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Comparative Effectiveness of Chemical Insecticides Against the Chilli Thrips

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Comparative Effectiveness of Chemical Insecticides Against the Chilli Thrips ARTICLE IN PRESS Crop Protection 25 (2006) 949–955 www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Comparative effectiveness of chemical insecticides against the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on pepper and their compatibility with natural enemies D.R. Seala,Ã, M. Ciomperlikb, M.L. Richardsc, W. Klassena aUniversity of Florida-IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33033, USA bUSDA APHIS PPQ CPHST, Pest Detection Diagnostics and Management Laboratory, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd., Bldg. 6414, Edinburg, TX 78541-9398, USA cMinistry of Agriculture and Fisheries, St. Vincent, Richmond Hill, Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Received 23 August 2005; accepted 19 December 2005 Abstract The chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, is a significant pest of various vegetable tropical fruit and ornamental crops. Originally from south Asia, this pest is becoming widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas, and in 2003 was found for the first time in the Western Hemisphere established on St. Lucia and St. Vincent in the insular Caribbean. Since there is a paucity of information on the effectiveness of modern insecticides in managing S. dorsalis populations, we evaluated the efficacy of the following insecticides for their control of this pest on ‘Scotch Bonnet’ pepper on St. Vincent: spinosad, imidacloprid, chlorfenapyr, novaluron, abamectin, spiromesifen, cyfluthrin, methiocarb, and azadirachtin. Irrespective of the number of applications and use of surfactant, chlorfenapyr was the most effective in reducing the densities of S. dorsalis adults and larvae followed by spinosad and imidacloprid. The performance of other insecticides in controlling S. dorsalis populations was inconsistent. Nevertheless, all of the above insecticides if applied repeatedly were effective in suppressing of S. dorsalis populations. Addition of the surfactant-sticker, Nu-Film 17TM, improved the performance of all insecticides somewhat. Spinosad was slightly harmful and chlorfenapyr was moderately harmful to Cryptolaemus sp. predators. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Scirtothrips dorsalis; Pepper; Insecticides; Chlorfenapyr; Spinosad; Nufilm; Natural enemies 1. Introduction elucidate aspects of the pest’s biology and to develop technology to manage it. In 2003, Skarlinsky, an USDA-APHIS Plant Protection S. dorsalis Hood is a pest of various vegetable, and Quarantine officer, intercepted Scirtothrips dorsalis at ornamental, and fruit crops in southern and eastern Asia, Miami, Florida on Capsicum spp. from St. Vincent and the Africa and Oceania (Ananthakrishnan, 1993; CABI/EPPO, Grenadines, West Indies. This was the first interception at 1997; CABI, 2003). Plants in 112 taxa are reported to be a US port of this thrips on a shipment originating in the hosts of S. dorsalis. It is abundant on chillies in India the Western Hemisphere. In addition, Skarlinsky (2003) (Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1932; Ramakrishna Ayyar and found established S. dorsalis on pepper at several sites Subbiah, 1935), on sacred lotus in Thailand (Mound and in St. Vincent. Subsequently, we found this species to Palmer, 1981), and a serious pest of Arachis (Amin, 1979, be established also on St. Lucia, and we undertook to 1980). In Japan, S. dorsalis is a pest of tea and citrus (Kodomari, 1978). Among the economically important ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 305 246 7001x260; hosts of this pest listed by Venette and Davis (2004) are fax: +1 305 246 7003. banana, bean, cashew, castor, corn, citrus, cocoa, cotton, E-mail addresses: [email protected]fl.edu, DRSeal@ifas.fl.edu (D.R. Seal). eggplant, grapes, kiwi, litchi, longan, mango, melon, onion, 0261-2194/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.12.008 ARTICLE IN PRESS 950 D.R. Seal et al. / Crop Protection 25 (2006) 949–955 passion fruit, peach, peanut, pepper, poplar, rose, sacara, ranges from about 1500 mm on the southeast coast to soybean, strawberry, sweet potato, tea, tobacco, tomato, about 3800 mm in the interior mountains (http://www.bri- and wild yams (Dioscorea spp.). One or more S. dorsalis life tannica.com). Vegetable and fruit crops are produced year stages occur on all above-the-ground plant parts of its round for domestic consumption and export. Thrips palmi hosts, and causes scarring damage due to its feeding Karny is a significant pest of vegetable crops in St. Vincent (Chang et al., 1995). during the dry season. Frankliniella spp. and Microcepha- The Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association lothrips spp. were also present (Chu et al., 2006). considers S. dorsalis as one of the 13 most dangerous Here we report on the comparative effectiveness of exotic pest threats to the industry (FNGA (Florida various insecticides against S. dorsalis and on their effects Nurserymen & Growers Association), 2003). Venette and on a possible predator of this pest, Cryptolaemus sp. Davis (2004) projected the potential geographic distribu- Elsewhere, we reported on the within pepper plant and tion of S. dorsalis in North America to extend from within pepper field distribution of S. dorsalis (Seal et al., southern Florida to north of the Canadian boundary, as 2006). well as to Puerto Rico and the entire Caribbean region, but Meissner et al. (2005) suggest that the pest is likely to 2. Materials and methods establish in the USA only in the southern and Pacific states, but not overwinter outdoors in northern states. In any case, Five studies were conducted to determine the effective- these projections suggest that this pest could also become ness of various insecticides in controlling S. dorsalis on widely established in South America and Central America. ‘Scotch Bonnet’ pepper on St. Vincent. Three studies In October 2005, this pest was found on potted roses sold (studies 1, 2 and 3) were conducted on Williams Farms, in retail outlets from the Florida Keys to Tallahassee Georgetown, St. Vincent in October 2004 (rainy season). (Hodges et al., 2005), and in November 2005 on pepper Subsequently, in March 2005 study 4 was conducted on seedlings in retail outlets in the Rio Grande Valley but not Williams Farms and study 5 on Baptiste Farms. To outdoors (M.A. Ciomperlik, e-mail 11/16/2005). S. dorsalis conduct these studies, ‘Scotch Bonnet’ pepper was planted is a vector of various viral and bacterial diseases. It into a deep soil without use of plastic mulch. Each field was transmits peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV), peanut yellow ca. 0.3 ha. The plants were spaced 91 cm within rows and spot virus (PYSV), peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus (PCFV), 122 cm between rows. Plants were maintained using tobacco streak virus (TSV), and acacia bunchy top virus standard cultural practices recommended for St. Vincent. bud necrosis disease, and the bacterial leaf spot bacterium Plants were treated with Manzate and Bravo fungicides at (Amin et al., 1981; Ananthadrishnan, 1993; Mound, 1996; 7–10 day intervals. Each study was initiated 2–3 months Mound and Palmer, 1981). after planting the crop. Detection and identification of S. dorsalis are key in In studies 1 and 2, insecticides were applied alone. In developing management practices (Lewis, 1997). Various study 3, insecticides were applied in combination with the methods have been used employed by entomologists to surfactant sticker, Nu-Film 17TM, at 0.125% V/V. In each determine the presence of S. dorsalis. Bagle (1993) study, treatment plots consisted of a segment of a row dislodged thrips from five young shoots per single plant 456 cm long and 122 cm wide. Treatments in these studies onto a black cardboard and counted them. Likewise, were (1) spinosad (511 ml haÀ1; Spintor TM2SC, Dow Gowda et al. (1979) shook inflorescences over black paper Agrosciences, Indianapolis, IN); (2) imidacloprid to obtain and count nymph and adult thrips. Suwanbutr et (274 ml haÀ1; Provados 1.6F; Bayer CropScience, Re- al. (1992) rinsed thrips from plant material using 70% search Triangle Park, NC); (3) chlorfenapyr (731 ml haÀ1; ethanol and counted individuals collected on a fine muslin Alert 2F, BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, sieve. Takagi (1978) constructed a suction trap to monitor NC); (4) novaluron (731 ml haÀ1; Diamond 0.83 SC; the flight of S. dorsalis and other tea pests. Okada and Crompton Crop Protection, Middlebury, CT); (5) aba- Kudo (1982) used a similar suction trap for monitoring mectin (731 ml haÀ1; Agrimek 0.15EC; Syngenta Crop flight behavior of S. dorsalis and other thrips. Saxena et al. Production, Inc., Greensboro, NC); (6) azadirachtin (1996) reported that S. dorsalis were attracted to white (511 ml haÀ1; Neemix 4.5, Certis USA LLC, Columbia, sticky traps. Adults may also be attracted to yellowish- MD); and (7) a nontreated control. In each study, green, green or yellow boards (Tsuchiya et al., 1995). Chu treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block et al. (2006) evaluated the effectiveness of a non-sticky trap design with four replications. Treatments were applied illuminated with a light-emitting diode in capturing S. using an hydraulic backpack sprayer with one BEXR F dorsalis and other thrips. Series flat spray nozzle delivering 2 l minÀ1 at 206.8 kPa. St. Vincent is a volcanic island located at latitude Treatments were evaluated 24 h after each application by 131150N and longitude 611120W within the Windward collecting at random five growing tips per plot, one tip per Islands chain in the eastern Caribbean. Temperatures plant, each consisting of three young leaves. The samples fluctuate between 18 and 32 1C on the coast, the dry season were placed individually in a ziplock bag and taken to the extends from December to May, the rainy season from laboratory for further study. Leaves were washed with June to November, and the island’s average annual rainfall 70% ethanol to separate thrips from leaves. Identifications ARTICLE IN PRESS D.R. Seal et al. / Crop Protection 25 (2006) 949–955 951 of adult and larval thrips were based on the morphology of 3.
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