Summary of Research and Extension Activities Hudson Valley Research Laboratory 2016 – 2017

Peter Jentsch, Entomologist Srdan Acimovic, Plant Pathologist Dana Acimovic, Horticulturist Albert Woelfersheim, Facilities Coordinator ENYC Horticulture Program: Tree Fruit Specialist Dan Donahue, Vegetable Specialist Teresa Rusinek, Viticulture Specialist Jim Meyers, Business Management Specialist Elizabeth Higgins

Highland, NY Released February 2018

Table of Contents Page Plant Pathology Program ...... 3 Horticulture Program………...... 14 Entomology Program ...... 27 Facility Report ...... 34 Extension Activities by Extension Educators housed at the Lab ...... 36 Publications and Extension/Outreach by Scientist …………...... 40 Peter Jentsch…………...... 40 Dan Donahue…………...... 50 Srdan Avimovic…………...... 51

Support Staff, 2016-2017 Without the focused efforts of those listed below, very little would have been accomplished! Without the diversity and humor they brought to the lab, life would have been dull!

Albert Woelfersheim Facilities Coordinator 1992 to present Erica L Kane Administrative Assistant 2016 to present Lydia Brown Research Technician III 2017 to present Lucas Canino Summer Research Assistant, Entomology 2017 to present Tim Lampasona Research Technician, Entomology 2012 to 2016 Christopher Leffelman Research Technician II, Entomology 2016 to present Benjamin Lee Summer Research Assistant, Entomology 2015 to 2017 Sarah Rohwer ENYCHP Technician 2015 to present Gemma Reig Cordoba Postdoctoral Associate, Horticulture 2015 to 2017 Ricardo Delgado Santander Postdoctoral Associate, Plant Pathology 2017 to present Katarina Gasik Visiting Scholar, Plant Pathology 2017 Christopher Meredith Research Technician III, Plant Pathology 2016 to present Zaklina Pavlovic Visiting Scholar, Plant Pathology 2017 to present Addie Kurchin Summer Research Intern, Entomology Summer 2017 Cameron Fuhr CALS/CCE Summer Research Intern Summer 2017 David Rosenberger Plant Pathologist (retired-advising) Plant Pathology Projects/Activities 2016-2017 Compiled by Srdan Acimovic Extension Associate, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, NY

Tree fruit disease monitoring and infections since conditions after rainfall detection were too cold. Hence, the early sprays for these false alerts were not needed and saved Using apple scab and fire blight prediction the RIMpro users money. Omitting 1-2 models such as RIMpro and NEWA that early-season fungicide sprays, saves at least assist in deciding on the disease $25/A for each application, or ~$200,000 if management timings were one of our accounted for all of the apple acreage priorities for apple growers. In 2016, there Hudson Valley (Rosenberger et al., 2013). was only one major apple scab infection In 2017 we invited East NY apple growers period from 1-4 May, when ~90% of to establish a partnership with Hudson ascospores were discharged (RIMpro for Valley Research Laboratory (HVRL), with Highland, NY). In 2017, a lot of rain the goal to make this novel digital platform favored all fungal diseases of apple and nearer to the apple industry, through there were four major apple scab infections enabling hands-on experience and by events: 20, 25 April, and 5, 13 May. To improving grower ability to interpret and use determine the time when first mature the disease model outputs to make time- ascospores can be discharged from apple sensitive spray decisions. HVRL struck a leaf litter (Biofix), where apple scab fungus partnership with 19 interested apple farms in overwinters, we used a vacuum spore tower. east NY. With the initiative and help of Dr. With this method, in 2017 we determined David Rosenberger at HVRL, and in biofix dates for three locations in East NY collaboration with NEWA’s Coordinator including Highland, Rexford and Peru. Dan Olmstead at Cornell’s NY State IPM Mature ascospores were abundantly Program, and Marc Trapman of RIMpro available in leaf litter on 29 March in B.V. in Netherlands, we helped the farm Highland, on 8 April in Rexford, and on 11 owners to connect their RIMpro subscription April in North Peru. Warm weather periods accounts with their on-site weather stations in February and other winter months, and with the weather forecast data feed from propelled faster maturation of ascospores the National Weather Service. By using the that were discharging in the vacuum tower local weather forecast, and afterwards as soon as the snow melted from the major available historical data from their local 13 March blizzard in NY. Biofix dates weather stations in RIMpro, growers could allowed growers who subscribed and plan their sprays four days in advance and connected their local weather stations to later test how good was the weather forecast RIMpro Cloud Service to run RIMpro’s and how effective was their applied spray apple scab prediction model more program in relation to the forecast. In this accurately. In comparison to NEWA’s scab partnership with the growers who subscribed model, RIMpro accurately reported that that to RIMpro, we delivered 19 e-mail alerts, several early ascospore release and i.e. two alerts per week, with interpretations germination periods, before the first major of outputs from apple scab and fire blight infection on the 19 April, did not lead to prediction models and with specific spray recommendations for the next four days. become more resistant, has not occurred yet. Based on these alerts, we also published Conditions that propelled fire blight weekly blog posts on Acimovic Lab blog epidemic were unusual rise of average containing general disease management temperatures from 50’s and 60’s to high recommendations for the whole East NY 70’s and 80’s, coupled with rain events on apple industry. Through total of 43 of these 29 and 30 May, long periods with > 90% blog posts we also reported on the dates relative air humidity, all followed by two when first apple diseases were visible in hail events in June. Streptomycin spray Highland in our unsprayed plots and which recommended on the thinning meeting 26 weather conditions influenced their May for this announced infection period occurrence and how. At petal fall thinning were largely not applied, except in few meetings, we directly delivered then current orchards with young trees. First fire blight statuses of fruit diseases and the near future strikes were visible on 6 June. Flower and predictions with management shoot infections led to development of recommendations. HVRL-growers numerous fire blight cankers on wood, partnership effort in NY, along with a where pathogen can overwinter. Throughout similar effort in MA, represents the first the summer and fall unprecedented number organized introduction of RIMpro into the of trees died due to rootstock infections that US. The value of this program to growers is established either by downward transfer of still being assessed, but along with the start bacteria via trunk or through the infected of RIMpro evaluation in MI by our rootstock suckers. On 2 Aug 2016 we held a colleagues and through our hands-on workshop for Champlain Valley growers on experiences, RIMpro shows strong how to manage the severe fire blight indication that it is the best tool available for consequences. To help the growers manage accurately timing early season sprays for fire blight, on 1 Nov 2016, we worked with control of apple scab. We plan to continue seven largest apple farms in Champlain our engagement with the growers in helping Valley and sampled cankered and the apple industry adopt new digital symptomless apple rootstocks from orchards technologies for plant disease prediction. affected by fire blight epidemic. After getting a project funded by NY Farm Fire blight epidemic in North NY and Viability Institute (NY FVI) we conducted rootstock blight research lab diagnostic assays to confirm presence or absence of fire blight pathogen E. Fire blight epidemic in north NY 2016 amylovora in these samples. With giving the caused $6-10 million damage across 2016 results of these analyses to the growers, we and 2017. In north-east and north-west NY helped the owners decide which trees need severe fire blight infections, occurred on to be removed, as these could serve as fire May 21st, 29th and 30th and were blight infection sources in years to come. successfully predicted by the Maryblyt and We used molecular lab methods to detect the NEWA fire blight model. In NY fire blight pathogen in these samples and Champlain Valley apple growing region, found a surprisingly high presence of some leading apple cultivars were at the end asymptomatic rootstock infections of fire of bloom, allowing fire blight infections to blight. In 2017, there were no fresh blossom establish and spread onto growing shoots. At blight infections in Northern-eastern NY, this time, shoots were very susceptible to even though young apple trees with internal infections as terminal bud set, when they asymptomatic fire blight infections

4 originating from an epidemic in 2016 identify or isolate into pure culture for lab continued to die during 2017. Hence, we tests, or more reliable identification tests can initiated continuation of the rootstock blight only be conducted in a specialized lab with project and went to the same 7 apple farms focused research on a specific pathogen. we sampled in 2016 to detect fire blight rootstock infections in trees sampled the In mid-May 2017, dead buds at pink growth second time in Nov 2017. In addition these stage (Fig. 1) were reported on young activities, we established two research ‘SnapDragon’ apple trees in Marlboro and experiments on one of the affected farms to on cv. ‘Buckeye® Gala’ in Milton, NY. study naturally developed fire blight cankers These symptoms resembled frost damage and survival of E. amylovora populations in and are associated with the symptom called them, over time and after the dormant blossom blast, caused by the ice-nucleating copper sprays are applied. strains of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. These strains act as ice-nucleating particles Tree fruit disease diagnosis causing ice to form, thus exacerbating near- frost events into frost events and leading to The plant pathology lab at the HVRL helps frost injury on buds. Unlike pear, blossom growers and extension staff with disease blast is rarely seen on apples. In Marlboro, diagnosis. In 2016 and 2017, we provided buds on whole branches or trees were diagnoses for more than 85 inquiries from affected leading to loss of some trees. When extension specialists, private consultants, we collected samples of wood below the and apple growers. These inquiries were dead buds, we isolated Pseudomonas-like delivered either via e-mail with photographs, bacteria colonies. In our lab tests, we direct visits to farms, and by grower or determined that these colonies belong to a consultant visits to HVRL. Some of these bacterium called P. syringae pv. syringae diseases in question, in the order of and confirmed their ice-nucleating importance, are fire blight, bitter rot, capability. Historical weather data for Glomeralla leaf spot, cedar apple rust, Marlboro show that there were five near blossom blast, lightning injury on apple, and frost events recorded on 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11 fungicide phytotoxicity. More than 20 of the May 2017. The frost event from early inquiries required lab work to identify the morning on 4 May was predicted and issued causal pathogens. In many cases, we were on 3 May in a frost advisory by National able to provide a quick diagnosis which Weather Service on 4:12 pm. In addition to allowed growers to act before crop loss was pathogen detection, this confirms that the severe. However, in few cases listed below, observed symptoms were the first report of identification took longer since the blossom blast in NY caused by the ice pathogens in question are difficult to nucleating strains of P. s. pv. syringae.

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(B) Ice nucleating test with P. syringae pv. syringae isolates recovered from affected apples branches in Marlboro.Bacterial isolate suspensions on the left are frozen Figure 1. (A) Drooping 'SnapDragon' buds at pink at 1-2⁰C. The last glass vial on the right is unfrozen as it growth stage dead from contains a suspension of negative control bacterium (Photo bacterial blossom blast caused by Acimovic S. G., 2017). with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Marlboro, NY bacterial colonies later identified by several different molecular and classic lab assays as In July and August, we got a report of an fire blight bacterium E. amylovora. These unusual decline of young ‘Honeycrisp’ rootstock infections showed unusual apple trees planted at different sites from 20 appearance pattern going from the bottom of Apr - 25 May 2017, in one of the Hudson the roots upward, which is not typical Valley farms. When the trees with brown, symptom of rootstock blight. It seems that wilted leaves, were dug out and root bark trees were infected by contaminated tool via from ‘Pajam-2’ rootstock shaved, we saw cuts on the bottom of the roots. Trees died dead root tissue over time due to root and rootstock death. In starting from the fall 2017, the total number of counted trees bottom of the that died in different orchard sites was 1,250 roots up. The out of 16,000 planted trees. infection zone showed glossy, Ample rain in the first half of 2017 seemed soaky appearance to favor almost all fungal disease of fruit around the dead trees. Marssonina Leaf Blotch was found tissue margin late in the summer in several apple orchards (Fig. 2). After we in the lower-Hudson Valley and south NY. conducted series Typical round leaf spot symptoms of this of isolations from disease and fungal spores of the pathogen these infections, were found on Mutsu, Honeycrisp, Winesap, we consistently NY-1, and several other cultivars (Fig. 3). In isolated causal some locations defoliation of leaves was

6 noticed on the lower part of the crown when not applied as frequently as the weather fungicide cover sprays were not applied or patterns required.

Figure 2. Dying ‘Pajam-2’ rootstock infected by fire blight on declining trees of ‘Royal Red Honeycrisp’, exhibiting cankered tissue and water-soaked infection zone after bark is shaved (Photo by Acimovic S. G., 2017).

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Figure 3. (A) Marssonina Leaf Blotch symptoms on leaf of ‘Ruby Frost’ apple. (B) Spores visible under the microscope typical for Marssonina sp. obtaind from acervuli collected from spots in figure A (Photo by Acimovic S. G., 2017).

Typical conidia of Marssonina sp. were One of the pillars of the fire blight found under the microscope, indicating that management program is reduction of the causal agent is this fungus (Fig. 3B). We overwintering bacterial inoculum by pruning and CCE Dan Donahue collected a large removal of blighted plant parts. Fire blight group of samples and performed pathogen cankers on large branches and trunk stand isolations. However, after preliminary the best chance to produce bacterial ooze molecular analyses and then two-gene with the viable E. amylovora bacteria for sequencing that was done for recovered flower infections. Removal of cankers by fungal isolates, the results came negative, pruning, as the main sources of inoculum for indicating that we were not successful in flower infections in the spring, is an isolating Marssonina sp. from infected essential practice that reduces the chance for leaves. severe fire blight epidemics in the future. However, no matter how meticulous the Can dormant copper mixed with bark pruning crews are in removing cankers penetrants reduce overwintering fire during tree dormancy, some cankers remain blight bacteria? in the orchard allowing fire blight to overwinter. In 2016 experiment, we aimed

7 to evaluate new spray options that could kill applied copper. With the treatments of E. amylovora cells overwintering in cankers. biologicals and SAR-s, also applied as two During the summer, we developed enough preventive bloom sprays, the goal was to fire blight cankers by inoculating growing evaluate newer alternatives to antibiotics. apple shoots with E. amylovora. In fall we Results from our trial treatments showed initiated a spray trial to evaluate can copper that the total of 0.4 lb of metallic copper and sprays, applied in apple tree dormancy, the newer antibiotic-alternatives applied in affect the overwintering populations of fire bloom, provided poor blossom and shoot blight bacterium E. amylovora when mixed blight control under high disease pressure in with bark penetrants. We assumed that if our trial. Since high disease pressure can and copper helped by bark penetrating have developed in natural infection surfactants can penetrate into the scenarios, the tested treatments are not a compromised bark near fire blight canker reliable option for fire blight control in edges, then it could reduce the number of comparison to antibiotics. Fruit russet data overwintering cells of E. amylovora. We showed no significant differences among applied 10 different combination treatments copper treatments, indicating that cool and of three copper formulations and two bark wet weather conditions after bloom were the penetrants. We used a novel quantitative major cause of russetting in 2017. These digital (d)PCR platform to detect and results have been published and are quantify number of bacteria in fire blight available in Fruit Quarterly articles and in cankers, before and after the sprays were Plant Disease Management technical reports applied. Results showed that the applied and are being incorporated into extension sprays did not play a significant role in recommendations on copper bloom sprays reducing bacterial numbers in cankers. and on which new products are effective or However, it is possible that other bark not in fire blight management. penetrating compounds such as bark oils, might allow copper penetration into the bark Evaluating fungicides for controlling and further experiments are ongoing to apple and grape diseases address this question. These results have been available in Fall 2017 Fruit Quarterly In 2016, two fungicide efficacy trials were article. conducted with the newer SDHI-s. The cedar apple rust trial with total of 10 Can bloom sprays of low-rate coppers evaluate programs, showed that this disease and newer biologicals control blossom was controlled best with Luna Sensation blight? alone or in combination with Manzate and as well as or slightly less in comparison to We evaluated 27 different bloom treatments an excellent control with Inspire Super plus on ‘Honeycrisp’ trees, out of which 15 were Manzate. Regalia showed good rust control low-rate copper sprays, 9 were newer only on fruit of the more resistant cv. biologicals and systemic acquire resistance ‘McIntosh’. In the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SAR) inducers, and 3 were grower efficacy trial (SBFS) on ‘Honeycrisp’ we standards and untreated control. The goal evaluated total of 10 treatments. Total of was to evaluate whether two preventive two disease ratings were conducted in the bloom sprays of 0.2 lb of metallic copper/A orchard showing initially good SBFS control would be effective against blossom blight results. However, the third rating was but not cause fruit russet due to low-rate of conducted after disease incubation on harvested fruit placed in moist crates.

8 Incubation showed that fungicides only total of four sprays per year with each of suppressed SBFS infections that became these new products, while only three established before the second SBFS spray alternating sprays of Quintec were applied. was applied. Under these conditions, These results have been published and are Merivon and Sercadis used alone provided available on Acimovic Lab blog’s page around 50% post-infection control, while called Pesticide Efficacy Trials and in Plant Pristine used alone and Sercadis plus Captan Disease Management technical reports, and provided the best control around 60% (100% are being incorporated into extension disease incidence in the untreated control). recommendations on fungicide sprays with primer on which new products are effective In 2017, we conducted three fungicide for management of fungal diseases of plants. efficacy trials. In the apple scab efficacy trial with 12 treatments, where SDHI Development of fire blight post-infection fungicides were applied as two or 4 sprays program for shoot blight management per season, we showed that the two programs with Aprovia and Fontelis mixed Apogee contains prohexadione-calcium, a with LI 700 performed the best, with gibberellin synthesis inhibitor with growth Merivon and Sercadis, each in mixture with retardant activity. In apples, Apogee stunts Widespread Max, just behind them. In both the shoot growth allowing thickening of the cases the added surfactants probably cell walls which in turn reduces chance or facilitated better systemic penetration of prevents fire blight bacteria to deliver SDHI into the leaves and fruit, which may virulence proteins into the plant cell and have allowed longer residual activity of the establish shoot infections. It takes 2-2.5 active ingredients through the rain and, weeks for Apogee to express its effect. After along with 48 h kick-back activity, better the 2016 fire blight epidemic in northern eradication of any incubating infections. In NY, the benefit and efficacy of post- the apple powdery mildew trial with five infection Apogee application as a rescue spray treatments, a new fungicide spray/s was questioned, especially in fear of pyraziflumid sprayed at three different rates, too much tree growth stunting on 4-8th leaf every seven days, from half-inch green tip trees. However, epidemic occurrence of fire until just after first cover on 15 May, blight and tree death due to rootstock blight, showed excellent control of this disease more than warranted this recommendation under low disease pressure that developed in since it could have saved more trees from the untreated control. We conducted 13 dying. First, the recommendation was to repeated inoculum introductions of powdery apply this product immediately to prevent mildew pathogen starting from pink growth more secondary infections on shoots that stage. In the grape powdery mildew trial have not yet been infected, and to prevent conducted in a commercial vineyard with excessive pathogen progress through the Cabernet Franc, we found after four disease shoots and formation of numerous fire blight ratings on leaves and berry clusters, an cankers on the wood of large branches, excellent control of this disease was scaffolds, and the trunk. Pathogen achieved by all the seven applied fungicide overwinters successfully in cankers on thick programs based on Aprovia, Aprovia Top, branches and trunk. The second reason why Miravis Prime, Luna Experience, each these rescue treatment/s of Apogee should alternating with Quintec in their respective have been done, was to reduce the chance of programs, at 14 days interval. There was tree death by preventing or slowing down

9 the early pathogen progress from shoots into reports on high incidence of bitter rot on the wood xylem, and then into the trunk and, high quality fruit of ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘Ginger fatally, into the rootstock. Hence, the main Gold’, and ‘Empire’, with losses of up to benefit from the slowdown of tree growth 25% in high value crop. Bitter rot is caused would have been to save the trees i.e. to by plant pathogenic fungi from the genus significantly reduce the chance for or Colletotrichum. So far, it is known that there prevent the massive tree loss. One year in are at least 18 possible species of loss of vegetative growth is lesser of a Colletotrichum that could infect apples and sacrifice in comparison to the death of 1,000 pears and cause the same symptom of bitter – 5,500 apple trees per farm that was rot on fruit (Rosenberger 2016). However, recorded on some farms, including costs of we do not know which species of fungi in labor for tree removal. The effect of Apogee this genus are present in NY and which is only temporary, and the tree growth species are dominant causing bitter rot in would have rebounded in the 2017 growing NY. The main reasons why it is necessary to season. To demonstrate the advantages of know which species cause bitter rot in NY Apogee as a potential rescue treatment are: 1) Correct disease diagnosis is the first applied post-infection, inside the project step toward use of successful management funded by NY Farm Viability Institute (NY treatment/s, 2) Different Colletotrichum FVI) we established an efficacy trial with 14 species have different levels of sensitivity to spray treatments, out of which 10 were with fungicides, thus allowing potential failures different rates or number of sprays of in bitter rot management, 3) Different Apogee or mixtures with acibenzolar-S- Colletotrichum species can differ widely in methyl (Actigard). After four ratings of life cycle and temperature requirements for shoot blight severity, the best results in growth, initiation of infection, and survival, blight slow down and pathogen progress thus affecting the disease management. prevention was achieved by two sprays of Previous work showed that C. acutatum Apogee, each delivering12 oz/A, 14 days species complex are more tolerant to apart. The first spray was applied at 1-3-inch thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanil, shoot growth. This trial will be replicated in trifloxystrobin, and captan, when compared 2018 as a part of two-year NY FVI project. to the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Munir et al., 2016). Identification of bitter rot fungi of New York We also know very little about the epidemiology of these fungi on apples in Bitter rot is becoming an increasing fruit NY, how they overwinter, and what is the yield reduction and storage quality issue in significance of different infection sources NY. High incidence of this disease in relative to the infection periods. To address commercial orchards is propelled by these gaps, with the project funded by the frequent hot weather periods during NY State Apple Research and Development summer, followed by warm rains. Bitter rot Program in 2017, we isolated 700 isolates of symptoms can be seen in Fig. 4. In fall 2016, bitter rot fungi from apple fruit collected on there were several reports from west NY 13 locations in NY during the 2016 and packing houses that bitter rot fungi were 2017. The results from sequencing of three found developing on stored apples. In south specific genes indicate on the presence of NY, along the Hudson river valley and in fungal species from both C. acutatum central NY we received several alarming

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Figure 4. Bitter rot on ‘Hoheycrisp’ apple fruit caused by the Colletotrichum fungi. (A) Young, flat bitter rot spot, (B) Cross section of an apple fruit with bitter rot showing typical V-shaped flash rot, (C) Advanced bitter rot spot with concentric rings of spore masses that enable new fruit infections (Photos by Acimovic S. G., 2016). species complex and the C. gloeosporioides Very little is known about the E. amylovora species complex. The sensitivity of these survival in cankers as the major infection isolates to fungicides is currently being sources for infection renewal in years with tested at HVRL. Work on this project is favorable conditions. Knowledge on how ongoing and will continue into the 2018. We well this pathogen survives in wood cankers hope to determine what is the influence of during summer, fall and winter, is important different species on rising disease incidence because it could improve the accuracy of in NY and try to explain possible fire blight prediction models, which complications in management of bitter rot currently assume that pathogen always with fungicides we experienced in 2016 and survives successfully in cankers. We 2017. developed an E. amylovora inoculation protocol for three apple and pear cultivars to Digital (d)PCR as a new method for develop enough cankers to investigate research on E. amylovora survival and populations under different experimental population dynamics conditions and treatments. Furthermore, dPCR is a method that will enable us to A new molecular disease diagnostic determine the physiological state of platform called digital (d)PCR, that also surviving cells of E. amylovora in wood allows quantification of pathogen cankers and evaluate the efficacy of some propagules in the plant tissues, is old or new fire blight management options investigated and optimized at the HVRL’s on a molecular level. All this information plant pathology program for the most will guide us to improve the existing and important apple pathogens in NY. The main develop new fire blight management options goal of this work is to develop a valid assay based on copper, biocontrol control agents, for detection and quantification of viable E. plant resistance activators, and new amylovora cells in apple and pear tissues so generation of bactericides. Based on the that we can investigate fire blight work done so far on developing a viable epidemiology, population dynamics, and dPCR protocol for E. amylovora detection survival during the summer, fall and winter. and absolute quantification, we found that

11 the results are promising and that we can Srdjan Acimovic, the lab leader, Dr. Ricardo quantify live bacterial cells in the wood Santander, a postdoctoral associate, Dr. tissue of fire blight cankers. dPCR allows us Katarina Gasic, a visiting scholar, and MS to detect absolute quantity of a pathogen Zaklina Pavlovic, a visiting scholar, gave cells in a certain plant tissue, which can be broad review of research and extension easily compared for the same pathogen activities undertaken for the apple industry across different laboratories. This new in 2016 and 2017. We jointly held four platform is very powerful and can be presentations and answered questions by the adapted for and used to investigate growers who attended in 2017. In addition to epidemiology, ecology and biology of many the Apple Forum, in 2017 Dr. Acimovic other different plant pathogens. gave more than 14 presentations and talks at different meetings in 2016 and 2017attended Further Outreach, Extension and by growers, pest management consultants, Research Publications extension specialists, and applied and basic scientists. Dr. Acimovic and MS. Pavlovic Plant Pathology research team at HVRL delivered 43 blog posts in 2017 via the organized two Apple forums, one in 2016 Acimovic Lab blog, with issuance of weekly and one in 2017. The forum allowed blog posts containing pest management delivering the data to the growers on key recommendations for growers in 2017. The research and extension activities number of blog visitors in 2017 are achievements of the program. In 2016, presented in Fig. 5. Along with direct faculty and staff of all three programs, plant interaction with growers, this has by far pathology, horticulture and entomology, exceeded the anticipated 500 of reached gave the presentations on their support to the growers in NY to deliver focused apple industry. In the 2017 Apple Forum, information on apple disease management the plant pathology research and extension practices. team in the Acimovic lab, consisting of Dr.

Figure 5. Graph showing number of visits to Acimovic' Lab blog in 2017 depicting the impact of online publications delivered to New York fruit industry that contain timely and weather-specific plant disease management recommendations. This facet of extension and

12 outreach is conducted by all Cornell faculty at HVRL and is considered rapid and the most useful form of grower support within the growing season.

In addition to blogs, plant pathology An Overview" Vol. 5, Issue 5, pg. 3-5, July program at HVRL published for growers 27, 2017. One article is published in four longer articles on fire blight symptom Scaffolds Fruit Journal: SBFS & Summer recognition, general and specific Rots: High Risk of Infections in 2017. Vol. management recommendations, and new 26 (14), 26 June, pg. 1-5. In addition to this, data on fire blight management research. Dr. Acimovic with his research team Two articles are published in Fruit Quarterly submitted two abstracts for participation at journal: Evaluation of dormant copper the International Congress of Plant sprays with bark penetrating surfactants in Pathology which will be held in Boston, reduction of Erwinia amylovora in cankers MA, 29 Jul - 3 Aug 2018. One abstract is and of low-rate copper sprays in blossom about research on optimization of dPCR for blight control, Fruit Quarterly, Vol. 25 (3), E. amylovora detection and quantification, Fall 2017, pg. 15-20; and Evaluation of under the title: "Digital (d)PCR protocol and newer biologicals and the SAR-activator tissue sample processing for detection and candidate Regalia in fire blight control quantification of live Erwinia amylovora applied by spraying or trunk injection, Fruit cells in fire blight cankers" and the other on Quarterly, Vol. 25 (4), Winter 2017, pg. 23- identification of apple bitter rot fungi in 27. One is published in the extension New York and Virginia "Apple bitter rot newsletter called Tree Fruit News titled fungi of New York and Virginia – which "Growers’ Issues in the First Part of 2017 – Colletotrichum species are there?"

Literature

Munir, M., Amsden, B., Dixon, E., Vaillancourt, L., Gauthier, N.A.W., 2016. Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Bitter Rot of Apple in Kentucky Orchards. Plant Dis. 100, 2194–2203. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1144-RE Rosenberger, D.A., Hoying, S., Jentsch, P., Fargione, M., 2013. Summary of Research and Extension Activities at Cornell’s Hudson Valley Laboratory for 2011 and 2012.

13 Horticulture Program 2016-2017 Compiled by Dana Acimovic Research Associate, Department of Entomology on behalf of the Department of Horticulture

Red Delicious Planting System and Vertical Axis (VA) and Triple Axis (TSS) Rootstock Trial systems, all propagated on important 6 Geneva rootstocks (G.11, G.16, G.30, G.41, The Chiaro’s Yonder Red Delicious trial G.210 and G.935) and compared to was established near Hudson, NY, in 2007 standards such as B.118, M.9, M.26 and in response to the continuing need to M.7. produce more local Red Delicious apples more profitably. Since Red Delicious is a Seasonal data collection included the slow growing and low yielding variety it measurements of winter pruning time, yield might benefit from higher planting densities per tree, number of fruits per tree, vegetative and the use of very precocious rootstocks. growth or tree spread, and trunk However, lower returns for this variety may circumference (Table 1 and Table 2). make this difficult. This trial was Sample of 40 fruits per rep were taken at established to try innovative planting harvest for additional fruit quality analysis. systems and some of the new rootstocks to 2017 is the final year for data collection of find the best combination for profitability apple planting system trial conducted on with this variety. Red Delicious clone, Super Red Delicious in Chiaro’s Yonder Fruit Chief was used in the trial and trained to Farm. Tall Spindle (TS), Super Spindle (SS),

Table 1. The rootstock effect on Red Delicious yield and vegetative growth in 2017. Pruning Time Yield/Tree Crop Load Rootstock (min/tree) (kg) Fruit Size (g) (fruit/cm2) Root Suckers B118 1.5 a 26.5 a 129.7 a 2.3 d 2.0 cd G11 0.8 cdef 25.0 a 136.3 a 4.4 ab 0.4 d G16 0.5 ef 19.7 a 129.9 a 3.8 bc 6.8 c G210 0.8 cde 21.7 a 117.9 a 4.1 abc 5.2 cd G30 1.2 ab 28.2 a 127.6 a 3.5 c 3.9 cd G41 0.8 def 27.2 a 144.7 a 4.5 a 0.9 d G935 1.2 abc 26.0 a 119.4 a 4.0 abc 3.9 cd M26 0.5 ef 20.2 a 118.9 a 3.9 abc 1.1 d M7 1.0 bcd 22.3 a 133.2 a 2.7 d 34.1 a M9 0.5 f 17.1 a 134.4 a 4.2 ab 16.2 b F-value <.0001 0.0541 0.0545 <.0001 <.0001 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Student’s t-test, α=0.05

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Table 2 The effect of training system on Red Delicious yield and vegetative growth in 2017. Pruning Pruning Time Time Yield/Tree Yield Crop Load System (min/tree) (hr/A) (kg) (bushels/A) Fruit Size (g) (fruit/cm2) SS 0.8 b 29.0 15.2 c 376 119.2 b 3.2 c TS 0.7 b 15.4 21.2 b 318 126.4 ab 3.4 c TSS 1.2 a 18.1 27.3 a 281 135.5 a 3.9 b VA 0.8 b 8.9 30.6 a 233 134.7 a 4.7 a F- value 0.0011 <.0001 0.0081 <.0001 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Student’s t-test, α=0.05 Sweet Cherry Planting Systems and keys to producing high quality fruit over Rootstocks several decades; o allowing orchard work to be conducted The NC140 regional research project on from the ground. sweet cherry systems and rootstock was established at Crist Farms in Walden, NY in During the bloom 2016 we have performed 2010. The purpose of the trial is to study the a “whole tree renewal”, which comprised of influence of training system, rootstock removing the most vigorous (largest vigor, and growing conditions (site) on diameter) fruiting branches by stubbing annual fruiting unit growth, yield, and fruit them back to the lowest possible visible quality (Table 3). At the Crist Farms site, a basal bud. For this purpose, only one out of cherry variety Regina is trained to four high density training systems (Figure 1): Slander three trees per rep was selected and the Spindle Axe (SSA), Upright Fruiting related data were used to investigate the Offshoots (UFO), Tall Spindle Axe (TSA), effect of tree renewal pruning practice on and Kym Green Bush (KGB). The cherry yield, fruit quality and vegetative growth trees were grafted to Gisela rootstocks (Table 4). series: Gi.3 (dwarfing, 30-45% of standard), Gi.5 (semi-dwarfing, 50-65% of standard) The trees have started bearing fruits for the and Gi.6 (semi-vigorous, 75-90% of first time in 2015. The evaluation of yields standard). and fruit quality in that year has shown an The objectives of using the four training expected low fruit production (< 10 kg/tree), systems in the study are: with TSA having the highest yields on all o changing the acrotonic growth habit of three rootstocks, followed by UFO, KGB sweet cherry, and thus improving light and SSA. distribution lower in the canopy; o inducing precocity and improving early In 2017, TSA has continued to produce the yield potential; highest yield and have bigger TCSA. o developing a minimal permanent trunk; Among rootstocks, none of them had an o performing annual renewal of a portion of impact on yield. However, Gi.6 has the fruiting wood, which is one of the increased trunk size and fruit weight (Table 3).

15

Figure 1. Cherry training systems in NC-140 Trial: The interaction between four canopy training systems KGB, TSA, SSA, UFU and new rootstocks are being compared in this NC-140 trial. Source: Greg Lang, Michigan State University (above). NC-140 Trial: Fruit quality analysis. (right).

Table 3. The effects of training system and rootstocks on yield, fruit quality and trunk size in 2017. Fruit TCSA Diameter Yield (kg) (cm2) Fruit Weight (g) (mm) SSC (brix) KGB 10.2 b 153.5 ab 9.1 a 25.9 a 15.6 a SSA 5.6 c 99.4 b 9.4 a 27.5 a 14.1 b System TSA 16.2 a 160.7 a 8.4 a 26.1 a 14.1 b UFO 10.0 b 144.1 ab 8.8 a 27.5 a 14.9 ab F- value <.0001 0.0372 0.495 0.6342 0.0048 Gi.3 9.1 a 88.8 b 8.0 b 25.6 a 14.5 a Rootstock Gi.5 10.7 a 104.1 b 8.6 b 26.2 a 14.9 a Gi.6 11.6 a 225.3 a 9.9 a 28.1 a 14.5 a F- value 0.1507 <.0001 0.0014 0.1374 0.5418 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Student’s t-test, α=0.05

The trees that were renewed by removing the most vigorous branches has born very low yield in 2017, up to 1.5 kg per tree.

16 Table 4. The effect of tree renewal pruning practice on yield and trunk size in 2017. Yield (g) TCSA (cm2) KGB 498.3 a 133.7 a SSA 1545.0 a 96.2 a System TSA 468.3 a 157.1 a UFO 1333.3 a 117.3 a F-value 0.4552 0.1604 Gi.3 832.5 a 65.1 c Rootstock Gi.5 908.7 a 111.1 b Gi.6 1142.5 a 196.3 a F-value 0.9089 <.0001 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey-Kramer HSD, α=0.05

The assessment of the trial production, fruit quality and health status of the trees will continue until 2020.

Promoting Increase of Sweet Cherries flower viability in cherries by reducing Fruit Size and Resistance to Splitting ethylene production in flowers and delaying flower and stigmatic senescence. Due to this The trial has been initiated in 2017 to test effect, flowers that last longer have a higher the effect of a new compound, Splendor, likelihood to be successfully pollinated, and registered in CA for the promotion of berry increased pollination results in a higher fruit growth and prevention of berry splitting yield. after rain. Splendor’s active ingredient, forchlorfenuron or CPPU is a synthetic To test the effect of the products on yield cytokinin-like plant regulator that at low and fruit size, ReTain spray was applied at concentration promotes berry development bloom, with rate of 50g/acre, while Splendor and increase fruit size. In the trial, this with the rate of 6g a.i./acre was sprayed at product has been applied alone or in the fruit set. Data present in Table 5 show the combination with ReTain, a plant growth treatment influence on yield per tree, fruit regulator that has been shown to extend size and fruit quality.

Table 5. Treatment impact on yield per tree, berry size and fruit quality.

Treatment Yield (kg) Berry Weight (g) Diameter (mm) SSC (brix) ReTain+Splendor 6.41 8.90 26.77 15.76 Splendor 4.32 9.15 27.02 15.57 UTC 3.25 9.85 27.56 15.87 F-test 0.6603 0.781 0.8649 0.949

17 A potential impact of Splendor on resistance to fruit splitting was test by spraying this product at color break and compared to UTC (Table 6).

Figure 2. Transversal (A), half -moon (B), apical (C), star (D). (source: treefruit.com.au/orchard/crop- protection/cracking)

Table 6. Splendor effect on promotion of resistance to berry splitting.

Fruit without Treatment Splitting (%) Half-moon (%) Star (%) Splendor 82.1 2 15.7 UTC 70.2 5.4 24.2 F-test 0.4254 0.3426 0.5392

2010 Apple Rootstock Trial NC-140 rootstocks in total). The goal of the trial is to evaluate the adaptability and performance of This year was the eighth season of the NC- new and promising apple rootstocks in the 140 Apple Rootstock Trial. The trial dwarfing size-control category. The trial includes sites established with two variety: includes testing of 8 new Budagovsky Honeycrisp (replicated in 12 States) and rootstocks (Russia), 3 new Pilnitz stocks Aztec Fuji (replicated in 7 Sates). The part (Germany) and 12 Geneva rootstocks and of the trial located at the Hudson Valley Lab compares them to standards such as B.9, encompasses five complete rows (0.5 acre) M.9 Pajam2, M.9 NAKBT337 and M.26 of Aztec Fuji with as many as 3 trees per rep EMLA (Figure 3). (4 rep in total) and per rootstock (27

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Figure 3. Geneva Rootstocks by tree size (above, source: http://www.goodfruit.com/rootstocks-under-trial/).The NC-140 Apple Rootstock Trial: Late season measurement of the tree size (right).

As in previous years, we observed yield, tree size, canopy spread, trunk size, root suckers’ development, and general health status of the trees (Table 7)

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Table7. NC-140 apple rootstock trial: tree size and yield data for 2017 Yield Fruit Crop Load TCSA Height Number of Rootstock (kg) Number (fruit/cm2) (cm2) (cm) Suckers B.10 27.8 138.2 3.0 50.9 450.9 0.5 B.64-194 36.1 190.3 1.9 105.6 650.9 0.4 B.67-5-32 31.2 176.5 1.7 110.8 668.4 0.7 B.70-6-8 27.9 170.8 1.3 148.9 771.7 0.3 B.71-7-22 7.3 61.4 5.4 12.2 219.6 0.5 B.7-20-21 1.9 28.7 4.3 7.4 171.9 0.0 B.7-3-150 32.5 161.0 1.3 130.4 725.8 0.1 B.9 12.1 91.3 3.5 25.8 321.8 0.7 CG.2034 21.2 108.0 3.2 33.9 371.0 0.0 CG.3001 53.8 378.0 4.3 98.5 629.0 0.7 CG.4003 15.2 86.2 2.0 44.9 422.7 0.0 CG.4004 37.2 234.8 2.7 91.2 606.8 2.0 CG.4013 30.9 163.0 4.0 58.1 467.8 0.8 CG.4214 26.9 163.4 3.9 46.8 433.0 1.8 CG.4814 29.3 227.8 3.6 62.5 501.1 2.3 CG.5087 40.7 195.0 2.6 74.3 549.0 0.0 CG.5222 37.6 223.0 2.4 92.4 610.3 1.5 G.11 16.4 71.6 1.2 59.2 488.6 0.9 G.202 N 43.3 270.0 2.8 103.1 639.8 3.1 G.202 TC 27.3 151.3 2.5 61.6 497.0 3.2 G.41 N 27.5 159.8 2.7 68.0 517.4 0.3 G.41 TC 18.8 73.5 0.9 81.5 572.5 1.5 G.935 N 47.2 307.6 5.2 60.1 491.4 2.4 G.935 TC 44.7 290.9 4.0 70.0 528.4 3.2 M.26 EMLA 12.2 63.0 0.6 119.0 687.8 1.3 M.9 NAKBT337 22.1 120.0 2.1 62.2 499.1 4.3 M.9 Pajam 2 30.4 180.3 2.6 73.7 545.0 11.6 PiAu 51-11 33.2 172.3 1.5 117.7 688.3 1.7 PiAu 9-90 29.8 199.2 3.3 59.4 473.0 0.7 Supp.3 46.2 388.0 7.2 53.0 461.8 0.2 F-value <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

Irrigation Trial interpreted information about soil water status, plant water use and stress, and The purpose of irrigation trials is to develop weather. Irrigation systems has becoming an irrigation schedule for apple orchards that inevitable necessity in every orchard due to will fit the production goals by using the climate change and extreme weather automating irrigation systems and conditions that have shown tremendously

20 negative impact on crops. In a January farm 2013. During the 2017 season, data were survey by Cornell, due to the record collected on tree status and growth, yield breaking 2016 drought, fruit tree growers and fruit quality. across New York without irrigation reported an average 46-percent crop loss, while even growers with irrigation saw 6 percent losses. Figure 4. The amount of water a tree used, compared to rainfall, the amount of water fruit trees received without irrigation, during the 2016 growing season. Cumulative data for Northeast. (Source: Jaume Lordan Sanahuja, Cornell University) Irrigation trials led by Jaume Lordan Sanahuja and Terence Robinson are located in Geneva, Hudson Valley, Champlain Valley, Wayne County and Orleans County. The experimental orchard in HV received irrigation treatment in which water requirement was weekly calculated using the Cornell model made by Robinson and Lakso Table 8. The impact of irrigation on Gala yield 2017, Hudson Valley.

Treatment Number of Fruit Yield (kg) Fruit size (g)

Irrigation 111.3 19.51 176.7

No irrigation 106.3 17.49 164.6 F-value 0.5763 0.1749 0.0188

Honey Crisp Bitter Pit Control factors that can affect the bitter pit Honey Crisp is a variety highly appreciate symptoms impairing them or mitigating among consumers because its unique crispy them have been known, the biochemical and texture and its price on market is higher physiological background of the disorder compared to other standard apple varieties. haven’t been well explained. However, production cost of this variety is Having known that timing of the calcium also higher due to the high susceptibility to application, correct form of calcium and bitter pit, a physiological disorder, which is application rate have essential impact on related to Ca deficiency. Although many better pit prevention, we established a small

21 trial, testing a recently released product, SST spray one month after bloom and continued 8% Ca, that contains advanced form of throughout the season with the last calcium designed for enhanced foliar uptake. application been sprayed 15 days before In this preliminary research we have tested harvest. application timing and rate starting foliar Table 9. The SST 8% Ca effect on bitter pit control in 2017. Bitter Pit Bitter Pit Fruit Crop Load Incidence Severity Treatment Number Yield (fruit/cm2) (%) (%) SST 8% Ca (128oz/A; 7 days) 31.9 3.4 0.14 20.6 19.3 SST 8% Ca (64oz/A; 14 days) 22.3 2.1 0.11 32.9 41.3 SST 8% Ca (128oz/A; 14 days) 15.1 1.6 0.09 46.7 27.9 UTC 17.9 1.9 0.07 48.9 41.2 F-value 0.4977 0.4656 0.574 0.1937 0.1205

The trial was carried on in HVL Eco block such as evaporative cooling (EC) and where the conventional pesticide control has netting, together with the application of not been applied, which had significant particle films and sunscreen products and to impact on fruit quality and quantity. test alternative timings, such as season long, to reduce sunburn injury on Honeycrisp in Sunburn Management the Hudson Valley region. Data obtained in In 2015, Peter Jentsch, David Rosenberger 2016 has shown that among all treatments, and Gemma Reig had started a trial to netting provided the most superior control of evaluate the efficiency of products sunburn, while ScreenDuo had promising registered for sunburn control for the first result in sunburn prevention. time under Hudson Valley conditions. In the season of 2017, new products such as Products of interest in the first year were: Purshade and Surround were added to the Raynox, ScreenDuo, and Deco 405 and their trial and their effectiveness were compared efficiency to reduce sunburn incidence on with Screen Duo and UTC. Honeycrisp and Cameo apple varieties under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions were Effectiveness of New PGR on Honey tested against UTC. Crisp Based on the results obtained in 2015 season The objective of the research is to evaluate by Reig et al. (2016) on appropriate the efficacy of plant growth regulators strategies (spray particle films and sunscreen “product X” and “product Y” as solo and products) and timings of the treatments used combination treatments for effects on fruit (late in the season), enough information has set, terminal growth and leaves, improving been obtained to test additional strategies fruit size and color in apple. Application of currently used in other parts of the world, the treatments were done at early petal fall

22 and fruit size 1-1/2”. Products of interest compared to product Y alone or the standard were compared to Fruitone L and UTC. thinner Fruitone L and UTC (Table 10). Combination of X and Y also have shown Mid-season evaluation has shown that if significant thinning effectiveness. applied in rate 1.86g/ha and higher, product Additionally, none of the treatment affected X had the greatest effect in thinning, terminal shoot growth, internode length or reducing the number of fruit and crop load axillary bud development (Table 11).

Table 10. Mid-season evaluation of treatment effects on yield measured after the end of June drop (7/20/2017) Number of Fruits Crop load (fruit cm2) Treatmentsz per Marked Limb per Marked Limb 1 “product X” (1.24 g/ha) 8.9 c 4.89 bcd 2 “product X” (1.86 g/ha) 4.3 a 2.97 ab 3 “product X” (2.48 g/ha) 4.5 a 3.14 ab 4 “product X” (4.94 g/ha) 3.2 a 2.55 a 5 “product X” (14.8 g/ha) 3.3 a 2.07 a 6 “product Y” (0.494 g/ha) 8.1 c 5.52 d 7 “product Y” (0.74 g/ha) 7.6 bc 5.72 d 8 “product Y” (0.99 g/ha) 8.0 c 5.51 d “product X” (1.24 g/ha) + “product Y” (0.494 9 4.0 a 2.66 a g/ha) “product X” (1.86 g/ha) + “product Y” (0.74 10 5.0 ab 3.49 abc g/ha) “product X” (2.48 g/ha) + “product Y” (0.99 11 3.8 a 2.58 a g/ha) 12 Fruitone L (6.4 g/ha) 10.4 c 6.15 d 13 Untreated 7.6 bc 5.16 cd Type III Sums of Squares 0.0001 0.0001 P-Value zAll treatments except Untreated Control received Regulaid (a non-ionic surfactant) at 0.67 pt/100 gal to aid wetting and adhesion.

23 Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

Table 11. Mid-season evaluation of treatment effects on vegetative growth per marked limb measured on July 26. 2017.

Terminal Average Number Average Axillary Bud Treatmentz Shoot of Leaves per Internode Development per Growth Terminal Shoot Length (cm) Marked Limb (cm) 1 “product X” (1.24 g/ha) 11.59 a 9.8 a 1.09 a 6.7 a 2 “product X” (1.86 g/ha) 9.31 a 7.8 a 1.12 a 5.8 a 3 “product X” (2.48 g/ha) 10.22 a 8.2 a 1.13 a 5.5 a 4 “product X” (4.94 g/ha) 9.64 a 8.4 a 1.10 a 3.8 a 5 “product X” (14.8 g/ha) 11.81 a 8.8 a 1.25 a 5.3 a

6 “product Y” (0.494 g/ha) 16.33 a 10.8 a 1.34 a 5.2 a

7 “product Y” (0.74 g/ha) 12.34 a 9.6 a 1.25 a 6.0 a

8 “product Y” (0.99 g/ha) 11.93 a 8.8 a 1.18 a 5.9 a

“product X” (1.24 g/ha) + 9 11.85 a 9.5 a 1.22 a 6.4 a “product Y” (0.494 g/ha) “product X” (1.86 g/ha) + 10 9.02 a 8.1 a 1.02 a 4.5 a “product Y” (0.74 g/ha) “product X” (2.48 g/ha) + 11 12.88 a 9.4 a 1.29 a 6.2 a “product Y” (0.99 g/ha) 12 Fruitone L (6.4 g/ha) 14.72 a 9.5 a 1.51 a 7.2 a 13 Untreated 10.81 a 8.8 a 1.17 a 6.5 a Type III Sums of Squares 0.0621 0.1902 0.1175 0.1137 P-Value zAll treatments except Untreated Control received Regulaid (a non-ionic surfactant) at 0.67 pt/100 gal to aid wetting and adhesion. Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

24 More info about the harvest evaluations will be available after the assessment of treatments effects on yield and fruit quality are completed. Vine Grape Sensitivity to Winter Cold Since 2009 we have been testing grape buds at the lab for sensitivity to winter cold using the spring of 2016 by the Hudson Valley a “Differential Thermal Analyzer”. These Wine and Grape Association and the data have given us a prediction of bud Hudson Valley Wine Coalition, choosing mortality so that the severity of spring Cabernet Franc as their signature variety. pruning can be estimated depending on bud The association, Cornell University faculty mortality. With funding from Viticulture in partnership with HVRL has proposed the Consortium-East, the Lake Erie Regional development of a research vineyard Grape Program, Inc., and the New York comprised of compatible rootstock varieties, Wine and Grape Foundation, we are posting grafted to desirable clones of Cabernet Franc bud cold hardiness information for four to define and solve specific production representative varieties in New York, issues of this variety in the region. measured at commercial and Cornell Establishing and employing a dedicated vineyards in the Lake Erie, Finger Lakes, vineyard at the HVRL, the team will elicit and Hudson Valley regions. characteristics of unique clone of Cabernet We have chosen Riesling, Cabernet Franc on rootstocks while augmenting Franc, Seyval, and Concord as cultural practices of vine management to representative varieties exhibiting a broad develop juice attributes producing the most range of bud hardiness under NY conditions. desirable traits for this regional selection of Vineyards are sampled every two weeks grape. from December 1 through March. Most recent LT50 (Median Bud Freezing Temperature) values for each region are listed in separate tables on the website. Clicking on a variety name will bring up individual graphs of minimum/maximum temperatures and seasonal change in bud freezing temperatures (Figure 5). Cabernet Franc Clone and Rootstock Selection Suitable for Hudson Valley AVA and Viticultural Techniques for Superior Fruit Quality To develop regional branding for The Figure 5. Bud hardiness data for 2016-2017 Hudson Valley grape industry, the selection collected in Hudson Valley (above). Cab Franc of a single varietal wine was agreed upon in cold hardiness compared to actual temperatures (right).

25

• The first objective of the project is to The experimental vineyard will include define and develop a baseline of Cabernet Franc: clone 1, FPS11, FPS13.1 scientific assessments of the most grafted on rootstocks: 3309C, 101-14, and productive and robust Cabernet Riparia Gloire. Clones are selected for Franc clones using rootstock that suitability of the cool climate of the Hudson promote early fruit development, Valley region, demonstrating successful deep color and appealing flavor production of premium wine in grape complex that can be successfully growing regions of the world with similar grown by many producers in diverse growing seasons to the Hudson Valley. vineyard sites of the region. • The second objective is to assess the Assessment of the most successful approach most successful approach within for controlling MPs has been carried out in 3 viticultural methods for controlling commercial vineyards: Whitecliff vineyard methoxypyrazine compounds in & winery in Gardiner, NY, Benmarl Winery Cabernet Franc that create off and in Marlboro, NY, and Millbrook Winery in inconsistent flavor. Millbrook, NY (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Winter pruning at Glorie’s farm and fruit set at Whitecliffs vineyards (above right and left). Harvest at Millbrook vineyards (left).

26 Entomology 2016-2017 Compiled by Peter Jentsch Senior Extension Associate in the NYSAES Department of Entomology and Superintendent at the Hudson Valley Research Laboratory (HVRL) Highland, NY.

Biological Control of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in NYS Employing the Samurai Wasp Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Scelionidae: Telenominae).

The brown marmorated stinbk bug, The Samurai wasp, Trissolcus Halyomorpha halys, originally from Asia, was japonicus (Ashmead), is an adventive egg first detected in Pennsylvania in the mid- parasitoid of the stink bug complex, utilizing 1990’s and quickly spread throughout the the eggs of the brown marmorated stink bug Mid-Atlantic states. In agricultural, landscape (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: and urban environments the insect has become Pentatomidae) (McKellar and Engel 2012) as a major invasive pest, having a broad plant a reproductive host. The BMSB, a newly host range, feeding on fruit and vegetable invasive Asian pest in North America was first crops and invading homes in the fall to seek confirmed on Adams Island in Allentown, overwintering shelter. In its native Pennsylvania in 1996 (Hoebeke and Carter environment it lives in deciduous trees such as 2003) and has since become an important the tree of heaven where it uses its piercing urban and agricultural pest, now present in 44 and sucking mouth-parts to feed on plant states and two Canadian Provinces. juices. In cold climates in the fall, the BMSB moves into the bark of decomposing trees or finds shelter in homes or other man made structures. It produces a long-chain aldehyde chemical acting as an aggregation pheromone attracting BMSB adults to overwinter. In the Eastern US, BMSB begins to move to overwintering sites in early to mid September while late February as temperatures warm, BMSB move about in home sites as they attempt to find a way back out to the forest.

This project focused on mapping the spread of BMSB throughout the Hudson The BMSB is a polyphagous pest of Valley and NYS (2010-2016) and nationally ornamental plants, fruit trees, and vegetable in 2017 using EDDMaps.org. crops, causing economic losses in the mid- Atlantic United States (Rice et al. 2014). The

27 pest usually has one to two generations per survive very well. Movement from year, with the female capable of laying 400 ground cover to the upper canopy of trees is eggs in her lifetime. As an urban pest BMSB observed during the season. will begin overwintering migration in early fall to man-made structures including homes, where it resides until late February as it Parasitoid Surveys: The adult Samurai Wasp attempts to migrate back to the outdoor was recently discovered as a non-native or environment when on warm days the insects adventive insect species, from sentinel egg crawl and fly indoors. surveys for native parasitoid populations. The first find of the wasp by Don Weber emerged The biology and host preference of Trissolcus from BMSB eggs from wild populations in japonicus begins with mated females Beltsville, Maryland in 2014 (Talamas et al ovipositing her eggs within the eggs of the 2015), with several additional site survey brown marmorated stink bug. The larva of the findings in Maryland, Washington, D.C. and wasp develops within the stink bug egg, in Winchester, Virginia during 2015 and in killing the stink bug, reproducing to adulthood New York, Vancouver, Washington and within the BMSB egg. It is known to have Oregon in August 2016 (Milnes et al 2016; multiple generations in Asia, yet little is Jentsch 2017). It is speculated that these wild known about its life cycle and overwintering populations of Trissolcus japonicus may have preferences and success in the US. We know arrived within stink bug egg masses on plant little about feeding habits of T. japonicus in cargo shipped from Asia. the northeast. The adult wasp does not feed on its host; yet other scelionids, similar in habit to NY Sentinel Egg Studies: Hudson T. japonicas, feed on insect honeydew and the Valley Research Laboratory colonies of nectar of flowers (Orr, 1988; Safavi, 1968). Brown Marmorated Stink Bug were provided The laboratory rearing of the Samurai Wasp Jalapeno pepper plants or field collected relies on the provision of microliter droplets of leaves of Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima, dilute honey within petri dishes on which they to both feed on and deposit eggs. BMSB eggs were flash frozen to -80o C for 4 minutes to kill developing stink bug nymphs and reduce the egg natural defense mechanism for successful native and invasive parasitoid development when parasitized after placement in the field. Our initial sentinel survey conducted in the Hudson Valley of NY in 2016 employed individual leaves containing frozen eggs. We fixed the eggs onto a known host A female Samurai Wasp, Trissolcus plants of Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) and Japonicus. Image Credit: Steve Valley, Tree of Heaven in two sites on Hepworth USDA-ARS Farms in Milton, NY. We began on 1st June, placing and collecting the eggs on a 5-day schedule to the end of September.

28 During the week of August 15th, podisi emergence occurred on the 23rd and Samurai Wasp parasitism occurred with adult 30th of May respectively. The use of frozen wasp emergence on the 7th of September. eggs in the field provided for high levels of Wasp individuals from sentinel eggs were sent successful emergence of T. euschisti (73.1%) to Elijah Talamas, USDA-ARS and confirmed when compared to fresh BMSB eggs used to be Trissolcus japonicas. during laboratory rearing (18.9%). However, offspring of T. podisi emerging from frozen

BMSB eggs were few (6.9%) compared to T. euschisti, suggesting relatively low impact on BMSB by both of these native parasitoids in comparison to Trissolcus japonicas emergence from fresh BMSB eggs (68.8%). The parasitoid Telenomus podisi were also observed emerging from BMSB sentinel eggs placed in WNY on 24th of August from Kendall, Orleans County, yet none of the Newly Placed (Left) and Parasitized WNY sites captured Trissolcus japonicas BMSB Sentinel Eggs (Right). Photo Credit: during our 2017 survey. HVRL, Highland, NY In 2017 sentinel BMSB egg clusters were placed and monitored in 9 western New York (WNY) sites by Art Agnello (NYSAES- Geneva), Tessa Grasswitz (CCE- Lake Ontario Fruit Program) and Deborah Breth, (CCE-LOFT Retired) in Monroe, Ontario, Orleans and Wayne counties and in a northern Ulster county site, mostly along the wooded edge of NYS vegetable fields or orchards beginning on the 23rd of June.

During the season we began seeing the Samurai Wasp Release Sites in NYS Samurai Wasp oviposit in sentinel eggs placed in the field during the week of 7th July, Transport and Release of the Samurai emerging on 23rd July. Yet the only site in Wasp In New York State. We chose 32 NYS which we observed Samurai Wasp was the sites in close proximity to commercial farms Ulster county site in Marlboro (Hepworth) in which to place Trissolcus japonicas where T. japonicas is present and captured the infested eggs. Beginning 15th September we previous year. were able to place 87 BMSB clusters, totaling over 2300 eggs, in 6 NYS counties. A range of Native parasitoids were also found in one to three egg clusters containing 22 to 86 the initial sentinel egg placement. This individual eggs were placed on plant hosts in occurred at the Marlboro site in 2017, in each site, which included use of Ailanthus which Trissolcus euschisti and Telenomus altissima (Tree of Heaven), Acer saccharum

29 (sugar maple), Catalpa speciosa (Catalpa), These non-emergent eggs were both Corylus avellana (Hazelnut), Juglans nigra parasitized and unsuccessful in development (eastern black walnut), Rhus sp. (Sumac), (94.6% as a dark hue) or were initially un- Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) and parasitized by the laboratory female wasp Vitis riparia (Native grape), all known as prior to field deployment (5.4% as white). hosts of BMSB. Additionally, one site Determining the Overwintering included placement onto deer fencing with Success of the Samurai Wasp: In spring of eggs fixed to a petri dish and hung inverted to 2018 we plan to place sentinel eggs weekly in mimic the underside of foliage. each of the 32 sites in order to recapture the Successful Release of Samurai Wasp: In three Samurai Wasp. Determining the presence of WNY sites in which baseline sentinel eggs the wasp next season will confirm successful data was collected, the placement of T. overwintering of the parasitoid. However, in japonicas infested eggs coincided with the sites where confirmation is unsuccessful, we placement of sentinel eggs placed 30 meters plan to re-apply BMSB eggs parasitized by T. from the Samurai Wasp release site. In two of japonicas to develop the presence of the the three sites in Orleans and Monroe biological control in that site. We hope to Counties, newly released T. japonicas were establish further the presence of the wasp in found to parasitize these sentinel eggs. Elijah the urban and suburban environment so as to Talamas, entomologist at USDA-ARS, reduce the overwintering populations of confirmed the specimen wasp to be Trissolcus BMSB in homes, offices and storage facilities. japonicas, verifying the successful release, The Down Side. Over the past 100 movement and presence of the wasp in these years classical biological controls have been two sites now moving into their overwintering used to manage agricultural pests. It has phase. experienced both success and yet, is not Upon retrieval of the infested clusters without its failures. The invasive complex of in 11 of the 32 sites this fall, we recovered pests is on the rise, causing significant losses only 77% of the eggs. This was due in part to and increased risk from increased use of pest abscission of the host leaf, removal of eggs control measures. The recent emergence of the from the leaf and predatory feeding by other Samurai Wasp may prove to be a very insects such as ant species. On 3 of the 11 welcomed Asian warrior now in New York sites we observed newly emerged Samurai State. Wasps guarding the egg clusters. This is not The Samurai Wasp has been under lab unusual for Samurai Wasp behavior as newly quarantine for many years, beginning under emerged males will wait for the emergence of the direction of Kim Hoelmer, Beneficial the female while females will often guard Insects Introduction Research Unit, USDA- parasitized eggs, securing their progenies ARS, who first identified and transported the successful development. During our wasp and studied its host range for parasitism assessment of T. japonicas wasp release eggs of native stink bugs in the U.S. Studies we also found 168 or 24.4% (N=719) continue to better understand the host successfully emerge as adults with 0.7% preference capacity of Samurai Wasp. From partially emerged from the egg, while 66.4% these initial studies, Trissolcus japonicus is of the eggs showing no sign of emergence.

30 known to attack the brown marmorated stink 2004, Steinernema feltiae (strain ‘NY 04’) bug, Halyomorpha halys, and a native species, was isolated from snout beetle infested fields Podisus maculiventris (Say). Evaluations in northern NY and used in field trials since employing choice tests and field surveys in that time. These NY native nematode strains laboratory studies conducted in China have been shown to kill mature larvae of concluded that the ecological host range of Japanese beetle, Popillia Trissolcus japonicus does contain several japonica, and European chafer, Rhizotrogus Pentatomidae species other then BMSB, majalis , at varying levels of effectiveness, which include Dolycoris baccarum (L.) with H. bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ killing 50% Erthesina fullo (Thunberg), Plautia fimbriata of late-instar Japanese beetle larvae and 8% (Fabr.)(Haye 2014) and Glaucias subpunctatus of European chafer larvae. (Walker) (Matsuo et al. 2016). Native strains have been documented to persist in field sites for many years after inoculation (Shields et al. 2009). These Assessments of Native Strains of species exhibit excellent pathogenicity against Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Plum late-instar larvae. Biological control is Curculio Management: 2016-2017 achieved by inoculating soil with This project focuses on the biological Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs). The control of plum curculio beetle, Conotrachelus nematode stage released from host insects are nenuphar, a native pest of apples and stone called infective juveniles (IJs), often reared in fruits in eastern North America. The adult wax moth larvae. Although commercial damages fruit by its feeding, egg laying and strains have been used in past larval feeding within the fruit. Growers PC biocontrol efforts, they often die off typically apply 2 –3 insecticide treatments to shortly after application. Persistent Northern manage plum curculio, but fruit damage levels NY strains are highly effective, persist for and fruit yield losses in conventional years AND spread to new areas. commercial apple production can range from

0.5 –3%, even with a complete insecticide control program. Current organic production Developing attract and kill strategies of the often relies on multiple applications of kaolin spotted wing drosophila for organic clay, which acts as a physical barrier to the raspberry production, Drosophila suzukii insect's attack. plum curculio treatment costs matsumara (diptera: drosophilidae). in an organic program can easily range The Spotted Wing Drosophila, between $150–$450/acre/year, with fruit Drosophila suzukii Matsumara (SWD) has damage often remaining at 20–40%. become a key pest of NY small fruit since first During the 1990’s NY native strains of detected in 2011. Estimated losses in 2012 the nematode species Steinernema exceeded 1.3 million in blueberry alone. carpocapsae (strain ‘NY 001’) and Yearly infestation levels of 40-100% fruit Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (strain injury had been observed in un-sprayed berry ‘Oswego’) were isolated and used extensively by mid-August in commercial raspberry and during the past 20 years in field research in blackberry plantings. Due to early and NY alfalfa plantings (Shields et al. 2009). In escalating SWD populations, rapid severity of

31 damage they cause as the season progresses, vinegar (ACV) and brewers yeast (YB) mid-late season management of summer and absorbed by super absorbent polymer crystals fall berries requires intensive insecticide (SAP) placed in a 50 x 9 mm petri dish to red programs. Small fruit growers employ a 3-4 raspberry infusion (RRI) alone. The RRI day application interval for commercial demonstrated comparable attractiveness to market acceptability of raspberry fruit, SWD adults as the RRI in both 50:50 and initiated upon first trap capture of the adult. 25:75 dilutions of RRC : ACV. This level of committed management has In field trials Attract and Kill bait forced many farmers, especially those using stations were applied to 1-acre raspberry organic production systems, to reduce or plantings on 2 organic and 1 conventional eliminate late season berry production. farm sites in the mid-Hudson Valley region of New York using randomized complete block designs within each site. Attract and Kill bait stations, comprised of 3” diameter netted disks, brewers yeast, gelatin, super-absorbent polymer, 75% apple cidar vinegar and 25% red raspberry concentrate as bait solution. Treatments applied to disks were made with a mechanical spray bottle calibrated to deliver 2 mL of AtK solution to each disk. Treatments included disk spacing (1.5’ or 3’ apart in

raspberry row), spray intervals (3-4 day or 7 day spray timing), treated and untreated disk Alternative approaches to managing plots employing 1% Boric Acid as the the SWD are being studied to reduce the need toxicant. Three rows timings for placement for intensified pesticide use in conventional were made on 1st adult emergence in NYS on and organic small fruit production systems. 14th June, 1st trap capture on 19th June and One approach we are evaluating aims to 1st oviposition of fruit. Three replicates of reduce SWD adult populations through the use each treatment were made using individual of Attract and Kill (ATK) bait station. In rows as replicates. Treatments were applied to studies to determine the attractiveness of individual rows on each farm based on 1st volatiles used as lures for monitoring SWD in SWD in NY or, 1st SWD on farm site or and the field using a scale of 0 to 50, the highest 1st SWD oviposition of fruit or to determine level of attractiveness was found to be the red if there were differences in placement timings. raspberry infusion. Initial laboratory studies of Weekly fruit samples were taken from each different baits to determine the level of site, selecting 25 berries from each treatment. attraction between bait using 20 to 30 mature Berries were weighed and egg or larvae SWD adult flies in binary choice tests over a assessed. 24-hour period. Comparisons were made of ATK solution in Attract and Kill Stations using two brands of red raspberry concentrate (RRC) (Fruitfast® & Kerr®) with apple cider

32 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

Attract & Kill Station Used in Raspberry Study

33 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Changes in Facilities & Equipment 2016-2017 by Albert Woelfersheim Maintenance Director for the Hudson Valley Research Lab, Highland, NY

The list of acquisitions and University, and the Director of Facilities accomplishments for the past two years from the New York State Agricultural seems fairly short; however, there have been Experiment Station at Geneva visited our some rather expensive investments funded facility. During their tour, they offered by both the Hudson Valley Research several ideas of how they could help to meet Laboratory, Inc. (HVRL), and by Cornell the needs of facilities maintenance at the research grants. Also, the past couple of HVL, which has potential to strengthen years have provided opportunities to Cornell’s longstanding tradition of investigate new funding sources, and to cooperation with HVRL to maintain this strengthen partnerships that will hopefully facility. provide more reliability and sustainability to I believe the maintenance program at the facilities maintenance. We have sold HVL has become more resilient and everything from old equipment to trees, and resourceful over the past couple of years, have begun to explore grant funding for and I look forward to providing changes that some facilities upgrades. Recently, the will make the HVL a more vibrant and Director of Facilities Management from versatile research facility in the future. Cornell

Maintenance, and upgrades funded by HVRL Jan. 2016: The light fixtures in the rear hallway were upgraded to energy efficient lights. Apr. 2016: Replaced the exterior door at the South end of the front hallway to meet emergency egress requirements. Aug. 2016: The stairs and deck in front of the shop door were replaced with stairs, and hand railing.

34 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Mar. 2017: Installed a 45 kW stand-by generator to supply emergency power to the main laboratory building. May 2017: Light fixtures in two laboratory rooms were retrofitted to energy efficient, LED bulbs. Jun. 2017: Several upgrades were made to the main building’s computer network. Aug. 2017: The roof of the main building was painted with reflective roof coating. Aug. 2017: Light fixtures in another laboratory

New generator with associated propane fuel tank, and room were retrofitted to LED bulbs. protective bollards

Changes funded by Cornell University (NYSAES – Geneva, & HVL research grants):

Mar. 2016: A new pond water filtration system was installed. Jun. 2016: A new covered boom herbicide sprayer was purchased. Fall 2016: A new pome fruit block consisting of a mixture of apples and pears was planted for future fire blight research. Mar. 2017: A tree spade attachment for the skid-steer was purchased. Apr. 2017: A trunk sprayer attachment for New filter for pond water supplying irrigation, and sprayer the covered boom herbicide sprayer was fill systems purchased. Aug. 2017: Office space was converted to a rearing room where BMSB and Samurai wasp colonies are propagated. Dec. 2017: The vineyard was removed, and prepared for replanting next spring.

35 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

Eastern New York Commercial Horticulture Program (ENYCHP) Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE)

CCE Specialist Activities Conducted Out of the Hudson Valley Research Laboratory

What is CCE ENYCH Regional Extension Program? ENYCH staff specialists offer educational and applied research support to fruit and vegetable growers in 17 Eastern New York counties in a territory that stretches from Orange County on the New Jersey state border north to Clinton County on the Canadian border. The regional team currently consists of 13 specialist/educators, supported by technicians and an administrative assistant. The team covers commercial tree fruit, grape, berry, and vegetable producers across the ENY region. The regional program is supported by the 17 Cornell Cooperative Extension County Association members; specialist-generated grant funds; grower membership fees; and federal Smith-Lever funds administered through the Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

Five ENYCHP team members are housed at the Hudson Valley Research Laboratory where the lab contributes office and laboratory space for their work.

ENYCHP Staff Housed at the Hudson Valley Research Laboratory:

Dan Donahue: Tree Fruit Specialist Teresa Rusinek: Vegetable 518-322-7812 Specialist [email protected] 845-389-3562 [email protected] Selected Applied Research and Survey Projects Selected Applied Research and Survey Projects • Sprayer Technology Workshop with Dr. Andrew Landers • Allium Leaf miner (ALM) Monitoring • Grower Petal Fall/Thinning Meetings in ALM was first found in Ulster County in the Ulster and Columbia Counties fall of • Measuring and Extending the Benefits of 2016. – More Accurate Honeycrisp Harvest ENYCHP Predictions. efforts to • Monitoring and Management Tactics for monitor Control of Ambrosia Beetles in NY Apple the Orchards severity • Statewide Survey of Apple Tree Decline and • Storage Workshop with Dr Chris Watkins • Multiple Strategies to Control Bitter Pit in Honeycrisp • Surveys of Apple Trees for Viruses

36 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 distribution of this new pest began early in must be demonstrated before growers will the spring of 2017 during the first adopt the use of this bio-control. EPNs are emergence of ALM adults. Veg Specialists microscopic beneficial roundworms used to Teresa Rusinek and Ethan Grundberg control a variety of soil dwelling pests such established that ALM was widespread in the as grubs, weevils, and fungus gnat larvae. mid-Hudson Valley including Orange, In collaboration with Dr. Elson Shields and Dutchess, Ulster, Columbia and Sullivan research specialist Tony Testa from Cornell counties. University, ENYCHP Vegetable Specialist Teresa Rusinek developed a research plan to • Ethan and Teresa presented a webinar on determine if the NY native EPNs have the ALM identification and management for potential to control wireworm in Hudson extension specialists throughout the state. Valley vegetable fields. • In 2018, they will be conducting crop protectant efficacy trials as well as a study ENYCHP has partnered with the Hudson of the use of reflective mulch. Valley Farm Hub to trial the NY native EPNs. This applied research project began • Wireworm Bio-Control Project in May of 2017 at the Farm Hub, where plots were treated with nematodes; in early Wireworms June of 2017, sweet potato crops were are an planted into the twelve plots. In mid-June increasing soil samples were collected to assess the problem in level of nematode establishment. Sweet root crop potatoes from each will be evaluated for production. As wireworm damage and a fall soil core much as 60% sampling for nematode establishment was damage has taken in mid-October and will be again in been observed the Spring of 2018. Sweet potatoes will be in a sweet planted into the established plots at the Farm potato field Hub and that had been evaluated for in a grass mix wireworm cover crop and damage again in 40% damage 2018. in potato crop. Wireworms have a fairly large host range which includes, but is not limited to: seeds Cornell intern of bean, corn, cucurbits, and of course Cameron Fuhr takes various root crops such as potato, carrots, soil core samples to beets, and garlic. determine if Chemical and non- chemical management nematodes have options for controlling wireworms are established in limited and efficacy is often poor. Studies experimental plots. have been conducted showing some efficacy suppressing wireworm with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) however, the reliability and level of control

37 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Jim O’Connell: Grapes & Berries the CCE ENY grape educator serving Specialist, through mid-2017; growers in the Champlain Valley, to expand Senior Ag Resource Educator, mid- these dinners to the whole region. • Jim also held several grape pruning 2017 to present workshops, to educate growers on proper 845-943-9814 grape pruning methods. [email protected] • Developing a spray program for grape growers: Pest management is an important Selected Applied Research and Survey part of growing any crop. Even experienced Projects growers look to Cornell Cooperative Extension for advice on what to spray and • Organized the grape session at the 2017 when. Grape growers will frequently seek annual fruit school in Kingston NY. my advice on specific components of their • Partnered with NYCAM to offer a spray program (e.g. botrytis sprays). More respirator fit test workshop at fruit school. A recently I have had new or inexperienced total of 34 farmers and farmworkers grape growers seek my advice for a full received fit testing over the two and a half season spray program. Based on the type of day period. grapes (wine, concord, or table) I have been • Completed another season of monitoring able to put together a program for various for invasive insects in grapes and berries as growers. These programs were successfully part of NYS Ag & Markets Cooperative implemented in the 2015 growing season Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS). This and have been replicated annually since. I effort was coordinated in grapes by Tim then follow up with them as the season Weigle NYS IPM Hops and Grapes and in progress to see what changes may need to be berries by Julie Carroll NYS IPM Fruit IPM made to their programs. Coordinator. 10 farms (2 berries and 8 • This coming year, Jim hopes to develop grapes) participated. Any suspected invasive programming for farmworkers in the samples were sent to the Cornell Insect Hudson Valley. Diagnostic Lab in Ithaca for identification. There were no positive samples (YAY!). Jim Meyers: Viticulture Specialist • Monitored for SWD at two berry farms in 845-417-8005 Ulster County. First catch for the 2017 [email protected] growing season was June 21, 2017. Similar • Joining the ENYCHP team mid-2017 to past years, once first catch was Jim’s program will focus on grape established, population levels steadily production aimed specifically at wine- increased. Crops with late season maturity, making such as primocane raspberries, day neutral strawberries and late maturing blueberries Selected Applied Research and Survey were at high risk. Projects • To further develop grower relations and • Winter bud hardiness assessments for cold understand the needs of the region, Jim held weather survival a series of potluck dinners, where growers could come together to express industry needs and concerns while enjoying a home Elizabeth Higgins: Business cooked meal. Initially started in 2016 for Management Specialist Hudson Valley grape growers, Jim 518-949-3722 collaborated with his colleague Anna Wallis, [email protected]

38 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 • Winter Apple Pruning Demonstrations Sarah Rohwer: Technical Support • Special Permit Pesticide Applicator Safety Specialist Training 845-691-7117 • Pesticide Applicator Exam Review [email protected] Workshops • Apple Thinning Meetings Partial List of Educational Opportunities • Apple Storage Technology Workshop Provided by ENYCHP Staff at the HVRL • Plum Pox Virus Workshop • High Tunnel Best Practices Workshop • Two Days of Winter Tree Fruit School • Beginning Farmer Webinars • Winter Berry & Grape School • Vineyard Pruning Workshops • Winter Vegetable School • Vineyard Site Selection Workshop • Educational Sessions at the Empire State • Vineyard Canopy Management Workshop Producers Expo

39 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Publications and Extension/Outreach by Peter Jentsch

Relevant Extension/Outreach Publications Jentsch, P. 2017. Expanding the Range of the Samurai Wasp, Trissolcus japonicus, in New York Orchards. New York Fruit Quarterly. Volume 25, Number 2, Winter 2017

Gemma Reig, Dan Donahue, Peter Jentsch 2017. Sunburn management on ‘Honeycrisp’ in the Hudson Valley in 2016 New York Fruit Quarterly. Volume 25, Number 3, Summer 2017 http://nyshs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NYFQ-Book-Summer-2017.pdf

The resurgence of Codling Moth in the Hudson Valley. Peter Jentsch 2017. New York Fruit Quarterly. Volume 25, Number 4, Fall 2017 http://nyshs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Jentsch-Pages-27-32-from-NYFQ-Fall-Book-2017- 4.pdf

Establishing the Samurai Wasp in NY Orchards. October 4, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/10/04/establishing-the-samurai-wasp-in-ny-orchards- october-4-2017/

BMSB Adult Trap Captures Above Threshold: HVRL 29th Aug. 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/08/29/bmsb-adult-trap-captures-above-threshold-hvrl-29th- aug-2017/

2nd Gen. San Jose Scale Nymph Emergence & Peak Flight of Codling Moth & Continuing Larval Emergence. 10th August, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/08/11/2nd-gen-san-jose-scale-nymph-emergence-peak- flight-of-codling-moth-continuing-larval-emergence-10th-august-2017/

Will Samurai Wasp Be The Answer. December 26th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/12/26/will-samurai-wasp-be-the-answer/

History of Fruit Growing the Hudson Valley. December 28th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/history-of-fruit-growing-the-hudson-valley/

Woolly Apple Aphid Management Nearing Harvest: September 18th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/09/18/woolly-apple-aphid-management-nearing-harvest/

Harvest: Management Considerations of BMSB in the Mid-Hudson Valley. September 13th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/09/13/harvest-management-considerations-of-bmsb-in-the- mid-hudson-valley/

Codling Moth Management: 2nd Generation Larva Emergence. July 25th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/07/25/codling-moth-management-2nd-generation-larva- emergence/

40 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Threshold for Apple Maggot in High Pressure Blocks. HVRL-Highland July 18th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/07/18/threshold-for-apple-maggot-in-high-pressure-blocks- hvrl-highland-july-18th-2017/

When it rains….Apple Maggot Emergence. July 12th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/07/12/when-it-rains-apple-maggot-emergence-july-12th- 2017/

Spotted Wing Drosophila in Hudson Valley Sweet Cherry. July 7th, 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/07/06/spotted-wing-drosophila-in-hudson-valley-sweet- cherry-july-7th/

Mid-Season Codling Moth and Obliquebanded leafroller Mgt. July 5th, 2017. http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/07/05/mid-season-codling-moth-and-obliquebanded- leafroller-mgt-july-5th/

Section 18 EPA Approval for Bifenthrin in 2017. BMSB Eggs and Nymphs Observed Ulster Co. Orchards. June 30th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/30/section-18-epa-approval-for-bifenthrin-in-2017- bmsb-eggs-and-nymphs-observed-ulster-co-orchards/

OBLR Larval Emergence This Week. June 19th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/20/oblr-larval-emergence-this-week-june-19th-2017/

San Jose Scale: Crawler Emergence Begins Today, HVRL, Highland, N.Y. June 15th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/15/san-jose-scale-crawler-emergence-begins-today-hvrl- highland-n-y/

The Parade of Worms…CM Emergence Continues, OBLR and ECB Flight Underway. Larval Hatch Expected. June 8th 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/08/the-parade-of-worms-cm-emergence-continues-oblr- and-ecb-flight-underway-larval-hatch-expected/

Targeting Summer Beetle Management. June 5th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/29/targeting-summer-beetle-management/

San Jose on the Horizon: Preparing for Crawler Emergence. June 5th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/06/05/san-jose-on-the-horizon-preparing-for-crawler- emergence/

Codling Moth: Larval Emergence. May 29th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/05/29/codling-moth-larval-emergence/

Plum Curculio: Betwixt and Between. May 25th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/05/25/plum-curculio-%ef%bb%bf%ef%bb%bfbetwixt-and- between/

41 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

Cool Temps Delay PC Migration. May 9th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/05/03/riding-on-cool-temps-to-petal-fall/

Riding on Cool Temps to Petal Fall. May 3rd , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/05/03/riding-on-cool-temps-to-petal-fall/

Keeping the Reins on Codling Moth. May 1st , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/05/01/keeping-the-reigns-on-codling-moth/

Rational for Insect Pest Management at the Pink Stage. April 24th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/04/24/rational-for-insect-pest-management-at-the-pink- stage/

Worm Wise : Pre-bloom Lep. Management Strategies of Apple. April 17th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/04/17/worm-wise-pre-bloom-lep-management-strategies- of-apple/

Early Options for Psylla Management. April 10th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/04/10/early-options-for-psylla-management-april-10th- 2017/

Letter to EPA In Support Of The Retention Of Chlorpyrifos Registration And Use In Tree Fruit For Trunk Applications Against Invasive Boring Pests In New York State. March 30th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/in-support-of-the-retention-of-chlorpyrifos-registration-and-use- in-tree-fruit-for-trunk-applications-against-invasive-boring-pests-in-new-york-state/

Weighing In On Tree Decline: San Jose Scale Mgt. This Season. March 30th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/03/30/weighing-in-on-tree-decline-san-jose-scale-mgt-this- season/

EPA Upholds Lorsban (Chlorpyrifos) Registrations And Retains All Uses. Released March 29th 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/03/29/epa-upholds-lorsban-chlorpyrifos-registrations-and- retains-all-uses-released-march-29th-2017/

Psylla Eggs Found on Mid-Hudson Valley Bartlett Pear. March 10th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/03/10/psylla-eggs-found-on-mid-hudson-valley-bartlett- pear-march-10th-2017/

Poughkeepsie Journal Article: Discovery of wasps in Ulster County is likely to speed process across New York. March 6th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/03/06/poughkeepsie-journal-article-discovery-of-wasps-in- ulster-county-is-likely-to-speed-process-across-new-york/

42 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 The Fall of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in New York’s Hudson Valley. February 28th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/02/28/the-fall-of-the-brown-marmorated-stink-bug-in-new- yorks-hudson-valley/

Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit School (Tree Fruit, Berries & Grapes) Tuesday-Thursday, February 14-15th , 2017 Best Western, Kingston, NY (same location as last year) http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/02/13/hudson-valley-commercial-fruit-school-tree-fruit- berries-grapes-tuesday-thursday-february-14-15-2017-best-western-kingston-ny-same-location- as-last-year/

Meeting Invitation: RIMpro forecasting for apple scab and fire blight Mgt. in 2017 @ HVRL, Thursday, 2nd February 2017 at 10 am. http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/01/17/meeting-invitation-rimpro-forecasting-for-apple- scab-and-fire-blight-mgt-in-2017-hvrl-thursday-2nd-february-2017-at-10-am/

Look-A-Likes. February 20th , 2017 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/look-a-likes/

Spotted Wing Drosophila Webinar Today: Jan 25th , 2017 11:30 AM in Eastern Time (US and Canada) http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2017/01/25/spotted-wing-drosophila-webinar-today-jan-25-2017- 1130-am-in-eastern-time-us-and-canada/

****************** Jentsch, P. 2016. Assessing Attract and Kill Disks in Conventional and Organic Small Fruit Production. New York Fruit Quarterly. Volume 24, Number 4, Winter 2016 http://www.nyshs.org/pdf/NYFQ%202015.CMC/NYFQ%20Fall%202015.CMC/Jentsch%20Pag es%20from%20NYFQ%20Book%20Fall%202015-4.pdf

Jentsch, P. 2016. Assessing Attract and Kill Disks in Conventional and Organic Small Fruit Production. New York Fruit Quarterly. Volume 24, Number 4, Winter 2016 http://www.nyshs.org/pdf/NYFQ%202015.CMC/NYFQ%20Fall%202015.CMC/Jentsch%20Pag es%20from%20NYFQ%20Book%20Fall%202015-4.pdf

Reig G., Jentsch, P. Rosenberger, D. 2016. Effects of Sunburn Treatments on Honeycrisp in the Hudson Valley in 2015. http://nyshs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Reig-Pages-5-10-from-NYFQ-Book-Fall-2016.pdf

Finger On The Scales. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 25(12). On-line. http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/2016/SCAFFOLDS-6-6-16.pdf

Pre-bloom Management of the Insect Pest Complex in the Hudson Valley http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/2016/SCAFFOLDS-4-18-16.pdf

43 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Psylla on the Wing. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 25(4). On-line. http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/2016/SCAFFOLDS-4-11-16.pdf

Nailing Scale: SJS and White Pernicula Scale Management. Scaffolds Fruit Journal 25(2). On- line. http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell.edu/2016/SCAFFOLDS-3-28-16.pdf

Managing San Jose scale to prevent fruit loss in 2016. March 7, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

What’s New For 2016? Fewer New Insecticides On The Horizon; Continued Insecticide Losses. March 18, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Green Tip: Beginning to show in NY2. 3.11.16 March 12, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Hudson Valley Stone Fruit: ’16 Spring Bud Status March 12, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Psylla on the Wing. March 11th, 2016 March 11, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Managing San Jose scale to prevent fruit loss in 2016. March 7, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Grape Bud Cold-Hardiness Update. Bud losses in Cab Franc observed. March 7, 2016 http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/03/

Refereed Journals: Dong H Cha, Stephen P Hesler, Anna K Wallingford, Faruque Zaman, Peter Jentsch, Jan Nyrop, Gregory M Loeb. 2018. Comparison of Commercial Lures and Food Baits for Early Detection of Fruit Infestation Risk by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, tox369, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox369

Kevin B Rice Robert H Bedoukian George C Hamilton Peter Jentsch Ashot Khrimian Priscilla MacLean William R Morrison, III Brent D Short Paula Shrewsbury Donald C Weber Nik Wiman Tracy C Leskey. Enhancing the response of Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to its Aggregation Pheromone with Ethyl Decatrieonate. Journal of Economic Entomology, tox316, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox316. 20 December 2017

Abram P.K. et al. 2017 Indigenous arthropod natural enemies of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North America and Europe. J Pest Sci (2017) 90:1009–1020 DOI 10.1007/s10340-017-0891-7

Technical Reports: Jentsch, P. J. 2016. Results of Insecticide and Acaricide Studies in Eastern New York. Cornell University’s Hudson Valley Laboratory Pub. # HV2016. On-line.

44 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 (http://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/results-of-insecticide-and-acaricide-studies-in-eastern-new-york- cornell-universitys-hudson-valley-laboratory/ )

Out-of-State presentations at meetings of tree fruit professionals: (2016-2017) Redistribution Of Trissolcus Japonicus In NYS Orchards. SW Horticultural Days, Benton Harbor, Michigan February 8th, 2018, (20 min.; 45 attendees primarily growers, 1 researcher. 15 contact hours).

Old, New and Novel Tools for Management of the Asian Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug. SW Horticultural Days, Benton Harbor, Michigan February 8th, 2018, (20 min.; 45 attendees primarily growers, 1 researcher. 15 contact hours).

Redistribution Of Trissolcus Japonicus In NYS Orchards. November 30th, 2017. Cumberland- Shenandoah Tree Fruit Management Meeting, Winchester, VA , (30 min.; 40 attendees primarily growers . 20 contact hours).

Research Findings Using Attract & Kill For SWD Management (30 min), Nov. 13, 2017 Ag In- Service Fruit Track Presentations; Monday, Jordan Hall, Staff Room, NYSAES, Geneva

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - What can we expect in 2018 (30 min), Nov. 13, 2017 Ag In- Service Fruit Track Presentations; Monday, Jordan Hall, Staff Room, NYSAES, Geneva

Field and Laboratory Based Efficacy Studies. On BMSB Using Reduced Risk and Short PHI Insecticides October 25th , 2017. New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop. Burlington Vt. (55 University faculty, fruit extension educators, and private consultants)

Employing Spensa SP Technologies for Communicating Grower Based Tree Fruit Management Recommendations. October 25th , 2017. New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop. Burlington Vt. (55 University faculty, fruit extension educators, and private consultants)

Expanding the Range of the Samurai Wasp, Trissolcus japonicus, in NY Orchards. October 25th , 2017. New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop. Burlington Vt. (55 University faculty, fruit extension educators, and private consultants)

Monitoring, Modeling And Managing The Lepidopteran Complex, Vermont Tree Fruit Growers’ Association, Middlebury, Vermont Thursday, Feb 16, 2017 (30 min.; 45 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 23)

2016 Insect Pest Management Round-up Vermont Tree Fruit Growers’ Association, Middlebury, Vermont Thursday, Feb 16, 2017 (30 min.; 45 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 23)

In-State Presentations at fruit grower meetings and other meetings: (2000-2016)

45 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Current Research Projects in Entomology. HVRL Apple Forum, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY. December 20th, 2017; (25 min.; 40 attendees; apple growers, landscapers, researchers & HVRL Board Members; total contact hours = 17).

Horticultural Programming for the Eastern NY Tree Fruit Industry Apple Research & Development Program NYSAES, Jordan Hall , Geneva, NY November 28, 2017; (15 min.; 20 attendees; researchers & ARDP Board Members; total contact hours = 5).

Biological Control of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in New York State Apple Research & Development Program NYSAES, Jordan Hall , Geneva, NY November 28, 2017; (15 min.; 20 attendees; researchers & ARDP Board Members; total contact hours = 5).

2016 Insect Pest Management Round-up. Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit Growers’ School, February 14-15, 2017 Best Western Plus Hotel 503 Washington Avenue, Kingston, NY 12401 (30 min.; 175 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 88)

Challenges in Managing Invasive Insect Pests and Conserving the Pollinator Complex March 22nd , 2016 2016 Recertification Day, Latham, NY (60 min.; 56 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 56)

SWD Management in Grape February 18th , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Kingston, NY (30 min.; 45 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 23) http://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/uploads/doc_382.pdf

IFTA Travel Log – Washington State Apple Production Region February 17nd , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Kingston, NY (30 min.; 208 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 104) http://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/uploads/doc_382.pdf

Review of the 2015 Insect Pest Management Season in ENY February 17th , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Kingston, NY (30 min.; 208 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 104) http://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/uploads/doc_396.pdf

Hudson Valley Research Laboratory Review for 2015 February 16th , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Kingston, NY (30 min.; 208 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 104) http://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/uploads/doc_383.pdf

IFTA Travel Log – Washington State Apple Production Region February 15st , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Lake George, NY (30 min.; 58 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 26)

Review of the 2015 Insect Pest Management Season in ENY

46 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 February 15st , 2016 2016 Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Lake George, NY (30 min.; 58 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 26)

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål): What can we expect in 2016 February 3rd , 2016 Lake Ontario Winter Fruit Schools, Niagara County CCE Training Center, Lockport, NY (30 min.; 200 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 133)

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål): What can we expect in 2016 February 2nd , 2016 Lake Ontario Winter Fruit Schools, Newark Garden Hotel, Newark, NY (30 min.; 200 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 133)

General Insect Management; Tree Decline and Collapse from Dogwood and Black Stem Borer January 8th , 2016 Long Island Ag. Forum, Suffolk CCC, Riverhead, NY (30 min.; 34 Fruit growers, fruit extension educators, and private consultants; total contact hours = 18)

Newspaper, digital new releases Tiny wasps set to wreak 'Alien'-like havoc on stink bugs - USA Today https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/07/stink-bug-natural- killer/98861570/ Mar 7, 2017

Tiny wasps set to wreak havoc on stink bugs - Wisconsin State Farmer www.wisfarmer.com/story/news/2017/03/08/tiny-wasps...stink-bugs/98889258/ Mar 7, 2017

Tiny wasps set to wreak havoc on stink bugs - The News-Press www.news-press.com/story/news/2017/03/08/tiny-wasps-set...stink-bugs/98889258/ Mar 8, 2017

Get Rid Of Stink Bugs: National Citizen Scientist Project | New City, NY ... https://patch.com/new-york/newcity/help-find-stinky-national-citizen-scientist-project Mar 10, 2017

March Madness Citizen Science Project to Find BMSB on SciStarter https://scistarter.com/project/17029-March-Madness-Citizen-Science-Project-to-Find-BMSB Mar 11, 2017

Stink bug killers: Scientists to release Samurai wasps John Ferro Published 5:58 a.m. ET March 13, 2017 | Updated 6:06 a.m. ET March 13, 2017 http://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/2017/03/13/stink-bug-wasps/99113182/

Scientists Wage War on Stink Bugs - Westchester Magazine www.westchestermagazine.com/Scientists-Wage-War-on-Stink-Bugs/ Mar 13, 2017 By Jonathan Ortiz By Jonathan Ortiz

47 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 The battle of the bugs: Wasps to combat upstate stink bugs - Daily Times https://www.daily-times.com/story/news/2017/03/16/...bugs...stink-bugs/99252376/ Mar 16, 2017

Oregon hopes ‘Samurai wasp’ will battle invasive brown marmorated stink bug https://www.nrtoday.com/oregon-hopes-samurai-wasp-will-battle-invasive-brown-marmorated- stink/article_3a756bc5-0388-563e-90f6-696bdb197dc6.html Tracy Loew (Salem) Statesman Journal Mar 23, 2017

The battle of the bugs has been launched - Albany Times Union, 2017. http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/ODN/AlbanyTimesUnion/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc= HATU%2F2017%2F07%2F24&entity=Ar00205&sk=91EDF0AC Jul 24, 2017

Stink bug season: Those ugly, smelly bugs are trying to get into your house http://www.newyorkupstate.com/news/2017/09/stink_bug_season_those_ugly_smelly_bugs_are _trying_to_get_into_your_house.html Updated Sep 25, 2017; Posted Sep 25, 2017

Stink bugs are back: How to get rid of them, what you need to know http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2017/09/25/theyre-back-what-know-stink- bugs/699499001/ Sep 25, 2017

How to Get Rid of Stink Bugs in House - Tips for Killing Stink Bugs http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/a46251/how-to-get-rid-of-stink-bugs/ Sep 27, 2017

'The next six weeks are going to be mayhem': Stink bugs invade ... http://www.timesunion.com/business/article/The-next-six-weeks-are-going-to-be-mayhem- 12227257.php Sep 27, 2017

Knock, knock: It's those stinkin' stink bugs - News - recordonline.com ... www.recordonline.com/news/20170929/knock-knock-its-those-stinkin-stink-bugs Sep 29, 2017

Stink bugs: What to know - The Poughkeepsie Journal http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/health/2017/10/03/stink-bugs- 2017/725639001/ Oct 3, 2017

Why stink bug populations are booming in 2017 (and what you can do ... http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/health/2017/10/03/stink-bugs- 2017/725639001/ Oct 19, 2017

It's war! Against stinkbugs - The Poughkeepsie Journal www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/2017/12/20/its...stinkbugs/942109001/; Dec 20, 2017

48 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Get Rid Of Stink Bugs: National Citizen Scientist Project: They've discovered how to eradicate the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, so scientists are trying to map the invasive insect across the USA. Lanning Taliaferro, Patch Staff | Mar 10, 2017 8:44 am ET | Updated Mar 10, 2017 11:43 am ET https://patch.com/new-york/newcity/help-find-stinky-national-citizen-scientist-project

Professional Development Activities Meetings and Conferences: Syngenta Knowledge Exchange March 14th and 15th 2018, Bear Creek Mountain Resort & Conference Center in Macungie, PA

BMSB Parasitoid Workshop, January 16th – 19th 2018, U. Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Northeast IPM Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Working Group Meeting, Alson H. Smith Research and Extension Center, Virginia Agriculture Experiment Station, Winchester, VA,. November 2017.

93rd Annual Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, Winchester, VA. November 2017.

New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop. Burlington Vt.. October 2017.

Hudson Valley Fruit School, Kingston, NY February 2017 ,

Lake Champlain Fruit School, Lake George, NY. February 2017,

Syngenta Knowledge Exchange February 21st and 22nd 2017, Bear Creek Mountain Resort & Conference Center in Macungie, PA

Northeast IPM Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Working Group Meeting, Alson H. Smith Research and Extension Center, Virginia Agriculture Experiment Station, Winchester, VA,. November 2016.

New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop. Burlington Vt.. October 2016.

Hudson Valley Fruit School, Kingston, NY February 2016 ,

Lake Champlain Fruit School, Lake George, NY. February 2016,

92nd Annual Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, Winchester, VA. November 2016.

49 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Publications by Dan Donahue

New York Fruit Quarterly: Donahue, D. 2017. Bitter Pit in Honeycrisp on G-41 vs M9-337: Observations from an Orchard Visit. New York Fruit Quarterly. 2017 Volume 25. Number 1, Spring p. 13-17.

Reig G., Donahue, D., Jentsch, P. 2017. Sunburn Management on Honeycrisp in the Hudson Valley in 2016. New York Fruit Quarterly . Volume 25, Number 2, Summer p. 19-24.

Refereed Journal Publications:

Agnello, A. M., Breth, D. I., Tee, E. M., Cox, K. D., Villani, S. M., Ayer, K.M., Wallis, A. E., Donahue, D. J., Combs, D. B., Davis, A. E., Neal, J. A., English-Loeb, F. M. 2017. Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Occurrence, Fungal Associations, and Management Trials in New York Apple Orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 1–16

Extension & Research Communications ENYCHP E-Alert Email Messages: 50 total

Tree Fruit News: 5 monthly newsletters (in-season)

Produce Pages: 2 articles total in the ENYCHP multi-commodity monthly off-season newsletter.

Extension and Research Presentations 8 Grower Presentations: L.I. Ag Forum, HV and CV Special Permit Trainings, Fruit School, Pesticide Exam Coaching, Storage Workshop and New Grower Workshops.

5 Scientific Meeting Presentations: Apogee and bitter pit, ReTain use on HC and Gala, Precision Thinning of HC, Bitter Pit in ENY, and Apple Decline in the Hudson Valley.

50 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Publications and Extension/Outreach by Srdan Acimovic

Relevant Extension/Outreach Publications S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2018): Efficacy of low-rate copper formulations, biologicals, and SAR-activator candidate Regalia/MBI-10612 in blossom and shoot blight control applied by spraying or trunk injection. PDMR Report, Accepted. S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2018): Evaluation of SDHI fungicides with surfactants for control of apple scab in 2017. PDMR Report, Accepted. S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2018): Evaluation of SDHI fungicides for control of sooty blotch and flyspeck in 2016. PDMR Report, Accepted. S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2017): Evaluation of newer biologicals and the SAR-activator candidate Regalia in fire blight control applied by spraying or trunk injection. Fruit Quarterly, Vol. 25 (4), Winter 2017, pg. 23-27. S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2017): Evaluation of Dormant Copper Sprays with Bark Penetrating Surfactants in Reduction of Erwinia amylovora in Cankers and of Low-Rate Copper Sprays in Blossom Blight Control. Fruit Quarterly, Vol. 25 (3), Fall 2017, pg. 15-20. New York State Horticultural Society. S. G. Aćimović, C. L. Meredith (2017): Evaluation of SDHI fungicides and Regalia for control of cedar apple rust in 2016. PDMR Report No. 11:PF025. Published: Aug. 4, 2017. https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume11/abstracts/pf025.asp https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/volume11/sections/PF.asp S. G. Aćimović (2017): Growers’ Issues in the First Part of 2017 – An Overview. Tree Fruit News, Vol. 5, Issue 5, pg. 3-5, July 27, 2017. Cornell Cooperative Extension - Eastern NY Commercial Horticulture Program. S. G. Aćimović (2017): SBFS & Summer Rots: High Risk of Infections in 2017. Scaffolds Fruit Journal, Volume 26, No. 14, 26 June, Geneva NY.

Peer-Reviewed Publications: DKH Martin, RM Turcotte, TM Miller, IA Munck, SG Aćimović, AM Macias, CM Stauder, MT Kasson (2017) “First report of Diplodia corticola causing stem cankers and associated vascular occlusion of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) in West Virginia” Plant Disease, Vol. 101 (2): Pg 380. S. G. Aćimović, B. M. Cregg, G. W. Sundin, J. C. Wise (2016) “Comparison of Drill- and Needle-based Tree Injection Technologies in Healing of Trunk Injection Ports on Apple Trees” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Vol. 19, pg. 151–157. S. G. Aćimović, A. H. VanWoerkom, T. Garavaglia, C. Vandervoort, G. W. Sundin, J. C. Wise. (2016): “Seasonal and Cross-seasonal Timing of Fungicide Trunk Injections on Apple Trees to Optimize Management of Apple Scab Fungus Venturia inaequalis” Plant Disease, Vol. 100 (8): pg. 1606-1616. S. G. Aćimović, J. J. Doccola, S. A. Wyka, C. Lapaire-Harmon (2016) “First Report of Diplodia corticola causing Decline of Red Oaks (Querqus rubra) in Maine” Plant Disease, Vol. 100 (3): pg. 649.

51 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 J. J. Doccola, S. A. Wyka, and D. McPherson, S. G. Aćimović, B. L. Strom, S. L. Smith, K. Klepzig (2016) “Infection of Western White Pine by Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum and the Effects of Injectable Fungicides and Emamectin benzoate” (TREE-äge®). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, Vol. 42 (2): pg. 84–94.

Extension Presentations and Talks (2016-2017):

36th Annual Long Island Agricultural Forum, Sponsors: Cornell Cooperative Extension at Suffolk County Long Island Farm Bureau, LI Horticultural Research & Extension Center, USDA/Natural Resources Conservation Service, Suffolk Co. Soil & Water Conservation District, USDA/Farm Service Agency, New York State Department of Labor; Riverhead, NY, Management of Fruit Crop Diseases in a Challenging Climate, Invited, 12 Jan 2017.

121st Annual Vermont Tree Fruit Growers Association Meeting and Educational Program, Sponsors: Vermont Tree Fruit Growers' Association, Inc., The University of Vermont Apple Team and UVM Extension Risk Management Agency, The University of Vermont Apple Program, USDA NIFA IPM Program; Middlebury, VT, Fire Blight 101, Invited, 16 Feb 2017.

121st Annual Vermont Tree Fruit Growers Association Meeting and Educational Program, Sponsors: Vermont Tree Fruit Growers' Association, Inc., The University of Vermont Apple Team and UVM Extension Risk Management Agency, The University of Vermont Apple Program, USDA NIFA IPM Program; Middlebury, VT, Modern Apple Scab Management, Invited, 16 Feb 2017.

Ag In-Service Fruit Track Program 2017, Sponsors: Cornell Cooperative Extension and NYSAES, Geneva NY, Occurrence and Outbreaks of Fire Blight and Bitter Rot in Apples, Invited, 13 Nov, 2017.

79th New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop, Cornell University CALS & NYSAES, Burlington, VT, Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY. Contributed, 25 Oct 2017.

2017 Great Lakes Fruit Workers Meeting, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Port Huron MI, Revisiting Old and Testing New Fire Blight Management Options: Copper, Prohexadione-calcium, Biologicals, Contributed, 1 Nov 2017.

2017 Great Lakes Fruit Workers Meeting, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Port Huron, MI, Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY, Contributed, 1 Nov 2017.

77th Annual North-Eastern Division-APS Meeting, American Phytopathological Society, Quebec, Canada, PCR Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY. Contributed, 2 Nov 2017.

“Evaluation of Low Rates of Copper for Blossom Blight Control without Fruit Russetting” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 27-28, 2017.

52 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

“Apple Bitter Rot Fungi of NY: Strain-collection, Identification, Fungicide Sensitivity, Inoculum Sources and Overwintering” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 27-28, 2017.

93rd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, Sponsors: Albaugh, Arysta LifeScience, Bayer, Certis, DuPont, Gowan, Helena, JMS Flower Farms, Luxemburg–Pamol, Marrone Bio Innovations, Pathway, Syngenta, True North Foliar, UPI, and Valent; Winchester, VA, Efficacy of SDHI-s in mix with surfactants for apple scab control and of bloom sprays of copper, biologicals and Regalia for fire blight control, Contributed, 30 Nov 2017.

93rd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, ponsors: Albaugh, Arysta LifeScience, Bayer, Certis, DuPont, Gowan, Helena, JMS Flower Farms, Luxemburg–Pamol, Marrone Bio Innovations, Pathway, Syngenta, True North Foliar, UPI, and Valent; Winchester, VA, High presence of asymptomatic Erwinia amylovora infections in apple rootstocks after 2016 epidemic in North-Eastern New York, Contributed, 30 Nov 2017.

2017 Apple Forum at HVRL, Acimovic Lab at Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, Multifaceted Extension Support to the East NY Apple Industry, Conducting and Publishing Funded Programmatic Research, & Running Plant Disease Efficacy Trials - Focus on Where the Problems Are, Contributed, 20 Dec 2017.

2017 Apple Growers Meeting on HVRL Partnership with Apple Industry, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, Organizing a RIMpro User Group for Improved Management of Apple Scab and Fire Blight in Eastern New York, Contributed, 2 Feb 2017.

Southern Hudson Valley Thinning Meeting, Highland, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 11 May 2017.

Northern Hudson Valley Thinning Meeting, Hudson, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 11 May 2017.

Capital Region Petal Fall Meeting, Clifton Park, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 16 May 2017.

Champlain Valley Thinning Meeting, Peru, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 23 May 2017.

The Northeastern New York Commercial Tree Fruit School 2017, Sponsors: Cornell Cooperative Extension - ENY Commercial Horticulture Program, Lake George, NY, Fire Blight Management in a Changing Climate and Future Research, 65 participants, 13 Feb 2017.

Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit Growers’ School 2017, Sponsors: Cornell Cooperative Extension - ENY Commercial Horticulture Program, Kingston, NY, Fire Blight Management in a Changing Climate and Future Research, 165 participants, 15 Feb 2017.

53 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 2017 Apple Forum at HVRL, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, Apple Bitter Rot Fungi in East NY & Fire Blight Detection in Rootstocks from Champlain Valley 2016 and Hudson Valley 2017, 29 participants.

2017 Apple Forum at HVRL, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, Optimization of dPCR for Fire Blight Quantification in Cankers, Fire Blight in Rootstocks 2017, Marssonina Leaf Blotch Pathogenicity Tests, 29 participants.

2017 Apple Forum at HVRL, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, Further Steps in Optimization of dPCR for Fire Blight, Identification of Apple Blossom Blast Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, 29 participants.

Southern Hudson Valley Thinning Meeting, Highland, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. 2016.

Northern Hudson Valley Thinning Meeting, Hudson, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. 2016.

Capital Region Petal Fall Meeting, Clifton Park, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 2016.

Champlain Valley Thinning Meeting, Peru, NY, Current Status on Fruit Tree Diseases and Future Disease Model Predictions. Contributed, 2016.

2016 Apple Forum at Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory and Cornell Cooperative Extension, Highland, NY, Establishing Modern Research and Extension on Apple Pathogens with First Key Experiments and Activities, 20 December 2016.

“Evaluation of Options for Fire Blight Canker Control and Low Copper Rates for Blossom Blight Control Without Fruit Russetting” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 21, 2016.

Workshop on Fire Blight Management for NY Champlain Valley apple growers, Cornell Cooperative Extension and Crop Protection Services, Plattsburgh, NY, Valcour Brewing Company, CCE Fire Blight Workshop, Invited, 2 August 2016.

78th annual New England, NY, and Canada Fruit Pest Management Workshop, Northeast Tree Fruit IPM Working Group, Burlington, VT, Bishop Booth Conference Center, 2016 Fire Blight Outbreak in Northern NY, Contributed, 18-19 October 2016

Acimovic Lab Online Blog Posts (2016-2017):

SG Aćimović, Recent & Upcoming Events and New HVRL – NY Apple Industry Partnership on Learning Use of RIMpro. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, What is Climate Change and Can it Affect Apple Pests? Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

54 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

SG Aćimović, Apple Bitter Rot From 2016 Could Impact Incidence in 2017. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, 2017 Early Spring Might Happen – Time to Prepare for Apple Diseases (!). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Reduction of Overwintering Apple Scab Inoculum – A Huge Help, Especially in Organic Orchards. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Lookout for Green Tip in Hudson Valley Apples. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Apple Scab Models: Wrong BIOFIX Date Input = Wrong Scab Prediction Data. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Apple Scab Ascospores Are Mature in Leaf Litter at Highland, NY. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Adjust Green Tip Date in Scab Models in Relation to Scab Ascospore Maturity (!). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Spray Considerations for Late Dormant Copper and Apple Scab Fungicides (Updated 4-4-2017). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Outlook for Apple Scab Sprays for Week 10-14 April 2017. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Apple Scab Ascospores Are Mature in Leaf Litter at Rexford, NY. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Apple Scab Ascospores Are Mature in Leaf Litter at Northern Peru, NY. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Major Scab Infection Event Could Happen Next Week – Rains 19-21 April. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Scab Spray Considerations for Infection Event 19-22 April. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Say No to Scab, Rust and Mildew – SPRAY STRONG AT PINK (for 22-29 April). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Spray for Fire Blight, Keep up the Scab Sprays, Follow Weather Forecasts and Disease Models. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

55 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 SG Aćimović, What’s Coming Ahead – Fire Blight and Apple Scab (Week 29 April – 6 May). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Apple Diseases – What is Certain and What is Not?. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, More Scab and Fire Blight Afterthoughts. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Primary Scab Season Is Not Over, While Fire Blight Does Not Like It Cold. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, First Scab, Rust and Powdery Mildew Symptoms Visible at HVRL, Highland NY. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Scab Spray Needed – Fruit and Expanding Leaves Are at Peak of Susceptibility. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Hot Weather Block Ahead With Rain 17 and/or 19 May Concern for Fire Blight. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, I. First Fire Blight Visible at Highland NY, II. More Fire Blight Coming, III. First Scab Visible in NY Capitol Region. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Fire Blight Infections Imminent 18-22 May. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Update on Apple Diseases aka Rain Rain (Cannot) Go Away. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Some Spray Considerations Ahead. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Scab Lesions, Fire Blight Ooze, Captan Injury, Summer Rots. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Warning: Thunderstorm With Hail & Gusts Possible From 1 – 8 pm, 31 May. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Hail Did Hit Hard Some Locations, 2-2.7 Inches of Rain Coming 4-8 June. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, First Natural Fire Blight Infections and Scab Lesions on Apple Fruit Visible at Highland NY. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Thunderstorms, More Rain, Hot Weather: Concern for Fire Blight, Fruit Rots and Phytophthora. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

56 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017

SG Aćimović, Warning II: Severe Thunderstorms With Hail & Gusts Possible 19 June (Updated 4 times). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Requirement of 190 h Accumulated Wetting for SBFS Infection Were Fulfilled in May-June. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Warning III: Severe Thunderstorm in Ulster County and Beyond With Possible Hail Events – Risk of Trauma Blight. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Pea Size Hail and up to 50 MPH Winds – Threat For Fire Blight Trauma; Be ready to apply Streptomycin Tomorrow if Hail Damage Occurs. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Growers’ Issues in the First Part of 2017 – An Overview (I) /to be continued . . . /. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Growers’ Issues in the First Part of 2017 – An Overview (II) /to be continued . . . /. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, ZM Pavlovic, First Sooty Blotch & Flyspeck and Bitter Rot Symptoms Visible in Highland NY (Week 24-28 July) / Primeros síntomas de mancha negra & mancha de la mosca y síntomas de Antracnosis visibles en Highland, NY (Semana 24-28 de julio). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Warning IV: Severe Thunderstorm Watch & Warning for Ulster County NY With Possible Hail (8/22/2017). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Growers’ Issues in the Mid and Late Part of 2017 – An Overview (III). Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

SG Aćimović, Welcome to Apple Forum at Cornell’s Hudson Valley Research Laboratory on Dec. 20, 2017. Acimovic Lab. Vol. 2017 Growing Season.

Blog Post - Article, SG Aćimović, Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Now Visible in Hudson Valley, Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

Blog Post - Article, SG Aćimović, Fire Blight in Champlain Valley 2016 (I) – History, Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

Blog Post - Article, SG Aćimović, Fire Blight in Champlain Valley 2016 (II) – Management Options in 2016 & 2017, Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

Blog Post - Article, SG Aćimović, When and How Terminal Bud Set Occurs on Apples and Reduces Susceptibility to Fire Blight? Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

57 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 Blog Post, SG Aćimović, View Webcast on Fire Blight Bacterium Resistance by Dr. Quan Zeng, Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

Blog Post, SG Aćimović, Welcome to Apple Forum at Hudson Valley Research Laboratory on Dec. 20, 2016, Acimovic Lab, 2016 Growing Season

Presentations at meetings of tree fruit professionals: (2016-2017) “Preventing fruit rots and lenticel issues in apples” The 2018 Empire State Producers Expo, January 17, SRC Arena in Syracuse, NY. “Evaluation of Low Rates of Copper for Blossom Blight Control without Fruit Russetting” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 27-28, 2017. “Apple Bitter Rot Fungi of NY: Strain-collection, Identification, Fungicide Sensitivity, Inoculum Sources and Overwintering” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 27-28, 2017. “Occurrence and Outbreaks of Fire Blight and Bitter Rot in Apples” Ag In-Service Fruit Track program, Nov 13, 2017. “Fire Blight Management in a Changing Climate and Future Research” Northeastern New York Commercial Tree Fruit Schools, Lake George, NY, on Feb. 13 and Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit Growers’ School, Highland, NY, on Feb. 15, 2017. “Fire Blight 101” 121st Annual Vermont Tree Fruit Growers Association Meeting and Educational Program, Feb 16, 2017. “Modern Apple Scab Management” 121st Annual Vermont Tree Fruit Growers Association Meeting and Educational Program, Feb 16, 2017. “Management of Fruit Crop Diseases in a Challenging Climate” 36th Annual LI Agricultural Forum, Jan 12 & 13, 2017, Cornell Cooperative Extension at Suffolk County Long Island Farm Bureau, LI Horticultural Research & Extension Center, USDA/Natural Resources Conservation Service, Suffolk Co. Soil & Water Conservation District, USDA/Farm Service Agency, New York State Department of Labor, Riverhead, NY, Invited, 12 Jan 2017. “Establishing Modern Research and Extension on Apple Pathogens and First Key Experiments and Activities” Apple Forum at Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Dec. 20, 2016. “Evaluation of Options for Fire Blight Canker Control and Low Copper Rates for Blossom Blight Control Without Fruit Russetting” NY ARDP Project Reporting Session, Nov 21, 2016. “CCE Fire Blight Workshop 2016” oral presentation, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Plattsburgh, NY, Aug 2, 2016.

Conference Participation: Oral presentations: S. G. Aćimović (2017): High presence of asymptomatic Erwinia amylovora infections in apple rootstocks after 2016 epidemic in North-Eastern New York. 93rd Cumberland- Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, 30 Nov – 1 Dec 2017. S. G. Aćimović (2017): Efficacy of SDHI-s in mix with surfactants for apple scab control and of bloom sprays of copper, biologicals and Regalia for fire blight control. 93rd Cumberland- Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, 30 Nov – 1 Dec 2017.

58 Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc. Biennial Report 2016-2017 S. G. Aćimović (2017): Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY. 79th New England, New York, Canadian Fruit Pest Management Workshop, 24-25 Oct 2017. S. G. Aćimović (2017): PCR Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY. 77th Annual NED-APS Meeting Quebec, Nov 1-3, 2017. S. G. Aćimović (2017): Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Apple Rootstocks at Fire Blight Infection Foci Edges After 2016 Epidemic in NE NY. Great Lakes Fruit Workers, Port Huron, MI, Nov 1-3, 2017. S. G. Aćimović (2017): Revisiting Old and Testing New Fire Blight Management Options: Copper, Prohexadione-calcium, Biologicals. Great Lakes Fruit Workers, Port Huron, MI, Nov 1-3, 2017. D. Martin (1), R. Turcotte (1), T. Miller (2), I. A. Munck (3), S. G. Aćimović (4), A. Macias (5), C. Stauder (5), M. T. Kasson (5): First Report of Diplodia corticola Causing Stem Cankers and Associated Vascular Occlusion of Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in West Virginia, 2017 APS Potomac Division Meeting. Thursday, March 23, 2017, 3:30 PM. I. A. Munck, S. G. Aćimović, M. J. Bohne, W. J. Green, M. T. Kasson, A. M. Macias, D. K. H. Martin, T. M. Miller, C. M. Stauder, N. W. Siegert, S., R. M. Turcotte, S. A. Wyka (2017): Diplodia corticola causing disease in new oak species in Northeastern USA. Invasive Forest Pathogens & Implications for Biology and Policy, IUFRO 7.02.02 "Foliage, shoot and stem diseases of forest trees" Working Party Meeting. 7 - 11 May 2017, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Posters D. K. H. Martin, C. M. Stauder, R. M. Turcotte, I. A. Munck, S. G. Aćimović, M. T. Kasson (2017): On the origin(s) of Diplodia corticola: causal agent of cosmopolitan canker disease of Quercus spp. / Diplodia corticola: causal agent of cosmopolitan canker disease of Quercus spp. Oak Symposium - Sustaining Oak Forests in the 21st Century through Science- based Management, Knoxville, TN, Oct 24-26, 2017. S. G. Aćimović, S. Rooney-Latham, D. M. Grosman, J. J. Doccola (2017): “Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum and N. parvum are new blight and canker pathogens of Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) in California”, 2017 APS Annual Meeting, 5-9 Aug, San Antonio TX, USA. https://postersmith.com/poster/share/2lurt05

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