Final Environmental Impact Statement
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United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Final Eastern Region Environmental Impact Statement Land and Resource Management Plan Hoosier National Forest Caring for the Land and Serving People Hoosier National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement Eastern Region Milwaukee, Wisconsin 2006 Responsible Agency USDA Forest Service Responsible Official Randy Moore, Regional Forester 626 East Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53202 For further Information or mail comments to: Judi Perez, Forest Planner or Kenneth G. Day Forest Supervisor Hoosier National Forest 811 Constitution Avenue Bedford, IN 47421 812-275-5987 Hoosier National Forest Brown, Crawford, Dubois, Jackson, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Orange, and Perry Counties, Indiana This document is available in large print. Contact the Hoosier National Forest 812-275-5987 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familiar status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Table of Contents Hoosier National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Executive Summary of Final Environmental Impact Statement Brown, Crawford, Dubois, Jackson, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Orange, and Perry Counties, Indiana USDA Forest Service Kenneth G. Day, Forest Supervisor Hoosier National Forest 811 Constitution Avenue Bedford, IN 47421 This Final Environmental Impact Statement documents the analysis of the Proposed Forest Plan and alternatives to it. Years of discussion and public involvement resulted in the identification of three issues that guided the analysis and development of the Forest Plan. These issues were: • Watershed Health • Ecosystem Sustainability (especially maintenance of viable populations of species and management of vegetation) • Recreation Management (especially OHV use and trails of all types) At the time of the analysis, the Hoosier National Forest (the Forest) contained approximately 199,150 acres in southern Indiana. The analysis and the FEIS pursued and were organized by eight goals: • Conserve endangered and threatened species habitat • Maintain and restore sustainable ecosystems • Maintain and restore watershed health • Protect our cultural heritage • Provide for a visually pleasing landscape • Provide recreation use in harmony with natural communities • Provide a useable land base • Provide for human and community development The Forest developed Alternative 1 as a continuation of the 1991 major amendment to the previous Forest Plan. Representing no appreciable change in management from the previous Plan, Alternative 1 was considered the No Action alternative. The Forest created Alternative 2 as an approximation of what had been requested by local environmental organizations; it would allow virtually no vegetative management. Alternative 3 would increase vegetative management and provide for an ATV trail system. Alternative 4 would provide for multiple resources and uses but would emphasize early successional habitat and do more to revive fire-dependent forest species. The Forest developed Alternative 5 when modeling and analysis showed that with Alternative 1 viability of early successional species might not be maintained, so Alternative 5 was created, which includes, along with Alternatives 3 and 4, a 13,000-acre area where most even-aged management would be concentrated to benefit those species. Alternative 5 otherwise differs little from Alternative 1 and would implement the same acreage of vegetative management. The Forest Supervisor has identified Alternative 5 as the preferred alternative. For further information, contact Judi Perez at the Forest Supervisor’s address shown above. Telephone: (812) 275-5987. E-mail: [email protected]. The full EIS is available on the web at: http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/forestplaninfo.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1 PURPOSE AND NEED 1 Overview 1 Nature of the Decision 1 Planning Documents 3 Forest Planning Process 4 Forest Location 5 Identifying Public Issues and Concerns 5 Conclusion 10 CHAPTER 2 13 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 13 Overview 13 Developing Alternatives 13 Benchmarks 13 Development of Alternatives 14 Management Areas 15 Management Goal 1 15 Management Goal 2 15 Management Goal 3 16 Management Goal 4 18 Management Goal 5 18 Management Goal 6 19 Management Goal 7 20 Management Goal 8 20 Management Goal 9 22 Alternatives Eliminated from Detailed Study 23 Alternatives Considered in Detail 25 Elements Common to All Alternatives 26 Alternative 1– No Action (Current Forest Plan) 27 Alternative 2 28 Alternative 3 29 Alternative 4 31 Alternative 5 32 Acreages of Management Areas 34 Comparison of Alternatives 37 Watershed Health 37 Ecosystem Sustainability 37 Recreation 42 Selected Alternative 43 CHAPTER 3 44 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 44 Ecological Context 45 Geographical Location 47 Land Cover Change over Time 47 Conservation of Endangered and Threatened Species Habitat 53 Affected Environment 53 Fanshell Mussel 53 Gray Bat 54 Indiana Bat 56 Rough Pigtoe Mussel 58 Bald Eagle 59 Alternatives and Effects of Management on Endangered and Threatened Species 60 Maintain and Restore Sustainable Ecosystems 71 Air Quality 71 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Air Quality 72 Animal Communities 73 Historical Context 74 Early Successional Habitat 77 Mid-Successional Habitats 78 Late Successional Habitats 79 Importance of Oak-Hickory Forests to Animal Species 81 Conversion of Nonnative Pine Stands to Native Hardwood Stands 82 Importance of Barrens Habitat 83 Management Indicator Species 84 Species Viability Evaluation and Regional Forester Sensitive Species 85 Habitat Fragmentation 89 Exotic Invasive Animal Species 91 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Animal Communities 92 Plant Communities 165 Fire History 165 Plant Community Types 166 Early Successional Habitats 169 Forest Openings 170 Mid Successional Habitats 170 Late Successional Habitats 171 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Plant Communities 171 Cave and Karst Features 180 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Cave and Karst Features 183 Fire and Fuels 184 Alternatives and the Effects of Management 185 Insects and Disease 186 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Insects and Disease 187 Nonnative Invasive Plant Species 191 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Nonnative Invasive Plant Species 194 Table of Contents Research Natural Areas and Special Areas 199 Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest Research Natural Area 199 Special Areas 200 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Research Natural Areas and Special Areas 200 Maintain and Restore Watershed Health 202 Historical Context 202 Watersheds 202 Soil 204 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Soils 206 Water Quality 211 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Water Quality 214 Aquatic Habitat 220 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Aquatic Habitat 223 Aquatic Nonnative Invasive Species 228 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Nonnative Invasive Aquatic Species 229 Municipal Watersheds 230 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Municipal Watersheds 230 Protect our Cultural Heritage 232 Historical Perspective 232 Prehistoric Cultures 234 Historic Cultures 234 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Our Cultural Heritage 236 Provide for a Visually Pleasing Landscape 238 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Visual Landscapes 238 Provide for Recreational Use in Harmony with Natural Communities 246 Developed Recreation 248 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Developed Recreation 250 Dispersed Recreation 252 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Dispersed Recreation 253 Trails 255 Current Policies 256 Trailheads 257 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Trails 262 Provide a Useable Landbase 266 Land Ownership and Adjustment 266 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Land Ownership and Adjustment 267 Transportation Network 268 Road Development and Operation 270 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Road Development and Operation 271 Provide for Human and Community Development 274 Social and Economic Impacts 274 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Human and Community Development 286 Special Uses and Utility Corridors 295 Table of Contents TOC-iii Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Special Uses 297 Minerals 298 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Minerals 300 Public Health 304 Hazardous Materials 304 Noise 305 Law Enforcement 305 Alternatives and the Effects of Management on Hazardous Materials, Noise, and Law Enforcement 306 Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources and Unavoidable Adverse Effects 307 Irreversible Commitments 307 Irretrievable