(K2m) Pilot Operation Within the Framework of the Ecowas Cip

FOLLOW-UP TO THE KANO-KATSINA-MARADI (K2M) PILOT OPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ECOWAS CIP

ROSS-BORDER COOPERATION PLACED AT THE TOP OF FOOD INSECURITY THE ECOWAS POLITICAL AGENDA AND CROSS-BORDER During Niger’s 2005 lean period severe situations of food C TERRITORIES insecurity emerged. Cereal prices skyrocketed and price of cattle compared to cereal plummeted. This insecurity On 18 January 2005, the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat resulted from speculative and political practices, a submitted to the Council of ECOWAS Ministers of relative drop in cereal production in Nigeria and Niger Foreign Affairs a memorandum entitled, “the cross-border and a reduction in cattle fodder due to locust outbreaks areas concept or local integration”. This memorandum and insufficient rainfall. Despite new cereal supply endorsed by the Ministers, lead to the implementation of sources, Nigeria is still the main supplier in times of a Cross-border Cooperation Convention (to be validated shortage. Southern Niger and northern Nigeria make up at the end of 2007 at the Heads of State Summit) and a a cereal production basin in which markets are perfectly Cross-border Initiatives Programme (CIP).). The CIP has integrated. In this context, production and trade analysis, set up 4 pilot operations: (1) between Sikasso and Bobo as well as their impact on food security cannot be limited Dioulasso (Mali-Burkina Faso); (2) in Senegambie to one country. How does the K²M trade area function or Meridionale (the Gambia-Senegal-Guinea Bissau); (3) in malfunction, how does the lack of information impact on the Karakoro Basin (Mali-Mauritania); and (4) along the this malfunctioning, how does the lack of investment in Niger-Nigeria border. production accentuate the vulnerability to vagaries of the weather and how at the local cross-border level can it GEOGRAPHIC AND HUMAN DYNAMICS contribute to better prevention and management of food "Haussa country" extends over 83,000 km2 and includes crises ? more than 50 million inhabitants, astride Nigeria and Niger. The three towns constitute one of the oldest THE PROCESS development corridors, for centuries open to the Gulf of Several institutions are involved in this process: the Guinea, North Africa and the Middle East. With a dense CILSS, FEWS NET, OCHA, the SWAC, UNDP, UNICEF, urban network organised around the built-up area of WAMIS-NET and WFP. After a consultation on food Kano, it illustrates the Niger economy’s polarisation by security following the 2005 crisis, a mission was co- Nigeria all along the 1,500 km border. Commercial trade organised in May 2006 which helped: is robust: cattle from Niger, cereal and manufactured products from Nigeria or even producre-exported • Better define cross-border livestock and cereal 2 towards Nigeria. K M along with Cotonou-Lagos is the trade and its impact on food security; most active cross-border trade zone in West Africa hence • Prepare a cross-border Niger-Nigerian cooperation being on the CIP’s implementation agenda. The process of these two industries and food security. integrative issue of the C.I.P. here is articulated around the link between improving the functioning of cattle and The CILSS, FEWS NET, the SWAC and the WFP cereal border markets (easier border crossings) and food presented the initiative and its follow-up activities at the security. The initiative in this border area differs from the Food Crisis Prevention Network meeting held in Rome other pilot projects as it focuses on the sectoral (December 2006). At the beginning of 2007, two political dimension (cereal-cattle). awareness-raising missions to national authorities and ORIGIN technical administrations of Niger and Nigeria were In September 2004, a study carried out by ENDA-Diapol, carried out by the CILSS, FEWS NET and the SWAC. in collaboration with the SWAC and financed by IRDC, The Joint Niger-Nigeria Commission confirmed its described the K²M and the need for it to be considered as interest in this process. Following an awareness-raising an integrated market centred on the town of Kano: mission on the ground in May 2007, a cross-border “Cross-border cereal trade combines skilful manoeuvring workshop is foreseen in Katsina (UNDP Niamey and through official regulation and the organisational capacity Abuja have confirmed their participation; awaiting of the economic operators. The chain stretches from the response from the European Commission). The aim is to small producers to the gatherers, then to the wholesalers launch a cooperation process between local actors on and their national counterparts who are responsible for both sides of the border with regard to food security and selling the cereal products on one or other of the markets. to suggest setting up a monitoring mechanism of cross- As in the rest of the sub-region, the price of cereals has border flows in the region. continued to rise in Nigeria since 1995 following the fluctuations in periods of abundance or shortage, HOW TO LEARN MORE www.afriquefrontieres.org fluctuations caused by the devaluation of the Naira which Key-sheet produced by the SWAC. stimulates demand, the reduction in subsidies on fertilizer Summary Record and studies are available on the site or the rise in oil prices which promotes speculative www.afriquefrontieres.org activity.” The report refers to cattle trade’s key role: “The sale of livestock forms the basis of trading relationships between Niger and Nigeria. With a national herd of several tens of millions of head, livestock is one of Contact: [email protected] Niger’s principal assets. Animals sold into Nigeria are subject to heavy duties, and taxed at 40% of their sales value.”

WABI/FI/35/07 May 2007 Eléments du P.I.T. / Villes / Cities Infrastructures de transport / Programme d’Initiatives Transfrontalières : opérations pilotes C.I.P. elements Transport infrastructure Nombre d’habitants en 2005 /Inhabitants in 2005 Réseau routier en 2005 / Roads in 2005 Cross-border Initiatives Programme : pilot operations Localité du P.I.T. / > 10 millions Autoroute CIP community * 2 - 10 millions Motorway Route principale (revêtue) 1 - 2 millions Main road (hard surfaced) Espace pilote / 500 000 - 1 million Pilote operaton Route secondaire (revêtue et non revêtue) 250 000 - 500 000 Secondary road (hard surfaced and unsurfaced) Piste Zone d’extension potentielle / 100 000 - 250 000 Track Potential extension areas 50 000 - 100 000 20 000 - 50 000 Autres infrastructures en 2005 / Other infrastructure in 2005 0 150 300 km Nouakchott Capitale d’Etat Voie ferrée Lomé National capital Railroad MAURITANIE Frontière Aéroport (plus de 30 000 passagers par an) 0 100 200 mi International Border Airport (more than 30 000 passengers per year) * Les localités du P.I.T. de moins de 20 000 habitants sont représentées à l’échelle d’une localité de 20 000 - 50 000 habitants. / CIP communities with less than 20 000 inhabitants are represented like cities with 20 000 - 50 000 inhabitants Seules les informations en lien avec le P.I.T ont été localisées sur cette carte. /Only informations relevant to C.I.P have been reported on this map Le tracé des frontières figurant sur cette carte n'a pas de valeur juridique. / The positioning of the borders on this map does not imply legal recognition. Kiffa Kaédi Boully Baediam Ould Yenjé Matam Sélibaby Karakoro Dakar NIGER SÉNÉGAL Sénégal Khabou Bafara Ra Kaolack Aourou MALI THE GAMBIA Kayes Salikene Gambie Tambacounda Madaoua Banjul Niamey Brikama Maradi Zinder Diouloulou C a s a m a n c e Bignona Kolda Sokoto Ziguinchor Bamako Farim Djalincunda Ouagadougou Jibiya Daura Sao Domingo Katsina Gumel Bafatá Gaya Birnin-Kebbi Bissau Gusau Dutsin-Ma Kamba Kano GUINÉ-BISSAU BURKINA FASO Malanville Funtua Orodara Sikasso Bobo- Zaria GUINÉE Dioulasso Banfora BÉNIN Kaduna Korhogo Parakou SIERRA Ferkessédougou Abuja GHANA LEONE CÔTE D'IVOIRE NIGERIA Bouaké TOGO Ibadan

LIBERIA Yamoussoukro

Porto Novo Lagos Cotonou Abidjan Port Harcourt