ILLUSTRATIONS

I. Crossing the Pomerium: The Armed Ruler at Rome

1. Cuirassed statue of Julius Caesar. Palazzo Senatorio, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 1932.409, Felbermeyer. 15 2. Sacrifice relief. Musei Vaticani. Photo: Author. 16 3. Republican cuirassed statue from Frascati. Glyptothek, Munich. Photo: Museum. 17 4. Denarius with repre­sen­ta­tion of the toga picta, Spanish mint, ca. 18 bc. RIC I2, no. 99 = BMC I, no. 397 = Giard I, no. 1191. Photo: ANS 1944.100.39072. 20 5. Statue of a Roman “general” from Tivoli. Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 32.412, Faraglia. 21 6. Statue of a Roman “general” from Foruli. Museum, Chieti. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 67.841, Singer. 21 7. Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta. Musei Vaticani. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 91.72, Anger. 26 8. Portrait of Augustus from Lucus Feroniae. Antiquarium, Lucus Feroniae. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 62.574, Felbermeyer. 28 9. Aureus depicting Augustus’s Parthian arch, Spanish mint (Colonia Patricia?), ca. 18–17 bc. RIC I2, no. 131 = BMC 427 = Giard I, no. 1228. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 38

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II. Octavian’s Imperium Auspiciumque in 43 BC and Their Late Republican Context

1. Denarius of Octavian [c. caesar. imp], 43 bc. RRC 490/1. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 72 2. Aureus of Octavian [c. caesar. cos. pont aug.] 43 bc. RRC 490/2. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 76 3. Aureus of Octavian [caesar IIIvir r.p.c.] 43–42 bc. RRC 497/1. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 77

III. Roman Sacrifice and theRitus Militaris

1. Panel relief of Marcus Aurelius sacrificing. Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo: Malter MAL 510, courtesy of Arachne, Cologne. 80 2. Augustan tripod base depicting a XVvir. Louvre, Paris. Photo: Museum. 81 3. Dupondius of Domitian, ad 88. Giard III, no. 464 = BMC II, no. 430 = RIC II, no. 381. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 82 4. Sacrifice (scene 86), Column of Trajan, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 89.552–553, Anger. 84 5. Sacrifice (scene 91), Column of Trajan, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 89.559, Anger. 84 6. Sacrifice (scene 99), Column of Trajan, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 89.573, Anger. 85 7. Sacrifice (scene 75), Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 41.2476, Felbermeyer. 86 8a/b. Tiberius sacrificing before the Capitolinetemple. ­ Silver cup from Boscoreale. Louvre, Paris. Photo: After­ Monuments et Mémoirs Piot, 1899. 91 9. Census/lustratio relief: “Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus.” Louvre, Paris. Photo: Museum, courtesy of Art Resource, New York. 96

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10. Suovetaurilia (scene 103), Column of Trajan, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 89.582, Anger. 98 11. Suovetaurilia (scene 30), Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 89.248, Schlechter. 98 12. Sacrifice relief. Musei Vaticani. Photo: Author. 102 13. Altar from the Vicus Sandaliarius, Rome. Uffizi, Florence. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 65.2155, Koppermann. 103 14. Extispicium relief. Louvre, Paris. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 77.1757, Rossa. 104 15. Monument of Attalus Nonius. Museo Civico, Aesernia. Photo: CIL Berlin. 108 16. Altar of T. Flavius Felix from Eining. Photo: Heidelberg Epigraphische Datenbank. 109 17. General’s sarcophagus. Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano. Photo: G. Fittschen-­Badura (Fitt 68-79-10), courtesy of Arachne, Cologne. 112 18. Antonine inscribed panel from Hadrian’s Wall (Bridgeness). National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. Photo: Courtesy of Art Resource, New York. 113 19. Rinuccini sarcophagus. Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Photo: Museum (J. Laurentius). 114 20. Balbinus sarcophagus, Museo di Pretestato, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 72.482, Singer. 114 21. Hercules altar (drawing after­ Mon. d. Inst. VI/VII). Galleria Borghese, Rome. 116 22. Sacrifice to Hercules, Hadrianic roundel on the Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 32.66, Faraglia. 118 23. Sestertius of Septimius Severus, ca. ad 204. RIC IV.1, no. 761. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 118 24. Sacrifice to Diana, Hadrianic roundel on the Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 32.45, Faraglia. 120

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25. Detail: Small Hunt mosaic, Piazza Armerina. Photo: Courtesy of Art Resource, New York. 121

IV. Constantine’s Arch and His Military Image at Rome

1. North face of Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 61.2297, Koppermann. 124 2. Detail: Adlocutio, Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: J. Bondono. 125 3. Detail: Adventus, Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: Courtesy of William Storage. 135 4. Gold medallion of Constantine. RIC VII, Trier, no. 469, ad 326. Photo: Museum, courtesy of J. Wienand. 138 5. Aureus of Constantine with three standards, RIC VI, Trier, no. 815, ca. ad 310–313. Photo: ANS 1944.100.6007. 142 6. Denarius of Trajan with three standards. RIC II, Rome, no. 294 = BMC 452, ca. 113–114. British Museum, London. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 142 7. Det a i l: Adlocutio, Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: J. Bondono. 143 8. Detail: Liberalitas, Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: J. Bondono. 145 9. Calendar of ad 354: Roma. MS Barb. Lat. 2154, pt. B, fol. 2r. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Photo: Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 150 10. Calendar of ad 354: Gallus. MS Barb. Lat. 2154, pt. B, fol. 13r. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Photo: Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 151 11. Calendar of ad 354: Constantinus II. MS Barb. Lat 2154, pt. B, fol. 14r. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Photo: Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 152 12. The Four Tetrarchs, San Marco, Venice. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 68.5154, Singer. 153

x Illustrations

13. Tetrarchic statue. Staatliche Museen, Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin (inv. 6128). Photo: Courtesy of Art Resource, New York. 155 14. Statue of Constantine loricatus. Capitoline, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 67.1759, Singer. 156 15. Constantine relief portrait from the passageway of the Arch of Constantine, Rome. Photo: D-­DAI-­ROM 35.612, Felbermeyer. 157 16. Colossal Constantine portrait from the Forum of Trajan. Rome. Photo: Hannestad-06-­A0032, courtesy of Arachne, Cologne. 158 17. Aureus of Constantine. RIC VI, no. 151, Rome, ad 307 = principi iuventutis. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 159 18. Aureus of Constantine. RIC VI, 627, Trier, ad 306–307 = principi iuventutis. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 160 19. Argenteus of Constantine. RIC VI, 636, Trier, ad 306–307 = virtus militum. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 160 20. Argenteus of Constantine. RIC VI, 638, Trier, ad 306–307 = virtus militum. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 161 21. Nummus of Constantine. BM no. B2142 = Kent 1957, 454, ad 312 = liberator orbis. Rome. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 161 22. Follis of Constantine. RIC VI, no. 63, Alexandria, ca. ad 306–307 = perpetuitas augg. Photo: © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 162 23. Aureus of Constantine. RIC VI, 284 (add.), Rome, ca. ad 312–313 = ubique victores. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 162 24. Aes of Constantine. RIC VII, no. 208A, Trier, ca. ad 318–319 = victoriae latae princ perp. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum. 163 25. Silver medallion of Constantine. RIC VII, 36, Ticinum, ca. ad 313–315? 321? Photo: Courtesy of Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG (Auction 106, lot 1051). 163

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