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IV. The Economic and Social Council A. THE CHARTER AND THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL1 The Charter establishes an Economic and Social 1. Powers and functions of the Council as a principal organ which, under the Economic and Social Council authority of the General Assembly, devotes itself to. promoting international economic and social The responsibility for the discharge of these co-operation. functions of the United Nations in the economic The Council consists of eighteen Members of and social fields is vested in the General Assembly the United Nations. Its members are elected by and, under the authority of the General Assembly, the General Assembly for a term of three years. in the Economic and Social Council. A retiring member is eligible for immediate re- The principal functions and powers of the election. Each member has one representative. Economic and Social Council are: The Charter recognizes that conditions of sta- (a) to make or initiate studies and reports bility and well-being are necessary for peaceful with respect to international economic, social, and friendly relations among nations based on cultural, educational, health and related matters respect for the principle of equal rights and self- and to make recommendations with respect to any determination of peoples. With a view to creating such matters to the General Assembly, to the such conditions the United Nations undertakes Members of the United Nations and to the spe- to promote: cialized agencies concerned; (a) higher standards of living, full employ- (b) to make recommendations for the purpose ment and conditions of economic and social of promoting respect for, and observance of, progress and development; human rights and fundamental freedoms for all; (b) solutions of international economic, social, (c) to prepare draft conventions for submis- health and related problems; and international cul- sion to the General Assembly, with respect to tural and educational co-operation; and matters falling within its competence; and (c) universal respect for, and observance of, (d) to call, in accordance with the rules pre- human rights and fundamental freedoms for all scribed by the United Nations, international con- without distinction as to race, sex, language or ferences on matters falling within its competence. religion. As regards the specialized agencies, the Eco- All Members pledge themselves to take joint nomic and Social Council may: and separate action in co-operation with the United (a) enter into agreements with any of the Nations for the achievement of these purposes. specialized agencies, defining the terms on which The United Nations is conceived to be a centre the agencies shall be brought into relationship for harmonizing the actions of nations in the with the United Nations, such agreements being attainment of these economic, social and other pur- subject to approval by the General Assembly; poses. In the economic and social fields there are (b) co-ordinate the activities of the specialized in existence various specialized agencies established 1 This Section is a summary of the Charter provisions by inter-governmental agreement. The Charter relating to the Economic and Social Council. The main authorizes the United Nations to bring such provisions are contained in Chapter IX, Articles 55-60, which sets forth the objectives and functions of the agencies into relationship with the United Nations United Nations in the realm of international economic and to co-ordinate their policies and activities, and co-operation, and Chapter X, Articles 61-72, which de- furthermore to create such new agencies as it fines the composition, functions and powers, voting and procedure of the Economic and Social Council. Other deems necessary for the accomplishment of its provisions are to be found in Articles 7, 15, 17-18, 91, economic and social purposes. 96, 98, and 101 of the Charter. The Economic and Social Council 501 agencies through consultation with and recom- cil and is to assign a permanent staff to the mendations to such agencies and through recom- Economic and Social Council. mendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations; 2. Voting and Procedure (c) take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies, and make Each member of the Council has one vote. arrangements with the Members of the United Decisions of the Economic and Social Council Nations and with the specialized agencies to are made by a majority of the members present obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect and voting. to its own recommendations and to recommenda- The Charter provides that the Council shall tions on matters falling within its competence set up commissions in the economic and social made by the General Assembly; and fields and for the promotion of human rights and (d) communicate its observations on these such other commissions as may be required for reports to the General Assembly. the performance of its functions. Any financial and budgetary arrangements with The Council is to invite any Member of the the specialized agencies are to be considered and United Nations to participate, without vote, in approved by the General Assembly, which is also its deliberations on any matter of particular con- to examine the administrative budgets of such cern to that Member. specialized agencies with a view to making recom- The Economic and Social Council may make mendations to the agencies concerned. arrangements for representatives of the specialized The Economic and Social Council may furnish agencies to participate, without vote, in its delib- information to the Security Council and is to erations and in those of the commissions estab- lished by it, and for its representatives to partici- assist the Security Council upon its request. It is pate in the deliberations of the specialized to perform such functions as fall within its com- agencies. petence in connection with the carrying out of It may also make suitable arrangements for the recommendations of the General Assembly. consultation with non-governmental organizations It may, with the approval of the General Assem- which are concerned with matters within its com- bly, perform services at the request of Members petence, both international and, where appropriate, of the United Nations and at the request of national non-governmental organizations after con- specialized agencies. sultation with the Member of the United Nations The Council, when so authorized by the Gen- concerned. eral Assembly, may request advisory opinions of The Economic and Social Council adopts its the International Court of Justice on legal ques- own rules of procedure. It meets as required in tions arising within the scope of its activities. accordance with its rules, which include provision The Secretary-General is to act in that capacity for the convening of meetings on the request of a in all meetings of the Economic and Social Coun- majority of its members. B. MEMBERSHIP AND OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL The Economic and Social Council consists of Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Poland, U.S.S.R. and eighteen Members of the United Nations, elected United Kingdom (from January 1, 1948). by the General Assembly. Members serve for The following were officers of the Council during three-year terms of office and are eligible for the period under review: immediate re-election. Fifth Session: President: Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar (India) The following were the members of the Coun- First Vice-President: Jan Papanek (Czechoslovakia) cil during the period under review (June 30, Second Vice-President: Alberto Arca-Parro (Peru) 1947, to September 21, 1948): Sixth and Seventh Sessions: President: Charles Malik (Lebanon) Cuba, Czechoslovakia, India, Norway, U.S.S.R. and First Vice-President: Hernan Santa Cruz (Chile) United Kingdom (to December 31, 1947); Second Vice-President: Leonid I. Kaminsky (Byelo- Canada, Chile, China, France, Netherlands and Peru russian S.S.R.) (to December 31, 1948); During the fifth session Mr. Papanek acted as Byelorussian S.S.R., Lebanon, New Zealand, Turkey, President during the absence of Sir Ramaswami United States and Venezuela (to December 31, 1949); Mudaliar. 502 Yearbook of the United Nations C. ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 1. Subsidiary Organs economic activity and the promotion of full em- ployment by the co-ordination of national full Subsidiary organs reporting to the Council are employment policies and by international action; of five types: (b) problems of the reconstruction of devas- (1) Functional Commissions and Sub-Commis- tated areas and other urgent problems arising from sions the war, so as to help various Members of the (2) Regional Commissions United Nations whose territories have been (3) Standing Committees devastated as a result of the war; and (4) Ad hoc Committees (c) the promotion of economic development (5) Special Bodies and progress, with special regard to the problems of less developed areas. a. FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND It draws the attention of the Council to the SUB-COMMISSIONS probable influence of policies and activities of the other commissions of the Council, the special- The Council has established the following func- ized agencies or other international organizations tional commissions (in order of their establish- on these matters. ment): The Sub-Commission on Employment and (1) Economic and Employment Economic Stability is composed of seven persons Sub-Commissions: Employment and Economic Stability selected by the Economic and
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