Barriers and Opportunities at the Base of the Pyramid
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The Bottom of the Pyramid Strategy for Reducing Poverty: a Failed Promise
Economic & Social Affairs DESA Working Paper No. 80 ST/ESA/2009/DWP/80 August 2009 The Bottom of the Pyramid Strategy for Reducing Poverty: A Failed Promise Aneel Karnani Abstract The movement emphasizing free markets to reduce poverty has found strong expression in the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ approach in recent years. It views the poor as “resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers”. This romanticized view of the poor harms the poor in two ways. First, it results in too little emphasis on legal, regulatory and social mechanisms to protect the poor who are vulnerable consumers. Second, it overemphasizes microcredit and underemphasizes fostering modern enterprises that would provide employment opportunities for the poor. More importantly, it grossly underemphasizes the critical role and responsibility of the state in poverty reduction. JEL categories: O10 General (Economic Development), I30 General (Welfare and Poverty) Keywords: Poverty reduction; bottom of pyramid; consumption choices; micro-entrepreneurs. Aneel Karnani is Professor at the Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Comments should be addressed by e-mail to the author: [email protected] Contents The Poor as Value-Conscious Consumers .............................................................................................. 2 Empirical Evidence ................................................................................................................................ 2 Poverty and Alcohol ............................................................................................................................. -
I. a Consideration of Tine and Labor Expenditurein the Constrijction Process at the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun and the Pover
I. A CONSIDERATION OF TINE AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRIJCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT MOUND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore 40 II. A CONSIDERATION OF TIME AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT 14)UND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore INTRODUCT ION In considering the subject of prehistoric earthmoving and the construction of monuments associated with it, there are many variables for which some sort of control must be achieved before any feasible demographic features related to the labor involved in such construction can be derived. Many of the variables that must be considered can be given support only through certain fundamental assumptions based upon observations of related extant phenomena. Many of these observations are contained in the ethnographic record of aboriginal cultures of the world whose activities and subsistence patterns are more closely related to the prehistoric cultures of a particular area. In other instances, support can be gathered from observations of current manual labor related to earth moving since the prehistoric constructions were accomplished manually by a human labor force. The material herein will present alternative ways of arriving at the represented phenomena. What is inherently important in considering these data is the element of cultural organization involved in such activities. One need only look at sites such as the Valley of the Kings and the great pyramids of Egypt, Teotihuacan, La Venta and Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Cahokia mound group in Illinois, and other such sites to realize that considerable time, effort and organization were required. -
Palaeolithic
A COURSEBOOK OF SOCIAL STUDIES Our team of experts: Sadaquat Ali Ansari Namrata Agrawal Asha Sangal Content Reviewers for the Series Vrinda Loiwal Consultant for Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Subhashish Roy Consultant for Design K6056 Acknowledgements The Publishers would like to acknowledge Shutterstock for granting us permission to use the photographs and images listed below : Alvaro German Vilela (Fig 1.1), Sudip Ray (Fig 1.2), saiko3p (Fig1.6), arindambanerjee (Fig 2.1), Kachaya Thawansak (Fig2.2), Juan Aunion (Fig 2.3), mountainpix (Fig 2.7), ABIR ROY BARMAN (Fig 7.3), Curioso (Fig8.1), ArunjithKM (Fig 8.3), Monontour (Fig 8.4), Shal09 (Fig 10.9),Alex Mit (Fig 1.3), Iron Mary (Fig 1.4), Withan Tor (Fig 1.6), itechno (Fig 1.7), pakpoom (Fig 1.8), robert_s (Fig 1.9), Castleski (Fig 1.11), SKY2015 (Fig 1.15), Kheng Guan Toh (Fig 2.1) Phruet (Fig 2.2), Bardocz Peter (Fig 2.3), gomolach (Fig 2.4), Soleil Nordic (Fig 2.5), Nasky (Fig 2.6), Inna Bigun (Fig 2.7), Soleil Nordic (Fig 2.8), brichuas (Fig 2.9), Hollygraphic (Fig 3.2), Siberian Art (Fig 3.3), Designua (Fig 3.4), NoPainNoGain (Fig 3.5), Designua (Fig 3.6), Bardocz Peter (Fig 4.2),Serban Bogdan (Fig 4.3), Bardocz Peter (Fig 4.8), VINCENT GIORDANO PHOTO (Fig 4.12), Syda Productions (Fig 4.13), Kudryashka (Fig 4.14), nahariyani (Fig 4.15), dikobraziy (Fig 5.3), tonkaa (Fig 5.4), re_bekka (Fig 5.5), Yusiki (Fig 5.6), boreala (Fig 5.7), Dimitrios Karamitros (Fig 5.8), okili77 (5.9), trgrowth (Fig 5.12), Anton Foltin (5.13), iamnong (Fig 6.3), Vasily Gureev (Fig 6.5), Svetlana -
A Case for Social Enterprise
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Repository A Case for Social Enterprise: At the Bottom of the Top of the Pyramid Martin Brueckner, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, Australia Sally Paulin, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia Jenna Davis, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, Australia Samir Chatterjee, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, Australia Abstract: The bottom of the pyramid (BoP) approach popularised by Prahalad and Hart (2002), calls for the engagement of business with the bottom segment of the global income pyramid, and has attracted considerable attention and debate. The BoP lens is applied chiefly to communities experiencing ‘extreme poverty’ in low income countries with little reference to the growing number of people living in ‘relative poverty’ in high income countries. For the purpose of stimulating academic debate this paper seeks to explore the role of the so-called fourth sector, a domain for hybrid business ventures of social (and, in the case of this paper, Indigenous) entrepreneurs, at what we refer to as ‘the bottom at the top of the income pyramid’ in Australia. Using examples of Indigenous and social entrepreneurship within disadvantaged communities, we seek to highlight the scope for fourth sector enterprises at the lower end of the income spectrum within developed countries. It is suggested that the business models found within the fourth sector offer promising, alternative approaches for addressing the economic as well as social and cultural needs of those living on the fringes of today’s increasingly fragmented high-income societies. -
The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid by C.K
strategy+business The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart from strategy+business issue26, first quarter 2002 © 2002 Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. All rights reserved. e-Doc SECURITY AND The Fortune STRATEGY at theBottom of the Pyramid content by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart strategy strategy & competition Low-income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the world’s wealthiest companies — to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor. 1 With the end of the Cold War, the former Soviet attacks in the United States last September. Union and its allies, as well as China, India, and Latin The lackluster nature of most MNCs’ emerging- America, opened their closed markets to foreign invest- market strategies over the past decade does not change ment in a cascading fashion. Although this significant the magnitude of the opportunity, which is in reality economic and social transformation has offered vast new much larger than previously thought. The real source of growth opportunities for multinational corporations market promise is not the wealthy few in the developing (MNCs), its promise has yet to be realized. world, or even the emerging middle-income consumers: First, the prospect of millions of “middle-class” con- It is the billions of aspiring poor who are joining the sumers in developing countries, clamoring for products market economy for the first time. from MNCs, was wildly oversold. To make matters This is a time for MNCs to look at globalization worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises strategies through a new lens of inclusive capitalism. -
The Base of the Pyramid Protocol Beyond “Basic Needs” Business Strategies
Erik Simanis, Stuart Hart, and Duncan Duke The Base of the Pyramid Protocol Beyond “Basic Needs” Business Strategies In short, the poorest populations raise a prodigious new managerial chal- lenge for the world’s wealthiest companies: selling to the poor and help- ing them improve their lives by producing and distributing products and services in culturally sensitive, environmentally sustainable, and eco- nomically profitable ways. —C. K. Prahalad and Stuart Hart, “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,” 20021 Looking back over the half-dozen years since the publication of “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,”we are reminded of the adage, “your greatest strength is your greatest weakness.”Arguably the greatest strength of that seminal paper was the simplicity with which the authors communicated an altogether complex and audacious vision: Corporations, by thinking of and engaging the world’s four bil- lion poor as they would any other market segment, could address the material dep- rivation of the poor while generating significant profits for the firm. The paper rendered the complex, even intimidating, language and discourse of poverty and development into one to which managers could relate and, more importantly, one on which managers could act. Doing development was a question of doing business with a different customer. The result has been nothing short of catalytic: the number of conferences, initiatives, and papers on the subject matter has exploded, corporations across the globe have launched BOP, or Bottom of the Pyramid, ventures, and Peace Corps graduates are seeking out top MBA programs as a means to channel the passion that brought them to the Peace Corps in the first place. -
Copy of Poverty Point Binder.Pdf
1. Exhibit Information for Teachers Thanks for choosing to share this fascinating piece of Louisiana prehistory with your students! The new, revamped Poverty Point Classroom Exhibit is an updated and expanded version of the well-loved Poverty Point exhibit that has been in circulation since 1986. The exhibit includes one DVD and three books, as well as artifacts and activities to teach your class about the Poverty Point site and culture. The activities contained within the exhibit are designed to teach, but also to be fun. This section provides a preview of what's included, and is designed to help in planning the Poverty Point unit for your class. When the Poverty Point unit is complete, please return all items in the exhibit, including the clay. If you have any questions, please call us at the Division of Archaeology (225-342-8166). We hope you enjoy these activities, and welcome your comments and suggestions! Exhibit Contents The Suitcase Artifacts Many artifacts are included in the suitcase. A complete inventory of artifacts is in the table on the next page. The artifacts can be introduced using a discovery learning or presentation technique. The Artifact Investigation Worksheet in Section 4 and the Artifact Question Cards should be used with the discovery learning technique. The Artifact Caption Cards may be displayed when using a presentation technique, or at the conclusion of the discovery learning technique. Most of the artifacts in the suitcase are 3,500 years old. Students may examine and touch them, but please take care to avoid dropping or damaging the artifacts. -
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known As “The Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom Was Characterized by Revolutionary
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known as “the Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom was characterized by revolutionary advancements in architecture. Figure 1: The Pyramids of Giza This view shows all three pyramid structures: the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure. The Old Kingdom (2686 BC - 2182 BC) was a period of political stability and economic prosperity, during which great tombs were built for Egyptian Kings in the form of pyramids. The first king to launch a major pyramid building project was King Djoser, who built his famous “Step Pyramid” at Saqqara. The Pyramids of Giza are the greatest architectural achievement of the time, and include three pyramid structures and the Great Sphinx monument. It would have taken several thousand workers decades to complete just one pyramid. While we know that the stone for the pyramids was quarried, transported and cut from the nearby Nile, we still cannot be sure just how the massive stones were then put into place. While stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, sun-baked mud bricks were used in the construction of Egyptian houses, palaces, fortresses, and town walls. Note: Limestone is an abundant rock of marine and freshwater sediments, primarily composed of calcite (CaCO₃). It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. To quarry means to obtain (mine) stone from an excavation pit, usually by blasting, cutting, or digging. A quarry is a site for mining stone, limestone or slate. A sphinx was a creature with the head of a human and the body of an animal (commonly a lion). -
LOUISIANA, the FIRST 300 YEARS ~ I ~ the LAND, the INDIANS, the EXPLORERS “Thames and All the Rivers of the Kings Ran Into
LOUISIANA, THE FIRST 300 YEARS ~ I ~ THE LAND, THE INDIANS, THE EXPLORERS “Thames and all the rivers of the kings ran into the Mississippi and were drowned.” Stephen Vincent Benet Until a million years ago, the Mississippi River did not exist. Nor did Louisiana, for its site was part of a huge body of water, an exten- sion of the sea into the continent of North America. During the Ice Age, 25,000 years ago, sheets of ice covered the cap of the North American continent. When the ice melted, it wiped out a number of drainage systems in Midwestern America and rerouted drainage to- ward the Mississippi, enlarging it considerably. The flowing water began to meander slowly southward, taking its debris with it, thus extending the Mississippi to its delta and filling in its southern end. As the delta filled, the sea retreated, leaving Lake Pontchartrain behind, separated from the Gulf about 5000 years ago. This new delta land was to become part of Colonial Louisiana in 1682; then, part of the Louisiana Purchase territory in 1803; and then, part of the state of Louisiana in 1812. The process of shaping and molding the land is not yet complete, even today. There are places in the delta where sugar cane fields, planted in the 18th century, are now under water. Yet there would have been no delta at all except for the Ice Age and its after- math. Over the centuries, the river has built up delta land by depositing material where it empties into the sea, forming sandbars, which in time became islands. -
Biface Form and Structured Behaviour in the Acheulean
Lithics 27 BIFACE FORM AND STRUCTURED BEHAVIOUR IN THE ACHEULEAN Matthew Pope 7, Kate Russel 8 and Keith Watson 9 ___________________________________________________________________________ “Homo erectus of 700,000 years ago had a geometrically accurate sense of proportion and could impose this on stone in the external world…mathematical transformations were being performed” (Gowlett 1983: 185) ABSTRACT According to some perspectives, the standardised nature of biface forms and the rule- governed nature of biface discard reflect a highly structured and static adaptation. Furthermore, i t has also been suggested that the Acheulean represents a period of over a million years in which technological and social development were in relative stasis due to social limitations. In this paper we explore the possibility that this apparently static and highly conformable adaptation may have represented a crucial pre-linguistic phase in which humans became adept at engaging with, reacting to and manipulating an early semiotic environment. We also present evidence which suggests that, in addition to symmetry, there may have been an underlying preference for the manufacture of bifaces with proportions conforming to the ‘Golden Section’. The possibility that bifacial tool form and structured archaeological signatures might have combined to produce a self-organising effect on early human land-use behaviour is explored. These behaviours, we argue, formed through simple feedback mechanisms which led to the ordered transformation of artefact scatters over time. We suggest that the apparent homogeneity of Acheulean technology might therefore signal a cognitive phase in which material culture played a semiotic role prior to the development of language. Full reference : Pope, M., Russel, K. -
New Middle Pleistocene Hominin Cranium from Gruta Da Aroeira (Portugal)
New Middle Pleistocene hominin cranium from Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal) Joan Dauraa, Montserrat Sanzb,c, Juan Luis Arsuagab,c,1, Dirk L. Hoffmannd, Rolf M. Quamc,e,f, María Cruz Ortegab,c, Elena Santosb,c,g, Sandra Gómezh, Angel Rubioi, Lucía Villaescusah, Pedro Soutoj,k, João Mauricioj,k, Filipa Rodriguesj,k, Artur Ferreiraj, Paulo Godinhoj, Erik Trinkausl, and João Zilhãoa,m,n aUNIARQ-Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal; bDepartamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; cCentro Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, 28029 Madrid, Spain; dDepartment of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; eDepartment of Anthropology, Binghamton University-State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902; fDivision of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; gLaboratorio de Evolución Humana, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; hGrup de Recerca del Quaternari - Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; iLaboratorio de Antropología, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Toxicología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; jCrivarque - Estudos de Impacto e Trabalhos Geo-Arqueológicos Lda, -
Religion and Architecture: a History of Great Buildings
Religion and Architecture: A History of Great Buildings Religion and Architecture: A History of Great Buildings People have made buildings throughout human history. By studying the architecture of a society, you can better understand that society’s values and beliefs. Every society has developed its own style of architecture. Many societies found ways to construct enormous buildings that were used for religious purposes. Some of the most impressive early architects were the ancient Egyptians. They lived thousands of years ago in Egypt, a country in the northern part of Africa. The Egyptian pharaohs constructed huge buildings in the shape of pyramids to house their bodies after they died. Pharaohs ruled Egyptian society. They were like kings, but the Egyptians also believed that pharaohs had powers from the gods. The pharaohs thought that the pyramids would be their home after they died and filled them with furniture, gold jewelry, and even pets. Now the ancient Egyptian society has vanished, but the pyramids are still found in Egypt. Today, pyramids all over Egypt stand as a reminder of the vanished ancient Egyptian culture. Over 130 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Egyptian pyramids have a square base with four triangular sides that rise up to a single point. Some of the pyramids are more than 4,500 years old. For thousands of years, the Egyptian pyramids were the tallest manmade structures in the world. The Great Pyramid of Giza is 480 feet above the ground. That’s as tall as many of the skyscrapers in New York City. Historians believe that it took between 20,000 and 30,000 people to help build the Great Pyramid.