The Wars of the United States 1867 Formosa U

Tkli IMllliiięjp VOL. XVI SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1924 No. 89 Tne Wars of the United States The Honorable John W. Weeks Secretary of War

cially considered by either of the governments as there appeared an article of mine, entitled, "I international wars. Yet the federal courts of the IN Didn't thereDidn't The appeared MilitaryKnow Know That!", That!", Engineer an article which which for of attempted attempted March-April, mine, entitled, to to show1923, show "I United States have considered them wars for the a large number of the ways in which the Army purposes of certain cases brought before them. has served and aided the country. In the conclud- However, there are frequently armed hostilities ing passages of that document, I enumerated a list of the wars in which the United States has been en- which are not considered wars by the courts or by gaged ; foreign, civil, and Indian. This list was the ab- nations involved. In 1914, we landed troops and occupied Vera Cruz and in 1916 we sent an armed stracted from Heitman's Register and somewhat ab- breviated for publication. So many requests expeditionhave into Northern Mexico and, although the Mexican Government announced it considered these reached me, both directly and through the editor of The Military Engineer, for further information acts "nothing less than the initiation of war" they and elucidation of that list that I considered it are not commonly so considered in spite of the worth while for the subject to be investigated casualties fur- that resulted. The United States simply ther. Accordingly, that list was carefully refused analyzed to take the Mexican "declaration" seriously and supplemented at my direction by an officer and the of state of peace legally continued. A similar the Department, in an attempt to show in incident detail occurred in 1919, when, in order to insure how valuable the military establishment has thebeen safety for of El Paso from stray bullets and shells, the preservation of order at home, the protection American of forces crossed the border and defeated the rights of our citizens abroad, and the protection revolutionists attacking Juarez. Also, the numer- of the principles and liberties of the republic. ous landings It of naval forces "for the protection of is hoped that the list which follows will furnish American use- lives and property" should be considered ful reference material to all citizens interested in in the list of wars. Their purpose is the same as the subject. that of wars. Their means of action is the same as • • • that of wars. So long as they result in actual troop The movements andpreparation landings, whether or not these re- of a complete and correct list of wars sult in casualties, theyis constitute an invasion of therendered difficult because any single definition or standard will not cover all cases. There are sovereignty of the other nation and the imposition actually two kinds of wars, international and of civil the will of the United States by means of armed wars. When international wars are formally de- force. This criterion is a good one, so long as we clared and officially recognized as such, there is dono not include mere threats, like the dispatching of question as to their character, as when Congress 400 marines on the V. S. S. Pennsylvania toward recognized that a state of war existed with Mexico the Coto region in 1921 to observe Panama's accept- in 1846, and when Congress voted the war with ance of the results of the Loubert- White arbitration Spain. In each of these cases, hostilities antedated with Costa Rica. An international war in this list is, the declarations. In 1846, two battles were fought therefore, taken to include the use of armed force before the declaration; and in 1898, the President against or within the territories of another nation, declared a blockade which Spain accepted as a dec- except when such use is with the actual cooperation laration of war, and the war was by Congressional of the other nation, as were the activities of the action actually dated back to the 21st of April. A. E. F. in France against Germany. This brings up the problem as to whether or not To the list of wars would naturally be added such the real criterion is the occurrence of actual hos- civil insurrections as attained large proportions and tilities with a foreign government. For example, as resulted in the general government conferring from 1798 to 1800, our navy conducted armed oper- upon the rebels the rights of belligerents, as in the ations against France and, in 1900, we sent a con- Civil War. But what shall we say of civil insurrec- siderable expedition into China at the time of the tions which do not attain those proportions? It has Boxer Rebellion. Neither of these are commonly been said: "Whether the occurrences at Harpers thought of as international wars, neither were offi- Ferry, Va., on the 16th, 17th, and 18th days of Oc- 353

This content downloaded from 173.73.98.178 on Tue, 24 Mar 2020 18:35:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 354 Thg MIEta^ Erçpnegg Voi. xvi, No. 89 tober, 1859, are to be characterized as an insurrection' within the meaning of the law is believed to depend largely upon the point of view." A federal arsenal was attacked by John Brown and his ad- herents with the view of establishing an independent government in the midst of the Appalachian Moun- tains. And, back in 1786 and 1787, there was an attack on the government arsenal at Springfield, Mass. So, it is perhaps safe to say that any direct, organized, armed attack on the federal government is an insurrection partaking of the nature of a war, for by such a distinction we can include the Whiskey Rebellion, Shay's Rebellion, and the like, and still exclude such phantasmagorical affairs as the march of Coxey's army. Still other internal disturbances partake of some of the nature of insurrections in that they occasioned actual hostilities, either against those resident In- dians who have been called " domestic dependent nations" or against marauding bandits, Indian or Mexican, who threatened the peace and security of our frontiers. Although not formally declared as wars and although sometimes handled by state militia raised under federal authority, these seem still to deserve the designation of wars. Finally, we come to those civil disturbances of a distinctly internal nature, in which various illegal combinations of inhabitants set at defiance the local laws and authority. It would be a very intricate task to list all of these. Very many of them would be of such a minor nature as not to deserve mention alongside of more serious troubles. So, it appears that the proper basis of discrimination would be to list only those of such a serious nature that they could not be handled locally, that is, those for the suppression of which the local state officials were forced to request and did actually secure the as- sistance of federal troops. There is but one final explanation to make. A single definition will not fit all cases. The use of federal troops is a suitable criterion as regards domestic disturbances, for their use is a measure of the seri- ousness of the situation; but this same criterion will not apply to Indian wars. The protection of the frontiers seems a useful criterion; but there have been many border patrols who never saw a hostile Mexican acting as such. The War Department and the Navy Department award decorations for active service against enemies of the United States, which are very useful indications in this matter. For example, there is a War Department Mexican Border Service Medal which means nothing at all in connection with hostilities ; but there is another Mexican Campaign Medal which is awarded those who were at Vera Cruz in 1914, or with Pershing in 1916, and also to those who were " present as members of a Mexican border patrol in proximity to an engagement which resulted in casualties among their own troop, battery, or detachment." Somewhat the same distinction holds for Indian campaigns, for the medals for many of those are awarded "for service in any action against hostile Indians, in which there were killed or wounded on the side of the United States troops," when the individual was "actually present and participated in the engagement. ' ' How-

This content downloaded from 173.73.98.178 on Tue, 24 Mar 2020 18:35:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Sept-Oct., 1924 ever, in addition II. FOREIGN HOSTILITIES to these, members of the military forces who 1798-1800 Limited participated War with France in certain other operations were deemed June 13, 1798- March to 3, 1800. In deservean attempt to secure service medals for assisting in guarding consideration forthe neutral rights, theborders United States, by of dangerous territory and congressional enactments, stopped intercourse with France restraining and issued orders hostile to attack and capture French ships on Indian bands, even thcgigh no actual hostilities occurred. the high seas. These orders were carried out. On account of the complexity of circumstances and the variety of cases, it has, therefore been de- 1806 Sabine River termined to include the following types of incidents June, 1806. Threatened Spanish invasion of Louisiana averted by New Orleans and Missouri militia, and 6,000 in the list of wars and to classify them accordingly : regulars marched to the frontier by General Wilkinson. I. Foreign Wars. 1812 Amelia Island II. Foreign hostilities without declaration of war. March 14, 1812. American Expedition under General III. Domestic disturbances which required the presence of George Mathews invaded Spanish territory to suppress federal troops. smuggling and the activities of pirates. IV. Indian Wars in which the armed power of the coun- 1817 Amelia Island try or of a state was invoked against hostile In- dians. Freebooters on Spanish territory suppressed by U. S. Naval Forces. Such a list will, it is hoped, demonstrate in some 1818 Florida (Second Seminole Indian War) measure the miscellaneous kinds of work the United General Jackson, with 1,800 regulars, volunteers and States Army and Navy have been called upon Georgia to do Militia, and 1,500 friendly Indians invaded Flor- and will illustrate with a multitude of concrete ex- ida in April and May; they captured Pensacola, St. Marks amples how necessary and useful the armed forces and Fort Barrancas, all in Spanish territory and manned by Spanish troops. of the United States have been for the independence, 1823 Cuban Pirates the integrity, and the maintenance of the country In July, U . S. S. Gallinipper and Mosquito landed and and its government, and the protection of its citizens captured pirates at Siquapa Bay, Cuba, and in the same and its rights abroad. month U. S. S. Greyhound and Beagle landed and de- The following are the principal sources and ref- stroyed Pirate Colony at Cape Cruz, Cuba. erences which have been consulted: Heitman's His- 1824 Porto Rico torical Register and Dictionary of the TJnited NovemberStates 12, 1824, Commodore Porter with U. S. S. Army , Reuben Clark's Right to Protect Citizens Beagle by , John Adams and Grampus , took forts and spiked Landing Forces , Upton's Military Policy of the guns at Foxardo, P. R. United States , Ganoe's History of the United States 1831 Falkland Islands Army, Brady's Indian Fights and Fighters and December, 1831. U. S. S. Lexington dispersed Argen- Northwestern Fights and Fighters, Federal Aid in tine Colony and released three American schooners held for violation of Seamen Regulations. Domestic Disturbances (Senate Doc. 1922), and the 1832 Sumatra Annual Reports of Secretaries of the Navy and of War. February 5, 1832, U. S. S. Potomac landed 250 seamen I. FOREIGN WARS and marines, stormed the fort and burned part of the town as retaliation for the seizure of American schooner. 1775-1783 The Revolution 1836 Sabine River April 19, 1775- April 11, 1783. April, 1836 - December 17, 1836. Regular troops 1801-1805 War with Tripoli and 10,000 militia, under General Gaines crossed into May 14, 1801 - June 4, 1805. Naval war with landing Mexico (Texas) to protect the national frontier. parties on the coast of North Africa, undertaken to termi- 1837-1838. Patriot War nate a yearly national tribute and the piratical capture of merchant vessels. November, 1837 - November, 1838. Regulars and militia used to suppress popular uprisings and unauthorized in- 1812-1815 War with England vasions of Canada from Western New York, Western June 18, 1812 - February 17, 1815. American soil suc- Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan, which caused assem- cessfully invaded at Washington, Detroit, and Maine. bling of 700 patriots with 20 field pieces on Navy Island, Unsuccessfully, at Buffalo and New Orleans. Michigan Niagara River, the seizing and plundering of state and and portions of Maine under continuous occupation of federal arsenals and the seizure of the American ship, British troops. Caroline , by 4,000 Canadian regulars and militiamen 1846-1848 War with Mexico within American territory. April 19, 1846 - May 30, 1848. Minor 1840 border Fiji difficultiesIslands with Mexico resulting in capture of Mexico City and in July 12, 1840. U. S. S. Vincennes and Peacock landed the invasion and cession of Arizona, California, Utah, men at Sualib Bay, and burned the town as retaliation for Nevada, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. previous attack on American ship. Similar incident in 1898 Spanish-American War the same month on M aiolo. April 21, 1898 - December, 1898. 1841 Samoa Cuba: May 11, 1898- July 17, 1898. Porto Rico: July 24, 1898 - August 13, 1898. During a cruise through the South Seas, U . S. S. Pea- Philippine Islands: June 30, 1898 - August 16, 1898. cock landed troops and burned native towns as retaliation for announced defiance of local leaders. 1917-1918 World War 1851 Johanna Island April 6, 1917 - November 11, 1918. Operations in Si- Display of force in August by U. S. S . Dale with threat beria, Northern Russia, France, and Northern Italy. The of bombardment, demanding financial indemnity for de- War Department also recognizes as a part of this war tention of American whaling brig. service rendered by military personnel in Siberia and Northern Russia after November 11, 1918. (Continued on page 415)

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The Wars of the United States 1867 Formosa U. S . S. Hartford landed 181 men, pursued native sav- (Continued from page 355) ages and burned huts in retaliation for mistreatment of 1853-1854 Japan shipwrecked American sailors. On July 14, 1853, with a force of 400, and on March 18, 1868 Uruguay 1854, with 500, Commodore Perry landed to deliver cre- dentials and demand the opening of Japanese, ports. On February 7 and 19, naval forces landed to protect foreign residents and custom-house during local dis- 1854 Greytown, Nicaragua turbances. July 13, 1854, bombardment, landing 1868 of troops Japan from U. S. S. Cyane , and burning of town in retaliation for refusal to apologize and pay indemnities. Naval forces landed at Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Nee- gata to protect American interests during local disturb- 1854 Chinese Revolution ances. April 4, 1854, U. S. S. Plymouth cooperated with Eng- lish to attack Imperial Camp and insure protection of 1871 Korea American property and citizens at Shanghai. June 9-10, 1871. Naval force under Rear Admiral 1855 Fiji Islands Rodgers attacked Koreans, took and destroyed forts, captured battle flags and artillery and inflicted 240 casualties U . S . S. John Adams landed parties, burned villages in retaliation for mistreatment of Americans. and fought natives to secure reparation for damages to American citizens and seamen. 1874 Honolulu 1855 Uruguay Revolution February 12, 1874. U. S. S. Tuscarora and Ports- mouth landed 150 men to put down local insurrections. U . S. S. Germantown landed 100 marines in November to protect American consulate in Montevideo. 1876 Mexico 1856 Canton Barrier May, 1876. American naval forces landed at Matamoras, Mexico, to preserve order, pending the arrival of regu- November, 1856. U. S. S. Portsmouth and Levant lar government forces after evacuation by revolutionists. landed 280 men who stormed the Canton Barrier forts to enforce the negotiation of a commercial treaty and 1882 Egypt open up China to our trade. July 14, 1882. U. S. S. Lancaster landed 129 sailors 1858 Jaffa and Egypt and marines at Alexandria, Egypt, after the English bombardment, in order to protect American property dur- Display of naval force along the coasts of Egypt, ing the riots and to extinguish fires. Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor, to insure protection of American citizens and property. 1888 Haiti 1858 Uruguay Revolution December 20, 1888. Display of force by U. S. S. Galena and Y antic to secure return of American vessel seized for Marines landed at Montevideo to protect lives and property of foreign residents. breach of Haitian blockade. 1858 Fiji Islands 1888 Korea U . S . S . Vandalia landed 40 men at Waya, who fought June. Display of force at Seoul by 25 men from U. and defeated the natives in an attempt to retaliate for the S. S. Essex for protection of American citizens. murder of two American citizens. 1888 Samoa 1859 Shanghai Landing of naval forces at Tamasese in conjunction August, 1859. U. S. S. Mississippi landed men to pro- with Germans to suppress insurrections. tect American consul and merchants during local disorders. 1891 Navassa Island 1859 San Juan Island May. Marines from U. S. S. Kearsage landed to pro- July 27, 1859 - August 30, 1859. Occupation and main- tect American lives and property under Guano Islands. tenance of San Juan Island against threats of British Act of 1856. local government and British fleet pending settlement 1891 of Chile dispute as to ownership. August 28-30, 1891. Marines landed at Valparaiso to 1860 Kisembo, Africa protect American consulate during the capture of the city Display of force and landing of 50 men by U. S. S . and disturbances incident to revolution. Marion , who actively frustrated revolutionary native at- 1893 Hawaii tacks upon American property in March. Marines from U. S. S . Boston landed to protect Amer- 1860 Panama ican lives and property during disturbances incident to September 27, 1860. U. S . S. St. Mary1 s landed men deposition of the Queen. to protect foreigners and railroad in conjunction with British Forces. 1893 Brazil 1863 Japan December. Admiral Benham exchanged shots with In July, U . S. S. BrazilianWyoming ship in connection with anattacked attempt to keep fleet of the Prince of Nagato at Shimonoseki open the Port of Rio de Janeiro Straits during naval revolt. in retaliation for closing the straits to an American steamer. 1894 Korea 1864 Mexican Border June, 1894. U. S . S. Baltimore landed 50 men to pro- January 12-13, 1864. General Herron sent four com- tect legation at Seoul. panies of the 20th Wisconsin Infantry across the frontier 1899 Nicaragua to protect and remove to safety U. S. consul and family at Matamoras, Mexico, during the Juarez Revolution. Naval force landed at Bluefields to protect American 1864 Japan lives and property during local revolution. September 4-8, 1864. American squadron, in conjunc- 1899 Samoa tion with French, British and Dutch, bombarded and de- U. S. S. Philadelphia landed 60 men to break up native stroyed batteries closing the Straits of Shimonoseki. camp, and engaged in active hostilities.

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1900-01 Boxer Rebellion 1916 Mexico June 20, 1900 - May 27, 1901. American March army and14, navy 1916 - February 7, 1917. Punitive expedi- forces landed in China, marched to Peking and engaged tion into Mexican territory in retaliation for armed raid in open hostilities with anti-foreign insurgents. upon Columbus, New Mexico. 1903 Panama 1917 Mexico Display of force by Military U. S. naval operations detachment near Buena in connec- Vista, Mexico, Decem- tion with local revolution. ber 1, 1917, and in San Bernadino Canyon, Mexico, De- cember 26, 1917. 1903 Dominican Republic April 1, 1903. U. S. S. Atlanta landed 29 marines to 1918 Mexico protect American interests during local disturbances. Military operations to maintain security of border near 1904 Dominican Republic La Grulla, Texas, January 8-9, 1918; at Pillares, Mexico, March 28, 1918; and at Nogales, Arizona, August 27, 1918. January. U. S. S. Detroit landed forces who took up positions to protect Puerto Plata against revolutionists. 1919 Mexico June 15-16, 1919. Army expedition from El Paso, 1906-09 Cuban Pacification Texas, to prevent injury to American citizens, crossed October 6, 1906 - April, 1909. Occupation of Cuba, the border, fought and defeated revolutionary Mexicans restoration of order and supervision of government in attacking the City of Juarez. accordance with provisions of the Piatt Amendment. 1924 Honduras 1907 Honduras March. Sailors and marines from U.S. S . Denver , March. Naval forces landed Consulate Guard to pro- Lardner , and Billingsley , landed at La Ceiba, Honduras, to tect American interest during Honduran-Nicaraguan War.protect consul, American property, and American citizens 1910 Nicaragua concentrated in consular comp: und during looking, in- cendiarism, and fighting incident to a revolution. Later, May, 1910. U. S. S . Paducah landed 100 men to pro- a force of 167 marched to the capital, 100 miles inland tect American lives and property during revolution. for the same purpose. 1910 Honduras III. DOMESTIC TROUBLES January. Landing of troops at Amapala and Puerto Cortes to protect American property during the revolution. 1782-1788 Wyoming Valley Disturbances 1911-1917 Mexican Border Rivalry and violence between settlers in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, from Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Militia Minor engagements and raids on frontier frustrated by sent to quell disturbances got out of hand, rebelled, and regular troops at various times and had at to scattered be subdued byplaces a regiment of soldiers from Phila- along the border. delphia. Regular war between Connecticut and Pennsyl- 1912 Nicaragua vania barely averted. In the late summer American 1786-1787 Shay's troops Rebellion landed to protect railway property and assist December government5, 1786 - January 27, 1787. Insurgents in puttingcap- down revolution. The American forces totaled 2,600, of whom all tured Worcester and Springfield, Mass. Congress voted but a legation guard of 400 were withdrawn in October. 1,000 troops and 5,000 militia. General Benjamin Lincoln 1914 Mexico dispersed the rebels, attacking Springfield Arsenal. April 24, 1914 - November 1791-1794 Whiskey 26, Rebellion1914. Landing of Amer- ican naval forces and occupation by regular army troops at Vera Cruz. "It would be difficult to explain the land- March, 1791 - October 25, 1794. Resistance to col- lection of excise taxes in Pennsylvania, including an at- ing of our army in Vera Cruz by force, as anything but tack on Pittsburgh, by 7,000 organized insurgents, sup- an act of war to punish the government of Huerta in Mexico for its refusal to render what was deemed by pressed by 15,000 militia from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, President Wilson as a proper apology for a violation of Maryland and Virginia, under the personal command of President Washington and General Harry Lee. our international rights in the arrest of some of our sailors." 1799 Fries Insurrection 1914 Nicaragua March 7, 1799 - May 12, 1799. Resistance to valua- American forces landed at Bluefields on August 14 to tion of taxable property, resulting in a sharp engagement protect the government and keep it in power against at Bethlehem, Pa., suppressed by 1,000 militia called to revolutionists. the scene by presidential proclamation. 1914 Santo Domingo 1806-1807 Burr Conspiracy In October and in November, American forces trans- October 8, 1806 - January 15, 1807. Organized popular ferred from Cuba to supervise elections and to quell attempts with armed men and boats to sever the union, riots growing out of the election. invade Mexico and set up an Inland Empire, frustrated 1914-1915 Haiti by general instructions and activities of regulars and July 29, 1914. American militia marines in the Lower Mississippi landed Valley. at Port-au- Prince to protect legation, 1808 seized Lake Champlain the barracks,Embargo a Haitian gunboat and a fort dominating the town, and supervised May 5, 1808 - August 3, 1808. Resistance to stoppage succeeding elections. On ofSeptember trade with Canada, including 4, skirmishes1915, and Americanexpedi- admiral proclaimed martial law. On September 16, 1915, Haitian Government signed tions a againsttreaty smugglers admitting at Winooski river andan Windmill Ameri- Point, put down with the aid of federal troops. can protectorate. 1916 Dominican Republic 1831 Negro Insurrection November. Landing of American At variousnaval times forces during the year,and federal troops were proclamation of military occupation used duringat Newberne, local N. C.; atrevolu- New Orleans, La., and at tionary disturbances. Norfolk, Va., to allay disturbances and preserve order.

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1832-1833 South Carolina Nullification planning a raid on Canada, collected at Buffalo, Ogden- December 10, 1832 - February 28, 1833. Regularburg, troops and Malone, N. Y., and St. Albans, Vt., stopped and at Fort Moultrie and the Citadel, Charleston, S. C., or- turned back by federal troops who seized their arms and dered out to oppose 12,000 state volunteers called by the ammunition. Governor of South Carolina "to maintain the supremacy 1866 New Orleans Riots of the laws of the state." July 30, 1866. Federal troops from Jackson Barracks 1833 Cherokee Lands employed to suppress disorders and rioting. Three companies of the 4th Infantry ordered to Fort 1871-1872 New Orleans Riots Mitchell, Ala., to remove illegal introducers on the Chero- August 9, 1871 - December 14, 1872. Threats of mob kee lands under the instructions of the district attorney violence in connection with political campaigns frus- of Alabama. trated three times in 18 months by the prompt use of 1835-1836 "Toledo War" federal troops. Ohio and Michigan boundary dispute, involving loca- 1874 Arkansas Riots tion of line and particularly jurisdiction over city of April 15, 1874 - November. Troops of the 16th Infan- Toledo. Ohio state militia and Michigan territory militia try used to protect federal property and arms, and to called out. Surveying parties captured. Controversy set- maintain order during unsettled political condition and a tled by federal interference. near-rebellion at Little Rock, Ark. 1838 Mormon Disturbances in Missouri 1874-1875 New Orleans Riots Mormon settlers in Western Missouri occasionally September 14, 1874 - January 4, 1875. Violent attempts mobbed or tarred and feathered by citizens, organized a to overthrow the government of Louisiana frustrated by resistance and were suppressed by force. In 1838, roving the employment of federal troops under General Emory bands of Mormons committing depredations against in- and General Sheridan. habitants resisted sheriff's processes ; Governor Boggs called out the militia and open hostilities resulted. After 1877 Labor Strikes a severe skirmish at Haugh's Mill, Caldwell County, the Federal troops used at various places throughout the Mormons were forced out of the state except their lead- country to maintain order during labor strikes in West ers, who were held for trial. Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 1839 Iowa Boundary Dispute Missouri and various other states. Rival claims of Iowa and Missouri over territorial juris- 1878 New Mexican Disorders diction and ownership resulted in calling of militia who Wandering renegades and outlaws suppressed in Lin- were later recognized and paid by the federal government coln County, New Mexico, by federal troops employed at as having been in federal service. the request of the Governor under a presidential procla- 1851-1858 Mormon Rebellion mation of October 7, 1878.

Uprisings and defiance of federal authority 1885 Chinese by Disturbances Brigham in Wyoming Young, including the capture and burning of U. S. Forts September 2, 1885 - September 9, 1885. At the request Bridger and Supply, finally suppressed in 1857-1858 by a of the Governor of the State, companies of the 9th In- column of one regiment of dragoons, two regiments of fantry protected victims of racial and labor rioting at infantry and one battery of field artillery ordered from Evanston and Rock Springs. Fort Leavenworth under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston. Later supplemented by one regiment of cavalry, two regi- 1886 Chinese Riots in Seattle ments of infantry, and two batteries of field artillery. February 7 - August 19, 1886. Eight companies of reg- 1854 Burns' Riots, Boston ulars from Vancouver Barracks took over the city of May 27, 1854. Regular troops from Seattle Fort to maintain Independence order, following a series of anti- and marines and sailors from Charlestown Navy Yard Chinese riots which local and state authorities had been employed in Boston to protect U. S. marshal in enforce- unable to repress. ment of fugitive slave laws. 1892 Coeur d'Alene 1855-1857 Anti-slavery Riots in Kansas July. Troops from Fort Missoula and Fort Sherman December 3, 1855- October, 1857. Federal troops ordered from to Northern Idaho to suppress violence and pro- Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley employed at Lawrence, tect property during mining strikes in the vicinity of Kansas, and in various collisions with rioters at Osawa- Wardner. tomie (John Brown), Black Jack and LeCompton to sup- 1894 Railroad Strikes press disorders created by Kansans and Missourians. 1859 John Brown's Raid Federal troops called out to enforce injunctions of federal courts, suppress riots, and restore order in Chicago, October 16-18, 1859. Attack and 111.;capture Hammond, of U. S. Ar- Ind.; Sacramento, Calif., and in Idaho, senal at Harpers Ferry, W. Va., putNew Mexico, down and Oklahoma.by federal forces from New York Harbor, Washington Navy Yard and Fort Monroe. 1896 Santa Teresa Fanatics 1859 Provo Disturbances August 12, 1896- August 24, 1896. Filibuster Yaqui March 6, 1859 - May 6, 1859. IndianDetachments raiding partyof the which attacked Mexican custom- 7th Infantry and 10th Infantry house sent at to Nogales, Provo, Mexico, Utah, resultedto in serious disturbances assist federal judge and marshal in in which putting United down States popu- cavalry and infantry detachments lar disturbances arising out of arrest ordered of organizedto the locality thieves put an end to the trouble. and murderers. 1899 Coeur d'Alene 1861-1865 The Civil War April-May, 1899. Violence by armed miners in Sho- April 15, 1861- April 9, 1865. shone County, Idaho, causęd State Governor to call for 1866 Fenian Raid federal troops who put down disturbances and enforced June, 1866. Irish- Americans, the orders irregularly of legitimate authority. organized,

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1899-1902 Philippine Insurrection and 1,133 militiamen, October 22, 1790; St. Clair's Expe- February 4, 1899 - July 4, 1902. dition against the Miami Village, Ohio, with 1,400 regulars and militia, November 4, 1791 (both unsuccessful) ; 1899-1904 Moro Insurrection in Mindanao and Wayne's Expedition with 2,643 legionaires and 1,100 February 9, 1899 - December 31, 1904. Kentucky volunteers, September, 1793-August 20, 1794. 1905 Philippine Islands 1811-1813 Northwest Indians April and May, 1905. Pala Expedition, Jolo, P. I. September 11, 1811 - November 18, 1813. General Har- 1905 Philippine Islands rison defeated the Confederate Tribes at Tippecanoe, In- diana. Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of Thames Oc- October, 1905. Datu Ali Expedition, Mindanao, P. I. tober 5, 1813, where the Indians, about 1,200 in number, 1906 Philippine Islands reinforced with 356 British troops, were defeated by about March, 1906. Moro Expedition, 7,000 Americans.Mount Bud-Da jo, Jolo, P. I. 1812 Florida War (First Seminole) 1907 Alaska Mining Troubles August 15 - October, 1812. General Newman supported March and April, 1907. Garrison from Fort William H. by Georgia militia defeated Seminole Indians under King Seward sent to Treadwell mines, on request of Acting Payne, invading Spanish Florida for that purpose. Governor, to repress imminent disturbances. 1813-1814 Creek Indian War 1907-1908 Goldfield Strikes July 27, 1813 - August 9, 1814. 15,000 militiamen and December 5, 1907 - March 7, 1908. Upon requisition of regulars used to suppress Creek Indians, supplied with the Governor of Nevada, nine companies of regular in- arms and ammunition by the British in Southern Ala- bama. fantry sent to Goldfield, to suppress disorder and protect life and property. 1823 Blackfeet Expeditions 1910-1913 Philippine Islands Campaign against the Blackfeet and Arickaree Indians on the upper Missouri river (700 miles above Council Minor Moro Expeditions. Bluffs), carried on successfully amid Arickaree towns on 1913 Philippine Islands August 9-11, 1823, by six companies of the 6th Infantry. January - July, 1913. Moro Expedition, Mount Bagsac, 1827 Winnebago Expedition Jolo, P. I. June - September, 1827. Operations in Wisconsin known 1914-1915 Colorado Mining Strikes as the La Fevre Indian War.

April 29, 1914 - January, 1915. At the request of the 1832 Black Hawk War Governor, 1,700 federal troops ordered to Ludlow and the Trinidad district to disarm rioters and restore order. April 26, 1832 - September 30, 1832. In June and July, General Atkinson, with 1,500 regulars and 3,000 militia 1914-1915 Arkansas from Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, suppressed November 4, 1914 - February hostile 15, tribes 1915. and put Squadronan end to the aggressions of the of the 5th Cavalry called out and stationed at Prairie Creek, Sac and Fox Indians. Ark., to enforce processes of federal courts and protect 1835-1842 Florida War (Third Seminole) property in custody of their courts. Commenced with the massacre of Major Dade's com- 1918 Race and Labor Troubles mand December 28, 1835. Last severe battle at Okee- July to November. Mining and railway chobee in December,strikes 1837. in Ari- zona, Georgia, and Missouri, and 1836-1838race riots Creek at Indian Winston- War Salem, N. C. May 18, 1836 - June 21, 1836. Regular troops and 10,- 1919 Race and Labor Troubles 351 militia and volunteers under Generals Scott and Jesup Shipyard, mining, steel strikes in Washington, called out against Indians Montana, invading Georgia, under Chat- Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Arkansas, tahoocheTennessee, River, whoWyoming, submitted to General Jesup with Utah, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Louisiana, 2,300 militia in Kansas, federal service. and Oklahoma. Race riots in Charleston S. C.; Washing- 1836-1838 Cherokee Indians ton, D. C.; Elaine, Ark., and Omaha, Nebr. No active hostilities. Regular troops and 9,494 militia 1920 Domestic Disturbances and volunteers employed to enforce the emigration of the Race troubles in Dumas, Ark. (January), and Lexing- Cherokees west of the Mississippl. ton, Ky. (February) ; maintenance of order at Montes- 1838-1842 Florida Campaigns sano, Wash. (February) ; and strike duty in Butte, Mont. (April) . May 15, 1838 - August 14, 1842. Continuous campaigns against small bands of Seminole Indians by regulars and 1921 West Virginia Mining Troubles volunteers. August 31, 1921. Federal troops to the number 1849-1861 of 2,000 Texas Indians employed to secure acquiescence in federal proclamation Practically continuous operations in Texas against issued at request of State Governor during violence result- Comanche, Cheyenne, Lipan, ąnd Kickapoo Indians, con- ing from miners' strike. ducted by small detachments of U. S. troops. IV. INDIAN WARS 1849-1861 Navajo Operations "Service in Indian campaigns, though little calculated Practically continuous operations against Navajo In- to excite the military ardor of the soldier, is attended by dians in New Mexico, conducted by small detachments of equal hazard, and even by greater privation than belongs U. S. troops. to warfare with a civilized foe." (Report of Jefferson 1850 Pitt River Expedition Davis, Secretary of War, for 1855, p. 5.) April 28, 1850 - September 13, 1850. Operations by 1st Í 790-1795 Northwest Indians Dragoons, 3rd Artillery, and 2nd Infantry against In- September 30, 1790 - August 3, 1795. Harmar's diansExpe- in California, with engagements at Clear Lake and dition against Miami Village, Ohio, with 320 regulars Pitt River on May 9th and July 5th.

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1851-1852 Yuma Expedition 1858 December, 1851 - April, 1852. Expedition by detach- Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, and Pelouse Expedition ments of the 1st Dragoons, including an engagement on May 6, 1858 - September 30, 1858. After preliminary the east bank of the Colorado river, Calif., near Camp engagement near Spokane Lake, expedition from Fort Yuma, on March 5, 1852. Walla Walla, consisting of 9th Infantry, 3rd Artillery, and 1851-1856 Rogue River War 1st Dragoons, crossed the Snake river in pursuit of hostile Indians who were defeated at Four Lakes and Spokane June 17, 1851 - May 28, 1856. Operations against In- Plains. dians in the Rogue River district of Oregon by detach- 1858 Navajo Expedition ments of the 1st Dragoons, 4th Infantry, and 3rd Artillery, including engagements in 1851, 1853, 1855, and 1856, near July 8, 1858- November 18, 1858. Following serious Jacksonville, Illinois River, Hungry Hill, and Big Bend. outbreaks two columns of mounted riflemen and 3d and 8th Infantry operated against Navajo Indians in New 1851-1853 Utah Indians Mexico. Uprising of hostile Indians fostered 1859 Bear River-Humboldtby Morman Expedition oppo- nents, continuing with desultory June operations 12, 1859 - October until 18,finally 1859. Detachments of 2nd merged with more extensive Mormon Rebellion and put Dragoons and 7th Infantry, later consolidated with other down by Johnston's expedition of 1857-1858. smaller detachments, proceeded westwards from Salt Lake 1855 Winnas Expedition City and took up appropriate positions to assist in pro- May 24, 1855 - September 8, 1855. Operations against tection of emigrant trains, which resulted in slight the Snake Indians in Oregon. skirmishes with Indians. 1859-1864 1855 Nebraska Sioux Expedition Humboldt County Troubles in California April 3, 1855 - July 27, 1856. Expedition against Sioux to punish hostile Indians for attack on U. S. troops and Practically continuous operations against the Humboldt to protect emigrant routes, included engagement at Blue County Indians in California, which necessitated the use Water (Ash Hollow), Nebr., September 3, 1885, conducted of California volunteers, infantry and cavalry, and were by 2nd Dragoons and 4th and 10th Infantries. only repressed on July 10, 1864. 1859 Attacks on Comanches 1855 Mezcalero Apache Expedition Depredations, murders and cattle thieving February by Mezcalero 23, 1859- February 28, 1859. Detachments of the 1st Cavalry and 1st Infantry conducted success- Apache Indians in New Mexico required the despatching of two separate detachments of the 1st Dragoons to ful engagements against Comanche Indian marauders near Ft. Arbucke, I. T. pursue and punish them in the months of January and February. 1859 Colorado River Expedition 1855-1856 Yakima Expedition January 4, 1859- April 23, 1859. Four companies of the 6th Infantry sent to establish a protecting post at October 11, 1855 - November 24, 1855. Major Raines' Beale's Crossing, defeated hostile Moj ave Indians, and operations against hostile Yakima, Klikitat, and other In- finally concluded a peace with them. dians, conducted by a small force of regulars and of 1859 Pecos Expedition Oregon volunteers in Washington Territory. April 16, 1859- August 17, 1859. Operations by the 1857 Cheyenne Expedition 2nd Cavalry against hostile Indians in Texas. May 18, 1857 - September 16, 1857. Operations by 1st 1859 Antelope Hills Cavalry on the Arkansas river in Kansas, against hostile Cheyenne Indians, including the battle of Solomon's Fork. June 10, 1859- September 23, 1859. Operations against hostile Indians in Texas. 1857 Minnesota Sioux Uprisings 1859-1860 Cortina Troubles March 19, 1857 - April 9, 1857. Hunting Indians aroused against settlers committed depredations and were Border operations by 2nd Cavalry and 3rd Artillery, in- punished by United States troops from Fort Ridgely and cluding affrays at The Ebonel (near Brownsville, Tex.,) Fort Snelling in Minnesota and Iowa. on December 13-14, and at Ringgold Barracks, Rio Grande City, on December 27. 1857-1858 Florida Engagements 1860 Pah-Ute Expedition November 21, 1857 - May 8, 1858. Operations against hostile Florida Seminole and Tallahassee Indians con- April 12, 1860 - July 9, 1860. Massacres in Carson ducted principally by small detachments of regulars,Valley, aided Utah, caused the organization of a considerable by drafts of volunteers, which resulted in several skirm- expedition which pursued, attacked, punished, and dis- ishes and ended in the agreement of the Indians to emi- persed the hostile Indians. grate. 1860 Kiowa and Comanche Expedition 1857 Gila Expedition May 8, 1860 - October 11. Pursuit of marauding bands of Indians in the headwaters of the Arkansas and Cana- April 15, 1857 - September 16, 1857. Operations in the Gila river country, Arizona, and New Mexico, by detach- dian rivers, resulting in a serious engagement in the head- ments of the 1st Dragoons, Mounted Riflemen, and 3rd waters of the Republican Fork of the Kansas river which and 8th Infantry regiments, including one major engage- dispersed the hostile tribes. ment at Gila River, N. M., June 27, 1857. 1860-1861 Navajo Operations ^ 1858-1859 Wichita Expedition April 30, 1860 - September 12, 1860, to February 24, September 29, 1858 - October 11, 1858, and later. Fol- 1861. Various raids by Navajo Indians in New Mexico lowing serious outbreaks and depredations on the part finally put to a stop by successive expeditions against of the Comanche and Kiowa Indians, an expedition under them. Major Van Dorn, consisting principally of the 2nd Cavalry, 1860 Snake River Indians pursued and punished them severely at Wichita Village, I. Continuing operations against hostile tribes in Idaho T., October 1, 1858, and in Nesen tungo Valley, May 13, and Oregon, resulting in several severe engagements and 1859. attacks on emigrants.

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1862 New Ulm Massacre and Indian Territory, who resisted the westward advance August 17, 1862 - August 23, 1862. Massacre of in- of railroad construction, including General Carr's Sum- habitants by Indians at New Ulm, Minnesota. mitt Springs expedition in 1869 and General Forsyth's Arickaree expedition in 1869. 1863 Navajo Operations in New Mexico July 21, 1863 - December^ 1863. Murders 1869 Carr'sand depreda- Summit Springs Expedition tions, committed by Navajo Indians in New Mexico in In July, 1869, General Carr, with the 5th Cavalry, spring of 1863, resulted in active operations under the guided by "Buffalo Bill," marched 140 miles in 4 days, and leadership of Colonel Carson and Colonel Chavez, which attacked and surprised the camp of Tall Bull at Summit gradually reduced the hostility of the Indians. Springs, Colo., routing the Sioux and Cheyennes there en- 1865-1868 Northwestern Indian Campaigns camped. Operations against hostile Indians in Southern 1872 Oregon, Yellowstone Expedition Idaho, Northern California, and Nevada. July 26, 1872 - October 15, 1872. Operations by detach- 1864-1865 Sioux and Cheyennes ments from 8th, 17th, and 22nd Infantry, with the aid of Indian scouts. July 28, 1864 - October 28, 1865. Operations opened after a series of scattered depredations, with a battle on 1872-1873 Modoc Campaign Knife river, Colorado, which General Sully fought July November 28, 1872 - June 1, 1873. Modoc Indians left 28, 1864. Troops were immediately mustered into service reservation, resisted successive attempts to return them, to combat the Indians, and a systematic campaign carried slaughtered officers conferring with them under flag of out which ended in the signing of a treaty on October 28, truce, and finally overcome by an expedition of over 1,000 1865. troops operating in Oregon lava beds, who moved Modocs 1865-1867 Ute Indians to Kansas and punished their leaders.

Depredations in Utah, by marauding 1873 Yellowstone Indians Campaign under the leadership of Black Hawk, were resisted by local organi- zations and the use of California militia and that formed General Stanley, with Custer and the 7th Cavalry, pro- in the Territory of Utah, and were finally put down ceededafter across the Bad Lands and engaged in skirmishes three years of active operations. with the Indians, notably the Battle of Yellowstone River, near Big Horn, Mont., August 11, 1873. 1866-1869 Cheyenne Campaigns Against the Railway 1874 Sioux Expedition Devastating raids by Cheyennes in Western Kansas February who 13, 1874 - August 19, 1874. Operations went on the war-path to resist the advance of the against railway, Sioux Indians in Wyoming and Nebraska. culminating in 1868, led to the sending of aņ 1874-1875 expedition headed by specially selected scouts under General For- Kiowa-Cheyenee-Comanche Indian Territory Campaign sythe. After opening clash of scouts on Beecher's Island, August, 1874 - February 16, 1875. Four expeditions in- Arickaree river (September 15, 1868), and the battles of cluding infantry, cavalry, artillery, and scouts, operating Beaver Creek (October 18, 1868), (October 25-26, 1868), in Kansas, New Mexico, Indian Territory, and Colorado the Cheyennes were temporarily driven out of Kansas. cleared up hostile Indians in neighborhood of Red river, 1866-1867 Powder River Expedition Canadian river, and Little Colorado river. May 19, 1866 - August 2, 1867. General 1876Carrington Crook's withSioux Campaign 700 members of 18th (27th) Infantry left Fort Kearney (Nebr.) to move Ft. Reno westward on the Bozeman May 29, 1876 - June 17, 1876. After Reynold's abortive (Wyoming-Montana) trail and establish it on the Powder attempt on the Crazy Horse village on the Powder river river as Fort Phil Kearny. One serious massacre and (March 17), General Crook, with 900 cavalry (3rd and raids by Sioux culminated in concerted attacks on Fort 2nd) and 300 infantry (9th and 4th), set out from Fort Phil Kearny and on Piney Island, in which Sioux were Fetterman, Wyo., against the Sioux across the Tongue decisively beaten. river. The expedition culminated in the fierce but incon- clusive battle of the Rosebud, after which the expedition 1867-1881 Southwestern Indian Troubles retired to Fort Fetterman. Practically continuous operations in Arizona, Texas, and 1876 Custer's Little Big Horn Campaign New Mexico against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo, and Co- manche Indians and attached border protection, conducted May 17, 1876 - June 25-26, 1876. Expedition from Fort by small detachments of United States troops. Lincoln, consisting of 600 of the 7th Cavalry, joined General Terry, and later detached for reconnaissance on 1868 Custer's Washita Expedition the Rosebud trail on June 22, 1876. Custer turned into November 23 1868 - November 27, 1868. General Cus- the Little Big Horn Valley where he was surrounded and ter and the 7th Cavalry made a winter expedition from overcome by superior forces of Sioux. Fort Supply, Indian Territory, against Black Kettle and winter headquarters of the Kiowas, Arapahoes, Cheyennes, 1876 The Sibley Scout Comanches, and wondering Apaches, where he delivered a July 6, 1876 - July 9, 1876. Scouting expedition under decisive blow on the Washita river. Lt. Sibley, 3rd Cavalry, sent from Crook's camp at Goose 1868-1869 Canadian River Expedition Creek, surprised by vastly superior forces of Cheyennes, whom they held off successfully until they were able to November 5, 1868- February 13, 1869. Indian opera- elude the Indians and return to Crook's command. tions in New Mexico by a few regulars and by the newly raised, equipped, and trained 19th Kansas, in conjunc- 1876 The Fight on the War Bonnet tion with General Carr's column and General Custer's July 15 - July 17. Cheyennes numbering 1,000 broke Washita expedition, resulting in the submission offrom the Red Cloud Agency, S. D., to go on war-path and Arapahoes. join hostile Indians. They were intercepted by the 5th 1867-1869 Indian Expeditions Cavalry under General Merritt, then passing nearby, de- Intermittent fighting with Indian featedtribes near ofHat Creekthe (WarChey- Bonnet), Wyo., and driven ennes, Arapahoes, and Comanches backin toKansas, their reservation. Colorado,

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1876 Slim Buttes Twice driven back from raids into American territory by September 7, 1876 - September Colonel Grierson, and 9,finally 1876. practically Expeditionexterminated in for supplies from Crook's camp, a battle in Mexico consisting with U. S. Forces under Generalof 150Buell of the 3rd Cavalry under Captain Mills,in October, 1880. attacked village of American Horse at Slim Buttes, secured 1881 Chiricahua provisions, Apaches were reinforced by General Crook with 2ndOctober and 1, 5th1881- Cavalry, October 8, and1881. 4th,Chiricahua 9th, Apaches and 14th Infantry, who were, in turn, attacked by 600 on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona broke from the Sioux under Crazy Horse. The battle was the most pic- Reservation, fought detachments of United States troops, turesque and distinct success of the campaign. attacked peaceful villages, and finally escaped into Mexico. 1876 Mackenzie's Powder River Expedition 1882 Arizona Uprisings November 1, 1876 - December 31, 1876. Crook's winter April 19, 1882 - May, 1882. Warm Springs Apaches and campaign from Fort Fetterman to the Big Horn Range, Chiricahuas overcome by 4th Cavalry at Horseshoe Canyon resulted in detachment of Colonel Mackenzie and troops and by 6th Cavalry at Hatchet Mountain. from 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Cavalries against Cheyenne camp in Bates Creek (Crazy Woman's Fork), Wyo., near 1885-6 Apache Campaigns the Powder river. A sharp fight on November 25-26 re- Throughout 1885 and into 1886. When General Miles sulted in the withdrawal of Cheyennes from campaign. took command at Leavenworth, there were constant expeditions, principally by the 4th Cavalry, against the Apache 1876-1877 Miles Winter Campaign Indians in Arizona, New Mexico, and even into Mexico General Miles, with the 5th Infantry and detachments across the border, until their leader, Geronimo, finally sur- from the 17th and 22nd (500 in all), established a winter rendered. camp on the Yellowstone from which he operated with success against the Sioux and Northern Cheyennes, defeat- 1890-1891 Ghost Dancers Uprising ing Sitting Bull at Cedar Creek (Big Dry River, Mont.) November, 1890 - January, 1891. Sioux outbreak in the (October 21-27), crushing Crazy Horse at Wolf Mountain, Dakotas, which included the Battle of Wounded Knee Mont. (December 29- January 8), and finally breaking up (December 29), and attacks on the Pine Ridge Agency the remaining Sioux under Lame Deer at Little Muddy (December 29), and probably the most famous ride ever Creek, Mont. (May 1-7), and put an end to the cam- performed by American troops, 108 miles in 34 hours (22 paign. in the saddle) by the 9th Cavalry, including two serious engagements with hostile Indians. Within this conflict 1877 Nez Perces Campaign is included the 8th Cavalry's attack and capture of Sitting June 13, 1877 - October 4, 1877. Three hundred Nez Bull. Perces warriors, under the able Chief Joseph, resisted at- 1891-1893 "Tin Horn" War tempts to encroach on their reservation and kept up a running fight over 2,000 miles of march, finally sur- Skirmishes of various detachments in Texas against ma- rendering when surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered. rauding Indians along the Mexican border at various times from December 21-22, 1891 - February 23, 1893. 1878 Bannock and Piute Campaigns 1892-1896 Apache Operations May 30, 1878 - September 4, 1878. Various and extensive operations in Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Montana. Practically continuous operations under Kidd and Massai against renegade Apache Indians in Arizona and 1878-1879 Dull Knife's Northern Cheyennes along Mexican border. September 9, 1878 - January 20, 1879. Dull Knife's 1892-1893 Mexican Border band of Northern Cheyennes broke away from Fort Reno Reservation, I. T., were pursued by troops across Kansas December 10, 1892 - February 23, 1893. Outlaws who and Nebraska, conquered and brought to Fort Robinson, attacked Mexican regular troops at San Ygnacio, Decem- Nebr., October 3, 1878. In January, 1879, they broke ber 10, 1892, mostly captured by American forces under away from the reservation, and were pursued and anni- cooperative agreement with Mexico. hilated by U. S. troops. 1895 Bannock Indian Trouble

1879 Sheepeater Campaign July and August, 1895. Bannock tribe desirous of leav- ing reservation returned by the use of troops ordered to June 1, 1879 - October 22, 1879. Scouting expedition the Jackson's Hole country of Montana. sent out from Boise Barracks and other points to round up and subdue marauding Indians in Idaho, in which de- 1895-1896 Mexican Border tachments of the 1st Cavalry and the 2nd Infantry took December 3, 1895- July, 1896. Renegade Apaches raid- part in several brisk engagements. ing from across Arizona border into the San Siman val- 1879-1880 Ute Campaign ley, pursued by United States troops 150 miles into Mexi- can territory under terms reciprocal of international September, 1879- November, 1880. Operations con- agreement. ducted against the Ute Indians in Colorado and Utah by detachments from the 3rd, 5th, and 9th Cavalries and 1898 Leech Lake the 4th Infantry, including the battles of White river, September 30, 1898 - October 27, 1898. Uprising of the Milk Creek, and Rifle Creek. Chippewa Indians at Leech Lake, Minnesota, after brisk engagement, put down on October 5-7, 1898, by detach- 1879-1894 Indian Territory Disturbances ments from the 3rd Infantry. Successive disturbances in Indian Territory and Okla- 1906-1907 Ute Indians homa, in Cherokee Strip, and with "Oklahoma boomers." In October, 1906, Ute Indians left the Uintah reserva- 1879-1880 Victoria's Tribe tion and threatened citizens of Wyoming. Cavalry moved July 1879- October, 1880. Band of Chiricahua Apaches them to Fort Meade, S. D., and thence to Cheyenne River under Victoria destroyed property and killed citizens in Reservation. In October, 1907, becoming turbulent, they New Mexico. Driven into Mexico by Colonel Hatch and were moved under military escort to the Uintah Indian defeated in the San Andres Mountains in April, 1880. Reservation.

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