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A Fish Trader's Journey

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A Fish Trader's Journey A fish trader’s journey The scene and the practices of women fish traders organising the artisanal marine fish value chain in Ghana TextboxFigure 1 1Women traders selling fish at Agona market (Agona market, 16/04/2016, own picture) Master Thesis Environmental Geography Student: Joel Boele (10254536) Supervisor: Joeri Scholtens 2nd reader: Eric Chu Date: June 2016 Abstract This research covers a qualitative analysis of the artisanal marine fish value chain in Ghana and how women fish traders, are organizing the trade, of mainly processed fish, from landing site to the consumer. During a two month fieldwork fishmongers are interviewed in their fishing communities and fish traders as they sell fish at the markets in Accra, the capital, and Kumasi, the second largest city in the country. First, the main actors, facilitators and context of the fish value chain is explored and qualitatively described, according to both primary and secondary data. Second, the role of women in the fish value chain is described according to the different ways women are connected to the fishermen. Third, the distribution patterns in Ghana of fish trade are mapped to examine whereto fish is traded, from landing site to markets in Ghana. Women trader are the main actors distributing fish in the country, which allows physical access to fish for the Ghanaian population, contributing to direct food security. 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Artisanal marine fisheries 4 - 5 1.2 Research objectives and questions 5 - 6 1.3 Relevance 6 - 7 1.4 Thesis outline 7 2. Theoretical framework 2.1 The fish value chain 8 - 11 2.2 Gender division of labour in the fishing sector 11 - 12 3. The Fishing sector in Ghana 3.1 Fish for food security 13 - 16 3.2 Artisanal marine fishing sector 16 - 20 3.3 Unsustainable fishing practices 20 - 22 4. Methodology 4.1 Research strategy 23 - 24 4.2 Data collection 24 - 27 4.3 Research area 27 - 31 4.4 Data analysis 31 - 32 4.5 Fieldwork 32 - 33 5. The artisanal fish value chain in Ghana 5.1 Main actors 34 - 43 5.2 Chain supporters 43 - 44 5.3 Value chain context 44 - 48 6. Women in the fish value chain 6.1 Women and supply 49 - 50 6.2 Women as financers 50 6.3 Wife versus fishwife 50 - 52 6.4 Power relations 52 - 54 7. Spatial distribution of the fish value chain 7.1 Markets in Accra and Kumasi 55 - 59 7.2 Coastal villages 59 - 63 8. Discussion 64 9. Bibliography 65 - 71 10. Appendices 72 - 77 3 1. Introduction 1.1 Artisanal marine fisheries This thesis aims to develop a deep understanding of the fish trade practices in the artisanal marine fisheries in Ghana. The activities that come about after production and before consumption of the fish are qualitatively researched. According to a research that measures the importance of the fisheries sector based on its contribution to a country’s national diet, employment and GDP, Ghana is one of the most fish dependent countries in the world (Barange et al., 2014). Forty-five per cent of the fish sold at the market in Ghana is produced in the Western Region of the country, mainly distributed to the domestic market in the form of smoked fish (Gordon, Pulis, & Owusu-Adjei, 2011). Different papers suggest that the fishery sector in Ghana is in crisis, due to a stagnating catch and a growing population (Béné & Heck, 2005; FAO, 2012; Campling & Havice, 2014). However the sector is of massive importance it has a huge potential to develop itself more extensively, while being a cheap and nutritious source of food (Thorpe, Reid, Anrooy, & Brugere, 2004; Béné et al., 2016; Kooiman, Bavinck, Jentoft, & Pullin, 2005). Globally, capture fisheries show a negative trend since the 1990s due to three related components that interact at the same time; first, the collapse of the fish stocks throughout the world, secondly, overcapacity (one of the causes of the first component, due to the increased amount of vessels and fishermen), and thirdly, bad management of the sector (Kooiman et al., 2005). Small scale fishing practices play an important role in the daily lives of fishing communities, as they facilitate employment throughout the whole fish value chain, while ensuring local access to food. (Failler, Beyens, & Asiedu, 2014; Béné et al., 2016). It is not only a sector to generate income, it is the way of life in the fishing villages (Ommer, 1999); fishing and the allied activities define the lives in these communities and the social structures (Thompson, Wailey & Lummis 1983). As fishing practices are locally influenced and originated, they may differ throughout fishing communities in different countries and landing sites (Johnson & Bavinck, 2010). The Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (n.d.b) defines artisanal fisheries as following: traditional fisheries involving fishing households (as opposed to commercial companies), using relatively small amount of capital and energy, relatively small fishing vessels (if any), making short fishing trips, close to shore, mainly 4 for local consumption. In practice, definition varies between countries, e.g. from gleaning or a one-man canoe in poor developing countries, to more than 20-m. trawlers, seiners, or long-liners in developed ones. Artisanal fisheries can be subsistence or commercial fisheries, providing for local consumption or export. They are sometimes referred to as small-scale fisheries. (FAO, n.d.b, p. 1). Small scale and artisanal fisheries in this research represent the same, as the focus is on fish caught by traditional means on small vessels (FAO, n.d.b). Hereafter the sector will be referred to as artisanal fishing sector. As these fishing communities depend on fishing extensively, they are very vulnerable to changes within the sector. Development of the fishing sector should not be at the cost of these vulnerable households, but rather, focus on sustaining their livelihood, to enhance their food security and sustain their access to natural resources- while these may even further deplete due to overexploitation and climate change (Béné & Heck, 2005). Fish can contribute to food security and poverty reduction, just as it may increase economic growth and nutrition (Béné et al., 2016). Trade is hereby very important as it facilitates fish to go from landing site to consumer and generates large amount of employment possibilities, accounting for both the indirect and the direct food security (Gordon et al., 2011). It assess these processes through the lens of the local community to draw conclusions on the importance of the artisanal fisheries. Due to the extensive amount of people participating in the artisanal sector, small scale fishing practices are conducted on a large scale, which is incredibly important for the local fishing communities. The WorldFish Center and the Integrated Coastal and Fisheries Governance team worked together to assess the value chain of smoked marine fish from the Western Region in Ghana. The program contributes to the following vision: “Ghana’s coastal and marine ecosystems are sustainably managed to provide goods and services that generate long-term socio-economic benefits to communities while sustaining biodiversity.“ (Gordon, Pulis, & Owusu-Adjei, 2011, p. 6). 1.2 Research Objectives and questions This thesis explores the artisanal marine fish value chain through the perspective of women fish traders in Ghana. The focus of this research is on the entire fish value chain from where the fish is landed until it is bought at the market by its final consumer. This research has three fundamental objectives: the first is to explore the 5 different actors in the fish value chain, the second is to understand the role of women traders, and the third, is to analyse how fish trade contributes to food security as it is distributed in the country. The research will be conducted on village level in Greater Accra and Western Region of Ghana. The market level research will be conducted on four markets in Kumasi and Accra. The main research question is as follows: How do women traders in Ghana organise the artisanal marine fish value chain in order to distribute fish from landing site to consumer? In accordance with the research objectives the following sub questions are used to guide this research: Who are the different actors organising the artisanal marine fish value chain? What is the role of women traders in the artisanal fish value chain? How do spatial distribution patterns of fish trade contribute to food security in Ghana? In order to answer these questions, qualitative and spatial research is conducted, therefore the research questions are open ended as they aim to describe a phenomenon: traders in the artisanal marine fish value chain in Ghana. 1.3 Relevance This research aims to understand the actions conducted after fish is caught and how these actions are influenced by local factors. Different papers asses fish value chains and look at different scales of fisheries, but less attention is given to the artisanal fish value chain (Failler et al., 2014). Fishing practices and landing activities have been studied extensively, however, the low-price fish value chains, including a the traders and processers conducting a range of activities, are given a lot less attention (Failler et al., 2014). Understanding a low-price fish value chain in Ghana, may contribute to the recent debates on management of fisheries for food security (Kooiman et al., 2005; Degnbol et al., 2006). Recent studies claim that fisheries are in crisis, while they play a major role for the indirect and direct food security of developing countries (Campling & Havice, 2014; Kooiman et al., 2005). Literature tends to focus on efficiency, profitability or new management techniques. Other value chain assessments focus mainly on tilapia, tuna or industrially smoked fish (Failler et al., 2014; Béné et al., 2016).
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