The Spatial Distribution of Antarctica's Protected Areas
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Final Report
Time to lay down the law National legislation to enforce the BWC The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, is the Verification Research, Training and Information Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) Centre, an independent, non-profit making, non-govern- Time to lay down the law and Toxin Weapons and on eir Destruction () obliges mental organisation. Its mission is to promote effective and states parties to take any necessary national measures to efficient verification as a means of ensuring confidence in National legislation to enforce the BWC implement the treaty in their territory. States parties have the implementation of international agreements and intra- agreed that this requires the adoption of legislation, including national agreements with international involvement. penal sanctions. aims to achieve its mission through research, training, Only now, thirty years after the treaty’s adoption, are states dissemination of information, and interaction with the parties collectively considering what legislative provisions relevant political, diplomatic, technical, scientific and non- are required to effectively enforce the treaty. This report is governmental communities. intended to assist states parties in this endeavour by assessing The Centre is based at Baird House, – St. Cross Street, the current status of their national legislation to enforce the London, , United Kingdom. treaty’s core prohibitions. The report provides comparative Phone +.()... analysis of existing legislation, makes recommendations for Fax +.()... increasing the rate of adoption of legislation and proposes E-mail [email protected] ways to make existing and new legislation more effective. Web www.vertic.org It should be of use to states parties preparing to adopt or amend legislation, states and organisations providing assist- Design and production: Richard Jones, Exile: Design and ance to states parties, and to the international community Editorial Services ([email protected]). -
Igneous Rocks of Peter I Island Hemisphere Tectonic Reconstructions
LeMasurier, W. E., and F. A. Wade. In press. Volcanic history in Marie Byrd Land: implications with regard to southern Igneous rocks of Peter I Island hemisphere tectonic reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Andean and Antarctic Vol- canology Problems, Santiago, Chile (0. Gonzalez-Ferran, edi- tor). Rome, International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of Earths Interior. THOMAS W. BASTIEN Price, R. C., and S. R. Taylor. 1973. The geochemistry of Dune- Ernest E. Lehmann Associates din Volcano, East Otago, New Zealand: rare earth elements. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55403 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 40: 195-205. Sun, S. S., and G. N. Hanson. 1975. Origin of Ross Island basanitoids and limitations upon the heterogeneity of mantle CAMPBELL CRADDOCK sources of alkali basalts and nephelinites. Contributions to Department of Geology and Geophysics Mineralogy and Petrology, 52: 77-106. The University of Wisconsin, Madison Sun, S. S., and G. N. Hanson. 1976. Rare earth element evi- Madison, Wisconsin 53706 dence for differentiation of McMurdo volcanics, Ross Island, Antarctica. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 54: 139-155. Peter I Island lies in the southeastern Pacific Ocean at 68°50S. 90°40W. about 240 nautical miles off the Eights Coast of West Antarctica. Ris- ing from the continental rise, it is one of the few truly oceanic islands in the region. Few people have been on the island, and little is known of its geology. Thaddeus von Bellingshausen discovered and named the island in 1821, and it was not seen again until sighted by Pierre Charcot in 1910. A Nor- wegian ship dredged some rocks off the west coast in 1927, and persons from the Norvegia achieved the first landing in 1929. -
National Report Norway
HCA9-07.4Ad IHO HYDROGRAPHIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTICA (HCA) 9th Meeting, Simon’s Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 12-14 October 2009 NATIONAL REPORT – NORWAY NORWEGIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE (NHS) 1. General The Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) is responsible for the provision of hydrographic services for Norwegian waters and sea areas, including the Svalbard and Jan Mayen area. In Antarctica the Norwegian geographical area of interest mainly is concentrated in Dronning Maud Land (Queen Maud Land) and the adjacent Kong Håkon VII Hav (King Håkon VII Sea). Peter I Øy (Peter I Island) in the Bellingshausen Sea and Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island) are also Norwegian dependencies. However, the latter is north of the 60 parallel. In July 2008, Norway reached the goal of full ENC coverage for the Norwegian coast. Although this was a major step forwards, there still remains large areas with old data that needs to be replaced with new survey data. In addition, large areas on Svalbard remain to be surveyed and covered with ENCs and papercharts. The NHS has established a fully digital production flowline and all new products and updates are produced from a seamless Primary database. A new chart production system that enables more efficient maintenance of the ENC and chart portfolio is currently being fully implemented. The NHS intends to establish a Tracing service in 2009 and Print on Demand in 2010. Two projects are being carried out in order to develop the services including the technology needed to support it. PRIMAR International ENC service, operated by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service, now includes approx 8400 ENCs from more than 35 countries. -
GA Antarctic Territorial Claims
Forum: The General Assembly Fourth Committee Issue: The Question of Antarctic Territorial Claims Student Officer: Shwe Pan Gyee Introduction Antarctica is the largest and the only uninhabited continent and in the world and is also deemed as a desert. Since the discovery of the continent, countries have been claiming parts of the continent by leading and financing expeditions to have their territorial claims. With the claim over the Antarctic territories, the nation-states that have made their claim have used the land for the expansion of their empire, military training, the testing of chemical weapons and scientific research on wildlife, astronomy, weather, and geology. Due to the benefits that come along with having the claim over the Antarctic territories, there is an increase in the expeditions that were sent out by countries to have their territorial claims in Antarctica. This later led to disputes between nation-states regarding the fight for the Antarctic lands. In the effort of eradicating the issue of disputes between the countries over the Antarctic territories, a treaty by the name of the Antarctic Treaty was established. This treaty is the result of 12 nation-states coming into the consensus of having Antarctica to be used only for peaceful practice and scientific research. It also does not acknowledge the past territorial claims and forbids new claims and the expansion of the pre-existing claims to have a form of the jurisdiction in Antarctica. The treaty also banned military training and the testing of weapons in the effort of having preservation of the Antarctic continent. To ensure that the natural reserves are being protected, The Antarctic Treaty's Environmental Protocol was put into place. -
The Centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’S Enduring Scientific Legacy and Ongoing Presence There”
Debate on 18 October: Scott Expedition to Antarctica and Scientific Legacy This Library Note provides background reading for the debate to be held on Thursday, 18 October: “the centenary of the Scott Expedition to Antarctica and of the United Kingdom’s enduring scientific legacy and ongoing presence there” The Note provides information on Antarctica’s geography and environment; provides a history of its exploration; outlines the international agreements that govern the territory; and summarises international scientific cooperation and the UK’s continuing role and presence. Ian Cruse 15 October 2012 LLN 2012/034 House of Lords Library Notes are compiled for the benefit of Members of the House of Lords and their personal staff, to provide impartial, politically balanced briefing on subjects likely to be of interest to Members of the Lords. Authors are available to discuss the contents of the Notes with the Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public. Any comments on Library Notes should be sent to the Head of Research Services, House of Lords Library, London SW1A 0PW or emailed to [email protected]. Table of Contents 1.1 Geophysics of Antarctica ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Environmental Concerns about the Antarctic ......................................................... 2 2.1 Britain’s Early Interest in the Antarctic .................................................................... 4 2.2 Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration ....................................................................... -
Continental Shelf-Ex
ARGENTINA’S MOST EXTENSIVE LIMIT OUR FRONTIER WITH MANKIND - Success of a State policy implemented throughout almost 20 years Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf After 20 years of intense scientific, technical and legal work of an inter-disciplinary and inter-ministerial team led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship through the National Commission on the Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf (COPLA), Argentina achieved an important foreign policy success: on March 11th, 2016, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) adopted by consensus (with no negative votes) the Recommendations on the Argentine Submission of the outer limit of its continental shelf. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) is a scientific body in charge of examining the information and data submitted by coastal States, which was created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), based in United Nations Headquarters in New York and is made up of 21 international renowned experts. Analysis of the Submission The outer limit of the Argentine continental shelf was submitted to the CLCS on April 21, 2009, and is the result of the work carried out by COPLA since 1997. This submission consists of a Main Body, divided into six chapters, which are developed in 13 volumes and contains the scientific grounds for the demarcation of the outer limit of the Argentine continental shelf. Other 13 volumes and a digital database compile the supporting scientific and technical data. Finally, the most relevant bibliography is annexed in other 24 volumes. The Argentine continental shelf between the 200 nautical miles (M) line and the outer limit has a surface of approximately 1,782,500 km2 that is equivalent to 48% of the emerged territory of Argentina. -
Argentine and Chilean Claims to British Antarctica. - Bases Established in the South Shetlands
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume VI-VII, February, 1948 Argentine, Chilean, British, Page 9133 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Argentine and Chilean Claims to British Antarctica. - Bases established in the South Shetlands. - Chilean President inaugurates Chilean Army Bases on Greenwich Island. - Argentine Naval Demonstration in British Antarctic Waters. - H.M.S. "Nigeria" despatched to Falklands. - British Government Statements. - Argentine-Chilean Agreement on Joint Defence of "Antarctic Rights." - The Byrd and Ronne Antarctic Expeditions. - Australian Antarctic Expedition occupies Heard Islands. The Foreign-Office in London, in statements on Feb. 7 and Feb. 13, announced that Argentina and Chile had rejected British protests, earlier presented in Buenos Aires and Santiago, against the action of those countries in establishing bases in British Antarctic territories. The announcement of Feb. 7 stated that on Dec. 7, 1947, the British Ambassador in Buenos Aires, Sir Reginald Leeper, had presented a Note expressing British "anxiety" at the activities in the Antarctic of an Argentine naval expedition which had visited part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies, including Graham Land, the South Shetlands, and the South Orkneys, and had landed at various points in British territory; that a request had been made for Argentine nationals to evacuate bases established on Deception Island and Gamma Island, in the South Shetlands; that H.M. Government had proposed that the Argentine should submit her claim to Antarctic sovereignty to the International Court of Justice for adjudication; and that on Dec. 23, 1947, a second British Note had been presented expressing surprise at continued violations of British territory and territorial waters by Argentine vessels in the Antarctic. -
Antarctic Treaty Handbook
Annex Proposed Renumbering of Antarctic Protected Areas Existing SPA’s Existing Site Proposed Year Annex V No. New Site Management Plan No. Adopted ‘Taylor Rookery 1 101 1992 Rookery Islands 2 102 1992 Ardery Island and Odbert Island 3 103 1992 Sabrina Island 4 104 Beaufort Island 5 105 Cape Crozier [redesignated as SSSI no.4] - - Cape Hallet 7 106 Dion Islands 8 107 Green Island 9 108 Byers Peninsula [redesignated as SSSI no. 6] - - Cape Shireff [redesignated as SSSI no. 32] - - Fildes Peninsula [redesignated as SSSI no.5] - - Moe Island 13 109 1995 Lynch Island 14 110 Southern Powell Island 15 111 1995 Coppermine Peninsula 16 112 Litchfield Island 17 113 North Coronation Island 18 114 Lagotellerie Island 19 115 New College Valley 20 116 1992 Avian Island (was SSSI no. 30) 21 117 ‘Cryptogram Ridge’ 22 118 Forlidas and Davis Valley Ponds 23 119 Pointe-Geologic Archipelago 24 120 1995 Cape Royds 1 121 Arrival Heights 2 122 Barwick Valley 3 123 Cape Crozier (was SPA no. 6) 4 124 Fildes Peninsula (was SPA no. 12) 5 125 Byers Peninsula (was SPA no. 10) 6 126 Haswell Island 7 127 Western Shore of Admiralty Bay 8 128 Rothera Point 9 129 Caughley Beach 10 116 1995 ‘Tramway Ridge’ 11 130 Canada Glacier 12 131 Potter Peninsula 13 132 Existing SPA’s Existing Site Proposed Year Annex V No. New Site Management Plan No. Adopted Harmony Point 14 133 Cierva Point 15 134 North-east Bailey Peninsula 16 135 Clark Peninsula 17 136 North-west White Island 18 137 Linnaeus Terrace 19 138 Biscoe Point 20 139 Parts of Deception Island 21 140 ‘Yukidori Valley’ 22 141 Svarthmaren 23 142 Summit of Mount Melbourne 24 118 ‘Marine Plain’ 25 143 Chile Bay 26 144 Port Foster 27 145 South Bay 28 146 Ablation Point 29 147 Avian Island [redesignated as SPA no. -
Health Is Here Ecare Healthcare Plan Effective Date: Policies Issued from 1 January 2020
Quality health plans & benefits Healthier living Financial well-being Intelligent solutions Health is here eCare Healthcare Plan Effective date: Policies issued from 1 January 2020 www.aetnainternational.com/sites/3hr/ecare/ 46.05.101.1 I (01/20) Welcome to Aetna International We’re so glad to have you with us Welcome 1 About your health plan 3 How to submit a claim 5 Help for your health needs 6 Online and mobile tools 7 General conditions & exclusions 9 Useful definitions 15 How to contact us 18 Areas of cover guide 19 Now that you’re an Aetna International member, it’s time to put your benefits to work. This handbook will help make it easy. YOU’LL FIND A What to do right now WORLD OF USEFUL The most important first step is to register for your Health Hub website. The site gives you TOOLS ONLINE the tools you’ll need to manage your health benefits. You can register in just a few steps by visiting www.aetnainternational.com and clicking “Member” under the “Secure login” Visit www. section. You’ll need to enter your name, date of birth, and the ID number on your Aetna aetnainternational.com ID Card. and click ‘Member’ to get started. You can use the website to: • Submit and track claims • Find nearby doctors and hospitals • Browse a library of health topics • View your plan documents If you have a smartphone, now is also a good time to download helpful apps, such as our International Mobile Assistant App, which makes it easy to manage your benefits on the go. -
Fear and Loathing in the South Pole: the Need to Resolve the Antarctic Sovereignty Issue and a Framework for Doing It
FEAR AND LOATHING IN THE SOUTH POLE: THE NEED TO RESOLVE THE ANTARCTIC SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE AND A FRAMEWORK FOR DOING IT “Great God! This is an awful place.” - Captain Robert Scott, 19121 I. INTRODUCTION Antarctica is a continent on the brink. The constant political instability of oil- rich nations, coupled with an increasing global petroleum demand, is fueling the likelihood that the world will turn its thirsty eyes towards this great unexplored frontier in search of natural energy resources. Mineral exploration in Antarctica, however, has been effectively barred since 1959 under the Antarctic Treaty System (“ATS”),2 which, in its current form, prohibits mineral exploration as far into the future as 2048.3 The strategic potential presented by this vastly unpopulated continent has not gone unrecognized by the major global political players. To add further strain to this inherently tense environment, seven nation states have publicly expressed sovereignty claims to some part of the continent, with the United States and Russia reserving a right to assert such a claim in the future.4 The existing ATS amounts to an agreement to disagree on the issue of sovereignty between claimant states. History has shown that long-unsettled sovereignty disputes can boil over into full-scale military confrontations. Two examples illustrate the fallacy of simply “waiting out” competing claims. First, the Spratly Islands, a group of more than a hundred islands in the South China Sea5 that are believed to possess significant oil reserves, have been witness to armed conflicts between claimant states on at least four different occasions.6 Second, the longstanding Falkland Islands territorial dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom boiled over into war in 1982, resulting in numerous casualties on both 1.PETER J. -
GENERAL AGREEMENT on L/253812January 1966 TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution
RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/253812January 1966 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution APPLICATION OF THEGENERALAGREEMENT Territories to which the Agreement is Applied Annexed hereto is a list of the contracting parties and of the territories (according to information available to the secretariat) in respect of which the application of the Agreement has been made effective. This list is a revision of that which appeared in the Twelfth Supplement, BISD pages 5-9. If there are any inaccuracies in this list, the contracting parties concerned are requested to notify the Director-General not later than 1March 1966 so that a revised list can be included in the Fourteenth Supplement which will be published after the twenty-third session. L/2538 Page 2 A. CONTRACTING PARTIES Australia, Commonwealth of Austria Belgium Brazil (including islands: Fernando de Noronha (including Rocks of Sao Pedro, Sao Paulo, Atoll das Rocas), Trinidad and Martim Vas) Burma Burundi Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Ceylon Chad Chile (including islands: Juan Fernandez group, Easter islands, Sala y Gomez, San Feliz, San Ambrosio and western part of Tierra del Fuego) Congo (Brazzaville) Caba, (including Isle of Pines and some smaller islands) Cyprus Czechoslovakia Dahomey Denmark (including the Färoe Islands) Dominican Republic (including islands: Saona, Catalina, Beata and some smaller ones) Finland France (including Corsica and islands off the French Coast and the Principality of Monaco) Comoro Archipelago (Grande-Comore, Anjouan, Mohély,Mayotte) French Guiana (including islands: St. Joseph, Iie Royale, Ilidu Diable) French Oceania (Society Islands, Ies Sous le Vent, MarquezesArchipelago, Tuamotu Archipelago, Gambior Archipelago, Tubuai Archipelago, Rapa island and Clipoerton Island) French Somaliland (including islands: Maskali and Mourba, Frères) Guadeloupe (islands of Gualoupe Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre and dependencies: Marie-Galante, Iledes Saintes, Petite-Teree, St. -
Antarctic Geoconservation: a Review of Current Systems and Practices
Environmental Conservation (2016) 43 (2): 97–108 C Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0376892915000387 Antarctic geoconservation: a review of current systems and practices KEVIN A. HUGHES1 ∗, JERÓNIMO LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ2 ,JANEE.FRANCIS1 , J. ALISTAIR CRAME1 , LUIS CARCAVILLA3 , KAZUYUKI SHIRAISHI4,5, TOMOKAZU HOKADA4,5 AND AKIRA YAMAGUCHI4,5 1British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK, 2Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica, 28049 Madrid, Spain, 3Geological Survey of Spain, Rios Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain, 4National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), 10–3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190–8518, Japan, and 5SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 10–3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190–8518, Japan Date submitted: 15 May 2015; Date accepted: 29 October 2015; First published online 9 February 2016 SUMMARY the continent, and the pursuit of geological knowledge has had a strong influence on its historical values (Fig. 1 and 2). For The prohibition of commercial mineral resource example, Captain Scott’s doomed South Pole party of 1912 extraction through the Antarctic Treaty System has collected 16 kg of rocks including fossil leaves of Glossopteris removed one significant source of potential damage to indica, which provided evidence that Antarctica was once part Antarctica’s geological and geomorphological values. of the larger supercontinent of Gondwana.