Peyvand Forouzandeh

Disaster as an opportunity for transformative change in developing countries: Post-earthquake transitional settlements in southeastern Iran, based on the 2003 Bam earthquake reassessment A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Peyvand Forouzandeh IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIERMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Jim Lutz, Faculty Adviser December 2014 © Peyvand Forouzandeh 2014 Acknowledgements: support me generously with his time, I would not have been able to produce this thesis. I would like to thank my parents for being my far partners in the thesis and preparing the information I needed from Bam, Thank you to Blaine Brownell who was always willing to for giving me strength over the duration of the thesis, for guide me with the research process and directions. And thanks supporting me during the research and being the important part to Arturo Schultz for his support and the advice. of my dream to come true with all difficulties and limits that I faced during my studies as an Iranian student in the US. They also helped me to connect to the right people to make the research possible. I would like to thank my advisor who was always supportive and positive to help me find my own path for the thesis, guide me during this time and encourage me to go further with my thesis. If Jim Lutz had not been there to encourage me and i Dedication: This thesis is dedicated to the people of Kerman and Zahedan in Iran, people who lived economically deficient but with abundance of hope and kindness they dream about a bright future for their children. I felt inspired to make this thesis with the hope that this thesis research will help them to improve their quality of life and prevent future the natural hazards to become disasters. ii Table of Contents: II. Analysis 177 III. Speculations 218 List of tables iv Chapter 6: Conclusion and discussion of results 258 List of figures vi Bibliography 269 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Appendices 275 Chapter 2: Background information 11 Chapter 3: Problem statement 50 Chapter 4: Literature review 65 I. Bam reconstruction assessment 65 II. Post-disaster temporary housing in Bam 102 Chapter 5: Methodology 121 I. Design research 123 iii List of Tables: Table 5.1 Comparison of date production, date palm leaves and date palm fronds in 5 different scales 124 Table 2.1. Residential building materials in Iran Table 5.2. Different variations of Kapar in southern areas and Kerman province 28 of Kerman province 130 Table 2.2. Summary of climatic responsive design strategies in Table 5.3. Design requirements and basic needs in hot and arid climate of Iran 34 designing the temporary shelters in humanitarian projects 176 Table 2.3 shows climatic information of zone 6, desert climate Table 5.4 Roof and wall systems and materials in in Iran 40 temporary housing in Bam 198 Table 2.4. Population of Bam before the earthquake Table 5.5. Building material properties of 5 simulated of 2003 42 examples by Athena Impact Estimator for LCA 203 Table 2.5. Population of Bam after the earthquake of 2003 42 Table 5.6. R-value of main materials used in temporary Table 2.6. Population and household size in Bam and Baravat buildings 206 in 2013 42 Table 5.7. Comparison of surface absorption and Table 4.1. Test results for compressed stabilized earthen emission percentage 206 blocks, approval from Iran for the Reconstruction of Bam Table 5.8 .The average annual cost of energy for urban with CSEB 86 and rural households and its share in total household Table 4.2. key elements in definition of resilience 107 expenses in 2008 208 Table 4.3. Categories of analysis of temporary housing Table 5.9 The feedstock resources amounts and energy adapted frameworks of adaptive capacities network 108 production of the proposed Bam anaerobic biodigester Table 4.4. Comparison of economic development capacities plant 215 enhanced by temporary housing strategies 110 Table 5.10. Energy and Methane production capacity of Table 4.5. Comparison of community competence capacities the proposed Bam anaerobic biodigester plant 215 of temporary housing methods 115 Table 5.11. Kapar design diagnosis 221 iv Table 5.12 Test results on a binderless heat-press layer of fine date palm trunk fibers 226 Table 5.13 List of construction materials required for the modified Kapar shelters as temporary houses 248 v List of Figures: Figure 2.12. North-South section and plan of of Boroujerdi House in Kashan, Esfahan, example of four seasons houses in Figure 2.1. Topography of Iran 14 hot and dry climate 25 Figure 2.2. Bagh-e Fin in Kashan, Esfahan 16 Figure 2.13. Boroujerdi House in Kashan, Esfahan, example Figure 2.3. Shazdeh Garden is one of the largest gardens of four seasons houses in hot and dry climate 26 of Kerman province. 17 Figure 2.14. Sun-dried adobe blocks with wooden mold 30 Figure 2.4. Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd, the world's tallest Figure 2.15. Adobe buildings in Kashan, Esfahan 30 wind tower, is said to be 250 years old and about 33 meters Figure 2.16. City center in Yazd 32 high 18 Figure 2.17. and 2.18. Covered and uncovered Gozar in Figure 2.5. Wind catcher functional diagram 19 Kerman city 32 Figure 2.6. Shah mosque in Esfahan 20 Figure 2.19. Bam Climate Summary 36 Figure 2.7. Climatic zoning of Iran, Hot and dry climates are Figure 2.20. Bam citadel before the earthquake of 2003 39 shown in red and yellow colors 21 Figure 2.21. Location of the city of Bam and Kerman province Figure 2.8. Compact texture of the city of Yazd in hot and dry in Iran 40 climate of Iran 22 Figure 2.22. Climatic requirements for design in semi-hot and Figure 2.9. Fahadan neighborhood in Yazd, example of arid climate in Iran 41 covered and narrow alleys in hot and dry climate 22 Figure 2.23. Population change in Bam because of the Figure 2.10. Agha bozorg mosque in Kashan, Esfahan, earthquake of 2003 43 example of courtyard design in hot and dry climate 24 Figure 2.24. Map of the distribution of damage to buildings Figure 2.11. Boroujerdi House in Kashan, Esfahan, example of after the earthquake of 2003 in Bam 45 four seasons houses in hot and dry climate 25 Figure 2.25. First shockwaves in the 2003 Bam earthquake 46 Figure 2.26. Second shockwaves in the 2003 Bam earthquake 47 vi Figure 3.1. Typical compact city layout in Birjand in hot and Figure 4.7. A residential masonry building without ties in dry climate of Iran. The image shows that houses are attached Baravat. Construction finished about 6 months before the in sides and the streets are very narrow in this climate. New earthquake 79 constructions are mostly in previous plots as shown in the left Figure 4.8. A combined residential-commercial building side of the photo 52 with braced steel frames in Bam city center. 80 Figure 3.2. Earthquake Field Emergency Accommodation Figure 4.9. Steel structure proposed by HFIR in Bam 84 Units in Bam, Iran located in Camps and imported from Turkey in 2005. 58 Figure 4.10. Quake-proof model buildings built by trained Figure 3.3. City of Bam 10 years after the earthquake. Exposed local workers under the UNDP-backed project were cost- steel and concrete structures and lack of harmony in urban effective and consistent with the cultural identity of the spaces and new buildings 61 ancient city of Bam. 85 Figure 4.1. Temporary shelters on individually-owned plots of Figure 4.11. Construction Bazaar (from left), consulting land,(left) and pre-fabricated camp cities offices, sample frame and model home 92 (right and middle) 66 Figure 4.12. Technical shortcoming examples; Connection Figure 4.2. Temporary housing in Bam after the earthquake of of steel stairs to brick walls (left); using container as a part 2003 67 of the house (right) 94 Figure 4.3. Bam citadel, 8 years after the earthquake of Figure 4.13. Different types of temporary houses in Bam, 2003 71 from left: A- Camps of temporary houses assembled in-situ Figure 4.4. Total collapse of adobe building in Bam 77 B- Masonry temporary houses in the yards of destroyed Figure 4.5. Non-collapsed adobe building after the houses C- Prefabricated units assembled in yards of destroyed earthquake 78 houses D-Complete high quality units in camps 103 Figure 4.6. Collapsed jack-arch roof 78 Figure 4.14. Left: arrangement of temporary units vii according to the inhabitants' needs; Right: expansion of Figure 5.14 and 5.15 Kharkareh belt around the roof (left); temporary units using local materials 113 Roof coverage from palm leaves and Net in Kapar (right) 133 Figure 4.15. The variables of the system: scales and sub- Figure 5.16. and 5.17. Roof coverage from Pish systems 118 converged in to the center of roof (left); Door coverage Figure 5.1. Location of Kerman province within Iran 123 from Pish leaves in Kapar (right) 134 Figure 5.2. Lut desert Kerman province, Iran 125 Figure 5.18. Kapar as the self-built post-earthquake Figure 5.3.Women weaving Hasir from date palm leaves temporary houses in Bashagard, Hormozgan 135 inside a Kapar shelter in Kerman 127 Figure 5.19. The global seismic hazard map 135 Figure 5.4.

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