IN CELEBRATION: WOMEN AT 1973-1983

Jean Kondo Weigl, " Excuse Me" ( 1982, acrylic on paper, 22"x30") IN CELEBRATION:

WOMEN AT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY

1973-1983

Edited by

Judith Andre

University Women's Caucus

Cover: Jean Weigl CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

OVERVIEW: WOMEN HAVE JOINED TOGETHER AND OUR EFFORTS HAVE BORNE FRUIT. Women at Old Dominion University. (figure) .... 2 A History of the University Women's Caucus. FJtan. Ha6.6 e.n c.ahi . . . . 3 Women in HACE. Jud.Uh And!te. 5 Interviews with the Deans. Be.t¢q Fahlman 6

CURRICULUM: COURSES NOW ACKNOWLEDGE THAT WOMEN EXIST AND THAT GENDER MATTERS. Women's Studies 1973-1983. Manc.!f Topp.-i.ng Baz.-i.n ...... 8

FACULTY : THERE IS ENCOURAGING NEWS ABOUT THE NillfBER OF FEMALE FACULTY AND ADHINISTRATORS, THEIR SALARIES, AND CHANCES FOR TENURE. Affirmative Action Progress Report. Ruth C. Jon~ 10 Some Numbers: Faculty Then and Now ...... 11 Promotion Comparisons, 1975 through 1982 (figure) 12 Tenure Comparisons, 1975 through 1981 (figure) 13 Salary Comparisons, 1976-77 and 1982-3 (figure) 14

STUDENTS : WOMEN ARE STUDYING A VARIETY OF TOPICS. More Numbers: Student Enrollment and Degrees 15 Degrees Awarded 1973, 1977, 1982 (figure) . . 15 Programs in which Degrees were Awarded 1973. 1977, 1982 (figure) 16 Enrollment Patterns (figure) 17

UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENT: WOHEN STRENGTHEN AJ'-JD ARE STRENGTHENED BY THE UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY. Women's Athletics . M.-lk/U.. Ftowe.M . . . 18 Women in Student Organizations. Ve.bb.-i.e. E. He..-i.da 20 The Women's . Juf.{.e. Vodd 23 Sometimes the Stimulus is Adversity. MMy Ann Te.:tJte.auit 24 INTRODUCTION

The Women of Old Dominion University, and our friends, are cele­ brating. For ten years we have worked together , changing this university: making it into a place where women students can grow, w~ere scholarship by and about women is valued , where the labor of women is properly rewarded. In countless ways we have succeeded: this booklet is an attempt to count some of the ways. The struggle isn't over, of course, and some of the fol­ lowing pages indicate where our efforts might next be directed. For now, however, let us be glad for what we have done.

Many people helped with the preparation of this booklet, and not all are named in the following pages. The Board of the University Women's Caucus initiated the project; president Ellen Morris, with gracious and steadfast energy, saw it to completion. Barbara Woods' helo, too, was indis­ pensable. I am also grateful for the cheerful diligence of typists Michele Boulden, June Jenkins, Peggie Froehlich, and Marilyn Battenfield.

Judith An~e

1 WOHEN AT OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY

1. Full Time Employees * Women in this Category as % of all Women Women Men Total Employees

Administrative Faculty 57 (39%) 88 (61%) 145 7%

Full-time Instructional Faculty 133 (23%) 446 (77%) 579 17%

Classified 502 (65%) 265 (35%) 767 64%

Hourly (Full-time) 94 (74%) 33 (26%) 127 12%

TOTAL 786 832 1618 100%

2. Students **

Women Men Total

8019 (51%) 7756 ( 49%) 15775

* As of February 1983. Source: Personnel Office

** 1982-83. Source: Enrollment Profile R-14 Fall 1982

2 A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY WOHEN'S CAUCUS

Fran Hassencahl, Assistant Professor/Forensics Director Department of Speech Communication and Theater Arts

The Faculty Women's Caucus was formed in 1974 in res~onse to concerns about salary inequities of women at Old Dominion University. It has since become the University Women's Caucus, an organization whose core is women faculty and administrators and whose concerns include the welfare of women throughout the university.

Finding in that first year that institutional data concerning salary inequities were not available, the Caucus gathered its own information. Its first report, "The Status of Women on the Faculty at Old Dominion University, " prepared by Joyce Webb and Phyllis Nagel, was presented to President Bugg in 1974. The report found serious inequities in salaries and rank, particularly at the instructor level where experience and educational levels between men and women were judged to be nearly equal. Carolyn Rhodes, President of the Faculty Women's Caucus , spoke on behalf of faculty women at the Title IX Hearings in the summer of 1976. In 1977 data were collected regarding tenure rates of men and women which showed that few inequities seemed to exist be­ tween men and women receiving tenure but that far fewer women were considered for tenure. Problems in the hiring and recruitment area seemed to contribute to this small pool of women available for tenure consideration . A motion was then ·made by the University Senate that action be taken to increase the number of women in tenure track positions. The Caucus continues to monitor salary, promotion and tenure data and to aid in Affirmative Action efforts to recruit women and to bring equal treatment in salary, rank, tenure, promotion, research leave , and responsibilities.

In addition to collection and monitoring of these data the Caucus from time to time counsels individual faculty members and confers with the adminis­ tration regarding individual cases. In the spring of 1980 advice regarding tenure and promotion was institutionalized into nsurvi val in Academe,'' an annual panel discussion, with the viewpoints of deans, chairpersons and recently tenured faculty being presented.

Personal enrichment has been a concern and towards that end, the Caucus has sponsored presentations on a wide variety of topics ranging from women writers, women in dental hygiene, and violence towards women in advertising to the Equal Rights Amendment and stress management . Networking, the to!JiC of a presentation, has also been put into action through words of encouragement , recommendations for committee appointments, and discussions of policy decisions.

3 The Caucus has lobbied and spoken out regarding policies and decisions affecting women on campus. For several years the Caucus published a news­ letter, "ODU Woman's View." The Caucus and Affirmative Action Office reach out to new faculty and administration women at the fall ~'tean and continue to encourage these women to become active Caucus members .

The third area of concern has been for women students. When questions arose regarding inequities of funding and support for women's athletics, the Caucus, under the leadership of President Pay Hyer, drafted a questionnaire and began a survey of facilities, staff and funding for women athletes. This led to administrative action to correct inequities. Members of the Caucus worked long and hard for the establishment of an Affirmative Action Office, a Women's Studies Program and the Women's Center.

Presidents include:

1974-75 Dorothy Johnson History

1975-76 Tania Modleski, English

1976-77 Carolyn Rhodes, English

1977-78 Pat Hyer , Continuing Studies

1978-79 Julie White, Women's Center

1980-81 Fran Hassencahl, Speech Communication and Theater Arts

1981-82 Freda Stohrer, English

1982-83 Ellen Morris , Community Outreach (Education)

4 WOMEN IN HACE

Judith Andre, Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy

Three fourths of the women employed by Old Dominion University are "hourly" (part-time or temporary) or "classified" personnel. (11 Classified" personnel include clerical workers, maintenance staff, lab technicians, and all other non instructional staff. ODU president Alfred Rollins is a clas­ sified staff worker.) Their voice is HACE, an organization which, like the Faculty Senate, is an University recognized channel for the expression of employee concerns. Sixty seven percent of hourly and classified workers are women, and over 80% of active HACE members are women. The organization was founded in 1976; first president Mary ~1erri tt (now Academic Affairs Adminis­ trative Assistant) recalls what the organizers were out to change: a climate in which employees were rarely, if ever, consulted about University policies.

Thecllmate is dramatically different today. Gloria Hartmann, Facilities Coordinator at the Registration Center and president of HACE in 1983, leads an organization which is a permanent and officially recognized voice throughout the University. A liaison group of HACE members meets monthly with the Executive Vice President; there are HACE representatives on University committees ranging from Parking Appeals through the Search Committee for the Academic Vice Presi­ dent. Some committees owe their very existence to HACE: both the Purchasing Adv.isory Committee and the Personnel Advisory Committee came about at its urging. The position of Employee Relations Director (for which Hazel Fitts was hired in February 1983) was created at HACE's urging; an assistant will join her soon. This office provides a neutral and confidential arena in which employees can discuss possible grievances or other problems.

HACE is happy about other changes at ODU. Staff members can now, for instance, receive free tuition for job-related courses. This is a welcome and widely used opportunity.

HACE has frequently mobilized its members when legislation affecting ODU is discussed in Richmond. (Gloria Hartmann remarked that the faculty has been considerably less visible in this way.) Similarly, HACE members are influential with VGEA (Virginia Governmental Employees Association), the official lobbying body for Commonwealth employees.

A vigorous organization, HACE has plans for the future. For one thing, there is still too little job advancement available. Many classified employees will work at ODU until they retire, and yet reach the highest position available to them relatively early. In addition, part-time and temporary employees received no benefits, although such work may be the only available or, for mothers of young children , the only possible (particularly given the nonexistence of child care.) Finally, in order to accomplish these things, HACE hopes to increase its active membership. It hopes, too, that the faculty will join with it in matters of joint concern.

5 INTERVIEWS WITH THE DE~NS

Betsy Fahlman, Assistant Professor Art Department

The various academic schools have played a critical role in dealing with the increasing numbers of women at ODU, and each school is pleased with its contribution to this effort. Each Dean was asked to comment on what he (there are no women deans currently) considered to be the most significant achievement in his school concerning women.

Heinz Meier, Dean of the School of Arts and Letters, pointed to the establishment of Women's Studies as the most important contribution of that school. He felt that Arts and Letters has been quite successful in its efforts to hire women, as well as being the first School at ODU to appoint a woman as Assistant Dean (Marla Ziegler, 1980-1982). Meier further noted that women have occupied leadership positions in the school for many years; others have been invited to campus as Visiting Scholars and Artist; an equitable number of graduate assistantships has been offered to women. In the future, he hopes to see additional women hired who can subse­ quently be tenured, promoted, appointed chairs, and finally receive full professorships.

Ernest Uhr, Interim Dean of the School of Business Administration, remarked that the influx of women into business schools during the past fif­ teen years has given the field more balance. He was pleased to note that there was a tenured woman in every department of the Business School, as well as one woman chair (Linda Pickthorne Fletcher, Finance, Real Estate and Insur­ ance Department). Uhr felt that upward mobility for women in the field had increased and would continue to do so, and that the academic world presented especially promising opportunities for women. He also believed that the field of business was more flexible in accommodating two career families than many disciplines.

Ulysses Van Spiva, Dean of the Darden School of Education, was proud of the fact that his school has been the first at ODU to name a woman as a depart­ mental chair. Today women chair two of the Schools' six deoartments (Judith Schapiro of Child Study Special Education, and Betty Yarborough of Educational Curriculum and Instruction); Spiva was pleased with the success women had expe­ rienced in his School in gaining tenure over the last few years, and noted that past salary inequities had been adjusted .

John A. Weese, Dean of the School of Engineering, was pleased to note that over the past ten years women have entered the field in increasing numbers. At ODU about fifteen percent of the undergraduate enrollment in engineering are women, a proportion that compares favorably with that of other institutions.

6 The school's first woman faculty member, Afroz Zaman, joined the Deoartment of Electricial Engineering in January of 1983. The school hones to attract more women faculty members in the near future.

Thomas Wallace, Dean of the School of Sciences and Health Professions, was especially pleased that the Dental liygiene Department not only has a woman chair (Michele Darby) but also a woman Associate Dean (Lindsay Rettie), one of only two in the University. Nursing and Dental Hygiene have tradi­ tionally been dominated by women, and both Psychology and Biology have sig­ nificant numbers of women faculty: it has been more difficult to attract women in the School's other departments. Dean Wallace was pleased to see increasing numbers of women returning to school.

While the School of General and Continuing Studies is not a separate academic school responsible for hiring women faculty . Dr. Robert DeBard, the Interim Dean, feels that the school has played an irnoortant role in imoroving the status of women at ODU. This School was responsible for initiating the Women's Center. DeBard was pleased to note the employment of women adminis­ trative faculty over the last ten years, and the large portion of the staff at all levels which is female.

Overall the Deans have made substantial efforts to attract and retain women students and women faculty. Collectively they share a desire to see this progress continue. While there is at the moment no female dean, many other areas have witnessed substantial progress.

7 WOMEN'S STUDIES 1973-83

Nancy Topping Bazin, Associate Professor Women's Studies

In 1977-78, Carolyn Rhodes established Women's Studies as an inter­ disciplinary field for teaching, research and service at Old Dominion University. She accomplished this with the help of a $42,836 pilot grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. During that initial year, Women's Studies organized two faculty development workshops, offered six Women's Studies courses, collected library and audio-visual resources, and hired a new Director.

Nancy Topping Bazin became Director of Women's Studies on August 1. 1978. By November, the School of Arts and Letters had approved a 15-credit Women's Studies Certificate and WMST prefix for interdisciplinary courses. Although a few interdisciplinary WMST courses are offered each year, most courses for the women's studies program are based in departments. All courses are approved by the Women's Studies Advisory Council as well as by the usual procedures. The number of courses listed on the Women's Studies brochure has expanded from six to approximately thirty-seven per year. By December 1982, twenty-two certificates had been awarded. Two students had graduated with concentrations in women's studies from the Interdisciplinary Studies Depart­ ment, and in May 1983 at least two students will receive an M.A. degree from the Institute of Humanities with an emphasis in women's studies. The number of students enrolled in courses approved for the Women's Studies Certificate grew from 158 in 1977-78 to 555 in 1981-82. Fifty-nine of the 555 students registered in 1981-82 were male. Three men have earned a Women's Studies Certificate.

Women's Studies has encouraged faculty to give public lectures, present papers at conferences, and publish articles within this new interdisciplinary field. The Feminist Education Trust Fund was established to heln pa~.r students' expenses to attend women's studies conferences, to supnort faculty development and special conferences, to finance special research projects, and eventually to set up a chair in women's studies.

Course and curriculum development and faculty development have been the primary aims of the Director of Women's Studies. A special effort is being made to include materials about third world women in women 1 s studies courses, and Women's Studies organizes a faculty development conference each spring and fall. Nationally known women's studies scholars like Florence Howe and Catharine Stimpson conduct these conferences and present public lectures for the university community. Until 1983, the faculty development conferences had been interdisciplinary in nature. In the suring of 1983, Women's Studies helped Dr. Dorothy Johnson organize a History Institute to which history faculty throughout Virginia were invited.

8 Focused upon one discipline this institute aims to show faculty who do not teach women's studies courses how to make women more visible in traditional survey and period courses. More departmental conferences are planned for the future.

Women's Studies s-ponsors the Women ' s Studies Series, offering anproximately fifteen programs annually. Guest lecturers and oerformers have included May Stevens, Azizah al-Hibri, Jean Kilbourne , Maya Angelou, Kristin Lems, Hary Daly, and Wilma Scott Heide. Women's Studies has also soonsored snecial conferences on topics such as Women's Spiritual Quest and Men's Roles.

Budget restrictions have curtailed the number of outstanding scholars and artists Women's Studies can invite to ODU and the number of credit courses that can be offered. Cuts in the total number of ODU faculty increase the obligations of those remaining to restrict most of their teaching to courses that fulfill departmental or school requirements. Women's Studies will continue to do what it can, however .. with increasingly limited resources. Ways of rewarding faculty for their commitment to interdisciplinary programs such as women's studies will have to be found. Continued support by the Dean of the School of Arts and Letters, the Vice-President for Academic Affairs, and the President of the university will be essential.

9 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRESS REPORT

Ruth C. Jones, Affirmative Action Coordinator

The Affirmative Action efforts at Old Dominion University took shane with the hiring of Margaret Curry- Williams as Affirmative Action Director in 1977. Ms. Curry-Williams was succeeded by Ruth C Jones in 1981. The staff of the AA/EEO Office has been expanded to include an EEO Coordinator and Research Assistant .

Since 1973 the number of women faculty has increased to 140 or 24 percent of the total full-time faculty. As of Fall 1982, there still were no females in the department of mathematics , geophysical science, oceanography and physics.

Women have chaired eight academic departments including art, nursing, mar­ keting, finance, dental hygiene, child study, special education, curriculum and instruction, and business/office education.

Although there has been an increase in the number of female tenured faculty they only represent six percent of the total faculty compared to 47 percent for males. The School of Arts and Letters has 15 tenured females followed by the School of Education with 13, and the School of Sciences and Health Professions with 12. There are 2 in the School of Business.

Women have held administrative positions as Dean of the School of Business, Alumni Director, Director of Information Services and Career Planning and Place­ ment Director. Currently Carol Simkins is Director of the Student Health Center and Cynthia B. Duncan is Dean of Library Services.

Progress has been made in the area of Affirmative Action ; however, there is still room for improvement.

10 SOME NUMBERS: FACULTY THE~ AND NOW

The 1974 study commissioned by the Faculty Women's Caucus concluded that "men have been favored over women at ODU in both promotion and tenure" and that women's salaries averaged about $1000 less per academic year than men's. These inequities , it showed, existed for all women, regardless of rank, degree, or school.

Today things are better. The information on the next few ~ages does not comprise a statistical study; it is simply a collection of relatively accessible data about salary, promotion, and tenure. The availability of the data is in itself a striking contrast to 1974, when the university refused to release most such information, which then had to be gathered by questionnaire and interview. The figures which we present unanalyzed here suggest other striking improvements: women are ~aid almost as much as men, and occasionally more ; women are almost as likely as men to receive tenure. The figures also suggest, of course, some areas where problems may still exist: salaries within the lower ranks of some schools, and nromotion at the higher ranks.

11 PROMOTION

FROM 1975 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 Total

INSTRUCTOR Males Reconunended 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 7 Approved 3 3 1 7 (100%) Females Reconunended 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 3 10 Approved 1 1 5 3 11) (100%)

ASST. PROFESSOR Hales Reconunended 11 12 16 18 23 20 12 13 125 Approved 0 10 14 17 20 19 9 13 102 (82%) Females Recommended 2 1 6 5 2 5 3 4 28 Approved 1 1 2 5 2 5 3 3 22 (79%)

ASSOC. PROFESSOR Males Recommended 9 11 19 14 18 16 4 9 100 Approved 2 8 7 5 12 6 3 3 46 (46%) Females Reconunended 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 Approved 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 (29%)

Source of data: AA/EEO Office

12 TENURE

Fall, 1975

Recommended Anproved Deferred Denied

Male 21 20 0 1 Female 1 1 () 0

Fall, 1976

Male 23 14 3 6 Female 2 2 0 0

Fall , 1977

Male 22 16 0 6 Female 6 6 0 0

Fall, 1978

Male 23 19 2 2 Female 5 4 0 1

Fall, 1979

Male 24 20 0 4 Female 8 2 0 6

Fall, 1980

Male 20 14 0 6 Female 6 5 0 1

Fall, 1981

Male * 26 21 1 3 Female 5 5 0 0

Fall, 1982

Male 24 22 0 2 Female 12 12 0 0 TOTAL

Male 183 146 (79%) 6 30 Female 45 37 (82%) 0 8

*No record of one male applying for tenure.

Source: AA/EEO Office 13 SALARIES

1976-77 1982-83

Faculty Female Faculty Female as a as % of as a as % of whole ---Female w~ole whole Female whole ARTS & LETTERS Professor * Assoc. Professor 17,550 17,017 97 25.800 25, 391 98 Asst. Professor 14,400 14,265 99 20,650 20,519 99 Instructor 11 .050 10,938 99 15,450 15,211 98

BUSINESS Professor 36,900 43,700 118 Assoc. Professor Asst. Professor 16,800 15,850 94 27,100 26,700 99 Instructor 17,650 14,967 85

EDUCATION Professor Assoc. Professor 17,350 16,850 97 24,700 23,745 96 Asst. Professor 15,050 14,691 98 21,000 20,761) 99 Instructor 11,600 11,390 98 16,550 16,140 98

SCIENCE & HEALTH Professor 37,100 38,267 103 Assoc. Professor 18. 650 17,433 93 26,250 23,899 91 Asst. Professor 15 ,000 14,096 94 21,350 20,6?.4 97 Instructor 11,550 10 . 153 88 Hi, ?.00 13,672 84

"Femalen: Average base salaries of full-time 10-month women faculty, Source: Judy Bowman, Assistant to the Vice President for Academic Affairs.

"Faculty as a Whole": Teaching faculty salary average, computed as 10 month salaries: rounded to the nearest $50. Source : Status Committee of Faculty Senate. Courtesy of John Ramsey.

* Comparisons are made only in categories containing 3 or more women.

14 MORE NUMBERS: ENROLL~ffiNT AND DEGREES

The "average student" at ODU is now a woman ~ ten years ago it was a man. She is far less likely to be preparing to teach than her sister of ten years, but only marginally more likely to be in engineering: she has turned instead to the health professions and to business. Those two fields , like education, each award about 20% of the bachelor's degrees earned by women here.

At the Masters level . too, women outnumber men , and here 66% of the women's degrees are earned in education.

The following graphs were prepared in large part by Hargaret L. Moore, Coordinator for Planning Information and Reporting, and Nelson Mak, Research Assistant.

DEGREES CONFERRED FOR TOTAL UNIVERSITY BY S5X IN THE YEARS OF 1973, 1977 ' & 1982

1973 1977 1982

Female Male Female Male Female Male

Bachelor's 563 664 687 777 917 884

Master's 68 158 280 239 321 213

Doctorate 0 0 0 4 1 5

All Degrees 631 822 967 1020 1239 110 2

Percentage Analysis 43% 57% 49% 51% 53% 47%

15 DEGREES RECEIVED BY WOMEN IN THE YEARS OF 1973, 1977, & 1982

1973 1977 1982 B M - - B M -B -r.-1 Biological Sciences 11 ( 8~o) 3 (4%) 47 (7%) 13 (5%) 44 (5%) 8 (1%)

Business Management 23 (4%) 3 (4%) 54 (89o) 5 (2%) 202 (22%) 14 (4%) Computer & Info. Sciences 0 0 6 0 14 (2%) 2

Education 284 (49%) 48 (7196) 220 (32%) 209 (75%) 170 (19%) 212 ( 66 9o)

Engineering 0 2 (3%) 0 0 16 (2 96) 1 (2%) Fine &Applied Arts 17 (3%) 0 30 (4%) 0 85 (4) 0 Foreign Language 16 (3%) 0 16 (2%) 0 11 (1%) 0 Health Professions 49 (8%) 0 113 (16%) 2 179 (20%) 33 (10%)

Letters 45 (8%) 10 (15%) 40 (6%) 15 (1%) 49 (5%) 13 (4%) Library Sciences 0 0 5 (1%) 0 4 0

Mathematics 8 (1%) 0 9 (1%) 11 (4%) 7 ( 19 o) 2 Physical Sciences 5 (1%) 0 5 (1%) 11 ( 4%) 15 (2%) 4 (1%)

Psychology 24 (4%) 0 51 (7%) 5 (2%) 53 ( 69.;) 4 (1%) Public Affairs & Services 0 0 0 1 0 8 (2%) Social Sciences 81 (14%) 2 (3%) 76 (11%) 8 (3%) 97 (11%) 9 (3%) Interdisciplinary Studies 0 0 15 (2%) 0 21 (2%) 11 (3%)

16 ENROLLMENT PATTERNS

1977-78

TOTAL MEN WOMEN MEN IN WOMEN IN EACH EACH SCHOOL AS % SCHOOL AS % OF TOTAL OF TOTAL HALE EN­ FEMALE EN­ ROLLMENT ROLLMENT

Arts & Letters 1457 750 (51%) 707 (49%) 8% 9% Business 1712 1170 (69%) 542 (32%) 13% 7% Education 2250 717 (32%) 1533 (68%) 8% 20% Engineering 1115 968 (87%) 14 7 (13%) 10% 2% Sciences 2029 1001 (49%) 1028 (51%) 11% 13% General Studies 6058 3686 (61%) 2372 (39%) 39% 31% Grad. Studies

TOTALS: 17100 9343 (55%) 7757 (45%) 100% 100%

1982-83

Arts & Letters 1060 450 (42%) 610 (58%) 6% 8% Business 2213 1239 (56%) 974 (44%) 16% 12% Education 1328 311 (23%) 1017 (77%) 4% 13% Engineering 1857 1676 (90%) 181 (10%) 22% 2% Sciences 2089 891 (43%) 1198 (57%) 11% 15% General Studies 5091 2351 (46%) 2740 (54%) 30% 34% Grad. Studies

TOTALS: 15775 7756 (49%) 8019 (51%) 100% 100%

Source: Enrollment Profile R-14 Fall

17 WOMEN'S ATHLETICS

Mikki Flowers, Assistant Athletic Director

Women's athletics over the last ten years has grown from a sprout sown by many individuals' efforts into thriving life recognized nationally. In 1972, the university sponsored four intercollegiate athletic teams for women: basketball, field hockey, swimming, and tennis. 1982 sees the university with nine such teams: basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, sailing, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field.

The total women's sports operating for the four sports, not including salaries, in 1972 was $4909. In 1982, the total budget for the nine sports, not including salaries and scholarships, is $114,009.

"I have seen women's athletics at Old Dominion mature considerably. I attribute this partially to the university's attempt to equalize the men's and women's team budgets", reports Jim Jarrett, who has been instrumental in seeking that funding and who administers the athletic department with a uhi­ losophy of equality.

In 1970, when Jarrett became athletic director the total women's basket­ ball budget not including salaries (there were no scholarships available), was $1,341. The budget, not including scholarships and salaries, has grown to $72,632. The women's field hockey budget has grown from the 1970 figure of $1,300, not including salaries (scholarships were not available), to a total of $9,009, not including salaries and scholarships.

Besides the budgetary increase it is interesting to compare the totals of men's sport budgets to women's sport budgets. In 1972, the women's swimming budget of $1,563 compared unfavorably to the men's swimming budget of $6,132. That disparity existed until 1976 when the tide started to come in for the women's program. In 1982, the women's swimming budget is $8,739, the men's budget $8,564.

The same disparity existed in the women's tennis program. In 1972, the women's tennis budget was $606 while the men's tennis budget was $2,828. The 1982 tennis budgets read: women's, $7,153; men's $7,396.

Old Dominion University was the first university in Virginia to offet women's athletics scholarships. This occurred in 1974, when $2,280 was appropriated for this causP. Today, $170,761 is the total budget. , women's basketball coach says, "I believe the addition of athletic scholarships in the mid-70's totally changed the complexion of women's athletics to the point now where women athletes are being recruited as heavily as men.

18 There is no doubt that the addition of scholarships at ODU allowed us to obtain such athletes as , Inge Nissen, and , all of whom changes the face of women's basketball at ODU, as well as around the country."

Debbie Harmison, Sports Information Director, also applauds the progress of the department. !'I believe much of the success that Old Dominion has enjoyed in women's athletics over the past five years is due to the outstanding personnel in the support areas. Often times people only point to coaches and athletes in making a successful team, yet the areas of sports information, athletic promotions, and administration play an important part."

Improvement in facilities and equipment have been very instrumental in attracting quality athletes and helping meet their training needs. The records of the women's athletics teams over the past 10 years account for their national prominence.

TENNIS - 1980 - winningest team ever . . . . record 15-4.

SWIMMING - 1981 - first ODU Division I - All American - Nancy Horvatic. 1st ODU athlete man or woman to score noints at an :JCAA championship.

CROSS COUNTRY - 1982 - saw our team's 3rd year of Division I competition.

TRACK ~~D FIELD - sent 5 women in the past 2 years to the National Championships. Women's mile relay won the Milrose Games at Madison Square Garden in 1981. The most prestigious track and field event .... Robin Taylor was #2 long ju~er in the country.

SAILING - won national championship in 1982.

FIELD HOCKEY - in past three years, placed fifth, third, and in 1982 won the NCAA National Championship.

BASKETBALL - placed in the top 5 teams in the last six years. Two National Championships - 1979 and 1980. 1981 won 3rd place in the nation.

LACROSSE - has grown from club status to an NCAA Division I sport in 4 years.

19 WOMEN IN STUDENT ORGA!'HZATIONS

Debbie E. Heida, Acting Director of Student Activities

Records which indicate how women have been involved in student organi­ zations at ODU are almost non-existent. The following statistics are taken from the few sources we have and are by no means a complete picture of the contribution women have made on this campus.

These records indicated leadership in the five major organizations on campus: Student Senate, The Mace! Crown, The Activities Programming Board, the Honor Council and WODU radio station. The figures are not encouraging. The Student Senate has had only 2 women presidents since 1961; The Mace & Crown has had only 3 female editors in the same time period.* The Activities Programming Board has had 1 female chair since its inception in 1976, the Honor Council has had 3 female Chief Justices since 1968 and WODU has not had a woman as general manager since it joined the airwaves in 1979.

The statistics we do have are outlined here: **

1979-80: TOTAL MEN WOMEN

Outstanding Member of Organizations (recognized annually) 114 56 58 (51%)

Who's Who Among American Colleges &Universities 38 19 19 (SO%)

Presidents of Organizations 139 84 55 (40%)

TOTALS: 291 159 132 (45%)

* Ed. Note: In 1983-84, the news is more encouraging. Both candidates for Student Senate president were women; Kariu Gifuni won. The managing editor of The Mace & Crown will also be a woman, Marielleu Eichinger. ------

**Tammie Peeler did the background work in finding these figures.

20 1980-81: TOTAL MEN WOMEN

Outstanding Members 88 36 52 (59%)

Presidents No Records --- -

Who's Who 42 19 23 (55%)

TOTALS: 130 55 75 (58%)

1981-82:

Outstanding Members 46 18 28 (61%)

Presidents 177 lOS 72 ( 4196)

Who's Who 39 15 24 (62%)

TOTALS: 262 138 124 ( 4 7%)

1982-83:

Outstanding Members To be determined in April

Presidents 159 87 61 (38%)

Who's Who 46 18 29 (63%)

TOTALS: 205 105 90 (44%)

In addition each year, "Ten Top Greeks11 are named , 5 women and 5 men.

Some general trends observed over the last 18 months of working with student organizations, and some conclusions from the above statistics:

1) Women involved in leadership positions in organizations are less likely to have academic difficulty than men. The grade point averages for the sororities are significantly higher than for the fraternities (2.59 as opposed to 2.43).

2) Our women students are more likely voluntarily to take advantage of leadership development activities - e.g. workshops, training sessions, etc.

21 3) The figures for our scholastic honor societies are as follows:

TOTAL HALE FEMALE

Beta Alpha Psi (Accounting) 74 32 42 (57%) Alpha Chi (General Scholastic) 200 100 100 (SO%) Alpha Kappa Psi (Business) 17 5 12 (71%) Beta Beta Beta (Biology) 30 15 15 (SO%) Chi Epsilon (Civil Eng.) 7 5 2 (29%) Delta Psi Kappa (Phys. Ed.) 20 6 14 (70%) Eta Kappa Nu (Elec. Eng.) 5 2 3 (60%) Kappa Delta Pi (Educ.) 143 25 118 (83%) Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership) 17 8 9 (53%) Phi Alpha Theta (History) 16 10 6 (38%) Phi Beta Lambda (Business) 6 3 3 (SO%) Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship) 169 71 98 (58%) Pi Kappa Delta (Forensics) 13 7 6 (4o%) Psi Chi (Psychology) 8 8 (0%) Tau Alpha Pi (Eng. Techn.) 8 8 (0%) Tau Beta Pi (Engin.) 29 20 9 (31%)

TOTALS: 754 317 437 (58%)

4) We do not have records of all officers of organizations, which puts our women students at a distinct disadvantage. Although they are in many cases not the president or chief spokesperson for an organization, they are more likely to be the worHng core of the organizations on campus. The records show that while the numbers of female nresidents (i.e. designated leader) is less than SO%, the numbers of women being recognized for their contribution to ODU (honoraries, Who's Who, Out­ standing Members) is much higher than SO%.

5) We are beginning to keep records of the types of people who are in student organizations and in leadershin nositions. The information is somewhat complete for the last year. We had non-traditional women (those persons not in the 18-22 year of age range, most working and with families) in the following ratios: 7 out of the 28 Outstand­ ing Members were women, 11 out of the 72 women nresidents and 1 of the 24 female Who's Who rec1p1ents. Out non-traditional students are not as uninvolved as we perhaps expect them to be.

We are starting to keep better records -- and believe that these records will show the strength that women contribute to the ODU community.

22 THE WOMEN Is CENTER

Julie Dodd, Director of The Women!s Center

Since its creation, the Women's Center has grown into a lively, multi­ facted center offering programs and services to both the University and the greater Tidewater community. Although our services, as well as the individuals and groups we serve. are diverse, an important integrating theme underlies all we do.

A meaningful life demands the development of human capacities - intellectual, emotional, social, and occupational. Because rigid sex roles have for too long restricted individual growth in each of these areas, we are committed to providing services and programs which stretch individuals beyond gender-based stereotypes; which encourage full huma~ growth.

To that end, the Women's Center provides academic/career counseling to more than two hundred and fifty women and men each year. Approximately thirty continuing education courses and seminars are offered annually, some free, none costing more than $50. For the last five years, the Women's Center has sponsored an annual Returning Women's Conference, attracting women who want to return to school and helping them understand university procedures. Addition­ ally, the Women's Center manages a speakers' bureau of approximately 100 speakers who fill requests from community organizations interested in topics related to women and our changing society. WHRO, the public radio station, broadcasts a biweekly program concerning issues such as job sharing, pornography, alcoholism in women, and many others.

The Women's Center serves ODU students by encouraging campus awareness of women's issues. Each semester the Center sponsors a brown bag lunch series which attracts from thirty to seventy students and community members. Tonics have included male/female relationships and the issues which arise in two­ career marriages. Staff members directing Task Force for Campus Education on Sexual Assault have given five educational programs this semester. Staff members have also advised those developing the official University policy on sexual harrassment. By consulting with Activities Programming Board, the Women's Center has helped bring to campus such prominent women speakers as Susan Griffin, Andrea Dworkin, Jean Kilbourne, and Robin Morgan.

23 SOMETIMES THE STIMULUS IS ADVERSITY

Mary Ann Tetreault, Assistant Professor Political Science and Geography

The feminist perspective is still a minority point of view at Old Dominion University. In the fall of 1981, meeting an introductory level class for the first time, a male student asked me where the professor was. I replied that I was the professor. The student was not convinced. "You can't be the professor," he said. "You aren't a man."

Introductory level students are not the only ones who need to have their consciousnesses raised about women. In the fall of 1982, the campus community was deeply distressed by the wave of rapes that occurred in the area. Many of the victims were students. The student newspaper, the Hace &Crown, covered the rapes and editorialized about the need for female students to keep them­ selves locked up at home during the hours of darkness. A female student wrote in to complain at lack of respect for women pervading the community. In reply, the paper printed an anonymous letter that could be described -- euphemistically as a dirty joke. Many women and men on campus were outraged: the incident sparked an anti-rape march and demonstration, and formation of a campus organi­ zation dedicated to articulating a feminist perspective on a variety of issues.

In spite of the energy and enthusiasm that went into the formation of the new campus organization, the Feminist Perspective, it has yet to find a regular outlet for its analysis of issues relating to the status of women on campus. Several individuals associated with women's groups at the university have pub­ lished guest editorials in the student newspaper, and have continued to work through a variety of institutional means to represent women as women on the committees that influence policy making. Yet this type of representation of women's views and women's needs is still widely regarded as illegitimate. Colleagues are willing to discuss women's concerns privately at length, but give short shift to these same issues when confronted in a public forum. I have no solutions tothese problems, but hope that our continued presence in growing numbers will eventually lead to a situation where our needs, and our expression of our needs, are regarded as normal rather than as a threat to the safety of the republic. Until that time comes, every woman on campus will find herself representing her sex as well as her own interest in virtually every aspect of her public behavior. It's a terrific burden to be a symbol. I can't wait to get to be just one of the boys.

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