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Evidence of a New Carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco
http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app57-Cau_etal_SOM.pdf SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR Evidence of a new carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco Andrea Cau, Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia, and Matteo Fabbri Published in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2012 57 (3): 661-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0043 SOM1. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS Material and Methods The data set of the phylogenetic analysis includes 37 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) (35 ingroup neotheropod taxa, including one based on MPM 2594; and two basal theropod outgroups, Herrerasaurus and Tawa), and 808 character statements (see S2 and S3, below). The phylogenetic analyses were conducted through PAUP* vers. 4.010b (Swofford 2002). In the analysis, Herrerasaurus was used as root of the tree. The tree search strategy follows Benson (2009). The analysis initially performed a preliminary search using PAUPRat (Sikes and Lewis 2001). The unique topologies among the most parsimonious trees (MPTs) resulted after the preliminary search were used as a starting point for 1000 tree-bisection-reconnection branch swapping heuristic searches using PAUP*. Included taxa (and source for codings) Outgroup Herrerasaurus (Sereno 1993; Sereno and Novas 1993; Novas 1994; Sereno 2007) Tawa (Nesbitt et al. 2009) Ingroup Abelisaurus (Bonaparte and Novas 1985; Carrano and Sampson 2008) Acrocanthosaurus (Stoval and Landston 1950; Harris 1998; Currie and Carpenter 2000; Eddy and Clarke 2011) Allosaurus (Gilmore 1920; Madsen 1976) Baryonyx (Charig and Milner 1997; Mateus et al. 2010) Carcharodontosaurus (Stromer 1931; Sereno et al. 1996; Brusatte and Sereno 2007) Carnotaurus (Bonaparte et al. 1990) Ceratosaurus (Gilmore 1920; Madsen and Welles 2000). Compsognathus (Peyer 2006) Cryolophosaurus (Smith et al. -
Dinosaurs British Isles
DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39 -
Cranial Anatomy of Allosaurus Jimmadseni, a New Species from the Lower Part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America
Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America Daniel J. Chure1,2,* and Mark A. Loewen3,4,* 1 Dinosaur National Monument (retired), Jensen, UT, USA 2 Independent Researcher, Jensen, UT, USA 3 Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 4 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Allosaurus is one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk of Allosaurus specimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America, Allosaurus jimmadseni sp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species, Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal of Allosaurus fragilis has pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight in Allosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals of Allosaurus jimmadseni possess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent in Allosaurus fragilis. Submitted 20 July 2018 Accepted 31 August 2019 Subjects Paleontology, Taxonomy Published 24 January 2020 Keywords Allosaurus, Allosaurus jimmadseni, Dinosaur, Theropod, Morrison Formation, Jurassic, Corresponding author Cranial anatomy Mark A. -
Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria
8 Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria Matthew T. Carrano Introduction The evolution of body size and its influence on organismal biology have received scientific attention since the earliest decades of evolutionary study (e.g., Cope, 1887, 1896; Thompson, 1917). Both paleontologists and neontologists have attempted to determine correlations between body size and numerous aspects of life history, with the ultimate goal of docu- menting both the predictive and causal connections involved (LaBarbera, 1986, 1989). These studies have generated an appreciation for the thor- oughgoing interrelationships between body size and nearly every sig- nificant facet of organismal biology, including metabolism (Lindstedt & Calder, 1981; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984; McNab, 1989), population ecology (Damuth, 1981; Juanes, 1986; Gittleman & Purvis, 1998), locomotion (Mc- Mahon, 1975; Biewener, 1989; Alexander, 1996), and reproduction (Alex- ander, 1996). An enduring focus of these studies has been Cope’s Rule, the notion that body size tends to increase over time within lineages (Kurtén, 1953; Stanley, 1973; Polly, 1998). Such an observation has been made regarding many different clades but has been examined specifically in only a few (MacFadden, 1986; Arnold et al., 1995; Jablonski, 1996, 1997; Trammer & Kaim, 1997, 1999; Alroy, 1998). The discordant results of such analyses have underscored two points: (1) Cope’s Rule does not apply universally to all groups; and (2) even when present, size increases in different clades may reflect very different underlying processes. Thus, the question, “does Cope’s Rule exist?” is better parsed into two questions: “to which groups does Cope’s Rule apply?” and “what process is responsible for it in each?” Several recent works (McShea, 1994, 2000; Jablonski, 1997; Alroy, 1998, 2000a, 2000b) have begun to address these more specific questions, attempting to quantify patterns of body-size evolution in a phylogenetic (rather than strictly temporal) context, as well as developing methods for interpreting the resultant patterns. -
The Origin and Evolution of the Dinosaur Infraorder Carnosauria*
PALEONTOLOGICHESKIY ZHURNAL 1989 No. 4 KURZANOV S. M. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE DINOSAUR INFRAORDER CARNOSAURIA* Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Based on a revision of the systematic composition of the carnosaur families, a new diagram of the phylogenetic relationships within the infraorder is proposed. The question of carnosaurs cannot be considered to be resolved. Excluding the Triassic forms, carnosaurs in the broad or narrow sense have always been considered to be a group of theropods because they are only slightly different from them in fundamental features associated with large body size and a predatory lifestyle. The Late Triassic genera, such as Teratosaurus and Sinosaurus [33], were assigned to these on the basis of extremely meager material and without sufficient justification. This assignment has subsequently been rejected by most authors [13, 16, 17, 24, 25]. Huene [23] suggested that, along with the Sauropoda and Prosauropoda, the carnosaurs form a natural group Pachypodosauria, within which they are thought to be direct descendants of the prosauropods (the carnosaurs proceed directly from Teratosaurus through Magnosaurus). Studies of abundant cranial material (which actually belongs to Sellosaurus gracilis Huene) gave reason to think that the first species had been a prosauropod, whereas typical material (maxilla, ischium) belong to thecodonts from the family Poposauridae [24]. Huene’s diagram, which initially did not receive support, was widely propagated by the discovery of an unusual carnosaur Torvosaurus tanneri Galton et Jensen in the Upper Triassic deposits of Colorado [25]. The exceptionally plesiomorphic nature of some of its features, in the authors’ opinion, gave sufficient justification for removing them from the prosauropods. -
A New Large−Bodied Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom
A new large−bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom ROGER B.J. BENSON and JONATHAN D. RADLEY Benson, R.B.J. and Radley, J.D. 2010. A new large−bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 (1): 35–42. Previously undocumented postcranial material from the Chipping Norton Limestone Formation (Middle Jurassic: Lower Bathonian) of Cross Hands Quarry, near Little Compton, Warwickshire represents a new large−bodied theropod dinosaur, distinct from the contemporaneous Megalosaurus bucklandii. Cruxicheiros newmanorum gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by a single autapomorphy, the presence of a proximomedially inclined ridge within the groove that marks the lateral extent of the posterior flange of the femoral caput (trochanteric fossa). C. newmanorum shows three tetanuran features: widely separated cervical zygapophyses, a swollen ridge on the lateral surface of the iliac blade and an anterior spur of the caudal neural spines. However, due to fragmentary preservation its affinities within Tetanurae remain uncertain: phylogenetic analysis places it as the most basal tetanuran, the most basal megalosauroid (= spinosauroid) or the most basal neotetanuran. Key words: Dinosauria, Theropoda, Tetanurae, Megalosaurus, Cruxicheiros, Bathonian, Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, England. Roger B.J. Benson [[email protected]], Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cam− bridge, UK, CB2 3EQ; Jonathan D. Radley [[email protected]], Warwickshire Museum, Market Place, Warwick, UK CV34 4SA; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT. Received 8 July 2009, accepted 18 November 2009, available online 20 November 2009. -
DEINOCHEIRIDAE, a NEW FAMILY of THEROPOD DINOSAURS (Plates I-V)
HALSZKA OSMQLSKA & EWA RONIEWICZ DEINOCHEIRIDAE, A NEW FAMILY OF THEROPOD DINOSAURS (plates I-V) Abstract,- A new carnosaurian dinosaur, Deinochelrus mirificus n, gen., n, sp., is described from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. The material consists of a shoulder girdle, fore limbs and fragmentary ribs. The fore limbs are about 240 cm long and tridactyl, all the digits being equally developed and terminating in powerful claws. Carnosaurian fore limbs of such large size have not been previously reported. The gigantic size of the fore limbs appears ample justification for establishment of a new family, Deinocheiridae, within Carnosauria. INTRODUCTION During the course of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition of 1965, an unusual, incomplete skeleton of a gigantic carnosaurian dinosaur was recovered. This skeleton was found by Prof. Z. KIELAN-]AWOROWSKA at Altan Ula III locality, Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert, Mongolian People's Republic, in the Upper Cretaceous sandstones, designated by GRA DZINSKI et a/..(l968/69) as Upper Nemegt Beds; its exact location IS given by GRADZINSKI et al. (I. c., Text-fig. 6; see also KIELAN-]AWOROWSKA & DOVCHIN, 1968/69, p. 24, PI. 4, Fig. 1). The specimen in question, consisting ofa shoulder girdle, fore limbs and other incomplete bone fragments, is described in the present paper as Deinocheirus mirificus n. gen., n. sp. Because of its extreme dimensions and the unreduced tridactyl structure of the manus, the new genus cannot be assigned to any known family of theropod dinosaurs. Consequently, a new family Deinocheiridae is erected for it, within the superfamily Megalosauroidea Walker, faute de mieux, infraorder Carnosauria (non Megalosauroidea sensu MALEYEV, 1968). -
A New Specimen of Acrocanthosaurus Atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA
A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA Philip J. CURRIE Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0 (Canada) [email protected] Kenneth CARPENTER Denver Museum of Natural History, Department of Earth Sciences, City Park, Denver, Colorado 80205 (USA) [email protected] Currie P. J. & Carpenter K. 2000. — A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22 (2) : 207-246. The data matrix is available at http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/matadd/g00n2a3.html ABSTRACT A new skeleton of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis is the most complete specimen collected and has the only known complete skull. Aspects of the new skeleton are described in detail, with special attention directed to the morphology of the skull and forelimb. Although unquestionably one of the largest theropods ever found, it is smaller than Carcharodontosaurus, Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. Comparison with other theropods suggests that Acrocanthosaurus bears a strong resemblance to these taxa because of charac- KEY WORDS ters that are size determinate, and the evidence suggests Acrocanthosaurus is Dinosaurs, more closely related to Allosauridae than to Carcharodontosauridae. Three theropods, Early Cretaceous, families (Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, Sinraptoridae) are recognized USA. in the Allosauroidea. GEODIVERSITAS • 2000 • 22 (2) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.mnhn.fr/publication/ 207 Currie P. J. & Carpenter K. RÉSUMÉ Un nouveau specimen d’Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) du Crétacé inférieur de la Formation Antlers (Crétacé inférieur, Aptien) de l’Oklahoma, États-Unis. -
A Genus-Level Supertree of the Dinosauria Davide Pisani1,2*, Adam M
Received 24 September 2001 Accepted 3 December 2001 Published online 9 April 2002 A genus-level supertree of the Dinosauria Davide Pisani1,2*, Adam M. Yates1, Max C. Langer1 and Michael J. Benton1 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK 2Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK One of the ultimate aims of systematics is the reconstruction of the tree of life. This is a huge undertaking that is inhibited by the existence of a computational limit to the inclusiveness of phylogenetic analyses. Supertree methods have been developed to overcome, or at least to go around this problem by combining smaller, partially overlapping cladograms. Here, we present a very inclusive generic-level supertree of Dinosauria (covering a total of 277 genera), which is remarkably well resolved and provides some clarity in many contentious areas of dinosaur systematics. Keywords: supertrees; phylogeny; dinosaurs; fossil; Mesozoic 1. INTRODUCTION tations of the information conveyed by the trees in the input set. In the last few decades, advances in theoretical system- The original MRP method of Baum (1992) and Ragan atics, as well as in computer sciences, have provided bio- (1992), referred to as component coding-MRP (CC- logists and palaeontologists with tools to investigate the MRP) in this paper, was used to combine 126 `partial phy- phylogenetic relationships among organisms, yet phylo- logenies’ of dinosaurs (covering a total of 277 genera) with genetic inference is computationally expensive and analy- the aim of obtaining a single, genus-level supertree. CC- ses of large datasets hardly feasible (Graham & Foulds MRP makes use of the fact that a tree can be represented 1982). -
The Dentition of Megalosaurid Theropods
The dentition of megalosaurid theropods CHRISTOPHE HENDRICKX, OCTÁVIO MATEUS, and RICARDO ARAÚJO Hendrickx, C., Mateus, O., and Araújo, R. 2015. The dentition of megalosaurid theropods. Acta Palaeontologica Polo- nica 60 (3): 627–642. Theropod teeth are particularly abundant in the fossil record and frequently reported in the literature. Yet, the dentition of many theropods has not been described comprehensively, omitting details on the denticle shape, crown ornamentations and enamel texture. This paucity of information has been particularly striking in basal clades, thus making identification of isolated teeth difficult, and taxonomic assignments uncertain. We here provide a detailed description of the dentition of Megalosauridae, and a comparison to and distinction from superficially similar teeth of all major theropod clades. Megalosaurid dinosaurs are characterized by a mesial carina facing mesiolabially in mesial teeth, centrally positioned carinae on both mesial and lateral crowns, a mesial carina terminating above the cervix, and short to well-developed in- terdenticular sulci between distal denticles. A discriminant analysis performed on a dataset of numerical data collected on the teeth of 62 theropod taxa reveals that megalosaurid teeth are hardly distinguishable from other theropod clades with ziphodont dentition. This study highlights the importance of detailing anatomical descriptions and providing additional morphometric data on teeth with the purpose of helping to identify isolated theropod teeth in the future. Key words: Theropoda, Tetanurae, Megalosauridae, dentition, teeth, morphometry. Christophe Hendrickx [[email protected]] and Octávio Mateus [[email protected]], Universidade Nova de Lisboa, GeoBioTec (formerly CICEGe), Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tec- nologia, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; Museu da Lourinhã, 9 Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-158, Lourinhã, Portugal. -
An Approach to Scoring Cursorial Limb Proportions in Carnivorous
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to Received: 18 June 2015 Accepted: 15 December 2015 account for allometry Published: 27 January 2016 W. Scott Persons IV & Philip J. Currie From an initial dataset of 53 theropod species, the general relationship between theropod lower-leg length and body mass is identified. After factoring out this allometric relationship, theropod hindlimb proportions are assessed irrespective of body mass. Cursorial-limb-proportion (CLP) scores derived for each of the considered theropod taxa offer a measure of the extent to which a particular species deviates in favour of higher or lower running speeds. Within the same theropod species, these CLP scores are found to be consistent across multiple adult specimens and across disparate ontogenetic stages. Early theropods are found to have low CLP scores, while the coelurosaurian tyrannosauroids and compsognathids are found to have high CLP scores. Among deinonychosaurs, troodontids have consistently high CLP scores, while many dromaeosaur taxa, including Velociraptor and Deinonychus, have low CLP scores. This indicates that dromaeosaurs were not, overall, a particularly cursorily adapted group. Comparisons between the CLP scores of Tyrannosaurus and specimens referred to the controversial genus Nanotyrannus indicate a strong discrepancy in cursorial adaptations, which supports the legitimacy of Nanotyrannus and the previous suggestions of ecological partitioning between Nanotyrannus and the contemporaneous Tyrannosaurus. Because direct behavioral observations are impossible, assessing the running speeds of fossil taxa is, except when fossil trackways are available1,2 or when attempting range-bound biomechanical simulations3–5, usually limited to the recognition of anatomical traits that are known to correlate with locomotor performance in modern ani- mals. -
Lower Rotational Inertia and Larger Leg Muscles Indicate More Rapid Turns in Tyrannosaurids Than in Other Large Theropods
Lower rotational inertia and larger leg muscles indicate more rapid turns in tyrannosaurids than in other large theropods Eric Snively1, Haley O’Brien2, Donald M. Henderson3, Heinrich Mallison4, Lara A. Surring3, Michael E. Burns5, Thomas R. Holtz Jr6,7, Anthony P. Russell8, Lawrence M. Witmer9, Philip J. Currie10, Scott A. Hartman11 and John R. Cotton12 1 Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA 3 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, AB, Canada 4 Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany 5 Department of Biology, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL, USA 6 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 7 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA 8 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL, Canada 9 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA 10 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada 11 Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 12 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA ABSTRACT Synopsis: Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs had large preserved leg muscle attachments and low rotational inertia relative to their body mass, indicating that they could turn more quickly than other large theropods. Methods: To compare turning capability in theropods, we regressed agility estimates against body mass, incorporating superellipse-based modeled mass, centers of mass, and rotational inertia (mass moment of inertia). Muscle force relative to body Submitted 6 September 2016 mass is a direct correlate of agility in humans, and torque gives potential angular Accepted 10 January 2019 acceleration.