Critical analysis of environmental flow assessments of selected rivers in Tanzania and Kenya May 2011 Critical analysis of environmental flow assessments of selected rivers in Tanzania and Kenya
By Chris Dickens
May 2011
Pangani River Basin Management Project
&' ^ & ' _ ' * + < ^-'_ '/+ 0 +10 &' ' / < 4 & 4R0& 6 / 4 6 '* The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The opinions expressed by the authors in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of INR or IUCN.
Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and INR, Scottsville, South Africa
Copyright: © 2011 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and Institute of Natural Resources
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Citation: Dickens, C. 2011. !" #$%&' $ $ Africa: INR. viii+104pp.
ISBN: 978-2-8317-1363-2
Design and layout: Anthony Mwangi - Anto Dezigns
Photography: IUCN
Printed by: Colourprint Limited - Nairobi
Available from: IUCN - ESARO Publications Service Unit, P. O. Box 68200 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Telephone +254202493570 - Fax +254 20 89061/5 E-mail: [email protected]
Institute of Natural Resources P O Box 100396 Scottsville 3209 Fax +27 (0)33 346 0895 Tel +27 (0)33 3460796 Email [email protected] Web page www.inr.org.za Table of Contents
Summary v
Introduction vii
Structure of this report ix
Chapter 1. The Tanzanian Situation 1
Chapter 2. The Pangani River 5
Section A: Initiation and scope of studies. 5
$ * < 6
Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems. 8
Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems. 15
$ # > \ 15
Section F: Setting a vision for the river and development of scenarios. 16
$ H \ 18
Section H: Monitoring issues. 20
Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps. 20
Section J: Lessons learned and the way forward. 22
Chapter 3. The Wami River 25
Section A: Initiation and scope of studies. 25
$ * < 26
Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems. 26
Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems. 30
$ # > \ 30
Section F: Setting a vision for the river and development of scenarios. 33
$ H \ 34
Section H: Monitoring issues. 35
Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps. 36 Chapter 4. Great Ruaha River 39
Section A: Initiation and scope of studies. 39
$ * < 40
Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems. 41
Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems. 45
$ # > \ 47
Section F: Setting a vision for the river basin and development of scenarios. 50
$ H \ 52
Section H: Monitoring issues. 57
Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps. 58
Chapter 5. The Mara River 61
Section A: Initiation and scope of studies. 61
$ * < 63 (rivers, estuary, lakes and wetlands).
Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems. 64
Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems. 71
$ # > \ V 72
Section F: Setting a vision for the river basin and development of scenarios. 75
$ H \ 77
Section H: Monitoring issues. 83
Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps. 85
Chapter 6. A Critical Analysis 89
Chapter 7. A Way Forward – Outcomes from a Tanzanian Workshop 95
Chapter 8. Bibliography 99
iv Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Summary
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Basin Level WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACT, 2009* - / < 0 @ 0 ' 7 0 ; ]`VVJ :JR`% %`V$VJV`:QJ < 0 6 < @ + * Catchment Level < N L @ ' + c > ? & R ^ & _ & ^RVJ1QJ ]`Q01RVR 1J .V VHQJ :GQ0V_ < / < 0 > ? Water Resources ^ .1 1 ]Q VJ:CC7 :IG1$%Q% %JCV HC:`1VR_ Management Act, 2009 @ c 6 ' *Q V .: .1 H 1: JQ ]`VVJ VR 1J IQ Q` .V ]`Q=VH `V]Q` : 1 1 1: QJC7 : 2 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 < ^& _ 0 ' 0 Tanzanian Environmental 0 Management Act 20 of 2004 6 6 < 4 0 R 6 < ^ _ 6 ' ^_ ^ _ _%:C1 7 :JR Q1 @ @ 6 ^_ 4 @ 0 @ @ 0 ^ _ c ^_ @ c 0 ^ _ > ? c * ' * @ ^ _ 0 ^ _ / &' 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 3 Chapter 2. The Pangani River Section A: Initiation and scope of studies ^ _ c 460 @ ' @ &' 0 @ @ ^ _ &' ' '* L/46 4 ^ _ R * 0 * 6 ^ _ 6 < R R @ 6 + c 6 R c R 6 R 6 + 6 60 @ 6 ' ^'0 0 + _ ' 4 0 ^_ 1 As of 2010, the Pangani Basin Water Office (PBWO) is referred to as the Pangani Basin Water Board, hwoever in this report the PBWO is still referenced. Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 5 6 6 '+ @ A @ R c Section B: Process to define areas of study and assessment 0 < ^ _ R < 6 < < 6 ^/ -_ @ 0 R ^ R +L &' _ R < < R< R< + R< 7 0 & A * < N < ^ _ / < c < & < 0 6 < - 6 < < T 6 < - 4 < N < T < R< - R < 7 A N 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 3.V Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 7 R < < - c 6 T ^ @ ^ __ 6 < ' R< T "L$ & 7 [ < R [ `V`V`VJHV R R [ IQJ1 Q`1J$ < Q V7 1` CQH:C1VR 1I]:H : : 1 V %H. : : G`1R$V IQR1`7 .V 1 V Q .V V6 VJ .: .V IQ`V $VJV`:C 1I]:H 1J .V `V:H. 1 JQ C1@VC7 Q GV :VVR5 .VJ :J :C V`J:0V 1 V .Q%CR GV Q%$. 8 [ [ [ `V`V`VJHV @ [ `V`V`VJHV [ `V`V`VJHV 7 [ @ 6 R [ ^ @ 6 _ Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems. @ 6 @ @ @ < 7 [ c [ @ 8 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 0 < ^ +L &' _ N ' 0 4 N - 0 R ^ _ ^ _ - 6 6 ^0 R ' 6 R A 6 & R 6 * R A 6 4 R + N T - 6 6 R + N R & _ 0 N c 0 Hydrology 0 R @ ^ 9 @ @ < A _ 6 ^ _ L c R > ? > ? 0 0 ^* 7 / @7 X > ? 4 > ? _ > @ ? @ 6 ^ +L &' _ ' c c ^ _ ^ _ & ' c \' c '- c] 0 & ^]V` HQI _ c c N 9 c 0 @ @ R - 6 c - T 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 9 / < c @ < @ 0 ^ +L &' _ N 6 0 R c ^ - _ T 6 c 94 0- ' 6 40 40 Water quality 46 R @ 7 N6 & 6 6 * 6 +6 6 - 6 6 ' 6 0 6 6 - 6 6 6 6 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 & & 10 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Hydraulic habitat * 6 0 @ 9 ^ _ Substrate habitats N0- T * ^ _ N0- -0-- ^ _ 0 ^ _ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 11 6 General habitat integrity @ 6 6 < Biota 7 $ -0-- > ? -0-- 7 [ [ ^-0-- _ [ ^ N0-_ 0 R 6 6 @ ^ _ > ? 6R 6 > ? R 6 > ? 12 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 ' 6 ' 0 R c T @ 0 ' '+ T 6 < < A R & c c < c c ^ _ T 6 6 0 R 6 4'*- 0 6 6 Estuary Health Assessment - 0 * 06 ^_ 4 N - > ? 4 N 0 ^ +L &' _ < Estuary Water quality - c ' ^ [_ Biota + - Zooplankton T Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 13 T T T :R .QH ^ _ - & N 6 - R Socio-economic situation 0 R 9 4 ^ _. 6 _ _ _ @ - @ 14 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 R @ R @ R 0 +L &' < 6 0 c 6 % ] % % _% 7 % % * 0 R 6 @ c R c c @ R c @ R Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems L * - 6 @ @ ^ +L &' _ ^ '& * '6&&& '&&* & _ ^ _ Section E: Quantifying the relationship between river flow and the ecosystem. * 6 ^ _ c ^9 _ c * 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 15 6 c A * 6 *-- ^ 6 *-- T - ^ __ *-- R @ 6 R 60 0'* ^ _ 6 6 60 c 60 *-- @ Figure 3.1 Basic structure and components of Pangani Flow DSS ^ _ Section F: Setting a vision for the river and development of scenarios. Vision for the basin < + @ - - * 6 c 6 @ R * 6 * 6 Scenarios for the basin c @ 16 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 +L &' +L &' c R R @ @ < @ @ @ c @ R 6 - @ c 7 6 R ^ _ @ 6 R @ R * - - ^*--_ T R N4 6 N ' ^ N'_ * 0 N / ^N4 _ - R T *-- - < R T 4 R T 6 - 4 c ^ +L &' _ 0 c 6 *-- ^- R _ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 17 c T ^ _ Section G: Implementation of environmental flows 0 - R c * 6 6 0 7 R 6 R ^ T _6 ' R 6 ' 6 A 6 18 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 60 60 ^ _ Resource Quality Objectives (RQOs) [+ 6 6 [+ 6 [+ ^ _ * 6 ^ 60 _ @ c 6 6 [+ - ^ _ ^ _ @ c * Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 19 Summary of implementation initiatives described at a workshop to discuss EF in Tanzania (IUCN, 2010) + ^ N < - @ _ ' @ @ ^ _ T -* ^ _ - ^ _ - N < @ - c < + Section H: Monitoring issues 0 c R R ^ [ + _ Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps + @ < @ * 6 c @ @ @ ' @ @ @ @ 20 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 / 6 @ ^ +L &' _ 7 6 T 46 @ * 6 ^ 46 _ 6 & c c < c c ^ _ ^ @ _ 6 0 c 6 0 c L R c T ^ _ T [ + ' * 6 @ + @ @ ^ +L &' _ 0 @ @ @ @ R ^ R _ @ R ^ _ @ ^ ' 1 _ @ 6 R > ? - 0 @ T Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 21 0 6 * 6 6 6 c Section J: Lessons learned and the way forward. 0 6 - ^ +L &' _ T >GVH:%V Q` .V RVC:7 H:%VR G7 :VI]J$ Q QG :1J :HHV] :GCV HC1I: VRH.:J$V :JR Q .V` R: :5 .V ]`Q=VH V6 VJRVR Q0V` V0V`:C 7V:` 11 . 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Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 23 Chapter 3. The Wami River Section A: Initiation and scope of studies + ^ +_ 6 0 R + < & ^ & _ 6 6 -0 * & & & 460 < * 0 - c < & 1 * c 1 @ + 460 < 4 6 0 ^ 460_ < c < R 460 - R - @ ^ R + ^ +_ _7 R - R & < 6 - R & R - R ^ _ 4 c - R * - R 0 460 < 6 < @ + c + 46 46 ^0 _ 7 & * @ 460 ^ R + ^ +_ _ R @ R + 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 25 @ < @ 6 - R Section B: Process to define areas of study and assessment - ^9 _ 6 460 0 ^460 _ R Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems River Hydrology 460 ^ _ < _ _ _ =1$%`V .Q11J$ .V < R 460 0 ^ _ + 0 ^ _ 26 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 ^ _ River Water Quality +6 @ R ^ R + ^ +_ _ + R 46 R 4 - 6 * @ ^/ < _ River Habitat ^ @ < _ ^ _ < & < ^ _ < Hydraulic habitat ^' _ @ 6 6 ' 4 6 River Biota + ^ _ @ 0 ^ @ _ 6 46 - @ * 6 - R 6 - 4 6 @ >0 - 0 6 / / / ^_? 6 0 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 27 T 6 ' - 0 c ^& 4_ ^ L _ - R 6 * c c ^& 4_ ^0'+0_ c ^A-*_ 0 T R 6 T @ < 6 < - 6 0 460 ^ _ T < 6 @ < 6 @ * River Socio-Economic Situation 0 R @ ^N _ @ @ @ 0 6 - @ 6 28 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 29 Estuary Ecological Information 0 ^ _ 46 0 Estuary Water quality 6 N 6 Estuary Biota ^ _ T 6 Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems ^ R + ^ +_ _ >6.V :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J 1 QJV Q` .V IQ 1I]Q` :J `10V` 7 VI 1J 6:J<:J1:5 R`:1J1J$ : HVJ `:CC7RCQH: VR :`V: Q` ]5 @I8 1 . 1 .V:R1: V` 1J .V A: V`J `H 5Q%J :1J :JR 1 V %:`7 11 .1J .V JV1C7 H`V: VR /::R:J1 :QJ:C 1:`@5 .V :I1 /%GR2:1J .:`GQ` 1I]Q` :J V``V `1:C :JR :_%:H VHQ7 VI8 6.V C10V :JR C10VC1.QQR Q` .%I:J `V1RVJ Q` .V `V$1QJ :`V :CQ 1JI: VC7 C1J@VR Q ``V.1: V` `VQ%`HV8? * 4 4 - 0 6 @ Section E: Quantifying the relationship between river flow and the ecosystem N0 - / 460 @ ^9 _6 * 6 ^9 _6 4 A N 0 ^ c _6 :- ; ^ _ * 460 460 460 6 30 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 4 7 / 6 & * * 4 > ? < ^ _7 8 9V01V1 Q` C1 V`: %`V QJ VHQCQ$7 :JR Q1R`VC: VR 1J`Q`I:QJ QJ . ^:JR 1J0V` VG`: V_ ]VH1V 1J .V :I1 910V`8 < R @ L 8 /VCVHQJ Q` %R7 1 V Q H.:`:H V`1 8 =1VCR %`0V7 : V:H. 1 V Q HQCCVH R: : QJ VJ01`QJIVJ :C :JR QH1:C ]:`:IV V` ^V8$85 . :JR I:H`Q1J0V` VG`: V ]VH1V HQI]Q1QJ5 :G%JR:JHV :JR .:G1 : %V6 .%I:J %V Q` `10V` `VQ%`HV_ 1J `VC:QJ Q Q1 HQJR1QJ 0 R ' R 46 R - @ R @ 460 4 6 ^0 _ @ 6 < L 6 @ 6 @ 0 ^0 ]V` HQI _ * * @ 6 ; @ @ 6 @ - R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 31 6 ^ R + ^ +_ _ @ ^ _ ^9 _ 4 6 @ 46 @ < 0 ^ _6 ^ _6 & ^ _6 * ^ _ c ^ R + ^ +_ _ @ @ - ^9 6 _ 46 @ ^ _ @ R 6 6 @ 0 c c ^ R + ^ +_ _ @ $ X $ Y ZX$Y [ \ Z>[ ^ _ 32 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 Section F: Setting a vision for the river and development of scenarios Vision for the basin > ? @ L + ^ _ 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 33 0 4 < - ^0 _ 4 - ' @ 460 ^N _ * 6 6 7 @ @ 6 Scenarios for the basin Section G: Implementation of environmental flows. 0 ^ R + ^ +_ _ 460 R @ R + 6 6 ^ 46 _ ^0 ]V` HQI_ + 460 Resource Quality Objectives [ + - @ & - N 34 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Summary of implementation initiatives described at a workshop to discuss EF in Tanzania (IUCN, 2010) R + ^ 6 _ 4 6 0 ^460_ * 0 \ #\ \ -0 * & R & & 9 < & R& < N 4 - 0 ^ N4-0_ & & 6 ^/A+ - _ + N + - 7 @ - N ^ 0-N_ 7 0 @ ^ _- - @ 6 460 460 L < 460- R 460 @ < * 460 - @ @ Section H: Monitoring issues - R @ R / - + c / - ^0 ]V` HQI_ + R - R c 6 R ^0 ]V` HQI_ ' Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 35 Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps. 0 6 6 ^ R + ^ +_ _ @ 7 & @ @ c @ 46 c N 6 / < 7 R 6 6 6 < 6 -$ ; @ @ 6 -$ -$ 0 6 R - R - 36 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 * 460 6 - R +6 @ R R & - R 4 - @ 6 0 - R + 0 6 46 4 T 46 46 c 46 ' [ + Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 37 Chapter 4. Great Ruaha River Section A: Initiation and scope of studies ^ A @ _ A @ * ^ A*_ + ^ +_ @ 46 9 @ < ' 9 ^ _ 6R &+ ^_ 0 ' ^ ' _ *6 *R90 ^9 _ - @ 0 < 6 + * / ^+*/_ 4 0 96 ^ R- 0 + _ 0 / 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ < 4 6 > / & < ? ' @ ^ ' _ 6 4 @ @ < 460 / 0 < @ 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ 7 c / ' @ ^ ' _6 R @ < ' 6 A * ' 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 39 460 / ' ; * @ / ^ / _ / @ @ @ ^* _ - 0 ^N _ * @ 46 ' 6 6 460 / ^9 V :C _ Section B: Process to define areas of study and assessment - / ' @ Map illustrating the BBM sites used for the EF assessment for the Great Ruaha (XX\ ] ^ " ' ZXX\ ]"'[ _`j`[ 40 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Map showing the Usangu wetland and the two BBM sites for the wetland (WWF Tanzania Country ' ZXX\ ]"'[ _`j`[ / ' 6 R & R Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems 6 / @ 6 c / 6 A @ ^_ 9 ^ _ 9 ^ _ 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ 4 - ^ 4-_ @ 0 ^ _ 6 ^ L 6 _ & 4 - ^4 -_ 4 & ^4 &_ ^ @ 0 ^ _ * ^ __ 6 @ 4- 460 6 / Hydrology @ ^ _ ' @ ^ - & _ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 41 @ < 7 ' @ Upstream catchment @ - 0 @ ^ _ 9 ^ _ Q 0 < Q 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ + Downstream river ' @ @ ^ & _ @ 42 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Wetland hydrology 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ 460 0 6 > ? Other ecological characteristics ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ < 7 Hydraulics & 0 @ 460 6 &+ + Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 43 6 L @ Geomorphology / / * 4 ^*4 _ - ^- _ + Riparian vegetation 0 [ ^ R _ 0 @ 460 6 &+ + 6 44 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 Fish 6 L R < @ - & ^_ - R 6 ^0'+0_ c 0 0'+0 c ' ; c 0'+0 6 Aquatic invertebrates 6 -0-- -0-- -0-- - R 6 -0-- 6 -0-- 6 @ 6 6 -0-- 0- ^ 0- _ R R R ] @ Socio-economic situation R > ? Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 45 ]V` V ^ @ R _ - ' @ ' @ 0 ^ @ _ - / ' @ N ^ @ _ 6 < ^9 @ & _ 6 < R @R @ ^9 _ 9 ^ _ / greater variety R ' @ 0 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ @ 7 [ 0 R L [ @ @ 6 T [ ^ 6 @ _ N 6 < 6 c [ T ^ 6 @ _ 46 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 ^_ >@ ? c @ N - @ - / @ ^ _ c Section E: Quantifying the relationship between river flow and the ecosystem - 0 * @ ^N N _ 0 - 0 - < < @ / N - 0 - 0 > R ? ' 6 / 9 V :C8 ^ _ 0 > ? > ? 6 < 0 < T ^ _ * @ &L* 3 ^ Q 0 _ 6 3sR > ?6 ^ Q 0 6 3_ ^ Q 0 6 3_ R R 0 ^ 3_ 0 & ^ _ 3sV 6 Q 3sV 3sR ' @ 6 ^9 V :C8 _ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 47 @ @ 9 ^ _ * @ 6 c - 0 < + 6 ^ _ @ * ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ T 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ T > ? * 48 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 0 6 6 ^ _ Biotic requirements 0 9 6 R * @ R - 0 < * c 6 / R 6 R ^ 6 < & + R ^ 6R &+_ _ R < 0 6 @ 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ R + Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 49 ' Section F: Setting a vision for the river basin and development of scenarios Vision for the basin / < :: R ;; R 6 / &L* ^ _ - 6 - @ ^6 6 _ 0 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ ^ _ / 460 7 >H@JQ1CVR$1J$ .V Q1 H.:J$V 1.1H. .:0V :JR :`V QHH%``1J$ 1J .V I1RRCV 9%:.:7 6Q `VHQIIVJR : IQR1VR Q1 `V$1IV 1.1H. 11CC I:1J :1J .V G1QR10V`1 75 ]`QHVV :JR `%JHQJ Q` .V 915 :JR 11CC `V0V`V .V `:=VH Q`7 Q` RV$`:R:QJ 1.1H. .V ]`VVJ Q1 `V$1IV 1 `V]QJ1GCV `Q`?8 Scenarios for the basin 0 R - @ < 50 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 / T T & ^ _ 6 0 @ - & ^- & _ ]V` V c 9 ^ _ 4 6 Q @ c & R c c - - < ^ @ _ c c @ @ @ 9 ^ _ 4 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 51 8 AJ%`1J$ : C`7 /V:QJ 4%CQ1 Q` 8 IR ^18V85 HQ``V]QJR1J$ Q .V >J: %`:C? F _ cR @ 8 AJ%`1J$ .V AI: VR R7V:` 9V %`J 1V`1QR AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 8 AJ%`1J$ .V AI: VR 4JVR7V:` 9V %`J 1V`1QR AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 R N 8 AJ%`1J$ :J GQC% V 51J1I%I =CQ1 Q` 2V 1VVJ 8 :JR 8 IR ^ _ ' @ 3sR ^4 ' @ _ 3sR @ + 3sR 6 3sR greater ^ 3sR_ ^ 3sR_ 6 3sR 3sR ^ Q _ R R ; @ @ Section G: Implementation of environmental flows 6 - > 6? @ 6 0 6 ^0 _ @ @ + 7 6VH.J1H:C ^VJ$1JVV`1J$_ Q]QJ7 6 52 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 8J %QJ:C Q]QJ7 6 AJ01`QJIVJ :C Q]QJ7 R 6 $`1H%C %`:C Q]QJ7 6 AHQJQI1H Q]QJ7 @ & ' @ @ @ @ / ^ ' _ @ 6 N @ T 3sR 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ @ ^0 _ 7 ' ^ _ ' ';/ T / 1 ';/ ';/ ^ 8.V`%8_ ^ _ ^ _ T R 0 ^9 _ 7 ^ _ @ ^ _ R @ ^ _ c ^ _ ^ _ < < / & ^ _ 6 6 4 ^9 _ R @ 0 R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 53 0 / Existing implementation / 3sR 3sR 9 3sR 3sR ^ 0 ' _ - 6 < 0 6 @ 3sR @ c 6 / 7 & - ^ @ @ @ _ * 0 * 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ @ ' 6 - T @ / ' 6 46 @ 0 54 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ @ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 55 @ 7 6 & ' ^A * _6 ' 0 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ + @ @ ^ - * _ N + ^' _ 6 0 / ^ R _ ^ 6_ R 0 / 460 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ @ 460 @ @ 460 @ * 6 L @ 7 [ A * [ ' 0 @ c < 6 46 6 Resource Quality Objectives 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ c 46 7 56 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 + 46 Target indicators for geomorphology A 7 6 @ N 7 @ '+ 4 46 Target indicators for invertebrates 6 7 1V`C1R:V5 4C1$QJV%`1R:V5 HV]`Q].CVG11R:V7 ^ _ 6 6 [+ T Summary of implementation initiatives described at a workshop to discuss EF in Tanzania (IUCN, 2010) + / N / ^ _ ' @ @ / ^ _ @ @ 6 * 4 - & 6 @ T 6 @ 0 R ^ 0 _ 6 / Section H: Monitoring issues - @ ' 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ N R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 57 Hydraulics 0 * 6 R T Hydrology ^ _ ^ _ Water quality [ Geomorphology 6 ^ 6 _ 6 5 ] 6 Fish and invertebrates - c ^ _ ^ _ Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps @ 46 @ 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ 6 @ 6 < 0 c * 6 c 6 58 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 46 6 [+ @ / < 7 / @ 6 @ 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ * @ @ @ 0 6 ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ < 6 &+ + @ -0-- -0-- Way forward 6 / ^ 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ _ R R 0 46 c 6 c < @ 6 / < 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 59 Chapter 5. The Mara River Section A: Initiation and scope of studies T c @ N < 4 0 & ^* + ]V` HQI_ N < c c @ @ 46 @ 7 6 5 75 8 5 $ % ] @ & $5 ' @ & 6 @ 6 6 < < 7 = 7 = 6 5 8 5 R -0 @ 9 < & * ^& *_ ' - 0 ^' -0 _ & * - 40& 40& - * + @ -0 0 N 6R4-0 + A & 4 6 ' ' 4 A @ - 0 ^'4A-0 _ ^ _ 0 5 6 5 8 5 < A @ & 4 0 & 9 < 6 A @ - & 0 A @ + @ / - ^/A+ -_ 6 ' R4 - 0 + ^ 6R4-0 +_ - 0 * R 4 0 ^-0 *R40_ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 61 - 6 '4-&+R N4 4 4 1 9 ' 9 @ 6R '4A-0 R @ 9 < + ' 0 & R 6 ' R - @ 6 - 9 < 7 < V' 4 0 9 ' 4 & < V < A @ + ^A +_ < ^ + _ < ; 0 ^ _ 0 - R + A +; 0 * 4 A / 4 + * 4 9 < A @ & 4 0 & c 6 4 R 9 < 4 0 & - 46 0 The 6 5 6 $ 65 6$ ^9 L < _ 6 4 0 + ^ 6 40 +_ L @ '+ 0* 6R' -0 * / - ^/A+ -_ 0 46 @ 6 T B B 5 6 5 B @ ]8 RB 5 "5 5 6 5 5 8 @ 9 < /A+ - ^ - 0 * _ 6R40 + 9 < 460 6 9 6 ' @ ^ _ 62 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 ^9 _ 0 < R A & ^_ @ T >9VV`0V Q1 :`V JQ `Q` .V ]%`]QV Q` ]`Q VHJ$ .V . :JR 1JVH H.QVJ : 1JR1H: Q`8 9: .V`5 .V 9VV`0V 1 1J VJRVR Q ]`Q VH .V VHQCQ$1H:C ]`QHVV :JR V`01HV 1JR1H: VR G7 .V ]`VVJHV Q` .VV ]VH1V5 %H. : RV$`:R:QJ Q` HQJ :I1J:J 5 G`V:@RQ1J Q` Q`$:J1H I:V` :JR V`Q1QJ HQJ `QC8 6.VV ]`QHVV :`V H`1H:C JQ QJC7 Q .V .V:C . Q` .V `10V`5 G% ]`1I:`1C7 Q .V .V:C . Q` .V .%I:J HQII%J1V .: RV]VJR QJ 1 5 I:J7 Q` 1.QI `VC7 QJ 1 : .V1` ]`1I:`7 Q%`HV `Q` R`1J@1J$ 1: V`8? + 7 < & @ T &B= "R$J K 6 5 = 5 L 7 < RB 5 " 8 @ 4 @ 0 - c L @ @ 6 ^ 6_ 9 < 4 0 & 6 @ - R < ^' T _ 9 ^ _ > @ ? N 46 R @ 46 46A .: .V`V :`V V0V`:C Q .V` `VCV0:J ]`Q=VH 5 I:J7 Q` 1.1H. :`V IVJQJVR 1J .V `V]Q` GVCQ18 Section B: Process to define areas of study and assessment (rivers, estuary, lakes and wetlands) 6 8 5 6 5 6 / < ' < < - R * R 6 R @ 0 R 6 R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 63 Figure 1: Site Map of trans- boundary Mara River Basin and the three study sites used in the Environmental Flow Assessment. Section C: Evaluation of the original & present state of the systems A & ^_ 4 - ^ 4-_ < - @ 0 ^ _ 6 ^ L 6 _ & - 4 - ^4 -_ 6 4 & ^4 &_ < - @ 0 ^ _ * ^ _6 4 6 6 4- 4 - 4 & 0 6 '+ 64 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 ] % ]% ] 7 6 Component B= 7 B$= EMC 6 0L ^_ 7 0L &L ^_ B B ^_ B / B ^R_ B B ^R_ B Overall R 4- @ 0 N 4 - ^ _ @ A 4 & 0 R 6 ^- @ R ]V` HQI_ @ @ @ @ < @ @ < Hydrology: A & ^_ c 0 ' Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 65 N 6 ^- R_ * c * ' 0 9 ^ _ @ @ @ 0 + ' - ' @ 9 0 ^ _ N 0 9 L < /A+ - < 6 0 ^ __ A R& & - 6 9 @ & ^ _ & - 0 * N ' @ / [ - ^' _ 9 + < @ @ @ - @ 9 @ < @ 46 & N c ^ _ / 0 0 T* R 6 N @ @ 46 46 / ^ _ 9 R R 9 R 6 - R Q 9 6 @ @ A @ 6 3sR ' ^ @ _ 66 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 @ + R' 46 6 * c ; Hydraulics A & ^_ B6 ] % % 7 = B6 ] % = K8 K c < % % R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 67 Geomorphology 0 A & ^_ - @ < 6 < 6 Water quality R1 460 < N 6 0 < 6 R /A+ - ^ _ 0 @ @ 9 0 @ 68 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 + /A+ - < [ - @ @ ^ _ A /A+ - 7 0 @ N 4 *- - - N * +6 ' * + & 0 ^ _ ^ _ > R ' - ' @ ? / 0 9 ^ _ ^ R _ ' ^ _ 9 < Riparian vegetation A & ^_ 7 _ 6 _ 6 _ - * 0 < < < Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 69 0 - 0 @ Invertebrates - ^A & _ 6 6 R Fish 6 ^A & _ ^ _ 6 < 0 @ & ^ _ - 6 - < 46 - Socio-economic situation * ^A & _ - @ * ^ _ 6 < R 0 - 46 0 > ^' _? : % _%Q 70 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Section D: Evaluating the importance and sensitivity of the systems 0 < 9 6 - 6 7 0 9 ^ _ @ ^ _ 9 T < R- @ 9 @ @ @ @ 1 0 9 ; R ' - + @ * 6 0 / ^ _ Q 9 9 - & 46 0 R - @ @ 6 6 - A @ 6 @ R 0 T Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 71 6 c - < 0 6 & ^ _ >1J HQRI:J:$VIVJ Q` `VQ%`HV5 1.1H. :@V 1J Q :HHQ%J .V 1J V`V Q` V0V`7 :@V.QCRV`5 : . ]VH1V GVHQIV Q` HQJV`0:QJ 1$J1H:JHV 1` 1 1 1I]Q` :J Q .V :@V.QCRV`8 JR `Q` CQH:C HQII%J1V5 .V7 1Q%CR ]:7 :VJQJ Q .V HQJV`0:QJ Q` : $10VJ ]VH1V 1` 1 1 ]`Q :GCV Q .VI V1 .V` : `QQR Q` : :J 1JHQIV V:`JV`8 6.% :CC H%``VJ C7 V6]CQ1 VR ]VH1V ``QI .V G:7 :JR 1:I] :`V Q` HQJV`0:QJ 1$J1H:JHV 1JHV .V7 :`V Q` 0:C%V Q .V HQII%J1V? @ @ @ 6 6 @ @ c - * - - @ ' 6 ^'4-&+R N47 4 _ %JRV` :JR1J$ GVV` .V `VC:QJ.1] GV 1VVJ .V Q1 `V$1IV Q` .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J :JR :_%:H VHQ7 VI ]`QHVV .: I:1J :1J 1: V` _%:C1 7 1J .V `10V` H.:JJVC :JR .V ]`QR%H01 7 Q` ]:]7`% :JR VCVH . ]VH1V 1J .V 5:`: V C:JR Section E: Quantifying the environmental flow requirements 0 < T 4 6 0 ^460_ 7 6 460 @ ^ 6 T 40 + _ 0 6 ^A & _ < 7 460 + [ + ^ [+ _ 4 @ - 6 * [+ ; @ 6 ; 6 0 - 9 T < ' T - ' @ Q 6 72 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Biotic requirements ^ 6 T 40 + A & _ 46 6 6 Environmental flow requirements ; @ c 6 @ c 6 < - ' @ < < 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 73 74 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 % = % _% 7 8 Section F: Setting a vision for the river basin and development of scenarios 9 < 6 < 0 ^ & _ / < + < 7 - 0 ^ -0 _ ^A & _ A @ 7 >0 ? 0 / > ? -0 7 _ < 6 _ 6 _ 4 @ 6 _ < @ 6 _ < 6 _ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 75 -0 0 N ^A & _ 0 R 7 4G=VH0V ^:_7 1`V0VJ Q` I1$: V C:JR RV$`:R:QJ 1J Q`RV` Q I1J1I1 4 6 6 4G=VH0V ^G_7 AJHQ%`:$V 1I]`Q0VIVJ 1J 1: V` I:J:$VIVJ H.VIV & - 6 4G=VH0V ^R_7 C1<:QJ Q` J: %`:C . QH@ 1.1CV % :1J1J$ .V G1QCQ$1H:C R10V`1 7 Q` 1: V` GQR1V8 6 * 6 4G=VH0V ^V_7 ]]C1H:QJ Q` . `:`I1J$ `Q` ]`Q VHQJ Q` VJR:J$V`VR . ]VH1V :JR G1Q Q]V8 @ 6 & ^/A+ - _ @ @ >: V` :CCQH:QJ RVH11QJ :`V G:VR QJ :HH%`: V @JQ1CVR$V Q` VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q15 :JR :CCQH:QJ :`V $%:`:J VVR Q %]]Q` .V `VJQ1JVR J: %`:C VHQ7 VI Q` .V G:1J5 1JHC%R1J$ .V 5:% =Q`V 5 5:`:R/V`VJ$V VHQ7 VI5 :JR 5%QI: 1:I] Q` H:@V 1H Q`1:? ' ^' _ A & 6 @ 6 : % _%Q6 9 < 6 0 4 0 & 6 ' 6 N 40& ' 6 46 + A & ^_ 9 ^ < 46 ^* + ]V` HQI__ 6 Q [ ^A & T _ 0 [ > ? [ N 76 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 = 6 7 K% % R L 6 6 m3L Q 6 6 m3L Q B_% B6 460 9 0 ^_ < 0 ^ _ 6 - R 4 4 & 4 & @ @ 4 & 0 @ Scenarios for the basin @ @ @ N 6 /A+ - -0 *L4 0 - 4 0 ^-40_ 6 ^- @ ]V` HQI_ -40 -0 460 c Section G: Implementation of environmental flows 46 N 460 40& - & - 40& 6 460 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 77 - c - ^A & _7 R * * seasons & ; ^_ 1:7IVJ `Q` : V`.VR /V`01HV 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J8 R @ 0 6 @ 4 - ^ 4-_ 6 6 < * 6R4-0 + /A+ - -0 *L9 -0 *L4 0 + ^- @ ]V` HQI_ 0 0 ^ _ 9 46 78 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 7 6 @ @ 6 @ < 6 @ 0 ' > 6 $ = 7 & $5 ? R 46 ^_ ^_ - ^_ 4 ^ _ @ - @ 9 < R @ 0 @ R 6 4 6 0 ^460_ 0 ^ 0 _ - 4 0 ^-40_ @ @ @ '4A-0 R R -0 *L4 0 4 0 & 460 A & A & 6 40& 40& A @ @ 6 460 0 -40 0 460 A & - & 40& A & -0 * @ =% K ] 6 5 @ ] 5 B T 8 8 _ -0 * 40 A & @ @ @ @ @ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 79 @ A & 6 - ' @ ' 6 < @ 7 R @ - A @ & @ + ^ _ > R R 6 4 6 4 6 @ 6 ? A & L A & < c A & 6 R 7 8 =:H1C1 : V RV0VCQ]IVJ :JR 1I]CVIVJ :QJ Q` 5:`: `10V` G:1J 1: V` H: H.IVJ I:J:$VIVJ `: V$7 =% R _ 4 _ & @ L _ 6 R 6 ^ 6_ A - & _ - L R 6 catchment management strategy 8 5QJ1 Q`1J$ Q` 1: V` Q1 =% R _ N < < ^ L _ 80 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 _ 6 8 =:H1C1 : V R1:CQ$%V 11 . J:QJ:C RVH11QJ I:@V` :GQ% .V 9VV`0V =CQ1 =% R & 460 8 L:]:H1 7 G%1CR1J$ QJ .V 9VV`0V =CQ1 =% R & @ @ 46 K _ - _ R < - _ 9 6 - The % 7 % @R 5 R 6 -0 * ^ @ _ @ @ 46 >6:@1J$ `QCV 1J 1I]CVIVJJ$ `VHQIIVJR:QJ Q` G1QR10V`1 7 :HQJ ]C:J5 VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 :VIVJ :JR `: V$1H VJ01`QJIVJ :C :VIVJ ? A & 6 @ c A & A @ 6 @ 6 A & @ N - 6 46 ^ 6 R_ 5G=VH0V87 1:`VJVH`V:QJ`Q`:]]C1H:QJQ` J01`QJIVJ :C'CQ1: QQC`Q`1: V`:CCQH:QJ:JR IQJ1 Q`1J$ @ < 6 -0 * 6 @ 6 + 4 6 0 ] 7 6 46 9 < @ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 81 = ] L6 6 7 L:``7 Q% G:1J 11RV :1:`VJV H:I]:1$J QJ A= HQJHV] 11 .1J .V G:1J8 =% R + < @ @ * 46 4 46 @ @ + < 6 6 46 88 RVJ`7$:]1J .VV61J$1: V`]QC1H1V:JR]`Q]QVJVHV:`7H.:J$V =% R 0 K 0 4 6 0 9 46 - R ^-& _ 0 ' * ^ & _ Resource Quality Objectives 9 A @ - & - [ + ^ [+ _ ; [+ ^_ ^_ ^_ ^4_ ^A_ ^&_ 0 < 4A& @ R A @ 4A& 6 @ [+ [+ 82 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 6 6 @ 4A& T @ A ^A _ - Summary of implementation initiatives described at a workshop to discuss EF in Tanzania (IUCN, 2010) @ + R A @ & ^A &_ @ 6 T N ' ' 9 @ N 9 T R 0 ^ 0_ 6 7 6 6 6 6 0 @ @ @ 9 c @ ^ 9 - < _ ^ < _ N 9 @ Section H: Monitoring issues. 6 @ @ - @ ^A & _ ^ 6 _7 6 @ < 0 R 0 6 R + 0 < Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 83 - 0 R N R 0 7 4 & 4 Some key documents which contain useful and possibly strategic guidelines for undertaking monitoring include: A & ^ _ - 0 - -0 c R -0 * @ @ R R A & A & ^_ 0 6 R 4 6 0 6 460 @ ^ 6R40 + _ N 0 N 6 6 < ^ _ 0 @ 46 1 6 R 460 ' ^ _ & - 0 * N ' @ / [ - 84 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 [ 0 7 9 R < ^/A+ - _ + 9 ' @ * + + < A @ 4 0'0 0 - ' @ ^ '4-&+ 4 _ @ / @; ; Section I: Successes, limitations and gaps Management issues * ' 46 6 @ 4 @ @ c c c c 0 c ^- @ ]V` HQI_ Environmental flow (ecological) issues '+ 46 46 < < A @ 0 @ R 6 R ^- @ ]V` HQI_ 4- T 6 0 6 6 46 0 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 85 46 9 < 6 @ R 0 T 6 c - 6 0 A @ T 6 @ @ 46 / R ^ _ Scenario issues @ @ @ 6 6 @ @ c - * - - @ > 9 ? ^ < _ 6 Q [ ^A & _ @ > ? 4 & ^4 &_ T 86 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 4 & @ @ 4 & 0 @ @ @ @ 0 6 @ -40 ^^- @ ]V` HQI_ 0 ^ [+ _ ' Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 87 Chapter 6. A Critical Analysis 6 < 6 * & @ A @ 6 < A @ @ 46 < c R < 0 < R 7 4 ' 6 0 @ c - ^ _ 0 @ c @ 6 & @ c @ - ' 6 @ > ? > ? - + @ 7 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 89 0'* @ c 46 7 /VHQJ T 8J1:QJ :JR HQ]V Q` %R78 /VHQJ 2 R 1`QHV Q RVJV :`V: Q` %R7 :JR :VIVJ 8 /VHQJ L R A0:C%:QJ Q` .V Q`1$1J:C :JR ]`VVJ : V Q` .V 7 VI8 /VHQJ C R A0:C%:J$ .V 1I]Q` :JHV :JR VJ101 7 Q` .V 7 VI8 /VHQJ A R F%:J`71J$ .V VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 `V_%1`VIVJ 8 /VHQJ = R /VJ$ : 011QJ `Q` .V `10V` :JR RV0VCQ]IVJ Q` HVJ:`1Q8 /VHQJ R 8I]CVIVJ :QJ Q` VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q18 /VHQJ O T 5QJ1 Q`1J$ ^:JR `V01V1_8 0 c ^* 6 _ - @ < VHQJ T J1:QJ:JRHQ]VQ` %R1V8 < 6 @ 6 ^ @ _ 6 VHQJR`QHV QRVJV:`V:Q` %R7:JR:VIVJ 8 ' 46 VHQJ R 0:C%:QJQ` .VQ`1$1J:C:JR]`VVJ : VQ` .V7 VI8 @ ^ _ c 90 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 6 46 @ 6 @ ^ _ & ^ _ * N @ ^ _ + 46 VHQJ"R 0:C%:J$ .V1I]Q` :JHV:JRVJ101 7Q` .V7 VI8 6 @ @ 6 6 6 6 @ 0 @ @ 0 VHQJ R#%:J`71J$ .VVJ01`QJIVJ :CQ1`V_%1`VIVJ 8 0 ^ _ 0 < * 6 * @ - 4 c * 6 6 * @ @ 6 < R - 0 6 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 91 c c * 6 ^ _ 6 @ @ < * c < c 6 c < < VHQJ'RVJ$:011QJ`Q` .V`10V`:JRRV0VCQ]IVJ Q`HVJ:`1Q8 ; @ @ 6 L + 6 * 6 ^* 6 _ + @ @ & @ @ R @ / @ > ? @ @ VHQJ)R I]CVIVJ :QJQ`VJ01`QJIVJ :CQ18 6 @ - @ JQ @ 6 A [ ^ @ _ < 7 92 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 T & T R 0 0 @ 46 + 6 @ T T 6 T 6 & @ 9 < T 46 R R R R @ < 6 * 6 T 6 0 < @ 46 @ 6 > @ ? @ 0 0 ^ _ [ + [+ - 6.V 9VQ%`HV F%:C1 7 4G=VH0V `Q` : 1: V` `VQ%`HV :`V : J%IV`1H:C Q` RVH`1]0V : VIVJ Q` .V HQJR1QJ 1.1H. .Q%CR GV IV 1J .V `VHV101J$ 1: V` `VQ%`HV5 1J V`I Q` `VQ%`HV _%:C1 75 1J Q`RV` Q VJ%`V .: .V 1: V` `VQ%`HV 1 ]`Q VH VR ^C=5 _8 ^ _7 R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 93 c @ @ @ ' - - 0 ^* 06 _ [ + L 6 6 ? > @ 0 @ 6 ? < [+ ^ 4 & & _ / 6 @ - c VHQJ*R+QJ1 Q`1J$1%V8 6 - @ 6 > ? :R .QH < 94 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Chapter 7. A way forward - Outcomes from a Tanzanian Workshop ^46 9 & &' ^_ > @ 4 6 R 6 4 6 7 ' 0 th _ @ c < &' < @ < 46 < 9 @ 0 th < Management Project &' @ ^ _ < ^ < 9 _ ; + ^* 4 _ - N ^ 0-N_ * 4 - - @ < 46 0 6 - 0 ^- ' _ '* < + -' ' * + < 6 '4 &' @ 6 ' * L- - & & @ ] 6 @ 46 < 9 6 < 46 < 6 < 46 Key characteristics of a good eflow assessment @ @ R < 7 7 R @7 0 R ^ _ 1 The Pangani River Basin Management Project is generating technical information and developing participatory forums to strengthen X & { < * V and wise governance of freshwater for livelihoods and environment for current and future generations. The Pangani Basin Water Board is implementing the project with technical assistance from IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the Netherlands Development ' ^ Z$ |[ H' <%{'}% ] ~ !" X H of Tanzania, the European Commission through a grant from the EU-ACP Water Facility, and the Global Environment Facility through UNDP. Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 95 & 7 @ ^ _ / 7 0 c 6 6 6 R 6 6 @ 6 - 7 * c @ R R 7 6 6 R + 7 6 Operationalisation of eflows < 7 6 6 6 6 6 < 6 < 7 4 -@ < 7 N R 4 ] ] + < 7 + 96 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 ^ _ ^ _ ^ _ 6 6 @ R @ < Experience of undertaking eflow assessments from the four basins + R 9 @ 6 @ * 1 @ 9 * & ^ 6 - 0 _ - I]CVIVJ :QJ Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 97 98 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 Chapter 8. Bibliography 0 0 0 + / + 1 0 @ `:]1R5 ]:`H1]: Q`7 QH1QRVHQJQI1H :VIVJ Q` .V 910V` 5:`: 2:1J 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ & 0 9 1 N - @ L:]:H1 7 G%1CR1J$ Q %JRV` :@1J$ VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 :VIVJ 1J 6:J<:J1: 0 & & R* ; @ - 7 0NAR +- A & 90 0 +A /4' 1 ^ _ R:]0V :JR 8J V$`: VR : V` 5:J:$VIVJ 5 LQ]1J$ 11 . LQI]CV61 7 :JR JHV` :1J 78 - R 0 4 ' & 9 N N 9:]1R VHQCQ$1H:C :VIVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A %:`75 6:J<:J1: / - 6 0 @ < 2%1CR1J$ H:]:H1 7 Q 1I]CVIVJ :J VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 ]`Q$`:IIV 1J 6:J<:J1:8 R - < 0 `V]Q` QJ .V 1Q`@.Q] Q R1H% .Q` RC1J$ Q` Q]QJ Q `V Q`V Q1 Q .V $`V: 9%:.: 910V` 1J .V 9%:.: :QJ:C 1:`@ 6 * 4 - < 0 8RVJH:QJ Q` Q]QJ Q `V Q`V Q1 Q .V $`V: 9%:.: 910V` 1J .V 9%:.: :QJ:C 1:`@ 6 * - < 0 / AHQJQI1H :VIVJ Q` GV I:J:$VIVJ ]`:HHV 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J7 6Q1:`R 1I]CVIVJJ$ ]:7IVJ `Q` 1: V`.VR V`01HV8 4 - 6 6 + * & 0 / 9 1:7IVJ `Q` 1: V`.VR V`01HV 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J / - 6 & 0 & / 0 9 1 * 6 7 + & - - < 6 & ' LL & & - 0 VIVJ Q` ]Q VJ:C G%7V` 1J : ]:7IVJ `Q` VHQ7 VI V`01HV H.VIV 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J5 PVJ7: :JR 6:J<:J1:8 - '4-&+R N4 4 * ' & * 2:VC1JV %`0V7 Q` .V`1V `VQ%`HV 1J .V 5:`: /1:I] :JR 5%QI: 2:75 5:`: 910V` G:1J5 6:J<:J1: / - 6 6 * 06 * 4 & * [ + 4 * 0c 6 - 0 * 06 ' - * 0c 6 - 0 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 99 4 0 & ^40&_ A @ & ^A &_ /% :1J:GCV RV0VCQ]IVJ Q` .V 5:`: 910V` G:1J ]`Q=VH 1Q`@ ]C:J 6 -0 * 460 AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 :I1 A= 1 V VCVHQJ `V]Q` R + / 4 4 @ 4 ^ _ 4 - 4 N ^_ R / - ^/A+ -_ : V` _%:C1 7 G:VC1JV :VIVJ `V]Q` 7 5:`: 910V` 2:1J5 PVJ7: R 6:J<:J1: / - 6 N @ + * 0 - =1. :JR 1J0V` VG`: V C1`V .1 Q`1V :JR 1I]Q` :J .V`1V Q` .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J5 6:J<:J1: - @ & + &' * - < N 9 / %R7 QJ 11CC1J$JV Q ]:`H1]: V 1J .V ]:7IVJ `Q` VJ01`QJIVJ :C V`01HV H.VIV 1J .V 5:`: 2:1J8 4 - 6 6 N * AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 1J : V` 9VQ%`HV 1QC1H1V5 1C:J5:JR 1`Q=VH 7 =1JR1J$ :JR `VHQIIVJR:QJ @ 4 * *& N * AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 1J : V` 9VQ%`HV 1QC1H1V5 1C:J5 :JR 1`Q=VH 7 L:V %R1V @ 4 * *& N c & VQ]::C I:]]1J$ :JR :J:C71 Q` 1: V` :0:1C:G1C1 7RRVI:JRR%V 11 .1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J8 4 - 6 6 N AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` 2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 /QH1QRVHQJQI1H :VIVJ R + N AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 /QH1QRVHQJQI1H HQI]QJVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A= %R78 H1 V`: %`V `V01V1 `Q` 225 1Q`@.Q] R + & ]]V` 5:`: 910V` %GRH: H.IVJ I:J:$VIVJ ]C:J 0 ' 9 &' ^_ @ 4 6 R 6 4 6 7 ' < 0 th 9 1 ' - 0 / & & @ 7 & / < 1.71H :JR L.VI1 `7 Q` .V A:` . R 9 1 ' - 0 / & - -V& 6 < $`1H%C %`:C : V` 5:J:$VIVJ 95 R 9 / 4 @ 5:H`QVHQJQI1H IQRVC Q` .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J + ^ +_ L &' ' 9 1 4 6 0 / < 460 100 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 9 1 1 R R / < 1.71H :JR L.VI1 `7 Q` .V A:` . R 9 1 1 9 1 A @ 0 N 6 * 0 4 7 46 / < 1.71H :JR L.VI1 `7 Q` .V A:` . R 9 1 1 & N 6 4 / < 1.71H :JR L.VI1 `7 Q` .V A:` . R 9 1 1 N 6 A @ 0 * 9 - * V Q` : .7R`QCQ$1H:C IQRVC `Q` VJ01`QJIVJ :C I:J:$VIVJ Q` .V :J$% V C:JR5 6:J<:J1: ^ _ & - A @ 9 1 1 9 6 7 46 / < & * ^_ R ^ _ 9 0 @ - N ' 1 ' 6 O7R`:%C1H %R7 Q` H:@V Q1]V5 7%IG: 7: 5%J$% 9VV`0Q1` :JR P1`%: /1:I]8 =1J:C `V]Q` 9 1 & 7 0 - R 0 =`V.1: V` 21QCQ$7 55^_ R 9 1 4 - AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ `Q` 910V`7 5:J%:C `Q` .V 2%1CR1J$ 2CQH@ 5V .QRQCQ$7 ' L & 9 9 2:VC1JV `V]Q` QJ .V 1J V$`: VR I:J:$VIVJ :JR `V Q`:QJ Q` =Q`V 5 9:J$VC:JR :JR 1CRC1`V `Q` /% :1J:GCV H:JR 5:J:$VIVJ 1J .V `:JGQ%JR:`7 5:`: 2:1J 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ ' 9 9 / + 1`VC1I1J:`7 1.:V7 1`Q=VH CV0VCQ]IVJ :JR / :@V.QCRV` J:C718 6.V O7R`QCQ$7 Q` 5:`: 910V` 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ & A @ & ^A &_ 21QR10V`1 7 `: V$7 :JR :HQJ ]C:J `Q` /% :1J:GCV 5:J:$VIVJ Q` .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ 9 9 A @ & ^A &_ V1J$ `VV`0V Q1 `Q` .V 5:`: 910V` A @ & 9 9 A @ 9 6 @ N 4 - & 6 / < $`1H%C %`:C : V` 5:J:$VIVJ 69 T A 9 9 << - O7R`QVCVH `1H 1Q1V` 5QRVCC1J$ / %R7 + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ 0 4 2:VC1JV %R1V QJ QH1QRVHQJQI1H :JR H%C %`:C :]VH QJ .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 6 < + ^ +_ - / N ^ _ A c Mara River & 9 1 1 A @ 0 N 6 N < 8J C8 Q8 910V` 2:1J 5:J:$VIVJ 6^_ R Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 101 & A @ 0 N 6 $`1H%C %`:C 1: V` I:J:$VIVJ 1J : 1: V` `VVR H: H.IVJ 7 HVQJ ``QI .V 98198 ]`Q=VH & - A @ 0 & 0 N 9 L < 7 0-&4R 4 4 & ^ L ^ _ _ 0 & 0 A R& & - 6 9 0-&4R4 4 & ^ L ^ _ _ A @ * :QJ:C : V` 1QC1H7 R Q%C7 < & AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 V$V :QJ %`0V7 Q` .V VHQ7 VI :CQJ$ .V :I1 910V` R + @ / / / 4 9 0 & 4 0 ' ; / & @ 4 R / < V C:JR AHQCQ$7 :JR 5:J:$VIVJ R 9 6.V G1QR10V`1 7 0:C%V Q` .V 5:`: 910V` ^5:%`%`:_ /1:I]5 5:`: `V$1QJ JQ` .V`J 6:J<:J1: 6 < + * - < 9 & @ 0 6.V 0V$V :QJ Q` .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J :JR 1 :QH1:QJ 11 . 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' 4 A @ - 0 ^'4A-0 _ * 4 ^ 4 _ ' 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 1QC1H75 HV$:C5 :JR 8J %QJ:C LQQ]V`:0V =`:IV1Q`@ ' 4 A @ - 0 ^'4A-0 _ 102 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 * 4 ^ 4 _ ' 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 8J0V IVJ / `: V$7 ' 4 A @ - 0 ^'4A-0 _ 4 ^ 4 _ +@ R+ 1 /%`0V7 Q` G1QR10V`1 7 0:C%V Q` AJ:]%17:]%1 /1:I]5 P1] %J$: =Q`V 5 ]]V` 5:`: 910V` 2:1J5 :@%`%L5QCQ C1 `1H 5 PVJ7: 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ 9 9 + 1 `Q I:`$1J :J:C71 Q` 0:`1Q% H`Q] H%C0: VR 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ ' 9 + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' O7R`QCQ$7 :JR /7 VI J:C71 QC%IV Q` 7 6.V .7R`QCQ$7 Q` .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' /HVJ:`1Q VCVHQJ `V]Q` 7 : V`R`VC: VR 1%V :JR `VJR 1J .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J :JR .V VCVHQJ Q` ]`VC1I1J:`7 HVJ:`1Q `Q` :J:C718 J]%GC1.VR 6VH.J1H:C 9V]Q` 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' A %:`7 .V:C . :VIVJ 8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' 910V` .V:C . :VIVJ 8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' /QH1QRVHQJQI1H G:VC1JV :VIVJ 7 6.V `QCV Q` `10V` 7 VI 1J .Q%V.QCR C10VC1.QQR8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' 2:1J RVC1JV:QJ `V]Q` 8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` + &' 4 0 + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' /HVJ:`1Q `V]Q` 7 6.V :J:C71 Q` 1: V`R:CCQH:QJ HVJ:`1Q `Q` .V 1:J$:J1 910V` 2:1J8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` 6 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' 6:@ `V]Q` 7 J :VIVJ Q` %JRV` :JR1J$ :JR @JQ1CVR$V $:]8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` + &' 4 0 < + ^ +_ L & ' ^ &'_ ' =1J:C ]`Q=VH `V]Q` 8 J]%GC1.VR VH.J1H:C `V]Q` + &' 4 0 9 N 6 & / < $`1H%C %`:C : V` 5:J:$VIVJ 95 R - & ^_ 6 * / < * - < Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 103 - 4 & 0 4 & 4 < @ 1:J$:J1 Q1 RVH11QJ %]]Q` 7 VI7 V` I:J%:C - 4 & 0 4 & 4 < - @ 0 A ^ _ 9VJ1J$ VJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 VI: V `Q` .V 5:`: 910V`7 `QH% QJ G1QCQ$1H:C HQII%J1V 6 6 @ LC1I: V H.:J$V IQRVCC1J$ `Q` .V 1:J$:J1 2:1J Q %]]Q` .V 895 ]C:JJ1J$ ]`QHV & - 0 / 0 AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 _%:H VHQCQ$7 HQI]QJVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A= %R7 R H1 V`: %`V `V01V1 `Q` 225 1Q`@.Q] R + 0 AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 _%:H VHQCQ$7 HQI]QJVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A= %R7 R / :` V` RQH%IVJ `Q` 225 1Q`@.Q] R + 0 AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 _%:H VHQCQ$7 HQI]QJVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A= %R78 H1 V`: %`V `V01V1 `Q` 225 1Q`@.Q] R + '4-&+R N47 4 AJ01`QJIVJ :C Q1 `Q` ]VQ]CV :JR VHQ7 VI 1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J ^5:`:=CQ1_ '4-&+R N4 6 ^ 6_ < 0 R 0 - / AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 6.V :I1 .7R`QCQ$78 QC%IV T VJV`:C RVH`1]QJ R + AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 :I1 910V` /%GR2:1J5 6:J<:J1:7 O7R`QCQ$7 HQI]QJVJ Q` .V :I1 910V` A= %R7 R H1 V`: %`V `V01V1 `Q` 225 1Q`@.Q] R + 0 VH.J1H:C :VIVJ Q` .V 5:% =Q`V Q` ]: :JR ]`VVJ 1J V`0VJQJ 11 .1J .V 5:% =Q`V R + ^ +_ 6.V :I1 910V` 8J1:C AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ R + ^ +_ * - < 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ AJ01`QJIVJ :C =CQ1 VIVJ ^A=_5 5:`: 910V` 2:1J7 1`QHVVR1J$ Q` .V J:C A= 1Q`@.Q] ^ 6 R < + F%1H@ 1J0VJ Q`7 Q` H.VI1H:C .: %VR 1J `:`I :JR I1J1J$ :H01V 11 .1J .V 5:`: 910V` 2:1J7 : V` _%:C1 7 VHQJ < 6 4 0 + ^40 +_ @ =Q`I:QJ Q` 5:`: 910V` 2:1J 6`:JGQ%JR:`7 : V` =Q`%I8 R 1 - N ' @ 9 6 < & + ^ 6R &+_ 0 4 6 / < 6 6 ' ^ 6_ R 6 @R 6 + - 104 Environmental flows in Tanzania 2010 The Pangani River Basin Management Project &' ^ & ' _ ' * + < ^-'_ '/+ 0 +10 &' ' / < 4 & 4R0& 6 / 4 6 '*