DEGREE PROJECT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 15 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2017
Empower Through Maps Reclaiming the Power of Information through Participation
ANDREA GONZALEZ PALOS
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TRITA SoM EX 2017-29
www.kth.se EMPO ERM through MAPS Reclaiming the Power of Information through Participation Andrea González Palos TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Abstract 4
Introduction 7
Empowering Through Maps: I Reclaiming the Power of Information through Participation Empowerment and Participation 13
Reclaiming the Power of Maps Andrea Gonzalez Palos 2017 31 New Forms of Mapping 34 Keywords: maps, participation, Technology’s role in participation urbanism, empowerment, community, 42 Mexico City, GIS Criticism and Challenges 48 II IV AG218X Degree Project in Urban Studies, Second Cycle 15.0 credits Mapping Toolkit 53 Participatory Mapping: Best Practices 169 Masters Programme in Urbanism Studies, 60.0 credits III / School of Architecture and the Built Environment Mapping Mexico City 99 Sources and Cited Works 182
KTH Royal Institute of Technology Re-imagining Mexico City 101 Acknowledgments 189 Stockholm, Sweden Mapping Practices: What’s Next? 148 ABSTRACT
It is widely claimed that geographic Mapping has evolved from being Participatory Mapping in Practice: information and maps are highly done by and for figures of power and Re-Imagining Mexico City through political. Many researchers have authority, to representing the issues, Maps. detailed the source of the power of needs and conditions of everyday users. maps and their ability to serve specific When mapping is reclaimed by the The way a city is portrayed, through interests, represent certain ideologies people, they can be used to propose images, pictures, texts or maps, has and perpetuate systems of exclusion alternatives to the image and language a great influence on how people (Harley, 1988; Harvey, 1998; Wood, of power and become a medium for perceive and understand it. In the 1992). conversation or protest. case of Mexico City, a metropolis Maps can be both the products and the of more than 20 million inhabitants, generators of power, thus assigning the By participating in the process, citizens creating visualizations of its complex mapmaker a great responsibility in the can engage in dialogue with different dynamics can be challenging. A city information that they choose or not to stakeholders and government officials, as complex and populated, generates a represent and how they decide to do acquire new skills and knowledge, be huge amount of information every day, it. Representing the same information more informed and generate judgments information useful for planners, who in different ways, or choosing to omit about issues that concern them and need to understand how the city works certain parts of it and heighten others exercise their political power. at a ground level. However, planning is can reveal very different conclusions still very much based on 1980’s zoning and lead to multiple interpretations. In the end, it is important to remember maps, without a deeper understanding that making the map is not the end of social, ecological and political issues In the urbanism field, information often of the process, but the beginning, (Leal 2013). In recent years grassroots comes in extensive policy documents, as information has to be processed, organizations, bottom-up projects and development plans and land use maps. analyzed and discussed in a transparent researchers have taken to the task of It is relevant to expand the sources and democratic manner as well. Cities registering new types of information. of information that urbanists use are in constant growth and evolution Mapping workshops, on-line databases, when performing their job. Interest in and so the process of updating the GIS maps, VGI, all provide a different mapping is high, made more accessible information is ongoing. Maps should perspective on the city to the formal and through tools like Google Earth and be kept updated and accessible in order institutionalized one that planners have GIS software and with new forms for them to remain as a relevant tool for today. How does the city look like under of participatory mapping practices. empowerment. this new light? What can we learn?
4 5 INTRODUCTION
Background
Cartography constructs representations empires. “As the map affirms the state, of space. Through its symbols, format the state affirms the map” (Wood 2010, and graphic conventions, it anchors space 33). to ideologies, subjective appreciations and objective measurements and Once we acknowledge that maps observations. Through maps, ideas and are propositions and not unbiased agendas are presented as concrete, and representations, we can see the potential form the base of our knowledge about of them as instruments for participation. the spaces we inhabit. Throughout Those with the ability to generate their history, cartography has been led by the own cartographies, will be able to ones in power. To map a place was to represent their point of view. establish dominance over it, a sense of ownership and knowledge. The map was In order to understand the importance founded upon the interest of organizing of maps in establishing information and visualizing territories, borders and that we deem true and reliable, we must
7 understand the dynamics of power that are at play in the cartographic process. Who gathers or produces the data to be used, what information is shown in the map and how it is represented, are all elements that will influence in the final result, and therefore, in the display of information that we will consider to be true. Maps are anything but objective.
The truths expressed in maps, have changed through the years. When we look at different representations of the earth, its continents, its territories, even its shape, they have all been consequences of the era’s knowledge and ideologies. Even one of the most known images of the world today, that one we observe in any satellite view on airplanes, computers or our phones, is not 100% true. Composed of over 10,000 images taken by NASA over a course of 100 days, it shows an image of earth where it is day everywhere, there are no clouds and the forests are at its greenest. This image is a perfect reconstruction of what Earth is, however it doesn’t represent reality. It can never be the same season and hour across the whole planet at the same time. The map doesn’t show the truth, but creates its own image or reality, by carefully choosing what and what not display and how to do it. NASA/Reto Stöckli
8 9 In recent years, cartography has Both Wood (2010) and Peluso (1995), Objective and Methodology can lead to it. I will then describe evolved into a more inclusive path. have made a comparison between maps current trends in mapping and the role The introduction of Internet map and literacy. Once an activity reserved The topic of cartography has been that technology plays in redefining how services, along with the possibility to for an elite, reading and writing became studied by many and on different we think of maps and map making. create custom maps has allowed for widely available for everyone with the perspectives, from historical (Harley In a second section, I propose a mapping a diversification of the cartographic spread of print, creating a huge impact 1987) to socio-political (Wood 1992; toolkit that summarizes the key points profession. in the availability of knowledge and the Kosek 1998). The role of maps in for implementing new participatory Maps are a part of our lives now more ability of a wider audience to participate relation to power has also been the mapping methods in practice. The aim is than ever; we use them to navigate in its consumption and production. subject of discussion amongst scholars to create a readily accessible document through cities, guide us as tourists and When mapping is reclaimed by the of geography and urbanism (Gaventa with examples of good practices, pros locals, represent information and even to people, they can be used to propose 1993; Ramasubramanian 2001). and cons for different methodologies, play games. It is the ubiquitous presence alternatives to the image and language and concrete techniques and steps to take of maps that opens up the opportunity of power and become a medium for With this research, I aspire to create to move the cartographic conversation for new perspectives being represented conversation or protest. a comprehensive overview of forward. in them. mapping practices today, with focus In the third section, I will evaluate on participatory methods. I aim to participatory mapping practices in understand the intersection between the Mexico City, analyzing the methodology process of generating a map and through used and the types of participation and it generating empowerment. resulting empowerment in each case. I will then use the information gathered With a focus on urbanism, I will first through these mappings to generate my MAPS! MAPS! make a review on theories regarding own cartographies, cross referencing and the power of maps, specifically in cities overlapping information to generate a and their inhabitants. I will explore the new perspective on the city’s conditions. changes in the role of the cartographer, I hope to display the importance that the new tools and possibilities, and the these alternatives forms of mapping need for generating a common language have had in generating new knowledge between professionals and citizens. about the city, and the relevance of the I will discuss the democratization data gathered in generating debates and of maps and how to generate a more supporting different perspectives. inclusive mapping practice. Afterwards, The document concludes with a series MAPS! MAPS! I will mention the different types of examples from the across the globe, of empowerment and discuss how where mapping has been used in creative collecting and visualizing information and empowering ways.
10 11 EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION
In the traditional practices of can we get about the way people cartography, the power has always been use, perceive and interact with their held by the same actors, thus producing physical environments? What are the information from a limited point of stories that have not been included in view. Participatory practices aim to traditional city narratives? How can shift the power relations to benefit the process of mapping, from data those who have not had the opportunity collection to publication and analysis, to represent their visions in an official aid in generating new discussions? If the way. The ability to be able to analyze, practice of urbanism and planning wants register and represent the experiences to move into a more inclusive direction, from various sources will lead to the it must do so starting with the voices democratization of maps. it includes in its initial discussions. I think that participation and Participatory practices promote collaboration leads to empowerment, collaboration between bottom-up and and that in the development of our top-down, but also gives citizens the cities, maps can be a tool that enables tools to generate their own knowledge, these practices. What new information therefore empowering them.
12 13 The Power and Democratization of Maps
Throughout time, maps have been people’s hands, counterbalancing the used as an authoritative resource that monopoly of the state in the definition of represents and consolidates power and territories. It is important to understand dominance over a territory (Giddens, the social and political context in which 1984). However, in the past decades maps are created, and having multiple there has been a change of paradigm perspectives participating in the map in the map making field. Interest in making process can give new insights to mapping is high, made more accessible often ignored or unknown information through tools like Google Earth and GIS about the places we inhabit. On his software and with new forms of mapping research of the politics of mapping, such as Parish Maps and indigenous Harley (1989) concludes that they are mapmaking being used as professional inherently hegemonic tools. However, tools for analysis and proposals as those when mapping is reclaimed by the Mapeo Colectivo www.iconoclasistas.net maps created by cartographers (Wood, people, they can be used to propose 2010). Mapping has evolved from being alternatives to the image and language Local groups can help collaborate in the as a tool for participatory practices, it is done by and for figures of power and of power and become a medium for planning process, by identifying their important to understand the importance authority, to representing the issues, conversation or protest. As Peluso own needs, problems and perceptions of creating a more inclusive conversation needs and conditions of everyday users. (1995), calls them, these ‘counter-maps’ of their environments. It is possible to in the mapping practice. Concepts of Both Wood (2010) and Peluso (1995), increase the ability of the people being create empowerment through mapping; empowerment and participation are have made a comparison between maps represented in them to be recognized By representing patterns of inclusion closely linked to urbanism and city and literacy. Once an activity reserved and represented, to be informed about and exclusion, resource allocation, making, and therefore, will be a main for an elite, reading and writing became their own territory and to claim the right territory delimitation or cultural and part of my discussion. I will mention the widely available for everyone with to resources and land. social issues, certain groups can claim different types of participation and level the spread of print, creating a huge There are multiple examples across the their right to have a say in how the of empowerment and further discuss the impact in the availability of knowledge world where communities are using planning process takes place, what role that the map play in the issue. and the ability of a wider audience to mapping as a tool for empowerment, issues are being addressed and who are participate in knowledge consumption as will be addressed later on. This plans benefiting. and production. top-down to bottom-up shift presents exciting opportunities to rethink how Before going into detail about new The vernacularisation of maps places we analyze, propose and evaluate plans forms of mapping that can promote new the power of cartography on the for cities. understandings of information and work
14 15 Shifting The Paradigm: Map-users/ The Right To The City = The Right with the principles of sustainability, with development policies, can promote Map-makers To Maps? democracy, equity and social justice” or hinder social cohesion, equality, and (UN Habitat 2004). It focuses in inclusion” (UN Habitat 2016, 5). The ability to generate and understand The Right to the City is an idea particular in the rights of vulnerable maps using various kinds of information that has been discussed by various and marginalized groups and confers It is clear that the discussion about cities is no longer reserved to planners, urban theorists before. The term was them the ability to act and exercise their is focused in the principles that Lefebvre geographers and cartographers. first coined by French philosopher, rights based on their uses and customs and Harvey mentioned, where citizens There are examples across the globe geographer and sociologist Henri and with an adequate standard of living. have the right and responsibility to of individuals and groups being Lefebvre in the 1960’s. According to Planners and government officials must actively participate in the transformation increasingly involved in the planning his theory, the Right to the City is a clarify which actions will be taken and of their environment. There are many practices of their environments. There right that implicates the democratizing who will these actions be targeted to in ways this right is being reclaimed, has been an ongoing discussion in of urban life by not only by being able order to achieve inclusive urbanization. mostly through bottom-up initiatives academia examining the implications to access what already exists, but also As Marcuse says, “it is the right to the and grassroots organizations that focus of maps and GIS systems in social and by the possibility of transforming and city of those who do not know they on reclaiming spaces for people. political contexts, especially regarding renewing the environment. have it with which we are concerned” how their use can empower or dis Lefebvre later added to that “the right (Marcuse, et. al. 2012, 33). Maps become very relevant in this empower different actors involved in to information, the rights to the use of discourse because they are a medium of the planning process. Though it may multiple services, the right of users to The concept of the Right to the City representation. If citizens can partake in seem that this democratization of the make known their ideas on the space and is still very relevant today. The 2016 the collection of information but also in field logically empowers previously time of their activities in urban areas; it New Urban Agenda, recognizes the the discussion and implementation of this marginalized groups, there has been would also cover the right to the use of importance of achieving cities for all, information for real projects, it brings debates on whether it could actually the center.” (Lefebvre 1991, 34) ensuring that all inhabitants are able them one step closer to their rights as reinforce the power of the current David Harvey, agrees that this Right to inhabit in safe, accessible, resilient inhabitants of the city. Especially when dominant actors (Sieber, 1997 ; implies the ability to change ourselves and sustainable human settlements (UN talking about vulnerable communities, Ramasubramanian, 1998). In order to by changing our environment and adds Habitat 2016). Part of the vision is to having access to a platform from which really achieve active participation and that it is “a common, rather than an “achieve cities and human settlements to voice their concerns and needs, will the Right to the City ideals, as planners, individual right since this transformation where all persons are able to enjoy equal create more opportunities of creating we need to make sure that the plans inevitably depends upon the exercise rights and opportunities, as well as their projects that serve them. The challenge we produce and the systems we use to of a collective power to reshape the fundamental freedoms” (UN Habitat is finding a common language between produce them, benefit and are informed processes of urbanization” (Harvey 2016, 2). It is stated in the New Urban the professionals and the citizens, in by everyone. Understanding the 2008). In a more global context, the Agenda’s commitments that “the spatial which both hold can interact on equal multifaceted impact that mapping can World Charter on the Right to the City, organization, accessibility, and design grounds. Mapping can be the medium have on the planning process is key to signed in 2004 defines the Right to the of urban space, as well as infrastructure for that conversation, bridging the gap identifying its strengths and potentials. City as “equitable usufruct of cities and basic service provision, together between professions and between users.
16 17 The Need for a Common Language
There are many examples as to how In his studies, Lynch made analysis of there has been attempts at describing Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles, the city through the perspective of those and through interviews with local who experience it. One is the Situationist people and on-site observations, movement, led by Guy Debord, where could draw certain conclusions on the the act of derive was a way to navigate characteristics of each city. He then the city, led by feelings and personal abstracted the key elements that make images. up cities: paths, landmarks, edges, nodes and districts. These elements are Another example is the work of David related between each other and together Lynch in the 1960’s Image of the City. weave the pattern that makes each place He claimed that the city was formed unique. out of the experiences of its inhabitants Lynch created a method that allowed and re-imagined the planning practice the objective analysis of subjective as being done through observation and perceptions, and made planning analysis. Lynch developed the idea of concepts approachable by a common cognitive mapping, in which the city is audience. The connection between the represented through certain icons and citizens and the urban professionals can symbols, based on the memory of the be bridged when both can speak at the map-maker. This mapping technique led same level about the issues that concern to discoveries of the nuances of urban them. life and the particular knowledge of the environment that each person holds. Participatory planning practices hold the Subsequently, each individual result same principles: the citizen is the expert, could be aggregated and compared with and by creating tools that translate their others, generating an general map of the knowledge into planning language, it is features and character of a city. possible to create urbanism that speaks Lynch’s theories led to a new emphasis to and includes everyone. Today, after on contextual, bottom-up citizen science, more than 50 years, Lynch’s ideas are putting value in subjective observations still relevant, and can be taken to new but creating a common language limits through the use of technology, through graphic representation. social media and bottom-up urbanism. Diagrams of Boston. Kevin Lynch, “The Image of the City” (1960)
18 19 Defining Citizen Participation
In a democratic planning process, The collective intelligence generated decision making should be collective by interaction between individuals of and decentralized, so that all individuals different perspectives can generate new can participate effectively. In this insights and surprising outcomes. BENEFITS OF A PARTICIPATORY PROCESS context, citizens are not only spectators or participants of urban life, but experts Whyte (1991) mentions the term on it, worthy of standing on the same Participatory Action Research, as a stage as other stakeholders involved in practice that empowers citizens by Improving the quality of decisions city making. generating local knowledge through collaborative problem solving and that Minimizing cost and delays in projects Participation has a lot of different may lead to social change. Community beneficial qualities as it leads to what participation needs commitment from Consensus building between actors Carson (2003) calls deliberative all parts involved and both government governance. By having the opportunity and citizens must be willing to generate to engage in dialogue with different dialogue, accepting and discussing Increasing the ease of implementation stakeholders and government officials, different opinions. citizens can acquire new skills and Avoiding serious confrontations knowledge, be more informed and generate judgments and opinions Maintaining credibility through transparency about issues that concern them and get a sense of greater political Supporting the legitimacy of decisions power thus motivating action. That is why generating opportunities for Anticipating concerns and possible obstacles participation is of such importance in the urbanism field; not only can urbanists Developing skills and expertise benefit from getting the opinions and experiences of the people who inhabit Supporting creative thinking the places that they are planning for, but the people themselves can take a more active role in the construction of their own environment. (Creighton, 1994)
20 Levels of Participation
When speaking about participation, in particular in the context of city planning, Sherry Arnstein (1969) defined eight different levels that determine the citizen’s power. This is called the Ladder of Citizen Participation.
8. Citizen control Citizen Power 7. Delegated Power 6. Partnership 5. Placation 4. Consultation Tokenism 3. Informing 2. Therapy Non Participation 1. Manipulation
Experiencias Cartográficas en México www.iconoclasistas.net
22 23 At the bottom of the ladder, are the in the process. Even though here the Although the ladder diagram represents levels where citizens are not included under-represented groups are being a simplification of power dynamics, in the participation process, and in fact, included more, it is still the decision their characteristics and the necessary are just fed information to shape their makers who hold the power of choosing steps to shift them, it is useful in order opinions or replace actual dialogue with who to include as well as the legitimacy to understand how certain practices are the power-holders. In previous practices of the opinions provided by the achieving actual participation. There is of mapping and planning, this was the representatives. a great difference between just being only level in which citizens could be In the last levels, there starts to be a the receivers of information, to being involved, as mere observers of decisions more inclusive concept of participation. the initiators of their own projects. The that had already been taken and in the Partnerships (level 6) allow for actions that have to take place between last chain of the process. discussions and negotiations to get to one level and another are those which The next levels, “informing, consultation a desired outcome. There is a shared lead to empowerment. But, what exactly and placation”, are classified as mere responsibility for the outcome and does empowerment imply, and why is it tokenism. According to the Oxford process between all stakeholders. important? Dictionary, tokenism is the practice of In level 7, citizens are mainly making a symbolic effort to create an responsible for the process, decisions image of inclusion. For example, when and results, giving them responsibility minority groups are invited in small and accountability, but also allowing numbers, just to fit the requirement of them to create plans that would fit their diversity, but not actually giving them needs. In this step initiatives still may any power of representation. come from a top-down perspective, or When citizens inform about their require the help from the power-holders concerns (level 3) or when they are but are mostly led by citizens. consulted by the decision makers In the top level in the ladder, citizen about their opinions (level 4), they control, they are the ones that have no power to control the outcome initiate projects and create their own for the information they provided, it is agendas. Citizens have the power and a one way flow of information. Even responsibility to create the changes they though they are being included, it is not want with no intermediaries. This is ensured that in the end their voice will often seen in grassroots initiatives that be considered for further steps in the take control over their neighborhoods process. to transform them without waiting for In level 5, the power-holders allow more formal higher-power solutions. certain representatives to participate Neil Cummings. Installing, visualizing evaluative networks The Anthropocentric Atlas: London. (2015)
24 25 Defining Empowerment
Empowerment can be defined as the empowered. There are definitions of On the first level, atomistic individual would lead to political empowerment. “authority or power given to someone to empowerment that divide the level empowerment, the individual as a unit In a step-by-step manner power is do something” (Oxford Dictionary) or of interaction and outcome as well as feels empowered. gained through different actions that “the process of becoming stronger and whether empowerment is an individual In the second one, embedded individual would require to involve different more confident, especially in controlling or collective experience. Rocha (1997) empowerment, the person feels power actors at each level. However, it is also one’s life and claiming one’s rights” for example, redefines the ladder of in relation to the context and larger possible that a single activity would (Oxford Dictionary). Empowerment is participation previously mentioned, and structures that surrounds him. create empowerment in different levels, both a quality (adjective) and a process re-frames it in terms of experiences of In mediated empowerment, step 3, the or change one but hinder another. The (verb), to be empowered and to become power. individual engages with the higher level involvement of diverse stakeholders and decision makers in actions that generate the multi-scalar character of planning power, such as exchange of knowledge makes it difficult to clearly evaluate and information. empowerment as a linear and scalar In the last two levels, empowerment process. is considered to shift from individual to a community perspective. At the socio-political empowerment level, the community creates collective social action, challenging the views and norms established by higher-power and having the ability to voice their concerns in a public way and with the possibility of further engagement. 5. Political Empowerment In the last level political empowerment, 4. Socio-political Empowerment change is achieved in the form of public 3. Mediated Empowerment policy modification, allocation of 2. Embedded Individual resources or other forms of support for the empowered community. Empowerment
1. Atomistic individual It is possible that empowerment can Empowerment happen in a linear way, as proposed by Rocha, in which individual empowerment can motive actions that
26 27 Empowerment
As an alternative, Elwood (2002) proposes an approach that consists of three discussing information about their own product of the exchange of expert and perspectives: distributive change, procedural change and capacity building. When communities and enriched with their experiential knowledge. However, the employed together, it is possible to assess the social, political and psychological experiences can make citizens more way we usually think about maps has to effects empowerment certain practices create. prepared and informed about the issues change to fit the new information that is that involve them and how to address displayed on it, that goes well beyond them. The production of such knowledge the standardized codes and conventions can be the base for community of geographic institutes. How can strengthening and eventually increase we show experiential information, the capability to generate change subjective appreciations, memories, (Gaventa, 1993). In terms of resilience feelings, etc. in combination with hard and governance, capacity building data and physical conditions? is one of the most important aspects As we mentioned before, Kevin Lynch Distributive Change Procedural Change Capacity Building of empowerment, “new skills and pioneered into the topic by generating knowledge, if they can be maintained symbols and definitions for what he and retained by a community or considered to be the main components Distributive Change levels of engagement and ideally at every organization, hold the greatest potential of cities. Many methods of mapping still This kind of empowerment can consist stage of a project. True empowerment for long-term empowerment” (Elwood, build on those concepts, but others have of changes in the access and distribution occurs when not only multiple views 2002, p. 912) The tools developed can used different tools to achieve more of goods and services (Jacobs, 1992), and ideas are considered as part of the be applied not only to a particular case, accurate, inclusive or updated results. In or an increase of opportunities for dialogue, but when the process actually but are transferable to new issues and the next section, different categories of participation political and social involves and assigns value, authority circumstances. participatory mapping will be explained, processes. In this case, empowerment and legitimacy to others. each with a particular focus or method. can be seen as a tangible change that can Why maps? In the end, it is not only the means by be achieved. Capacity Building which information is obtained or in Empowerment occurs when citizen can Mapping involves going out to the field which it is represented in the end. The Procedural Change expand their skills and are able to take to observe and gather information, data most important thing is that our mapping In this case, empowerment occurs when action and make decisions on their own processing and discussion and displaying practices lead to the inclusion of voices there is change in the social and political (Rappaport, 1984) The gain of power conclusions in a simple and clear way. that have not been considered before dynamics, that allows citizens to may refer to the mere acquisition of new Therefore, it is an essential tool in any and the consecuential empowerment of contribute in a legitimate and inclusive abilities, but is most impactful when it participatory project. Designers and these groups. Once a community is able manner. Individuals can partake in the also involves the generation of local planners working with community to analyze and understand itself, it can decision making process with different knowledge. Gathering, analyzing and groups can generate maps that will be better represent itself in the future.
28 29 RECLAIMING THE POWER OF MAPS
“Instead of simply planning on behalf of the public, there is an increasing effort to involve the public from the beginning of the planning process. This “engaging” approach to planning has been referred to as “Planning 2.0” and makes extensive use of collaborative technologies like participatory Geographic Information System (GIS) and crowdsourcing platforms” (We are Future Gov, 2011)
Wood (2010) questions the real impact ladder, in order to achieve true that participatory mapping practices democratic involvement, citizens must have had on the planning profession, be able to achieve the highest levels as sometimes it is not clear whether of involvement and participation. these methods are being wrongly used Going back to LeFebvre’s ideas on to satisfy the requirement of public the Right to the City then, mapping consultation in planning projects, while practice shouldn’t be limited to in reality they don’t always imply active providing information and being able participation from the community. to later of visualize it, but should be Wood states that “passive participation a process of continuous involvement is oxymoronic” (2010, p. 160), and in the acquisition, interpretation and while being able to access information utilization of the information. and gain knowledge is valuable, the right to know should not really be When studying the literature on PPGIS considered a participatory practice. Sieber (2006) noticed two possible approaches: top-down and bottom-up. As mentioned before in the participation In the top-down approach PPGIS serves
30 31 the public, mapping socio economic representation of the physical world? other technological devices; there are in terms of the technology they use and demographic factors and analyzing Denis Wood (2010), for example, many ways in which, “geographic”, the data acquisition processes, and differ spatial conditions, access to resources proposes an expansion on what GIS “information” and “systems” can be as well in the levels of engagement that and services and locating deficiencies can mean. To “geographic” he adds the redefined and result in creative mapping the individuals have in the planning and in certain areas. Information can be concept of the work of William Bunge, practices. This opens up new possibilities decision making dynamics. acquired through census and national radical cartographer of the inner cities of reflecting what we think about people or local databases, however, there is no social issues and founder of the Society and places, and most importantly, create As the field has evolved in the direct involvement of the inhabitants of of Human exploration. the opportunity of new collaborative past decades, so have the ethical the analyzed area. Bunge’s work on mapping of the dynamics to re envision and create these considerations that guide the practice particular issues and problems of the places with and for everyone. (Rambaldi et al. 2006), that seek to As in the bottom-up approach, Sieber city with information gathered by ensure that people can develop and claims that it calls for a redefinition locals’ explorations, says much more There are many different ways to communicate their own data, deal with of the PPGIS terms, as the word than the mere location of objects, people define maps created by others than the the confidentiality and ownership of “participatory” implies the need of an and spaces. traditional representatives of power, the information and try to ensure a just intermediary between those in power “Information” can be gathered in with certain variations on methodology, and democratic process. Some of the and those collaborating, and does not different ways and be qualitative or tools employed, and overall objective, different types of maps, their pros and truly reflect the democratic process that quantitative, as the maps created by all these maps differ from traditional cons, and their implementation, will be bottom-up should imply. In other words, the situationist movement demonstrate, cartography in the sense that they try to discussed in the following section. bottom-up approaches should be seen linking subjective experiences and represent new perspectives, subjective more as a collaborative process than a social constructs to what is considered appreciations or data that is not participatory one. traditional data y practitioners. Lastly, necessarily physical or geographical. It is not those in power allowing mentioning the work of Jake Barton, a The process of making the map is those under represented to participate narrative map of New York consisting of undertaken by non-professionals who in an already established activity, stories linked together through different share a common interest or goal and but a process where the views and criteria, Wood shows that “Systems” represents social, cultural, economical, information generated by the groups of can also be redefined and reinterpreted historical and subjective associations individuals are as equally important as into different materials, media and between the land and the locals in those of professionals, and the gathering dynamics. cartographic language. and analysis of information is done by collaboration of both perspectives. With the spread and popularization of Some of the concepts that have emerged mapping, the increasingly open dialogue as part of the new forms of mapping are: How can we broaden the definitions between policy makers and the public, cognitive mapping, counter-mapping, used in the cartographic realm to along with the widespread availability community mapping, PPGIS, VGI, etc. include more than just the geographical of Internet, data, smart phones and These new forms of maps are classified
32 33 Cognitive Mapping NEW FORMS Cognitive mapping was first introduced different maps of the same place can by Kevin Lynch. It refers to a way of lead to interesting results. The repetition OF MAPPING mapping based on the memories and of certain streets, neighborhood names, experiences of the person in charge of iconic buildings or monuments, etc., can the map. It is a subjective representation reveal the main structure of the city and of a space through the senses, and the strength of the connections or sense physical or psychological perceptions. of proximity between certain areas. A person can represent the smells or the feeling of safety that they have in This type of map can inform planners of a place. Landmarks and iconic places how the city is perceived and can be a can be drawn, and can be connected tool that helps in designing new areas of by what Lynch called paths. While a the city to contain elements that will be single cognitive map can tell a lot about attractive and memorable for the future a person’s image of a city, aggregating users.
New Forms of Mapping Counter Mapping
Urban data or urban information, How the data gets collected and who Counter mapping consists on the resources, formalize land tenure and describes social, economic political gets to have access and make use of it creation of maps that go against advocate bottom-up policy change and ecological patterns in cities. It is is a very important part in determining dominant power structures and propose (Bryan, 2011). The concept of counter information of different types linked democratic practices. There are many alternative information. The term was mapping is closely linked to the Parish to a geographical location. The use different concepts that have emerged coined by Nancy Peluso in 1995, as Maps Project, a 1985 initiative, where of this type of information has the as part of the new forms of mapping. a way to generate a representation of locals were encouraged to map their potential to increase the opportunities This new forms of maps are classified in the overlooked indigenous interests. community and create a typically artistic for generating new types of analysis, terms of the technology they use and the These anti-hegemonic practices are also representation of their communities as understanding different perspectives, data acquisition processes, and differ as known as ethnocartography, alternative a conclusion. “Making a parish map is creating thematic maps that explain in well in the levels of engagement that cartography or remapping. It has been about creating a community expression detail certain aspects of the city, identify the individuals have in the planning and particularly linked to indigenous of values, and about beginning to assert areas that are particularly problematic, decision making dynamics. cartographic practice but has also been ideas for involvement. It is about taking and create a new form of interaction used for other mapping activities to the place in your own hands” (Clifford, between the users and the professionals. defend traditional territories, manage 1996).
34 35 Crowd- Sourced Maps
The term “crowdsourcing” is used in contests of informality, this means PARTICIPATORY MAPPING IS... to describe the acquisition of large revealing the complexity of stories and amounts of information provided by practices taking place in the “blanks” A tool for advocacy and community cohesion people who use some kind of web- of the map. It is a political discourse based technology. In a lot of cases, the because spatial omission of informal A way to identify rights to land and tenure information is generated by common settlements is still an instrument to users, not trained in cartography or in avoid debates on public policies and A tool for conflict resolution through the visualization of data generation. Crowdsourced maps resources’ distribution (and to confirm land, natural resources and territory are created using information of social slums’ illegality), a powerful signal of media, apps and other geo-location the non-integration and recognition of A tool for collaborative resource management and services. (Heipke 2010). This Counter- some inhabitants (De Carli 2012). territorial planning. mapping deals with the possibility to create cartographies alternative to formal and official ones. Especially International Land Coalition (2008)
Participatory or Community Mapping
According to the Mapping for Rights discussions with the locals involved. organization, participatory mapping is a Participation can happen in a number term that defines a series of techniques of different ways and can be towards a that combine modern cartography targeted group or the general public. with participatory methods in order to represent the knowledge of the locals. The main concept is that local people possess a deep knowledge and understanding of their environment, and by providing the tools to represent this knowledge, the professionals can acquire new and valuable information and have informed and productive
36 37 The method of production of the map and the International Institute for PPGIS itself is what most clearly defines Environment and Development (2006), participatory mapping, as the process there are certain criteria mentioned in The approaches done with employing capacity of generating, managing and is as important as the result itself. In order to define a participatory mapping geographic information systems communicating spatial information, a publication by the Technical Centre process. (GIS) to collect data generated by stimulated innovation and encouraged for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation certain communities and stakeholders positive social change usually with the objective to broaden public involvement in plan and PPGIS aims to produce local knowledge policy-making are often referred to and give a voice to often marginalized A PARTICIPATORY PROCESS... as Public Participation GIS (PPGIS). and ignored actors, while at the same The term was first used in 1996 at time, linking it to geographically Represents the agenda of the community. the meetings of the National Center accurate representations, that makes it It is generated by the particular interests, demand for information and for Geographic Information and easy to visualize and use as a tool for Analysis. As summarized by Corbet discussion with planning professionals. agenda of the people participating in the map-making activity. et al. (2006) in these meetings, it was defined that PPGIS: enhanced the Generates maps that represent local knowledge and information. It is possible to notice the communities most important places, locations and particular characteristics and features of places and systems.
Is not necessarily in compliance with the formal cartographic conventions. A community map can be done in many ways ranging from sketches to formal computer drawings, in 2D or in 3D, with texts and pictures or in many other formats. The diversity of content represented in the maps can also accept a diversity in representation techniques.
IIED (2006) JAW JAW SURINAME. Public Participation GIS Blogspot. (2014)
38 39 User-Generated Collaborative Mapping
Collaborative mapping is a form of occurred (Safe City India) or where the map generated by the aggregation of city infrastructure needs maintenance web base maps and user generated (Water SMS project). information. This type of mapping can be divided into active and passive, Passive user-generated mapping regarding the method for the acquisition utilizes “big data”, publicly available of information. information gathered through the use of GPS-enabled applications, cellphone Active collaborative mapping uses signals, location tagged images, etc. Volunteered Geographical Information Information taken from sites such as (VGI) to generate new maps. In recent TripAdvisor, Flickr, Twitter or Uber years, tools such as OpenStreetMap and have been used to create maps that Google Map Maker have made it simple reveal hidden patterns in space. Safe City India www.safecity.in for users to generate their own content in a precise geographic representation (Goodchild, 2007). The collaborative VGI term implies that the maps can be modified by different users, adding, The term Volunteered Geographical accelerometers, compass and changing and removing information Information (VGI) was coined by microphones, they become powerful from them. This calls for external Goodchild (2007) and refers to a wide tools to register a variety of factors. revision controls that could ensure the array of data such as photographs, Some projects that have used this kind veracity and quality of the information routes or reports, generated by non- of technology include ones where users displayed, the accountability of each professionals. The information gathered could report their sense of well being in user’s changes and the control of data through this methods can help update certain locations, or even others where overlap. (Flanagin, 2008). These kind of national geographical databases and air quality or noise levels were assessed maps have the potential of aggregating acquire new information through (NoiseTube). Personal perceptions individual data inputs into a general different sources. Mobile phones are and descriptions add an extra layer of map, creating a broader overview of often the devices used for capturing information to geographic location that certain issues. This can be seen for information about the environment. can be valuable in the understanding of example, in maps services that allow With tools such as a mobile network a place (Haklay, 2013). users to mark places where crime has and WiFi, GPS reception, cameras,
40 41 available for the are classified by new proposals. An example is the Block TECHNOLOGY’S Antonella Contin (2014) in 5 different by Block initiative, in which people of categories: all ages can participate in creating and visualizing proposals for their city, ROLE IN Mapping and displays using the computer game Minecraft as Placing displays where people can a platform. PARTICIPATION interact with the plans or visualize the new projects that are being developed Big-data in their city. This makes information The availability of information through “We are most interested in the fact that, with new more available and approachable to virtual platforms such as applications technologies, we can produce maps consisting of new everyone, engaging the citizen with or Internet portals generates a unique signs – irrespective of the language and conventions of their environment. These tools can be connection between users and space not the picturesque characteristic of landscape – which are available on site or on-line. only in the individual level but in the a huge resource in multi-language and multi-cultural territorial and global one as well. This contemporary societies” Interaction tools generates new opportunities for analysis (Ferraris, 2009) Creating possibilities for people to and gathering of information that could interact with space and with each not have been possible in other ways. other. These tools range from urban An example of this is the analysis of MVRDV, a Dutch architecture about us. In the digital age, information art to participation platforms, digital trends in applications such as Twitter, and urbanism office, used the term is being generated and shared all simulations and virtual renderings. Instragram or Uber, which add a level “Metacity” to describe a city that was the time. What if we could visualize of information to our knowledge about composed by data. It was a futuristic this information, what new patterns Mobile or fixed technologies how the users interact with each other reinterpretation of a city where could we detect? How can planners This refers to elements that modify the and their surroundings. relationships amongst its inhabitants, take advantage of the information age inhabitants’ experience of public space. interactions and environments where to generate new visualizations and For example mobile device applications Technology is changing the world around the results of flows and accumulation understanding of the cities, using the which collect and return information us, and it is important to take advantage of information. In their visualization, infinite amount of available data out between context and inhabitant, or of its strengths as a tool to reach new the city was a pristine transparent cube there to inform what we know about our among users. people and process information in a new that contained all the information of its cities? way. Already GIS analysis or virtual inhabitants (Grahame, 2014). Augmented reality simulations of proposals have advanced Technology can help bridge the gap The possibility to visualize and interact the way planners work and design. Now While our cities do not really look like between citizens and professionals with a project works as an identity-image these tools have to reach out to the users MVRDV’s vision, it is true that they through new methods of interaction. intensifier of the built environment and themselves. contain infinite amount of information Some of these new technologies helps create an easier understanding of
42 43 With the use of new technologies, the their environment. mapping of dynamic urban systems can This helps bridge the communication be done in new unconventional ways. between the planners and the public, Tools such as Space Syntax analysis, which is no longer constrained to simulations using GIS, 3d modeling, a plan view of the city or to static 2d mobile data collection etc. open up the representations of a project. opportunity for planners and urbanists to observe, register and analyze Using citizens as censors information that was unseen before. Contin (2014) mentions different ways The use of mobile devices as a tool for in which new technologies have an interacting with public space but also for effect in the kind of information that collecting information, has the potential planners can obtain and generate: of generating site specific knowledge by the users of space. Mapping and displaying of Whether it is VGI (volunteered information geographical information) where Minecraft Model for Saltillo, Mexico. Block by Block and UN Habitat the users actively participate in the With new technologies such as GIS and logging of certain observations, image spatial analysis, new representations registration or comments on places they of street connectivity, location of frequent; or its information generated spaces and infrastructure, flow and use by the accumulation of individual simulations can lead to discoveries of activity that generates big data patterns new issues and the ability to recreate (traffic information of ride sharing apps, and evaluate future scenarios. location of images uploaded to public social media platforms, location of Creating tools for interaction posts regarding certain topics).
Using digital or physical 3D models, Visualizing and experiencing generating simulated walkthroughs of proposals proposed projects or even using video game platforms (such as Minecraft) Enhancing the experience of public during the planning process, can make realm through technology, generating it easier for the general public to new forms of interaction between the understand and propose ideas regarding users and the space. Minecraft Workshop in Mexico City. Block by Block and UN Habitat
44 45 The use of technology and Internet access in the planning process can also benefit the engagement level of the community. According to Lodigiani (2014) when participatory planning extend beyond direct interaction into the use of digital platforms, it can be called e-planning, and this form of participation can have multiple benefits in democratizing the participatory process. The following box shows some of these benefits.
Identifying spatial relations. Cross referencing different types of information and visualizing it in an image can help identify certain relationships between information and compare it to the knowledge provided by experts and locals. The collection of local knowledge. Creating a database of not only geographical data but pictures, voice The possibility of engaging with a more diverse group. notes, texts and videos, can help form a better understanding of a place. As it is not necessary to be physically present in a consultation meeting, other groups of people are free to participate on their own Creation of different scenarios. time and location, making it easier for a wider public to voice their Tools such as 3d modelling, simulations and analysis allow to evaluate opinions. and compare different proposals.
Speeding up the process. Feedback. Technology can make the sharing of data almost instantaneously, Suggestions and comments can be updated at any time and by anyone allowing for real time visualizations, better communication and overall and not limited to meetings or sessions done in a more formal context. an ease of access to the results of observations and discussions. Real-time evaluations are possible and can help monitor projects at every stage of their process. The ease of visualizing relevant data. Real-time and interactive platforms can display important geographical data while asking to perform evaluations, locate places or understand the context of a proposal. (Lodigiani, 2014; Ramasubramanian, 2010)
46 47 Another issue is the imbalance of power “Crumpled buildings, burned out CRITICISM AND and skills between actors. Clark (1998) abandoned cars, trash strewn lots and links marginalization and empowerment streets, broken glass and graffiti are in to the use of GIS, arguing that this tool evidence everywhere but not on the CHALLENGES can promote the manipulation, control maps” (Casey 1995) and management of information, with There is a need for a system of mapping the potential of being both empowering that legitimizes subjective information and oppressing. Adding to that, the acquired through PPGIS or mapping dominant mapping systems utilizes workshops, which can enrich fact-based formal codes and technological tools information with personal appreciations that legitimizes the information that of space and better inform planners and they create. policy makers of the overall conditions When creating a map in a bottom-up and values of a space. approach that can be used to compare or compete with those made by Abbot et al (1998) debated the benefits professionals there can be an initial and problems with participatory forms disadvantage. of mapping, due to the lack of skills in The need for specialized skills, GIS by the local people or to the possible Even though participatory mapping, be represented, is a difficult task. Many knowledge and technology is a barrier alienation of those who couldn’t have counter mapping, collaborative mapping processes fail to acknowledge in many cases, and even when it is access to the information or technology mapping and all other alternatives to the that communities are not fixed and can achieved, the process of utilizing a set necessary for these kind of processes. conventional production of maps, aim vary in interests and needs (Kosek, of defined tools to represent alternative Apart from that, the question of who to empower usually overlooked people 1998). ideas can sometimes result in the loss of gets to engage in map-mapping and and represent information that otherwise The term community itself can be certain information (Rundstrom, 2009). who else that decision excludes, is also would remain unseen, there have been problematic, as it delimits certain This is especially true in situations present in current mapping debates. several critiques made against it. common characteristics that individuals when maps represent more than mere As the field has evolved in the have to have to belong to it, limiting physical characteristics, when they past decades, so have the ethical First of all, as these kinds of maps usually the Perhaps the way to best create contain information about subjective considerations that guide the practice reflect the perspective of a particular a democratic mapping process experiences, emotions, affects or history. (Rambaldi et al. 2006), that seek to group of people, there is a possibility is by ensuring the transparency How can a simple cadastral or land use ensure that people can develop and of excluding others in the mapping and availability of information in map represent the beauty of historical communicate their own data, deal with process. Setting the boundaries of who different media and generate multiple centers, the energy of a busy market, the confidentiality and ownership of the does or does not belong to a particular opportunities to engage in the or the abandonment of blighted information and try to ensure a just and community and what information is to participatory process at different levels. neighborhoods? democratic process.
48 49 Corbett et al. (2006) define three and democratic manner as well. Cities guidelines for good practice in map- are in constant growth and evolution making that ensure an ethical and and so the process of updating the inclusive process during and after the information is ongoing. Maps should practice. be kept updated and accessible in order for them to remain as a relevant tool for In the end, it is important to remember empowerment. that making the map is not the end of the process, but the beginning, as information has to be processed, analyzed and discussed in a transparent
KEY ELEMENTS FOR SUCCESS
Transparency. Good communication during all stages of the process, clarity, accountability and the use of a common vocabulary.
Time. It is important to build meaningful connections and relationships between the different actors involved in the map-making process. Also, a clear recognition of the investment of time required for understanding and learning the tools needed for an effective collection and representation of information.
Trust. Relationships between groups and individuals based on cooperation and understanding are key to a successful process. Creating a sense of community benefits the work process.
Corbett et al. (2006) Community Mapping. www.mappingfutures.org
50 51 MAPPING TOOLKIT
“Maps are knowledge and knowledge is power, and it’s not about people versus government, it’s about creating visibility” Jessica Pfund, Google
Maps define borders, limit territories technologies like Google Maps, GPS, and represent human presence on the GIS and mobile devices has created land. They have the ability to show us the opportunity for maps to reach new in a simple and clear manner different audiences. types of information. Urban planners have started to take Who? Where? What? advantage of these technologies to The information we see displayed on create increasingly inclusive planning maps is an interpretation of a particular practices, with the inclusion of local’s map-maker’s view of the world. The knowledge in a formalized way. Maps map-maker becomes a curator, deciding are now not only a tool for representation, what to display and how to display it. but a tool for learning, discovering and It is this manipulable quality that makes interacting. maps so powerful. Maps represent ideologies, proposals and systems of In this toolkit, mapping is explored as a power linked to a physical location. tool with many benefits and possibilities Until recently, map-making was in the and suggestions on how to use mapping hand of geographers, cartographers and for empowerment are made. I hope you planners. However, the emergence of enjoy your mapping experiences!
52 53 Britton, Tessy. “An illustrated guide to the participatory city” MAPS
Identifying problems Mapping: People/ Brainstorming/ Acting! Places/Resources Discussing
Participatory city everyday life and experiences in a place Planning Practices and professionals
Mapping is a practice, an act of the spaces we all inhabit. Mapping Promoting new practices in mapping can achieve a city with more active participation reflection in which the map allows us doesn’t generate transformations on from its users. Different forms of mapping make it more accessible for a new public to approach social, geographical and its own, but is connected to a bigger to approach the discussion, therefore making the city more democratic. Citizen subjective territories. The graphical mentality where everyone can take part involvement can give a fresh perspective and inspire new proposals! representation of information opens up on the discussion at different levels, a space for debate and socialization and from giving an opinion, to taking action increases the knowledge and connection on their own hands. commitment & Decision-makers the studied place. Maps are a place where local day- responsibility Maps can be a step in the broader to-day knowledge and other types of Mapping participatory process, a very important information hold the same weight. Maps one, where problems are conceptualized, can be the bridge between these two Workshops discussed and challenged and which areas, becoming an instrument of power, Interventions leads to further empowerment of its no longer just reserved to professionals, Participation users. It is part of a larger strategy to but to bring different ideas together, create a structure for inclusion and create mutual understanding and work democracy, especially when it involves for a common goal. Citizens
54 55 WHY IS MAPPING USEFUL?
Moving from informality to formality Building relationships Gathering and registering information can help formalize and Speaking a common language between governmental institutions, legitimize certain conditions that higher institutions may be unaware developers, investors and citizens is key for productive discussions of. Maps can help get recognition of land use, divisions of territories that can lead to a consensus. Participatory mapping practices brings all or locations of communities because it makes them visible and sides of the discussion together to gather information and knowledge understandable by all. about a place.
Evidence based advocacy Filling the information gaps Transforming qualitative information into quantitative accumulative New perspectives can be obtained when more people are included in data will have more weigh in discussions with decision makers. the gathering of information. Mobile surveys, web based services and Having the necessary information to be able to understand the workshops target different groups of people, adding to the database of challenges and opportunities of a places with evidence rather than information used for planning decisions. opinions becomes a very valuable tool. Record and archive local knowledge Generating alternative proposals Cities are always changing and so information is modified and Counter mapping can stop projects that don’t align with the increased every day. Creating maps and databases on different themes community’s priorities, and shed a light on real issues or concerns from generates a record on the evolution of the city. It is important to update the perspective of the day to day users. Maps can be used as a tool of the information as constantly as possible; partnering with locals can analysis and also for presenting a new proposal. help make this task easier.
Creating community cohesion and confidence The mapping process can generate interaction between different members of a community united through a common interest. Being able to gather information about their own environment empowers Spatial SOCIAL citizens and gives them confidence to demand their needs and Precise ACCURATE challenge the decision-makers views. Comprehensive REPRESENTATIVE
56 57 Map made by children showing their perception of the Slum they live in. Humara Bachpan, India. Shelter Associates Slum Mapping Project in Pune, India. Using different kinds of information India can be seen, with the additions acquisition methods and representation made by the Shelter Associates Slum techniques can result in different kinds Mapping Project. Before satellite of maps, each of which can display facts imagery was available, slums were in a unique way. often dismissed and hidden in official For example, to the left, two very papers, making it hard to generate a different ways of mapping the same area. comprehensive understanding of the In the top image, children represent their conditions and needs of the people spaces as they can recall from memories living in them. With the help of new and what they wish was present in technology, it has been possible for their neighborhoods. This can inform institutions and volunteers to map slum planners of the children’s concerns areas accurately, determining their and wishes and direct planning efforts size, structure and location within the in directions that would achieve those city. This has made it easier to create goals. discussions about the conditions and In the bottom image, a map of Pune, needs of this communities.
58 59 Mapping is a wide concept, as everything Equally important, is what happens to can be mapped: population, density, the information after it is gathered. How pollution levels, streets, buildings, green is it being displayed? Who is going to areas, location of tweets, location of process it? Who will have access to it photographs uploaded to social media, in the future? How is it going to be used natural disasters, risk areas, perception by others? of safety, memories and histories, etc. However, the information is not the The mapping process is constituted then, only important thing in maps. The by three main steps: data acquisition, actual process in which information data processing and data analysis and was acquired plays a big role too. Was discussion. Ideally, every step of the it done by professionals? Was it done mapping process should be done with by the community? Who was invited to active participation of different actors, participate? Is the information accurate? to create a dialogue and an analysis All of this questions can influence the from every perspective possible. output of information. DATA COLLECTION NEGOTIATION
As a process, mapping cannot be ways, to try to discover new trends or linear, but done multiple times as a linkages. This is all part of the process way of ensuring the gathering of as and will generate a higher level of much accurate, inclusive and diverse understanding for all parts involved, at Before Now information as possible. the time that discussions are generated Once the first round of mapping is and ideas are nurtured. In a participatory done, the group must ask themselves: mapping process citizens, institutions, Is the information we gathered enough investors and planners all have access to to understand the task at hand? Is the the tools and platforms that will allow dataset reflecting reality or a biased them to voice their concerns, but most view? Do we need to gather different importantly, have contact with each Maps as end products maps as part of a process types of data to complement what we other while they do it! have? Citizens benefit from professionals by The feedback session will decide acquiring new tools and abilities, while whether to go back to the field, or try to professionals benefit from citizens by use the information gathered in different having access to specific information.
60 61
INFORMATION types & sources
Census Remote Sensing Traditional VGI Urban Data Capacity Visualization information engagement Government Sources facts new perspectives Local Observers Open Urban Data Discoveries new abilities Analysis links Google Maps Online participation Open Street View inspiration Infrastructure counter-maps proposals Discussions new actors QGIS Open Source Google Sketchup Software
Adapted from The logic-model. Chakraborty, A.(2015)
64 65 DEFINING THE OBJECTIVE OF A MAP EVALUATING THE MAP
Why do we want a map? Is the map displaying all relevant information?
What do we want to show in the map? Should there be more information included?
What is the most relevant information? Is everything accurate?
What additional information do we need to gather? Where the sources of information trustworthy?
What will be its short and long term use? What is the most important information represented?
Who should be involved in the creation of the map? Would results vary if we show the information in a different way? How will the map be displayed or published in the end? What conclusions can we draw from the map?
Adapted from Good Practices in Participatory Mapping. International Fund for Agricultural Development. (2009)
66 67 Mapping Workshop
-Ground work research -Introducing the people -Gather in small -Each group presents their A mapping workshop is an activity that takes places on one day as part of -Gathering existing maps present and their role multidisciplinary groups conclusions a participatory mapping exercise. It can -Advertising the event -Presenting the -Provide a good working -Everyone comments on happen in the offices of the municipality -Gathering materials methodology environment and tools good ideas or things to or the planning department, or in a public gathering place where it is needed for work (markers, -Explaining the issue to -Go outside and explore if reconsider accessible to the inhabitants of the flue, tape, etc.) discuss needed -Conclusion place. It must include participation -Answering any questions of different stakeholders such as the developers, the government, local shop owners, residents and any other interested parties. The objective of the mapping exercise is to evaluate the conditions of a place and propose ideas on how to change or improve it. Dialogue is key!
68 69 Images from a participatory mapping session at KTH University and Skärholmen Centrum, Stockholm. Best Places Map
--Place a map of the area -Create a platform on the in a large board in a public city’s website to comment place or office over a map of an area -Provide markers or -Ask for extra information stickers for people to such as gender, age, intervene the maps occupation to gather even more information about the users
A best places map is useful to quickly improvement and red is used for places identify what people perceive in the that are problematic or dangerous. In the area of analysis. The easiest method end, the map shows the accumulation of is to use colors, for example: green all individual entries, making it easy to dots for the areas that are good, where locate problematic clusters or the best people like to hang out or are iconic areas in the neighborhood according to in the neighborhood. Yellow is used the participants. The next step would be for places that have potential for to use this information for action! Students locating the best and worst places at KTH Campus during an mapping workshop. Cognitive Maps
A mapping workshop is an activity that takes places on one day as part of -Provide a drawing surface -Each participant creates -Find trends comparing a participatory mapping exercise. It can happen in the offices of the municipality and different materials their own map everyone’s maps: particular or the planning department, or in a (colors, stickers) -Encourage the use of locations that everyone public gathering place where it is -Give out instructions memories, perceptions and finds iconic, routes most accessible to the inhabitants of the (draw the route from home landmarks taken, etc. place. It must include participation of different stakeholders such as the to work; draw your favorite -Notes that describe -Discuss about perceptions developers, the government, local places in the neighborhood) particular situations help and opinions each person shop owners, residents and any other gather more information has of certain places interested parties. The objective of the mapping exercise is to evaluate the conditions of a place and propose ideas on how to change or improve it. Dialogue is key!
74 75 A series of Cognitive Maps of routes around KTH Campus done by the participants of KTH Placemaking Week. Transect mapping
-Analyze transitions -Locate nodes & between parts of the city landmarks -Visualize height -Notice changes in scale differences & size -Include geographic -Note presence of green features, land use and spaces zoning -Get an idea of land use & -Combine with maps and activities plans
A transect mapping is done with a be interesting to notice the change in different kind of perspective than usual density or vegetation from the inner city maps. By utilizing a cross section to the outer suburbs, for example. Once as a method of representation, new determined, the group goes out and information can be shown: heights, takes notes, photographs and sketches. streets, level differences, transitions. Later, the information is gathered to The first step is to determine what is create a comprehensive section of the going to be mapped, perhaps it would place. Compare the section to the map!
78 79 Cross section analysis of Ahmadabad, India presented during Archiprix 2017. Public space map
A public space map aims to understand the relationship between the physical -Note the presence of trees, -Map where people sit, -Transfer all the characteristics of the place, with the activities that take place in it, its places to sit, outdoor stand, eat, meet, talk, etc. information into one map liveliness and the overall spatial quality. covered areas, etc. -Note gender & age of people and if possible to a GIS Making observations of the entrances to -Map the entrances to at the space table to be able to use the buildings, the amount of shops and their businesses and their -Make observations on information in different opening hours, the facades (transparent or covered), we can start making typology and opening hours curious uses of the space ways conclusions of the overall amount of -Create correlations activities and life that occurs on a public between what people do and space. Then, by adding observations of what people do, where they choose how the space is to sit, etc. we can complement the information. Try observing at different times and notice the differences!
82 83 A series of maps analyzing Skärholmen Square, Stockholm. Spacescape (2017) Physical 3D-Modelling
3D-Model workshop in Kiruna with KTH and Luleå University.
-Create a model with topographical details and context buildings -Provide Pins (for points) strings (for lines) and paint (for areas) to let participants Building a 3D model of the site can people who don’t have experience with modify the model be very useful, especially when trying plans. Seeing the model in all dimensions -Provide scale models of out different scenarios of a project. can also help in viewing different proposals to move around the Participants can move around and place perspectives. It is a very interactive tool the pieces in different places, while that allows to play around with different model & visualize different discussing the effects of their decisions alternatives. Be sure to take pictures of scenarios. and visualizing them in real time. It is the process and to register the changes especially useful when dealing with made and the final product!
86 87 Workshop with inhabitants of Khayelitsha, South Africa by Urban Think Tank 2014. Design Indaba
Recommendations
Commitment to community Awareness of Limitations Experts should act as guides through the participatory process, Be aware of the limitations of the information gathered through a workshop answering any questions and transferring the necessary knowledge to or a mapping activity. There are certain things that could have escaped the the community. Allow the citizens to make their own decisions and observers and may call for a different type of analysis. Remember that this support their findings. tools should be a complement to traditional information and more formal techniques of analysis. Transparency Define the roles of each stakeholder clearly and determine their tasks Be ready to start again to avoid power inequalities. Display all information gathered during There city is always growing and changing, new projects will call for a new the workshops in a place accessible to all and keep information up to set of observations, the inclusion of new partners and the need for new data. date. Record all the decisions and steps taken during the participatory Learn from past experiences, create a network of contacts and have fun on process for evaluation and feedback. your new project!
Respect for Community’s Needs Be respectful of people’s opinions and always trust on their judgment. Many times professionals can be unaware of issues that affect the locals in a different way. Build consensus between the goals of different stakeholders through productive discussions.
Inclusiveness Make sure to extend the opportunity for participation to as many people as possible. Consider groups such as women, children and elderly and create activities specialized for them to get all the perspectives. Hold events in the community, create surveys on-line, create a suggestion box or an email address. The more ways people have to join the conversation the better. data gathering and mapping
participatory practices
knowledge setting a sources framework awareness
campaigns actors multiple
From the definition of a problem, to the evaluation and feedback of a capacity proposal, the participatory process building relies on accurate information, active visualize establish involvement of different actors, development links transparency and publication of information It is important to create linkages between the people involve, to
new abilities and connections and abilities new strengthen the relationships outside of the project and create possibilities for new ideas in the future. The projects that are product of this process should also reflect the ideas
of participation and community create short and long term plans term long and short create involvement. On the next page, some ideas are illustrated. WHAT’S NEXT?
Bike repair Public tool Tree Recycling Green stations sharing Planting Stations Houses
Urban Renewable Connectivity plans Lange use change Farming energy systems between city areas (variety) MAPPING MEXICO CITY
98 99 RE-IMAGINING MEXICO CITY
The way a city is portrayed, through still very much based on 1980’s zoning images, pictures, texts or maps, has maps, without a deeper understanding a great influence on how people of social, ecological and political issues perceive and understand it. In the case (Leal 2013). Development plans are of Mexico City, a metropolis of more published as long documents and rigid than 20 million inhabitants, creating plans, hard to interpret and hard to use visualizations of its complex dynamics as a tool for knowledge and exploration. can be challenging. Especially when However, in recent years grassroots dealing with urban problems, it is more organizations, bottom-up projects and relevant than ever to have updated and researchers have taken to the task of comprehensive information and to make registering new types of information. it available for everyone to study. A city Mapping workshops, on-line databases, with so many inhabitants, generates a GIS maps, VGI, all provide a different huge amount of information every day, perspective on the city to the formal and information useful for planners, who institutionalized one that planners have need to understand how the city works today. How does the city look like under at a ground level. However, planning is this new light? What can we learn?
101 In this section, I will present those Last, a series of maps will be presented MAPS AND kind of alternative maps. Maps that utilizing information from the projects portray themes as diverse as crime, analyzed and data available publicly environmental risk, gentrification biking through different official sites in order to THE CITY infrastructure, public transport and give an example of how we can use the individual experiences and perceptions different sources of information, overlap of the city. They are only a section of and intersect them in order to generate a the multiple mapping efforts that are new understanding of Mexico City. taking place about the city, but with them we can understand the potential The future of cartography for Mexico of gathering information in innovative City is an exciting one, information is ways and through different means and widely available and the city’s politics participants. on transparency makes it easy to access new data. However, it will always be the inhabitants who will know exactly The projects will be presented with how a place works, and that is why a short description on their objective participatory practices must continue and methodology. Then, they will be to take place at all levels of planning. Mexico City was founded on an image: Even though in older maps there were classified in terms of participation Could it be possible that all 22 million the image of an eagle devouring a representations of power hierarchies, level (did they involve the active inhabitants of the city became a source snake while standing on a cactus. Early culture and social visions, modern participation of the population or were of information? How many new facts representations of the City have a representations of the city tend to be they done using information that was would be uncovered! central point on this symbolic location. limited to the purely physical realm. already available?). The maps will also Ever since, the image of the city has City plans show the streets, buildings, be judge on whether they served as a I see maps as the start of a conversation, been shaped by religious, social and topography, and those used by planners tool for empowerment in their making in them you can identify trends, political ideologies. I will present the and architects, land use divisions. But or as a result of them. Empowerment understand processes and imagine history of the city through the maps that what about all the other factors that will be defined in three categories: multiple possibilities. Mexico City shaped it, from the indigenous capital make up this very complex city? A capacity building, procedural change will continue to grow, and its complex to the modern city: with its highways, city cannot be reduced merely to its and distributive change. I will make culture, history, geographical conditions skyscrapers, ruins, markets, chaos material form, but must be understood comments and conclusions as of how and social dynamics will generate new and beauty. Studying the cartographic through all aspects of life that take place the information acquired could be linkages that make it work. It is an material that has been used to define in it. How can social, environmental, useful for different types of analysis or exciting process to discover the patterns territories can tell a lot about the way political and economical issues be part what further steps could be taken with of our life in the city, and I believe maps the city has evolved, and how it is now. of the representation of the city? each project. are a crucial element in this adventure!
102 103 104 105 Most mentioned places in the cognitive maps COGNITIVE MAPS Mental Maps: Psychosocial study of spatial representations. Martha de Alba 2004.
A cognitive map represents the images 60 participants between the ages of 25 Participation Level: It could be interesting to use these that a person associates with information and 50 living in different parts of the kind of maps to identify places that and places. In the case of the Mental city and with diverse socio-economic 8. Citizen control are important as cultural and social Maps study developed by de Alba, status, were asked to draw on a blank 7. Delegated power landmarks, but also areas of the city that citizens of Mexico City drew what in sheet of paper the image of Mexico City 6. Partnership are forgotten about and not represented. their mind, were the key elements to as they remembered it. The participants’ 5. Placation Especially in Mexico City, rapid recognize the city. The objective of the experiences and relationships to certain 4. Consultation urbanization has created monotonous study was to understand which elements places each of their maps. However, 3. Informing development in the outskirts of the and spaces of the city play an important when comparing the maps certain 2. Therapy city, with no significant public spaces, role in its citizens imaginary. trends where noticeable: infrastructures 1. Manipulation cultural and social infrastructures. If The study confirmed that spaces of the such as highways and main streets were we can identify areas that hold high city are linked to history, tradition and predominant in the participant’s images. Empowerment: value in the population’s minds, we can memories of people, and this gives them Important elements like parks, squares, identify as well the elements that cause importance as constitutive elements. monuments, and institutions such as 1. Distributive change this. Then we can think of how to create Neighborhoods, monuments, historical universities and museums were the 2. Procedural change these kind of attachments and values in sites, all form a city’s identity. main landmarks identified by the users. 3. Capacity Building relegated neighborhoods too.
106 107 Mental Maps: Psychosocial study of spatial representations. Mental Maps: Psychosocial study of spatial representations. Martha de Alba 2004. Martha de Alba 2004.
108 109 COLLECTIVE MAPPING Iconoclasistas Workshop in Santa María La Ribera (2015).
Iconoclasistas, a mapping collective with The information was gathered by the Participation Level: This kind of exercise empowers work in Latin America, collaborated with participants of the workshop using the citizens, as they take active part Casa Gallina, a community organization different methodologies. Some maps 8. Citizen control on gathering information of their in Santa María La Ribera, Mexico City were generated individually, noting 7. Delegated power surroundings, building their capacities to create maps of the neighborhood. perceptions of smells, sounds, safety 6. Partnership and improving the knowledge on During the workshop, there were several and other individual notes and then 5. Placation the needs and potentials of their different approximations to the territory comparing them to the group to create 4. Consultation neighborhood. An interesting map from observations to interviews, in a collective imaginary of the area. A 3. Informing done was the informal of uses of public order to understand the context from second set of maps were done through 2. Therapy space, showing that there are activities every angle. The workshop had the observations regarding specific themes, 1. Manipulation that can’t be defined by formal rules objective of involving the neighbors mostly focused on the informal use of or documents displaying land use. In from the area in discovering their places public space: markets, social spaces, Empowerment: Mexico City, informal commerce makes and generating bonds between them. shelters, religion, etc. A final set of maps up an important part of the activities that After the workshop, a publication of was done through interviews of the 1. Distributive change happen in public space, and a mapping results was made and distributed in the users of public space, locating nodes, 2. Procedural change of its location and distribution in the neighborhood to share the information. landmarks and problematic areas. 3. Capacity Building city gives a new perspective on it.
110 111 112 113 CO-MAPP Participatory Mapping and Risk Analysis. TECHO, Codeando, Observatorio del Derecho a la Vivienda (2016).
The project aims to understand the The mapping is done in two different Participation Level: The key strategy this project used for conditions of informal settlements stages and are complemented with a series its success was the alliance generated around Mexico City, located in areas of workshops and interview sessions 8. Citizen control with different groups that had the of risk. The information gathered in with the communities in order to get a 7. Delegated power power to target the communities in the mapping process aims to be used as deeper understanding of the conditions 6. Partnership need and make the results available input for a resilience and empowerment they live in. Part of the map is made 5. Placation to decision-makers. The information strategy. Members of the targeted using drones, which take photographs of 4. Consultation gathered about informal settlements can communities, together with volunteers the territory, making it easy to visualize 3. Informing be used for programs of formalization, from NGO’s and governmental officials, the location of settlements, hazards and 2. Therapy infrastructure and development plans. create maps that show services, streets, other characteristics. On the ground, 1. Manipulation During the workshops, the inhabitants threats and risks in their environment. the citizens use Co-mapp on a mobile also gain knowledge about their own The communities often are formed device, to gather information in walks Empowerment: community and are made aware about by low income families, with little and workshops mapping businesses, its problems and potentials, empowering possibility to generate change. The access, services, streets, vulnerable areas 1. Distributive change them to use this information to demand partnerships and data gathered aim to and community spaces. Afterwards the 2. Procedural change change or generate their own projects. raise their voices and create change. information is gathered and compared. 3. Capacity Building Them and their needs, are made visible.
114 115 PLAN CDMX Participatory Process Urban Development Office of Mexico City, SEDUVI (2016-2017).
The Urban Development Office of The plan had support from 2,226 Participation Level: The project was successful in attracting Mexico City presented a new plan for volunteers in the planning and people to participate The various contact the city, and as part of their principles, architecture field, 878 different 8. Citizen control points between the city and the citizens included the importance of participatory organization and 13 government 7. Delegated power were crucial in making the process practices. The office states that as a institutions. Through 101 workshops, 4 6. Partnership inclusive and diverse. goal, the city must become a territory of conferences, 17 mobile bus information 5. Placation The development plan that resulted of equality where everyone has access to sessions, an interactive on-line map and 4. Consultation this participatory process is published services and public space, and everyone 50 interviews with stakeholders, the city 3. Informing on-line, along with maps that show the has the right to participate on the policy aimed to reach as many participants as 2. Therapy areas of action and the projects that will making process. The participants would possible. Issues such as connectivity, 1. Manipulation be developed. The policy documents be able to interact with the officials neighborhood identity, public spaces, and official maps are too technical in different platforms and at different culture, economy and sustainability Empowerment: for the general public to understand, levels, from consultation via surveys were the main topics. There were limiting the participation of the public to or access to information in public workshops targeted to children, woman, 1. Distributive change the process but not to feedback or future conferences, to active participation in and people with disabilities, to bring 2. Procedural change interaction. It is also not clear how the workshops or online mapping. those voices to the discussion. 3. Capacity Building citizen’s opinions impacted the plan.
116 117 ESTADO DE MÉXICO
Son zonas con usos del suelo predominantemente habitacionales, con carencias de infraestructura de agua potable, drenaje y acantarillado, una inadecuada integración de servicios y equipamientos. En su mayoría presentan problemas de movilidad, debido a que no cuentan o están alejadas del sistema de transporte público estructurado, prevalecen actividades económicas de bajo valor agregado y algunas Su objetivo es reforzar presentan vulnerabilidad ante la habitabilidad de pueblos riesgos y un deterioro y barrios originarios, del medio ambiente. colonias populares, unidades y conjuntos habitacionales.
MEJORAMIENTO
N
Suelo Urbano
Suelo de Conservación ESTADO DE MORELOS
Límite Suelo de Conservación
Áreas con Potencial de Mejoramiento 0 2.5 5 10 Km 118 Mercados Público 119 Espacios Públicos
Área de Valor Ambiental (AVA)
Estaciones de Transporte Público #CALLES VIOLENTAS OpenStreetMap Mexico & Repubikla 2017.
The project has as an objective to The mapping exercise consists on Participation Level: The fact that the project was done as understand the experience of the city in individual or group walks through a collaboration of various actors is a terms of safety from a female perspective. public spaces, tagging places that 8. Citizen control huge success, as it demonstrates interest It is based on the concerns that women are perceived as insecure along the 7. Delegated power by decision makers in the type of in Mexico City face different levels of way. Participants could also upload 6. Partnership information that individuals can collect. violence every day, and it is important Geo-tagged pictures and audio files 5. Placation The information is also available to to detect the places and conditions that to describe more accurately their 4. Consultation consult on a web platform, where it is generate fear or promote a dangerous environment and their perceptions of 3. Informing easy to follow the routes mapped along environment. The discoveries made in it. The data is recorded using mobile 2. Therapy with pictures and any other descriptions. the study are then uploaded to a public phones (with the app Mapillary) and 1. Manipulation However, next steps would be to create platform for free consultation, with the then linked to a web platform were the thematic maps out of the routes. Which objective that planners, researchers and results are accumulated. Empowerment: were the routes that felt most unsafe or others could use this information to The project itself involved a collaboration reported more incidents? Doing those generate strategies to prevent crime and between the local government, security 1. Distributive change kind of analysis would take this exercise increase security in the city. The project forces, UN Women and grass-roots 2. Procedural change from being a tool of analysis to being a also is continuously updated. organizations. 3. Capacity Building tool for proposals.
120 121 MAPEATON
OpenStreetMap Mexico & Repubikla 2016.
The objective of this map series done The mapping can be done by anyone who Participation Level: The project started in Mexico City, and by NGO Repubikla, was to evaluate the wishes to participate by using the app has expanded to other cities around the accessibility of Mexico City’s street. Mapillary linked with OpenStreetMap. 8. Citizen control country, as a way for citizens to show the It is a dynamic and permanent activity Using a mobile device the users must take 7. Delegated power issues that are often ignored by the local that is continuously updating in order to pictures of the problems they find along 6. Partnership authorities, but that users have to deal generate a larger database. Mapeaton, their way, which will be geo-referenced 5. Placation with every day. During the workshops, from the Spanish, “mapa” (map) and and uploaded into the collective map. 4. Consultation people in wheelchairs, crutches and “peatón” (pedestrian), registers anything The images create evidence of lack of 3. Informing other impediments, were invited to in the streets that could make them maintenance and accessibility, and are a 2. Therapy participate. The project gives a voice to dangerous or prevent the ease of access. tool that can be used to claim renovation 1. Manipulation members of the city for whom a good The concept is that everyone should be projects or other solutions from the local quality for mobility and accessibility are able to use the street, no matter the age, authorities. The project started with Empowerment: the most important, and therefore they whether you have some kind of physical workshops and activities for volunteers are the most affected by problems. The disability or are a mother pushing a to start with the mapping process. 8500 1. Distributive change next step would be to follow through pram. The resulting data is published on images and 60km have been covered to 2. Procedural change with collaborative plans for restoration an on-line map for open consultation. date and more are uploaded every day. 3. Capacity Building and maintenance with those in charge.
122 123 124 125 126 127 BIKE & PEDESTRIAN MORTALITY Repubikla 2015.
Repubikla generated a set of maps that The information is acquired in two ways. Participation Level: The project has now generated displayed the locations of pedestrian The first, are reports by volunteers, partnerships with different groups that and bicycle accidents. The maps are done with a mobile app, where they 8. Citizen control could help solve the problem of safety made out of citizen reports or accidents can register accidents they witness 7. Delegated power in the streets. For example, with Cenfes registered in the local police reports. and geo-tag them. The users are also 6. Partnership A.C. they are working on workshops These maps aim to give visibility to encouraged to share their own cycling 5. Placation that make public transport drivers aware the issues that concern certain users of route in order to generate a database on 4. Consultation about safe driving. With CONAPRA the the city who are often not considered, the most used streets in the city. Another 3. Informing information is being standardized and since the City places a larger concern set of information is gathered from 2. Therapy published in official documents. There on motorized transportation. The lack police reports or news that registered 1. Manipulation are also mapping workshops done with of a proper street safety culture and an incident, and placed in the common community groups and universities, that the limited biking infrastructure lead map by the administrators. The map Empowerment: help gather more data about citizens’ to hundreds of accidents every year, then shows a classification of pedestrian mobility through the city and its risks. which with the right actions, could accidents, bike accidents and also those 1. Distributive change The project is an example of how to go be prevented. The maps also contain accidents that resulted in death. The goal 2. Procedural change from mapping to generating action in information about routes and users. is to use the data to create safer streets. 3. Capacity Building the City by involving multiple actors.
128 129 130 131 CRIMEN POR TU RUMBO Diego Valle Jones.
Crimen por tu Rumbo is an individual The information displayed was obtained Participation Level: The first objective of the map was to initiative to make information more by a private request for information display the problematic areas of the city accessible and understandable by the from the safety department of the 8. Citizen control in order to aid citizens in certain decisions wider public. It is a map of Mexico city (SSPDF) and were last updated 7. Delegated power concerning their safety. Where are the City, where you can see all the reports in 2013. Other statistical data was 6. Partnership places I should avoid at night? Where is of crime of different types (murder, obtained through the publicly available 5. Placation it not safe to park my car, because there assault to pedestrians, car theft, crime in information from the 2010 census. Each 4. Consultation is a possibility it gets stolen? Where is it a public transport, rape, etc.) in a unified point in the map represents a crime and 3. Informing best to open a business? However, it is map, making it easy to locate the areas is located in the exact place it took place. 2. Therapy important that the authorities also take of the city that are more affected by this The maps are complemented by a series 1. Manipulation into account this information, in order to issues. Users of the map can explore of graphs and tables that analyze the data identify criminal groups and to generate places in the city they know, and be more by type, incidence, presence of violence Empowerment: strategies to improve the safety in the aware of the areas that are potentially and can be compared by neighborhood. city. Even though informed citizens can dangerous. The maps could also be In the website all information can be 1. Distributive change take actions for their own safety, the used by authorities and professionals downloaded and shared. This way the 2. Procedural change authorities are the ones responsible of concerned with safety in the city. data can get to as many as possible. 3. Capacity Building generating a good city life quality.
132 133 134 135 MAPATÓN CDMX CTS Embarq, ITDP Mexico, Laboratorio para la Ciudad (2016).
Public transportation in Mexico City The mapping process worked as a game. Participation Level: The information gathered through the occurs in its majority, in informal Users could map on their own or create crowdsourced methodology resulted vehicles, operating around the city and teams, and every route they successfully 8. Citizen control in deeper knowledge of the complex metropolitan area through different mapped would generate points. At the 7. Delegated power network of informal public transport. routes and schedules. The size and end of the period of mapping (1 month), 6. Partnership After analyzing the information, many complexity of the transport network those people with the most points would 5. Placation of the routes were not valid and not makes it difficult to manage, use and receive different prizes. 4. Consultation always accurate, which limited the understand. Mapatón was an initiative The users had to register the start 3. Informing fidelity of the exercise. However, more to let the users of public transport map and end point of their journey, take a 2. Therapy than 600 valid routes were mapped, the routes they frequented, in order to picture of the route name on the bus 1. Manipulation from which interesting information such generate a database of all the routes and if possible, also point out the stops as travel time, travel distance, travel that existed in the city. The information made. The information gathered was Empowerment: cost and most popular routes, could be would benefit the users of the transport, then processed by volunteers from discovered. It was an important example who would have a clearer understanding universities and professionals, and 1. Distributive change on how the government can partner of how it works, but also city officials in published for open consultation on a 2. Procedural change with the citizens in order to generate a terms of planning, safety and mobility. web map and as downloadable data. 3. Capacity Building database that could benefit everyone.
136 137 138 139 TOWARDS A WATER SENSITIVE MEXICO CITY De Urbanisten, Autoridad del Espacio Público, 100 Resilient Cities, Netherlands Embassy Mexico City, (2016).
This mapping and analysis project was The project was developed in a series of Participation Level: This mapping exercise didn’t include done as a collaboration between the steps, each with different actors involved. the active participation of the citizens, urban development office in Mexico The first step was the gathering and 8. Citizen control but was nonetheless a participatory City and Dutch firm De Urbanisten. The presentation of information on Mexico 7. Delegated power experience. Teams of different objective was to bring professionals in City and its hydrological conditions, 6. Partnership professionals joined forces to gather urbanism and architecture to rethink both natural and man made. This was 5. Placation information, map and discuss ideas, how Mexico City could deal with its done using data collected by various 4. Consultation using each of their experiences and water infrastructure. governmental institutions and displayed 3. Informing strengths to create a comprehensive Having been built on top of a lake and in maps of the city. The second part of 2. Therapy hydrological plan. The resulting report with a population of over 20 million, the project was a series of workshops 1. Manipulation was published and is available on- the city faces multiple issues of water between the urbanists from Mexico line. It contains all the information and distribution, storage and flood and and the Netherlands, brainstorming Empowerment: research used during the discussions sinking risks. It is very important for about problems and solutions. Lastly, as well as the proposed projects and the City to generate a strategy for the De Urbanisten delivered a report with 1. Distributive change the overall suggestions done by the environmental issues of the city, but suggested projects and strategies to 2. Procedural change urbanism teams. Other professionals also ensure water quality for its citizens. implement in future development plans. 3. Capacity Building could use it for their own projects too!
140 141 142 143 VGI MAPS Uber, Twitter, GNIP, MapBox
Another kind of maps are those The information for this kind of maps Participation Level: This kind of maps have a huge potential, generated by mapping the accumulation is classified as Volunteered Geographic I think it is important to rethink how of points registered in a specific activity. Information VGI, and even though it 8. Citizen control urban professionals could use VGI to With social media and mobile devices is not a form of active participation, it 7. Delegated power generate useful information for their with geo-tagging apps, it is possible to does rely on information generated by 6. Partnership projects. What about using information visualize different kinds of information users, and thus reflects a precise and 5. Placation of the best rated locations on a tourism and detect new trends. For example, the unique perspective of the city. 4. Consultation webpage to understand which places in maps generated by analyzing tweets VGI has the potential of generating 3. Informing the city are the most visited and iconic? can let us know about internet use and large amounts of information that can 2. Therapy Or perhaps generating a 3D model of the where it concentrates in the city. help identify larger urban trends. Who 1. Manipulation city by gathering the pictures uploaded The maps generated by Uber show the is doing what and where? This question to social media? (such as the VarCity routes used by their users. This could becomes easy to answer where users are Empowerment: project developed by ETH Zürich). With tell something about the kind of user constantly registering their location on the development of technology and the that uses uber: with access to a credit places, uploading and tagging pictures 1. Distributive change huge amount of data found online, it card and a smartphone, and what areas and commenting and rating places 2. Procedural change will be interesting to see how we can of the city do they occupy. online. 3. Capacity Building rethink our cities.
144 145 146 147 MAPPING PRACTICES: WHAT’S NEXT?
A city so big and so diverse was bound change. For example, the efforts from the The following maps will present the to produce a great amount of people planning office to include the citizens’ potential of utilizing the information interested in mapping information feedback for generating a new plan is acquired in participatory mapping about it. The projects mentioned in a way of working unprecedented in the exercises in combination with this document are only few of many city. However, in most of the projects, information already available through mapping initiatives around the city. once the mapping was over, even when GIS data from governmental sites. They From those done by individuals, those it unveiled interesting discoveries, there are examples of how we can use the data organized by NGO’s to the participatory was no distributive change. There is a generated in one project, to understand practices promoted by the city, all of lack of connection between bottom- another. I will overlap the information them are a step into creating a more up events and the actors that can make from some of the examples of mapping inclusive and democratic city. Most of change possible. However, data created previously presented with other the projects generated empowerment by citizens is evolving and becoming information which I consider would be through capacity building, generally more available for everyone. This relevant to portray an issue or start a by developing people’s skills and hopefully will encourage planners, conversation about the dynamics of the knowledge about their communities. architects and decision-makers to use city. In the future it would be interesting Some of the projects generated consult it and use it as a tool that is as to keep making maps with overlapping empowerment through procedural important as other types of data. layers and rediscover the city each time.
148 149 WHO IS INVITED TO PARTICIPATE?
This maps represents the locations where workshops and conferences organized by the public development office took place, regarding the development of the new urban plan. In the background are the neighborhoods classified by marginalization level from low to high. Marginalized means places without access to basic infrastructure,education, income sources, health services and culture and public spaces. We can see participation was targeted to areas of the city in the higher spectrum, however, many areas were still under-served.
MARGINALI ATION LEVEL VERY HIGH
LOW
URBAN DEVELOPMENT OFFICE PUBLIC CONFERENCE WORKSHOP
WORKSHOP FOR CHILDREN
150 151 WHO IS INNOVATING THE CITY?
This maps portrays the location of governmental, NGO or citizen initiatives that are working on projects and proposals for a more inclusive, green, safe and fun city. The proposals were mapped in 2015 by VIC (Vivero de Iniciativas Ciudadanas). The themes of the projects are microurbanism, health, gender safety, education, culture, governance and collaborative economy. They are overlapped over the level of marginalization of neighborhoods to see if there are initiatives happening in the areas that need it the most!
MARGINALI ATION LEVEL VERY HIGH
LOW
INITIATIVES BY: GOVERNMENT CULTURAL/SOCIAL ORGANI ATION
CITI ENS
152 153 WHICH ARE THE MOST ICONIC SPACES OF THE CITY? Results of the cognitive map study overlapped with public spaces and infrastructure in Mexico City. A cluster of spaces is located in the city center, showing the strong influence this area has on the inhabitant’s image of the city. Large green spaces and main streets are also iconic elements. Which areas of the city have not created
Bas lica de any attachment with their inhabitants? Guadalupe The areas that have expanded to the Perif rico north and east of the city, mostly Reforma City Center Chapultepec residential, have nothing that identifies Bellas Airport Artes National Palace them, or any relevant infrastructure. Cathedral Alameda calo Torre Latino COGNITIVE MAPS MOST MENTIONED LOCATIONS Coyoacán Iztapalapa PARKS UNAM THEATER CULTURAL CENTRE
Xochimilco MUSEUM MAIN CITY S UARE SPORT CENTRE AMUESEMENT PARK S UARE UNIVERSITY AIRPORT MAIN MARKET
154 155 THE BIG FLOOD: WHO WILL BE AFFECTED?
This map is made up of information from three different sources: the areas of flood risk defined by De Urbanisten, the areas with conservation value determined by the urban planning office of the city through participation workshops, and the places identified as icons of the city through a cognitive mapping study.
Bas lica de The map shows which areas that are Guadalupe considered valuable as part of the culture and history of the city, by the government and the people, are located Airport Chapultepec Bellas Artes National in risk areas. This information can Palace Cathedral Alameda calo inspire people to look for solutions to Torre Latino the City’s water issues.
Coyoacán Iztapalapa ICONIC PLACES AT UNAM RISK
Xochimilco ICONIC PLACES OF THE CITY
AREAS WITH CONSERVATION VALUE
FLOOD RISK AREAS
156 157 WHERE CAN WE ESCAPE SMOG AND BREATH FRESH AIR? This map displays the measurements of pollution levels registered on June 5th, 2017, showing which areas of the city present high levels on a summer day. On the other hand, we can see all the green public spaces that exist in the city, as well as the location of community urban farms (mapped by Cultiva Ciudad in 2014). The idea is that you can understand which areas of the city are green, and even better, productive as well, and could be an oasis in the middle of a city constantly affected by high levels of smog.
GREEN AREAS
COMMUNITY URBAN FARMS
POLLUTION LEVELS HIGH
LOW
ENVIORNMENTAL EVALUATION POINT
158 159 WHERE DOES PUBLIC TRANSPORT GO?
This two maps show the public transport available in the city. The first one, is a map that portrays the subway, light rail trains and bus systems managed and mapped by the city government. The second map shows the routes mapped during Mapatón, the participatory VGI event that wished to create a more complete map of what public transport in Mexico City looks like. There a clear distinction between the routes portrayed in one map and the other. The next step would be to create a formalized map of the informal routes, to make them as easy to navigate as the formal options!
MAPPED INFORMAL TRANSPORT ROUTES OFFICIAL BUS ROUTES SUBWAY AND RAIL LINES
160 161 IS MY COMMUTE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SAFE? This maps show all the stations of the subway system in Mexico City ranked according to their safety. The information used for ranking was taken from a public database updated both by users and official sources, with all the reports of crimes in the city. I chose to represent specifically crimes that happened within 200 meters of each station and which were classified as: assault in the subway, assault in a bus, assault in a taxi and assault to a public transport driver. The data used for this map represents only the crime reported, which is much less than the actual figured, in the period of 2 months. One can start to locate clusters of stations that present more crime than others.
221 REPORTED CRIMES WITHIN 200 M ANUARY-MARCH 2016 0 SUBWAY LINES
162 163 WHERE DO UBER USERS MOVE?
This map overlaps a map of routes registered with the UBER application in Mexico City, with the location of neighborhoods with the highest income and best access to services and public infrastructure. The two source of information are completely independents, one comes from the 2010 National Census and another from VGI gathered by a private organization. It is interesting to see how they overlap with each other almost exactly. The routes done by UBER users fall in their majority within the area of wealthier areas of the city. It is incredible how much the routes concentrate around a certain area of the city, while the rest is almost blank.
NEIGHBORHOODS WITH HIGHEST INCOME AND LEAST MARGINALI ATION URBAN AREA
REGISTERED UBER ROUTES
164 165 WATCH OUT FOR THE CAR!!!
This map covers a section of the city where the public bicycle system has been installed. The system has been in function for 5 years and bicycle routes are being built around the areas that it covers. Represented here are the paths existing today and the stations of the shared system. Overlapping is the information from the bicycle accidents reported in the city in the past 2 years, uploaded to an on-line map by multiple users. By presenting both sources of information together, we can clearly see which routes and intersections are problematic and it could be a tool for generating a safer bicycle network plan.
OFFICIAL BICYCLE PATHS ACCIDENT CONCENTRATION AREA MORTAL BICYCLE ACCIDENT BICYCLE ACCIDENT
PUBLIC BICYCLE STATION
166 167 PARTICIPATORY MAPPING: BEST PRACTICES
As an additional reference, I include different projects from around the world in which I believe, mapping and participation played an important role. From a way to organize a community to locating resources or gathering new data from unexpected places; all of these projects ventured out of the conventional planning practices to include new perspectives into the city- building process. The projects serve as example of the value of participation and the role mapping has in it. There are many more initiatives that are doing similar projects across the globe. This paints a very encouraging picture for the future of urbanism everywhere.
169 Helsinki Design Lab Stephen James Kennedy. Dhaka Bus Map.
Brickstarter Dhaka’s Bus Map. Dhaka, Indonesia
Dan Hill and the Sitra group generated development of projects and encourages In the City of Dhaka, public transportation maps across the world, was generated a website based on the Kickstarter cooperation between them. Citizens can is dominated by routes of informal using the information provided by the concept (people can propose ideas and easily share their ideas through an app buses, which made it very difficult for volunteers. With the creation of a map projects and then collect donations from or social media and a groups of experts citizens to get around. Without a clear of the entire bus network, commuters interested people to make them possible), provide aid on the concrete design visualization and knowledge of the bus could discover new routes and have but focused on bottom-up suggestions process (getting permits, generating a network, mobility was challenging, more freedom when navigating through for the improvement of the built time-line, contacting relevant actors). confusing and inaccessible for many. the city. environment. Using the website, groups Urban Launchpad led the project and can post their concerns and proposals, was joined by local volunteers and urban create fund-raising projects for their planners. Using mobile devices enabled community and share their knowledge with GPS, the volunteers mapped the about a place. The website acts as an route of each of the buses. When the intermediary between the citizens and mapping was complete, a bus route the institutions responsible for the map, designed with the style of subway
170 171 Green My Favela. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Green My Favela is a project created in 2013 that created a map of the garbage that was affecting the Rocinha favela. The project was led by Social Assistance and Human Rights Department of Rio de Janeiro. Using geo-tagged photographs, GMF, located garbage accumulation sites along Estrada da Gávea, the favela’s main street, and Rua Um. Along with the photographs, information was also gathered in the form of interviews with residents and trash collectors to inform on how to create a system of recycling in the area. The information gathered Community Mapping. Map Kibera. in the mapping exercise through the geo-located photographs, was used to Map Kibera. Nairobi, Kenya. establish potential sites for the location of recycling stations. The pictures and The Map Kibera project aims to generate allows them to gain political power, but maps were also used as evidence with the a map and database of Africa’s largest strengthens the links between members government, in order to communicate slum. It is a map done collectively of the place. accurately the problem with trash and and composed by observations of to demand solutions. After the initial Community Garden. Green my Favela. spatial conditions but also subjective mapping process, some changes started appreciations and opinions about to occur slowly. For example, Rocinha the site, the playground was later paved space. It aims to represent the issues Cultural House, one of the points of over and converted into a designated and opportunities of Kibera, and to garbage accumulation, was cleared and garbage dump. However, the project help generate informed decisions about restored. Another case that was not so did show a different understanding of a possible improvements. People from successful, was a playground, which seemingly ubiquitous problem, giving the community came together to gather had a problem of trash accumulation, information that had the potential of information and are constantly updating although it gained attention and there being used for a comprehensive waste and maintaining the website, creating were promises for a trash compactor in management plan for the area. a participatory process that not only
172 173 Memory Traces. Boston, USA. MULTIMAP. Reginal W Park, Biosphere Reserve of W, Benin, Memory Traces, a collaboration project Burkina Faso, Niger. between the MIT Mobile Experience Lab and the Italian Consulate using The MULTIMAP project aims to the LOCAST software, is a collection generate a data collection system about of stories specifically by the Italian the territorial aspects of the Biosphere community in Boston. Members of this Reserve of W, shared by Benin, community were invited to participate Burkina Faso and Niger. The project in the collection of memories of combined technological and technical different categories such as education, perspectives using GIS generated maps family, work, food, etc. and linked with participative actions with the the memories to a map of the city of communities in the area through local Boston. The premise of the project thematic map generation. Between was that smart cities are more than just 2001 and 2004 a group of geographers big data and hard facts, but are also conducted on-site research with the the knowledge and preservation of the local population in order to collect rich historical and personal accounts information and produce maps that of their inhabitants. The possibility of reflected the main findings. Surveys being able to learn more about the city were conducted with the overall through the generation of a collective objective of understanding the social memory, gives a new perspective on relations of villages in the area of the the spaces that conform it. The web- natural reserve and the way they used based map, allowed the participants Memory Traces Website. the resources in the area. Additionally Map of the Biosphere Reserve of W to write their stories and link them to the physical characteristics and to real places, but also connect them mobile application, making it easy and territorial boundaries of the reserve, gathered through this mapping activity with additional media such as videos, accessible to anyone that wanted to take the maps were complemented with can be used in the future for evaluating music or photographs. The collected part on the exercise. local knowledge about the area and management projects regarding the memories can be visualized in map The maps generated by this project information of exploitation practices, reserve, or to understand better the or chronological form and divided by show the potential of technology to and the local values assigned to nature dynamics that take place between the historical period, theme or location, reinforce the personal relationships and by the inhabitants. Later on, the maps villagers and their environment. allowing for different understandings of connection to a place, linking identity, were translated into GIS format and the same information. The entries could culture and history to a geographical published on a web platform, for be made from a website or through a location, and being able to explore it public accessibility. The information through the eyes of different people.
174 175 ScoreZe application screenshots. Local Knowledge Map.
ScoreZe. Rotterdam, The Netherlands SoftGIS. Jarvenpaa, Finland.
ScoreZe is an app used by the citizens of efforts. All of the information by the SoftGIS is a program launched in on thematic SoftGIS surveys were the city of Rotterdam, that allows them municipality remains open and available Jarvenpaa, Finland in 2004 based conducted, focusing specific themes. to measure the quality of the city in to all, in order to ensure transparency on questionnaires that captured the The information gathered in this location-based reports. It is a project by and to create an opportunity for the perceived quality of the environment surveys is later processed and compared the Rotterdam Open Data Initiative that public sector to access the information in the city. It studied the local quality with other types of information, to get a aims to give a voice to the citizens, and and propose new ideas. factors of the environment, socially better idea of everyday life and concerns connect them directly to the officials important locations, used services and from the perspective of the community. responsible for the public spaces in the perceived well-being of the users. SoftGISchildren was later developed the city. The users log problems they It consisted on answering a series of in the shape of an internet-based game, detect in public space such as lack questions in a web application related where children aged 9-15 could locate of maintenance, and then the local to certain locations, with aerial photos places that were meaningful to them, municipality uses these reports to target where one could highlight points of the routes they frequented and their the areas of the city where they need importance. All inhabitants could perception on their well-being (Kahila to allocate more resources and work access the web-questionnaire. Later 2009).
176 177 Youth mappers . Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The United Nations Children’s Fund is the accumulation of trash, or unsafe leading a digital mapping project in the infrastructure elements such as open favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil called sewage, broken pedestrian bridges “Visualizing Risk and Resilience” or downed power lines. Some of this using the LOCAST software for map observations have led to actions from the generation. The objective was to gather government to renovate infrastructure local information and location-specific and beautify neighborhoods. On the knowledge about the targeted areas using other hand, some communities have also mobile phones in the hands of members taken action on their own, increasing the of the local community. Selected “youth efforts of maintaining their spaces clean mappers” are trained to generate geo- and safe. tagged commentaries about specific issues they consider important in their urban environment. The reports are then Water SMS Process. compiled in a website, where then it is Water SMS. Malang and Makassar, easy to visualize the creation of “hot Indonesia. spots” in the area. This can be sites that contain services and public spaces, or Water SMS is a project that uses a of their systems through their users. This sites detected as risk areas or places that crowdsourcing platform that receives knowledge increased the efficiency of lack maintenance. The resulting maps SMS from users of the municipal the private company and also increased can help generate plans that prioritize water delivery service and registers the satisfaction of the users. neglected areas and help have a better them online for public view. Using this understanding of the overall conditions technique, users could report issues with of the favelas, all through the eyes of the water supply and the map would its inhabitants. UNICEF has engaged in report the status of it in real time. The observations with five different favelas text messages could contain reports on and has received thousands of reports. leakages, breakages and lack of water. During these activities, UNICEF mostly The project allowed the municipality to noted the tagging of points that were respond more effectively to claims of considered risky for children, such as leaks and to keep a constant monitoring collapsed roads, deteriorated buildings, Youth Mapping Urban Risks.
178 179 Zappata Romana Website.
Zappata Romana. Rome, Italy
Studio UAP, based in Rome generated a map of community gardens, flower fields, urban farms and other types of green public spaces, as well as clubs and community activities and events in relation to gardening generating a visual overview of the productive urban spaces in Rome and the institutions and centers that were involved with it.
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186 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I will like to thank Tigran Every day at the office I come in Haas, who provided me the opportunity contact with many interesting proposals to join the fantastic adventure that and I will be forever grateful for the the Urbanism Studies Masters was. opportunity to work on such diverse and Although we didn’t get to watch all the exciting projects. movies he wanted, I learnt more than I had ever expected and had an amazing A big thank you to my fellow Musers, year. The work of Future of Places who were my family during my studies at KTH inspires me to think about in Sweden. Not only will I cherish the space from different perspectives, and interest discussions we had during our makes me excited about working with lectures, but the lifelong knowledge and placemaking and bottom-up urbanism memories gained from being part of later on in my life. such a diverse, unique and driven group.
To my colleagues at Spacescape, who Lastly, I will always be eternally grateful opened their workspace for me and to my family who have supported my let me gain some insight of how I can decision to move halfway across the develop my interests in practice. world for my personal development, and During my time there, I have learnt how to whom I hopefully have transmited to use information as a tool for analysis, my passion for cities, especially for discussion and design. I have been Mexico City, our home. And, to Ruben very lucky to experience and work first Grandia, who was always happy to hear hand on projects around Sweden, using my endless speeches about my latest observation, interviews and spatial passions, and with whom I hope to trace analysis to inform our design desicions. our own map of the world.
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