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Practical Measurements of Dielectric Constant and Loss for PCB 8th Annual Symposium on Signal Integrity PENN STATE, Harrisburg Center for Signal Integrity Practical Measurements of Dielectric Constant and Loss for PCB Materials at High Frequency Practical Measurements of Dielectric Constant and Loss for PCB Materials at High Frequency Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization Circuit Evaluation Techniques for Material Characterization Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Wavelength (λ) is the physical length from one point of a wave to the same point on the next wave Long wavelength = low frequency and the opposite is true Short wavelength = more waves in the same time frame so higher frequency Amplitude is the height of the wave and often related to power High electric field = High magnetic field = High amplitude = High power Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) • Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) wave Electric field varies in z axis Magnetic field varies in x axis Wave propagation is in y axis • TEM wave propagation is most common in PCB technology, but there are other waves Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Other wave propagation modes are: TE (transverse-Electric) or H wave; magnetic field travels along with wave TM (transverse-Magnetic) or E wave; electric field travels along with wave TEM or quasi TEM waves are typically the intended wave for a transmission line Some PCB design scenarios will have problems with “modes” or “moding” Moding issues are when the intended TEM wave is interfered with another wave mode such as TE or TM modes; this is a spurious parasitic wave or unwanted wave Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) • When an EM wave transitions from free space to a medium of higher relative permittivity (εr or dielectric constant or Dk) it will: • have slower velocity • have a shorter wavelength • and the amplitude is reduced Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Circuit with low Dk Circuit with high Dk Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Resonators used in PCB technology are often based on ½ wavelength Feed line Resonator element Feed line gap Top view of gap coupled resonator gap The resonator element has the physical length of ½ wavelength for the 1st resonant frequency node Basically a standing wave is established and a lot of energy is generated at the “resonant” frequency Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Relative permittivity defined, by electric field and dipole moments D = εE D is electric displacement vector, E is electric field intensity, ε is complex permittivity • When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, electric dipole moments are created • The dipole moments augment the total displacement flux • Additional polarization (P) is due to the material and its’ related dipole moments D = ε0E + P ε0 is free space permittivity Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Relative permittivity defined, by electric field and dipole moments • Dielectrics used in the high frequency PCB industry are typically a “linear dielectric” • Or P is linear with an applied E so: P = ε0 c E c is electric susceptibility of the material Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Relative permittivity defined, by electric field and dipole moments • Finally, the displacement flux, including material effects: D = ε0E + P = ε0 (1+ c) E = εE ε = ε’ – jε” = ε0 (1 + c) • ε’ is the real (storage) and ε” is the imaginary (dissipative) • ε’ is associated with dielectric constant and ε” is associated with dissipation factor (Df) of the material Dk = εr = ε’/ε0 Df = Tan() = ε”/ε’ Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Relative permittivity defined, by electric field and dipole moments • From about 100 MHz to 300 GHz most interaction between electric fields and the substrate material is due to displacement and rotation of the dipoles • The dipole displacement contributes to the Dk (εr) • Molecular friction due to dipole rotation contributes to tan() or Df Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) • Dispersion is how much the Dk will change with a change in frequency • Dipole moment relaxation is another issue which contributes to dispersion • At low frequencies the dipole relaxation has little affect on Dk dispersion • At microwave frequencies dipole relaxation has more affect on dispersion Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for Frequency vs. Dk curve for a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) generic dielectric material Low loss materials have much less Dk-Frequency slope 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz Dipolar and related relaxation phenomena Dk Df All circuit materials have dispersion (Dk changes with frequency) Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) PCB Losses αT is total insertion loss • Insertion loss is the total loss of a high frequency PCB αC is conductor loss α is dielectric loss • There are 4 components of insertion loss D αR is radiation loss αL is leakage loss • Typically RF leakage loss is considered insignificant for PCB, but there are exceptions • Microwave engineering puts a lot of emphasis on conductor and dielectric loss • mmWave engineering focuses on conductor, dielectric and radiation loss Microwave is 300 MHz to 30 GHz Millimeter-wave (mmWave) is 30 GHz to 300 GHz Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) PCB Losses Dielectric Losses Attenuation (reduction) of the signal energy due to the substrate Mostly due to the Tan or dissipation factor (Df) of the substrate A rougher surface is a longer path for a wave to propagate. Conductor Losses Conductor losses are due to several factors: Besides the resistance of the copper, due to skin effects, it may be the copper treatment Copper surface roughness that is used. DC and AC resistance of the conductor Ground return path resistance The ground return path narrows with higher frequency. Less copper area used, so Skin effects more resistance. Permeability of the conductor This is unusual but some metal finish or copper treatment have ferromagnetic properties with increased loss due to the equivalent of high Df in regards to permeability Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) PCB Losses • There are many variables regarding radiation loss • Radiation loss is: frequency radiation loss • Frequency dependent • Circuit thickness dependent thickness radiation loss • Dielectric constant (Dk) dependent Dk radiation loss • Radiation loss can vary intensity due to: • Circuit configuration (microstrip, coplanar, stripline) • Signal launch • Spurious wave mode propagation • Impedance transitions and discontinuities Basic ElectroMagnetic Concepts for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) PCB Losses Different components of loss in regards to thickness for a microstrip PCB Dissecting losses when using the same material at different thickness for microstrip TL Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization • IPC has 13 different test methods to determine Dk and / or Df • ASTM and NIST have several test methods • Many OEM’s and Universities have their own test methods • Each test method has its own pro's and con's • The results of one test may not correlate well to the results of another method, when using the exact same material • There is No Perfect test method Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization Common material test methods: Full Sheet Resonance (FSR) test Clamped Stripline Resonator test Split Post Dielectric Resonator (SPDR) test Split Cylinder Resonator test Rectangular Waveguide resonator test Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization FSRFull Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 Network Analyzer sweeps a range of frequencies and evaluates at what frequency there are standing waves or resonant peaks Knowing the exact length of the panel, and the resonant frequency peak the Dk is calculated Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization FSRFull Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 • The panel is acting like a parallel plate waveguide • FSR can only determine Dk and not Df • This is because we can not accurately account for radiation loss • The open sides of the panel allow radiation losses Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization FSRFull Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 Isolated nodes over short range of frequencies Node 1,0 Node 2,0 Node 2,2 Multiple nodes (resonant peaks) over wider range of frequencies Length axis nodes only Both axes nodes Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization Full Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 A “node” is based on the number of ½ wavelengths in a direction on the panel Node 1,0 is 1 half wavelength in the length direction and No wave in the width Node 1,2 is 1 half wavelength in the length direction and 2 half wavelengths in the width direction (not shown) Node 1,0 Node 2,0 Side view of the panel under test in the length axis Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization Full Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 Wave Interference patterns Constructive: When two waves collide of the same wavelength and at the same phase angle, the resultant wave has a significantly increased amplitude (shown) Destructive: When two waves collide of the same wavelength and are 180 degrees out of phase (1/2 wavelength), both waves are nullified (not shown) Example of Constructive Interference shown Common Test Methods for Material Electrical Characterization Full Sheet Resonance (FSR) test, IPC-TM-650 2.5.5.6 For a rectangular panel it is best to Node 1,0 Node 2,0 Node 2,2 Node 3,0 measure nodes 1,0 and 2,0 These nodes are in the range of frequency where only the length axis has standing waves The nodes above 2,0 can have interference due to wave propagating in both axes Example: node 3,0 can have interference due to the other waves near its frequency.
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