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Penicillium Spp Publié sur INSPQ (https://www.inspq.qc.ca) Accueil > Expertises > Santé environnementale et toxicologie > Qualité de l’air et rayonnement non ionisant > Qualité de l'air intérieur > Compendium sur les moisissures > Fiches sur les moisissures > Penicillium spp. Penicillium spp. Penicillium spp. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Introduction Laboratoire Métabolites Problèmes de santé Milieux Diagnostic Bibliographie Introduction Il y a plus de 200 espèces reconnues de Penicillium. Plusieurs espèces s'adaptent facilement aux conditions de croissance présentes à l'intérieur et se développent bien sur des matériaux de construction humides. Plus de vingt espèces sont régulièrement trouvées dans l'environnement intérieur {2694, 1056, 470}. Par conséquent, il serait impossible de les énumérer toutes dans le contexte de ce compendium. La majorité de cette rubrique sera donc consacrée au genrePenicillium dans son ensemble, et certaines espèces seront mentionnées au besoin. Taxonomie Règne Fungi Famille Trichomaceae Phylum Ascomycota Genre Penicillium Classe Euascomycetes Espèce spp. Ordre Eurotiales Plusieurs Penicillium sont des formes imparfaites (anamorphes) d'hyphomycètes hyalins : quelques espèces de Penicilliumpossèdent des formes parfaites (télémorphes) incluses dans les genres Eupenicillium, Talaromyces, Hamigera etTrichocoma {3133}. Écologie Les Penicillium sont très généralement retrouvés dans le sol, sur les végétaux en décomposition et le compost de même que sur le bois, les produits alimentaires secs, les épices, les céréales, les fruits frais et les légumes {808, 3095}; on les trouve également poussant sur des matériaux de construction dans des environnements endommagés par l’eau {413} ainsi que dans l’air intérieur et la poussière domestique. Plus de détails Les Penicillium sont l'un des agents les plus communs de la détérioration des fruits et des légumes. Par exemple, leP. italicum et le P. digitatum sont des agents communs de la pourriture des agrumes, alors que le P. expansum est reconnu pour faire pourrir les pommes {798, 3090}. Le genre Penicillium fait partie des cinq genres les plus communs dans les aérosols fongiques extérieurs {3003, 2649, 2747, 2759}. Il est présent presque toute l’année dans l’air extérieur : ses concentrations subissent des variations saisonnières et il constitue une petite proportion de la flore fongique normale aérosolisée dans les zones climatiques nordiques. Les Penicillium sont présents en plus grandes concentrations pendant l'automne et l'hiver, bien qu'il soient présents toute l'année {3012, 624, 2014}. Exigences de croissance Les Penicillium sont des mycètes mésophiles pouvant croître entre 5 et 37 °C (température optimale de 20-30 °C) à un pH de 3-4,5. La croissance est optimale in vitro à 23 °C, à un pH de 3-4,5. Activité de l'eau : Aw = 0,78-0,88 {808} Croissance sur matériaux de construction et en environnement intérieur Les Penicillium ont été mesurés en concentrations significatives dans 53 % des maisons contaminées par des moisissures avant des travaux {1582}. Des espèces de Penicillium peuvent coloniser les matériaux absorbants tels que les panneaux de gypse {3055}, le matériel isolant {3004, 3014}, les doublures de fibre de verre des systèmes CVC {3005} ainsi que les tapis et les moquettes {1072}. Plus de détails Une étude scandinave a démontré que les produits les plus vulnérables à la contamination par les moisissures étaient les matériaux organiques contenant de la cellulose et endommagés par l'eau, notamment le jute, le papier peint et le carton. Dans cette étude, le genre le plus souvent décelé sur ces substrats était le Penicillium (prévalence de 68 %) {605}. D’autres études ont démontré que certaines espèces de Penicillium peuvent se développer sur des matériaux de construction tels que le papier peint, les panneaux de gypse et les panneaux de plafond à base de cellulose, en particulier après des dégâts d’eau ou des inondations {3044, 315, 695}. En outre, l'isolant de cellulose appliqué par pulvérisation humide (wet spray-applied cellulose insulation en anglais ou WSACI) favorise un niveau élevé de contamination par les Penicillium {670}. La croissance du P. chrysogenum sur ce type de matériaux, dans des bâtiments endommagés par l’eau, peut atteindre une concentration très élevée : dans un édifice, le décompte atteignait deux millions de spores par gramme d'échantillon brut {670}. En plus de l’isolant humide et de la cellulose, les tapis sont également facilement contaminés par les moisissures, principalement par les espèces de Penicillium {1072}. Lors d'une étude expérimentale ayant trait à la croissance des moisissures, les Penicillium ont été visuellement détectés deux semaines après l'ensemencement sur des panneaux de gypse non traités {587}. Des souches de Penicillium, deCladosporium et d'Acremonium étaient les colonisatrices primaires des panneaux non traités. De plus, ces mycètes sont souvent trouvés dans les cavités murales et peuvent conséquemment être difficiles à déceler en milieu intérieur {2069}. En particulier, le Penicillium chrysogenum est un important contaminant du milieu intérieur; il est considéré comme un des colonisateurs primaires des murs et des cloisons dans les bâtiments endommagés par l’eau {911}. Cette moisissure est la plus fréquemment rencontrée en milieu intérieur {951}. Elle se trouve souvent dans les bâtiments moisis où elle détruit divers matériaux de construction et de revêtement tel le papier peint. Elle se développe également bien sur la colle du papier peint et des panneaux d’aggloméré (panneaux de particules) humides et dans les finis peints {725}. Le Penicillium est rapporté, en même temps que l’Aspergillus, le Cladosporium, le Paecilomyces, ou bien en combinaison avec les trois à la fois, comme étant le principal contaminant intérieur après des dégats d'eau occasionnés par une inondation {620} ou suivant un incendie {3067, 2841}, ou dans des bâtiments aux prises avec des problèmes chroniques d'humidité {575}. Des espèces de Penicillium sont également constamment présentes dans les prélèvements d'air et de surfaces des installations de piscines {1578}. Il faut rappeler que les concentrations totales d’éléments fongiques aéroportés en milieu intérieur dépendent aussi bien des sources et des taux d'humidité dans le bâtiment que du type de revêtement, des niveaux d'aération et de la fréquence de nettoyage du bâtiment et, à un moindre degré, de la présence d’animaux de compagnie {2747, 624}. Il ne faut pas oublier que les fluctuations saisonnières et les types d'environnements extérieurs contribuent en grande partie à la variabilité du niveau de base de la flore fongique en milieu intérieur {3021}. Laboratoire La manipulation des cultures de ce genre doit se faire en respectant les précautions de laboratoire de base (niveau de biosécurité 2). Morphologie macroscopique des colonies La taxonomie du genre Penicillium est particulièrement complexe et difficile à maîtriser. L’identification précise basée seulement sur les critères macromorphologiques et micromorphologiques demeure difficile, bien qu'elle soit possible. Cependant, quelques traits communs sont partagés par les espèces les plus répandues en milieu intérieur {1056}. Les colonies de ces espèces sont habituellement à croissance rapide; elles peuvent être de différentes teintes de vert ou occasionnellement de teintes de blanc ou d'autres couleurs. Elles se composent la plupart du temps d'une masse feutrée de conidiophores. La surface de la colonie présente souvent quelques exsudats et le revers peut être de blanc à jaunâtre. Plus de détails Les colonies se développent rapidement sur des milieux de culture standards. Elles sont plates et leur texture varie de veloutée à ouatée. Elles peuvent même présenter des cordons mycéliens et jeunes; elles sont blanches ou vert pâle; à maturité, les différentes espèces présentent un éventail de couleurs, mais le plus souvent avec une certaine nuance de vert. Elles peuvent être de bleues à vertes, grises, jaunes, olive ou même rosâtres. Plusieurs espèces produisent des gouttelettes d'exsudat coloré ou incolore. Les colonies de P. chrysogenum se développent rapidement et atteignent, à 25 °C sur gélose de Czapek, un diamètre de 4-5 cm en dedans de dix jours. Les colonies sont plates et de texture veloutée à ouatée; elles sont blanches ou vert-jaune pâle, puis bleues et vertes, olive grisâtre (vert-de-gris), jaunes ou même rosâtres. Avec le temps, une large frange soulevée blanche de mycélium peut apparaître au pourtour de la colonie, et, en surface, il peut y avoir de nombreuses gouttelettes d’exsudat souvent jaunes ou parfois diaphanes. L'odeur qui s’en dégage est habituellement aromatique, fruitée. Le revers de la colonie est le plus souvent de blanc à jaunâtre ou blanc-jaune {877, 816, 814, 724}. Morphologie microscopique Les hyphes hyalins septés (1,5-5 µm de diamètre) portent des conidiophores ramifiés ou non ramifiés. La première cellule du conidiophore est appelée cellule pied; les branches secondaires sont connues sous le nom de métules. Les métules sont plus ou moins cylindriques, à parois lisses, portant de trois à six phialides en forme de bouteille {816, 412, 724}. Les phialides produisent de longues chaînes sèches de petites spores rondes à ovales (2,5-5 µm). Les souches peuvent être classées en quatre catégories selon le type de ramification des conidiophores. Plus de détails Quand la cellule pied se termine directement en un conidiophore en forme de pinceau (penicillus) de phialides, c'est-à-dire sans cellules intermédiaires ramifiées, la souche est
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