 1.13 .1.15 Initial volume of life volume Initial .1.15 .1.12 Formation of bimodal lithosphere to initiate plate tectonics plate to initiate lithosphere of bimodal Formation .1.12 .1.11 Secondary of accretion life component (second step.1.11 of “Two 6 elements must be supplied. For example, initially given carbon amount of the earth is estimated earth the of amount carbon given initially example, For supplied. be must elements CO 400bars about to equivalent dissolved. Chemical composition of primordial ocean is thought to be extreme high pH (pH<0.1), (pH<0.1), pH high extreme be to thought is ocean primordial of composition Chemical dissolved. enriched in heavy metals, and high saline (more than 8 times of present sea). So neutralization water through 6.1.16 Balance of organics and H and organics of Balance 6.1.16 6.1.4 Cleansing of ocean of Cleansing 6.1.4 6. tectonics (approximately0.02wt% of the ofmass earth) in the case of earth. If the thickness is over this value, the land cannot be exposed to supplynecessary nutrients for life. if the thickness is less than this value, plate tectonics cannot begin. 6 6 Title (orshort title) Title zone liquid water Within 6.1.10 its surface temperature have bemust liquid between water, 0 to 100ºC, the and planet must To locat secondaryhabitable accretionWithout planet. of these elements, life never on emerge theplanet. lithosphere bimodal if asteroids, by bombarded is planet the if Even asteroids. icy of bombardment bimodal form To start. not does tectonics plate appear, not did plate) continental and plate (oceanic planetary the on lid stagnant destroy to planet the bombard to needs asteroid huge lithosphere, surface. billionTheyears thing same ago. is applied toand H, O, N. constituent elements. If too much carbon is given, extra carbon remains in atmosphere to make a make to atmosphere in remains carbon extra given, is carbon much too If elements. constituent planet. in habitable making resulting in failure state, the Venus planet PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s)

can be fixed

2

-sustaining

planet. -sustaining th larger surfaceth larger area and liquid

andmass is critical for life. At the sameandmass is critical for life. must be less than 5bar through the earth earth the through 5bar than less be must

2

51

into mantle

2 ount of atmospheric CO ount atmospheric of rock interactionr- between seawater and ocean floor like is not the effective

Even born ifis life on the planet, Such there are requirements to keep thehabitability. ct, leading a planet to Venus CarbonVenus in to the atmosphere is planet the a cause of leading greenhousect, gas effe The planetary surface is dangerous for life due to influx of high energy particles such asenergy high of influx to due life for dangerous is surface planetary The After planetary requirements are satisfied, there is a possibility life, however, emerge to Continent (landmass) supplies necessary nutrients for life through the process of weathering, weathering, of process the through life for nutrients necessary supplies (landmass) Continent wi mineral grained fine between interaction the Through .1.19 Appearance of magnetosphere .1.19 6 history, otherwise the planet turns to Venus state due to greenhouse gas effect. otherwise the planetVenus turns to history, d here in this group. Listed requirements are still part of working working of part still are planetary requirements requirements Listed group. are this in listed here hypothesis and need modification and upgradediscussions at by least 7 in detail. However, life be to satisfied be to have condition planetary of requirements 6.3 Third group: Requirements to keep planetary condition to be life be to keep condition planetary to Requirements group: Third 6.3 6.2 Second group: Nine requirements for the birth place birth the for requirements Nine 6.2 group: Second 6.1.18 Removal of atmospheric CO atmospheric of Removal 6.1.18 6.1.17 Long term existence of huge primordial continent of primordial huge existence 6.1.17 Long term Title (orshort title) Title to rock as the form of carbonate rock, which can be carried into mantle through tectonic erosion erosion tectonic through mantle into carried be can which rock, carbonate of form the as rock to am Total zone. subduction along state. Therefore, removal of carbon is a key to maintain planetary habitability. CO habitability. planetary maintain key to a is carbon of removal Therefore, state. cosmic rays and UV. To protect surface environment such from dangerous factors,To magnetosphere cosmic rays and UV. is necessary. birthplace have anothernine requirements, that are discussed in details in section 4. These of supply 6.2.2. energy), thermal + radiation (ionizing source energy 6.2.1 are requirements gas, reducing of concentration 6.2.4 CHON, elements constituent major of supply 6.2.3 nutrients, diversified 6.2.8 environment, water -toxic non 6.2.7 6.2.5 dry/wet cycle, 6.2.6 water, Na-poor heavy environments atmosphere, metals, (ocean, temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, continent, 6.2.9 and cyclic change. geology) For thevaried details, see section 4. erosion, and transportation, driven by the Sun through climate system. If nutrients were not not were nutrients If system. climate through Sun the by driven transportation, and erosion, l of exposure the means It emerge. not could life supplied, time, exposure of continent must be maintained long time to support life’s emergence and emergence life’s support to time long maintained be must continent of exposure time, time. long sustain to key a is continent sized huge Also, evolution. water, elements of mineral dissolve inwater, as the water of form ion, which canutilized be effectively byThis life. interaction depends on the surface area of mineral, so grain refiningof mineral is key. In other words, wate process of weathering, erosion, and transportationby system. climate PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

er Author(s) Author(s) C, hydratedminerals become

º is releasedis to atmosphere, which

2 . 2 O is too short, the amount of ocean ocean of amount the too short, is O 2 -state surface environment of rocky CO ted into mantle with the cooling of the cooling with the intoted of the mantle

First group, and also necessary the in Third

52 f appropriate amount of ocean is a key. For this this For key. is a ocean of amount appropriate f

is important.is H If

2 constituent elements is critically important. If the total total the If important. critically is -constituent elements

is much, too oceanevaporates due greenhouse to gas effect.

2 O and CO 2 phenomenon of leaking earth [73]. If leaking earth begin, decrease decrease begin, earth If leaking [73]. earth leaking of phenomenon

O2 with time. Landmass contributes to increase free oxygen, because -like. Plate tectonics p can buffer

sustaining planet. This is because landmass is the supplier of nutrient for nutrient of supplier the is landmass because is This planet. -sustaining

constituent elements is too small, lifetime of living organism on wouldplanet the oforganism living lifetime too is small, -constituent elements in the stage of mantle overturn, large amount of CO of amount large overturn, mantle of stage the in tinuation of plate tectonics of plate tinuation Presence of oceanPresence earth of leaking Initiation of elements lifePresence -constituent Existence of landmass, and increase in land in area and increase of landmass, Existence To sustain life, the supply of life of supply the life, sustain To It is the fate of surface water (ocean) to be transpor Plate tectonics plays an important role to keep steady the in required is landmass huge of existence The For life, the presence of ocean is important anytime, because the existence of ocean make it be short and cannot evolve to larger or more complicated one, e.g., if the Earth had had half of half had had Earth the if e.g., one, complicated more or larger to evolve cannot and short be atage components st initial at life current 4.0Ga, we may have on not the emerged Earth. Instead, life may have been ended at ca. 2.0Ga. amount of life of amount planet. Therefore, continuation continuethe plate of tectonicsis necessary requirement. To operation of plate tectonics, the presence o condition, initial amounts amounts of H condition, initial group as well to be life be to well as group life, andaccumulate also p sediment bury organic matter to prevent their oxidation that results in accumulation of free oxygen. oxygen. free of accumulation in results that oxidation their prevent to matter organic bury sediment In other landmass words, larger can accumulate more free oxygen in atmosphere. can turn the planet Venus planet the turn can is less than requirement, and if CO 6.3.5 6.3.5 6.3.4 6.3.4 6.3.3 6.3.3 planet.the Once temperature of subduction zone below gets 650 6.3.2 6.3.2 stable even in the mantle, therefore, surface water can be carried to inner earth as the form of the is This hydrous mineral. in ocean amount causes huge landmass on the surface of the earth. Title (orshort title) Title Con 6.3.1 Particularly possible to operate plate tectonics, and supply water (clean water without for salt) life through climate system. Lifetime of ocean depends on the size of planet, which is the fate of cooling planet. If planetary is small size like Mars, such and planet ocean disappear cools down earli faster, of Subduction planet. size larger of case the than earlier occur phenomenon leaking because oceanic plate transports surface ocean water into deep mantle, which dry make planet at the end. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s)

-late Hadean, prokaryotes survive must at least volveto human being. means the It acceleration 53 s necessary requirement on the surfaceof rocky planet

-preyecological system is extremely complex, hence, accidental survival is

over 2 Gyr to evolve to eukaryote to evolve to 2 Gyr over

driven drastic evolution has been well recorded as fossils through Earth’s history, -drivendrastic evolution history, beenhas well recorded fossilsas through Earth’s problem, derived from the concept of evolution, is a biological complexity, which is totally totally is which complexity, biological a is evolution, of concept the from derived problem, Formation of ozone layer ozone of Formation Presence of magnetosphere Presence Acceleration of life evolution (driven by starburst) (driven evolution of life Acceleration Ozone layer cuts the short wavelength of light such as UV, which damages DNA of which damages DNA Ozone layer cuts the short wavelength oflight such as UV, In Forth group, we list up biological requirements to evolve into planet with civilization. toplanet evolve into up requirements list biological we In Forth group, Birth of strong geomagnetism wa geomagnetism strong of Birth After the birth of primordial life in the middle in the life primordial of birth the After From the viewpoint of molecular biology, evolution from primordial life to human being being human to life primordial from evolution biology, molecular of viewpoint the From

.4.1 Survival .4.2 6 metazoans on landmass. To prevent such damages, ozone layernecessarymetazoans is as well on as landmass. To atmosphere. in oxygen free of content the on depends layer ozone of birth The magnetosphere. on plant and of cyanobacteria biomass the on depends it oxygen, free atmospheric accumulate To on depend may autotroph of amount the although shelf, continental and continents of surface the ecosystem.Therefore, timing appearance of of ozone layernot maybe simple as a function of increase in landmass. civilization with to evolve into planet Requirements 6.4 group: Forth different from physical, chemical, and geological phenomenon. Biological factors are much more more much are factors Biological phenomenon. geological and chemical, physical, from different complex than other environmental factors. One of the the complexmost is in biology nner ma ecosystem. Predator in common. Outer forcing to ecosystem such as nearby supernova, GCR radiation by starburst history we cannot through yet However, time. evolutionary the modified extensively have may evaluate individual evolution scheme after mass extinction, i.e., reconstruction new of ecosystem and still imperfect also are group this in requirements listed So life. evolving appeared newly with at least ninethesis. requirements However, hypo couldworking listed. be 6.3.7 6.3.7 Main Title (orshort title) Title 6.3.6 when primordial life emerged on the planet. But the condition must have continued long time over over time long continued have must condition the But planet. the on emerged life primordial when no strong remains Venus born. was Mars since 600 Myr after dynamo strong lost has Mars 4.0Gyr. dynamo. 2 billion years, which remained no significant evolutionary event on the earth. However, this However, earth. on the event evolutionary no significant remained which years, 2 billion needs 15 Gyr, however, only 4 Gyr was spent to e to spent was Gyr 4 only however, Gyr, 15 needs of life evolution occurs at some points in the evolutionary history. As explained in Section 5, Section in explained As history. evolutionary the in points some at occurs evolution life of mutation of the eukaryote emergence at ca. 2.0Ga, and thatspecifically, of metazoan and plant at Cambrian fluctuation environmental remarkable that out pointed be should It 38). (Fig. 0.54Ga at time ange ch has environmental anomalous Such organism. of new emergence the before right occurred been called “Snowball Earth”, and it is caused by starburst. 6 PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

As a anoxia, -anoxia, Author(s) Author(s) occurred and it it and occurred

2

O this drastic environmental

nctions were necessarymake to occurred pO2 environment, and first mammal is is mammal first and environment, pO2 life living symbiotically with other various with other symbiotically living life

process toward the of emergence mammal

ores over the world. Five distinct time intervals time distinct -ores world. Five the over 54 multicellular

level synthesis or unravelling of this revolutionary mechanisms mechanisms revolutionary this of unravelling or synthesis -level

wasone of P the largest is poisonous for life, because oxygen it attacks DNA, in particular,

2

Paleozoic Era, the mass largest extinction occurred after Ordovician time when

as a single life, e.g. the most developed one is human) were born during Cambrian Cambrian during born were human) is one developed most the e.g. life, single a as

ymbiont cell ca. 1mm across)a large in at 2.0Ga, which was explained by Lynn organisms’ symbionts (large (large symbionts organisms’ yed. To evolve to eukaryote, prokaryote must survive such events. Is it accidental or accidental it Is events. such survive must prokaryote eukaryote, to evolve To yed.

3 order of magnitude higher than before. How many fu many How before. than higher magnitude of -3 order 2.0Ga, one of the biggest surprising evolution of life occurred, i.e., the birth of eukaryote. eukaryote. of birth the i.e., occurred, life of evolution surprising biggest the of one 2.0Ga, tic life life tic endosymbio of emergence the means eukaryote to evolution the addition, In organism Evolution to primate Evolution Evolution to mammal to Evolution Evolution to vertebrate animal vertebrate to Evolution Evolution to metazoan and plant to metazoan Evolution Probably, first primate at ca.emerged 100Ma at the tripleProbably, junction of rift system at At the end of end the At At

Increase of pO Antarctica-India-Africa (still connected with SouthAmerica) on Gondwana centered at South 6.4.7 6.4.7 6.4.6 6.4.6 ca. 96% metazoans of large wereThe killed. mechanism of extinctionmass is still controversial, but at least a consensus is presentthat the environmental change occurred under super Presumably the collision solar of system against dark cloud 6.4.5 6.4.5 6.4.3 6.4.3 This revolutionary process still remains as a big puzzle, although increase in p change. At first, an accidental decreasechange. of pO2 caused extensive extinction. mass Right after the mass extinction, first mammal was Theemerged. Title (orshort title) Title period to seems very be sensitive in time spiteno of strong environmental damage. If huge asteroid have may ecosystem all then pond, magma local a form to period this in earth the bombarded been destro remained. still are questions Those time? long a such surviving prokaryote was how and Why not? Margulis [74]. The genome The [74]. Margulis unsolved. remains should have been a survival race with adjustment to- low assumed to appearwith Themousesize. process tomammal emerge has beenclarified through by Professor Norihiro details in Okada, approach a Japanese biologist.genomic (intracellular s (intracellular living living During the snowball period from the Ediacaran to Ediacaran the selectively from period damages the base snowball pairthe of guanine. During -485Ma), (635 8 times time of mass extinction Cambrian the of end the repeatedlyoccurred. of supply abundant with craton China South of rift failed the in 540Ma at emerged Vertebrate which ores, phosphorous are recognized in thisperiod, indicating environmental change proceeded rifted a small in continental and the jungle margin, law continued the to lead appearance of new ecosystem. - multi result, becomes 2 explosion. explosion. it possible for this evolution is largely unsolved yet. unsolved largely is evolution this for possible it PoS(FRAPWS2018)071 Author(s) Author(s) -size planet, equirements is there into vertebrates, then further further then vertebrates, into induced rapid evolution. The The evolution. rapid -induced evolving

planet, there are some variables with it to be a

55 cellular organisms - -directional evolution. Because the base pair of guanine is selectively

g planets in our Galaxy in our g planets -sustainin

-oceanic ridge, plate tectonics wouldnot operate, because of no extensive

isted up 41 requirements from the planetary conditions to be habitable, to biological biological to habitable, be to conditions planetary the from up 41 requirements isted -bearing elements. The Drake equation has long been used to estimate the life in the universe as we have sapience Homo to Evolution We l

The development of function to transport Ca2+ ion in the cell, and cell communication is a a is communication cell and cell, the in ion Ca2+ transport to function of development The The first human being appeared being at 7Ma, human presumably first The related to the African rift valley, ate tectonics is operated. On the other hand, if ocean is too small in amount less than below le. Details have not theyet process of clarified, divergence of monkey however, will be a key .5 Probability of life .5 Probability introduceddiscussion what are in essential [35]. However, requirements for a habitable planet, big this to questions fundamental our is life, of evolution and origin the or life, of birthplace i.e. lifethe in universe.the Since then, havewe mystery, investigated in great details about the planet. on the civilization a of building the up to life of evolution and origin the for requirements develop neuron, eye, and brain, from fish to human being at the end. This sequential evolution evolution sequential This end. the at being human to fish from brain, and eye, neuron, develop uni the by explained be can 6 or modify to need and hypothesis working still are They civilization. having for conditions r those up list to difficulty The reliable. and more better it make to upgrade are possiblevariables witheach condition that we have notlisted above. example, For the the and planet, habitable for requirements important of one is ocean of absence or presence on the ocean an is there if Even 1/2. is probability changing is amount the Because categorize. to difficult is condition detailed such however, key to lead to the emergence of of multi emergence the to lead key to damaged byincreasing details are still free oxygen. remained undemonstratedHowever, in laboratory. 6.4.9 Development of brain Development 6.4.9 all cover to enough sufficient is ocean If critical. is ocean of amount the First, planet. habitable even nutrients of supply insufficient to due evolving nor born be cannot life landmass, continental if pl the crest of mid -oceanic of mid ridgehydration basalt (MOB). If plate tectonics is not operated, a planet evolves and state cannotTherefore,habitable. be the amount ocean of is a criticallyimportant Venus into factor to determine the life-sustaining habitable planet, but there are many variables with it. Another variableocean of the is thickness, which must be 4±1km inthe case of Earth 6.4.8 6.4.8 The increase in brain size is a key althoughAfrican rift the valley. fossil localityis outside of the of brainhas been measured and the result seems to to evolveus, to Homo sapience. Volume suggest the stepwise increase with three times, indicating mutation trigger stepwise of increase of brain seems size to be extensive rift volcanism enrichedin radiation Title (orshort title) Title Po and evolution geological combining by emerged monkey how and where, when, unravel to genomic records. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

Author(s) Author(s) he universe universe he robability of the planet planet the of robability corresponds to the number number the to corresponds

50

earch. , , while 2 50 rotational instability through the growing growing the through instability -rotational

56

body numerical simulation. numerical -body two steps; (1) from prokaryotes to eukaryotes at 2.0Ga, and (2) to to (2) and 2.0Ga, at eukaryotes to prokaryotes from (1) steps; two

sustaining planet is (1/2) is planet ence of life-sustaining

and combination. After all the requirements, variables, permutation and combination combination and permutation variables, requirements, the all After combination. and

gin of the Earth; a new model (ABEL model) was introduced. ABEL model proposed proposed model ABEL introduced. was model) (ABEL a new model Earth; the of gin onclusion roposal of carbon cycle through time: a new model of carbon cycle is proposed from the the from proposed is cycle carbon of model new a time: through cycle carbon of roposal Toward the establishment of Astrobiology: we proposed a working hypothesis to discuss discuss to hypothesis working a proposed we Astrobiology: of establishment the Toward irements for the birthplace for the irements requ up nine listed we life: Earth’s of evolution and origin The Originsolar of system: a new model was introduced, which incorporated chemical Ori This paper summarized the history of each study fields briefly, and introduced new models new introduced and briefly, fields study each of history the summarized paper This In general, the estimation of probability is simply give from the answer of yes or no, or or no, or yes of answer the from give simply is probability of estimation the general, In 1 However, as we listed the requirements,However, it cannot be simplycalculated by probability. 5 4 3 P 2 , salinity, and change in amount through time. time. through amount in change and salinity, , or new proposal to push forward to reach to the goal of the res the of goal the to reach to forward push to proposal new or 7. C judgementof presence or absence.If there are 50 requirements the planet, forlife -sustaining pres the of probability are awaremade are satisfied,We life and can be evolve emerged as theEarth did successfully. that the probability and evolve life to emerge is extremely and small, the p of planets moving around a single central star in our Milky Way Galaxy. Beside the Milly Way Beside the MillyWay ofplanets Galaxy. moving arounda single central star in our MilkyWay galaxies more shouldbe present. Ifmight so, life present be Galaxy, somewhere in t as far as can be evaluated the from probability. having civilization in Universe the is reduced more drastically. Title (orshort title) Title thickness, e.g. variables, various has it alone, ocean of condition the Considering time. through pH planetary disc, in addition to N in to addition disc, -planetary proto -formingrock materials,of magneto differentiation Requirements have tobe satisfiedas wellas possible variables,and they have constrains the of permutation how the planet must emerge and evolve under various kinds of requirements, with four four with requirements, of kinds various under evolve and emerge must planet the how categorized requirements. In addition requirements, to there are variables of each requirement. origin of carbon and circulation from atmosphere to mantle, through plate tectonic and volcanism. volcanism. and tectonic plate through mantle, to atmosphere from circulation and carbon of origin of function the as work could (CCD) depth compensation carbonate proposed we addition, In sense.pCO2 in a large of life based on comprehensive reviewAnd we alsoof previous selected research. 20 big events emphasize to important is It history. through events significant understand to history Earth’s the of evolved life with thatearth’s metazoans and plant0.54Ga. by In two these period, evolution of was accelerated life by starburst. the Earth was formed by anhydrous enstatite chondrite, and born as dry planet at 4.53Ga. After After 4.53Ga. at planet dry as born and chondrite, enstatite anhydrous by formed was Earth the components, life also but H2O only not with supply to earth the bombarded asteroids icy 4.37Ga, (ABEL event bombardment This atmosphere. and ocean of formation the in resulting Bombardment) made the habitable planet Earth. PoS(FRAPWS2018)071

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