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Plato’s dialogues. Part I: On virtue and character Plato Plato’s Academy Contents in all Hellas, and among many and mighty barbarous nations. Moreover, you are rich; but I must say that you value yourself 1. The value of virtue 1 least of all upon your possessions. And all these things have 1.1. Alcibiades: man 1 lifted you up; you have overcome your lovers, and they have 1.2. Lysis: friendship 17 1.3. Laches: manhood 26 acknowledged that you were too much for them. Have you 1.4. Charmides: wisdom 35 not remarked their absence? And now I know that you won- der why I, unlike the rest of them, have not gone away, and 2. The sophists 45 what can be my motive in remaining. 2.1. Protagoras: relativism 45 2.2. Greater Hippias 64 ALCIBIADES: Perhaps, Socrates, you are not aware that I 2.3. Gorgias: illusion of justice 75 was just going to ask you the very same question–What do you 2.4. Lesser Hippias: illusion of science 108 want? And what is your motive in annoying me, and always, wherever I am, making a point of coming? (Compare Symp.) 3. Socrates’ trial 114 3.1. Meno: pragmatism 114 I do really wonder what you mean, and should greatly like to 3.2. Euthyphro: letter of the law 127 know. 3.3. Apology: law in action 133 SOCRATES: Then if, as you say, you desire to know, I sup- 3.4. Crito: spirit of the law 142 pose that you will be willing to hear, and I may consider my- self to be speaking to an auditor who will remain, and will not run away? 1. THE VALUE OF VIRTUE ALCIBIADES: Certainly, let me hear. 1.1. Alcibiades: man SOCRATES: You had better be careful, for I may very likely be as unwilling to end as I have hitherto been to begin. PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Alcibiades, Socrates. ALCIBIADES: Proceed, my good man, and I will listen. SOCRATES: I dare say that you may be surprised to find, SOCRATES: I will proceed; and, although no lover likes to O son of Cleinias, that I, who am your first lover, not having speak with one who has no feeling of love in him (compare spoken to you for many years, when the rest of the world were Symp.), I will make an effort, and tell you what I meant: My wearying you with their attentions, am the last of your lovers love, Alcibiades, which I hardly like to confess, would long who still speaks to you. The cause of my silence has been ago have passed away, as I flatter myself, if I saw you loving that I was hindered by a power more than human, of which your good things, or thinking that you ought to pass life in I will some day explain to you the nature; this impediment the enjoyment of them. But I shall reveal other thoughts of has now been removed; I therefore here present myself before yours, which you keep to yourself; whereby you will know you, and I greatly hope that no similar hindrance will again that I have always had my eye on you. Suppose that at this occur. Meanwhile, I have observed that your pride has been moment some God came to you and said: Alcibiades, will too much for the pride of your admirers; they were numerous you live as you are, or die in an instant if you are forbidden to and high-spirited, but they have all run away, overpowered make any further acquisition?–I verily believe that you would by your superior force of character; not one of them remains. choose death. And I will tell you the hope in which you are at And I want you to understand the reason why you have been present living: Before many days have elapsed, you think that too much for them. You think that you have no need of them you will come before the Athenian assembly, and will prove or of any other man, for you have great possessions and lack to them that you are more worthy of honour than Pericles, or nothing, beginning with the body, and ending with the soul. In any other man that ever lived, and having proved this, you will the first place, you say to yourself that you are the fairest and have the greatest power in the state. When you have gained tallest of the citizens, and this every one who has eyes may the greatest power among us, you will go on to other Hel- see to be true; in the second place, that you are among the lenic states, and not only to Hellenes, but to all the barbarians noblest of them, highly connected both on the father’s and the who inhabit the same continent with us. And if the God were mother’s side, and sprung from one of the most distinguished then to say to you again: Here in Europe is to be your seat families in your own state, which is the greatest in Hellas, of empire, and you must not cross over into Asia or meddle and having many friends and kinsmen of the best sort, who with Asiatic affairs, I do not believe that you would choose can assist you when in need; and there is one potent relative, to live upon these terms; but the world, as I may say, must who is more to you than all the rest, Pericles the son of Xan- be filled with your power and name–no man less than Cyrus thippus, whom your father left guardian of you, and of your and Xerxes is of any account with you. Such I know to be brother, and who can do as he pleases not only in this city, but your hopes–I am not guessing only–and very likely you, who 2 know that I am speaking the truth, will reply, Well, Socrates, SOCRATES: And do you know anything but what you have but what have my hopes to do with the explanation which you learned of others, or found out yourself? promised of your unwillingness to leave me? And that is what ALCIBIADES: That is all. I am now going to tell you, sweet son of Cleinias and Di- SOCRATES: And would you have ever learned or discov- nomache. The explanation is, that all these designs of yours ered anything, if you had not been willing either to learn of cannot be accomplished by you without my help; so great is others or to examine yourself? the power which I believe myself to have over you and your ALCIBIADES: I should not. concerns; and this I conceive to be the reason why the God SOCRATES: And would you have been willing to learn or has hitherto forbidden me to converse with you, and I have to examine what you supposed that you knew? been long expecting his permission. For, as you hope to prove ALCIBIADES: Certainly not. your own great value to the state, and having proved it, to at- SOCRATES: Then there was a time when you thought that tain at once to absolute power, so do I indulge a hope that I you did not know what you are now supposed to know? shall be the supreme power over you, if I am able to prove my ALCIBIADES: Certainly. own great value to you, and to show you that neither guardian, SOCRATES: I think that I know tolerably well the extent nor kinsman, nor any one is able to deliver into your hands of your acquirements; and you must tell me if I forget any of the power which you desire, but I only, God being my helper. them: according to my recollection, you learned the arts of When you were young (compare Symp.) and your hopes were writing, of playing on the lyre, and of wrestling; the flute you not yet matured, I should have wasted my time, and therefore, never would learn; this is the sum of your accomplishments, as I conceive, the God forbade me to converse with you; but unless there were some which you acquired in secret; and I now, having his permission, I will speak, for now you will think that secrecy was hardly possible, as you could not have listen to me. come out of your door, either by day or night, without my ALCIBIADES: Your silence, Socrates, was always a sur- seeing you. prise to me. I never could understand why you followed me ALCIBIADES: Yes, that was the whole of my schooling. about, and now that you have begun to speak again, I am still SOCRATES: And are you going to get up in the Athenian more amazed. Whether I think all this or not, is a matter assembly, and give them advice about writing? about which you seem to have already made up your mind, ALCIBIADES: No, indeed. and therefore my denial will have no effect upon you. But SOCRATES: Or about the touch of the lyre? granting, if I must, that you have perfectly divined my pur- ALCIBIADES: Certainly not. poses, why is your assistance necessary to the attainment of them? Can you tell me why? SOCRATES: And they are not in the habit of deliberating about wrestling, in the assembly? SOCRATES: You want to know whether I can make a long ALCIBIADES: Hardly. speech, such as you are in the habit of hearing; but that is not my way. I think, however, that I can prove to you the truth of SOCRATES: Then what are the deliberations in which you propose to advise them? Surely not about building? what I am saying, if you will grant me one little favour.
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