Part 1 Chapter 4 the Economic and Social Council

IV. The Economic and Social Council

A. THE CHARTER AND THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL1

The Charter establishes an Economic and Social 1. Powers and functions of the Council as a principal organ which, under the Economic and Social Council authority of the General Assembly, devotes itself to. promoting international economic and social The responsibility for the discharge of these co-operation. functions of the United Nations in the economic The Council consists of eighteen Members of and social fields is vested in the General Assembly the United Nations. Its members are elected by and, under the authority of the General Assembly, the General Assembly for a term of three years. in the Economic and Social Council. A retiring member is eligible for immediate re- The principal functions and powers of the election. Each member has one representative. Economic and Social Council are: The Charter recognizes that conditions of sta- (a) to make or initiate studies and reports bility and well-being are necessary for peaceful with respect to international economic, social, and friendly relations among nations based on cultural, educational, health and related matters respect for the principle of equal rights and self- and to make recommendations with respect to any determination of peoples. With a view to creating such matters to the General Assembly, to the such conditions the United Nations undertakes Members of the United Nations and to the spe- to promote: cialized agencies concerned; (a) higher standards of living, full employ- (b) to make recommendations for the purpose ment and conditions of economic and social of promoting respect for, and observance of, progress and development; human rights and fundamental freedoms for all; (b) solutions of international economic, social, (c) to prepare draft conventions for submis- health and related problems; and international cul- sion to the General Assembly, with respect to tural and educational co-operation; and matters falling within its competence; and (c) universal respect for, and observance of, (d) to call, in accordance with the rules pre- human rights and fundamental freedoms for all scribed by the United Nations, international con- without distinction as to race, sex, language or ferences on matters falling within its competence. religion. As regards the specialized agencies, the Eco- All Members pledge themselves to take joint nomic and Social Council may: and separate action in co-operation with the United (a) enter into agreements with any of the Nations for the achievement of these purposes. specialized agencies, defining the terms on which The United Nations is conceived to be a centre the agencies shall be brought into relationship for harmonizing the actions of nations in the with the United Nations, such agreements being attainment of these economic, social and other pur- subject to approval by the General Assembly; poses. In the economic and social fields there are (b) co-ordinate the activities of the specialized

in existence various specialized agencies established 1 This Section is a summary of the Charter provisions by inter-governmental agreement. The Charter relating to the Economic and Social Council. The main authorizes the United Nations to bring such provisions are contained in Chapter IX, Articles 55-60, which sets forth the objectives and functions of the agencies into relationship with the United Nations United Nations in the realm of international economic and to co-ordinate their policies and activities, and co-operation, and Chapter X, Articles 61-72, which de- furthermore to create such new agencies as it fines the composition, functions and powers, voting and procedure of the Economic and Social Council. Other deems necessary for the accomplishment of its provisions are to be found in Articles 7, 15, 17-18, 91, economic and social purposes. 96, 98, and 101 of the Charter. The Economic and Social Council 501 agencies through consultation with and recom- cil and is to assign a permanent staff to the mendations to such agencies and through recom- Economic and Social Council. mendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations; 2. Voting and Procedure (c) take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies, and make Each member of the Council has one vote. arrangements with the Members of the United Decisions of the Economic and Social Council Nations and with the specialized agencies to are made by a majority of the members present obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect and voting. to its own recommendations and to recommenda- The Charter provides that the Council shall tions on matters falling within its competence set up commissions in the economic and social made by the General Assembly; and fields and for the promotion of human rights and (d) communicate its observations on these such other commissions as may be required for reports to the General Assembly. the performance of its functions. Any financial and budgetary arrangements with The Council is to invite any Member of the the specialized agencies are to be considered and United Nations to participate, without vote, in approved by the General Assembly, which is also its deliberations on any matter of particular con- to examine the administrative budgets of such cern to that Member. specialized agencies with a view to making recom- The Economic and Social Council may make mendations to the agencies concerned. arrangements for representatives of the specialized The Economic and Social Council may furnish agencies to participate, without vote, in its delib- information to the Security Council and is to erations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to partici- assist the Security Council upon its request. It is pate in the deliberations of the specialized to perform such functions as fall within its com- agencies. petence in connection with the carrying out of It may also make suitable arrangements for the recommendations of the General Assembly. consultation with non-governmental organizations It may, with the approval of the General Assem- which are concerned with matters within its com- bly, perform services at the request of Members petence, both international and, where appropriate, of the United Nations and at the request of national non-governmental organizations after con- specialized agencies. sultation with the Member of the United Nations The Council, when so authorized by the Gen- concerned. eral Assembly, may request advisory opinions of The Economic and Social Council adopts its the International Court of Justice on legal ques- own rules of procedure. It meets as required in tions arising within the scope of its activities. accordance with its rules, which include provision The Secretary-General is to act in that capacity for the convening of meetings on the request of a in all meetings of the Economic and Social Coun- majority of its members.

B. MEMBERSHIP AND OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL The Economic and Social Council consists of Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Poland, U.S.S.R. and eighteen Members of the United Nations, elected United Kingdom (from January 1, 1948). by the General Assembly. Members serve for The following were officers of the Council during three-year terms of office and are eligible for the period under review: immediate re-election. Fifth Session: President: Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar (India) The following were the members of the Coun- First Vice-President: Jan Papanek (Czechoslovakia) cil during the period under review (June 30, Second Vice-President: Alberto Arca-Parro (Peru) 1947, to September 21, 1948): Sixth and Seventh Sessions: President: Charles Malik (Lebanon) Cuba, Czechoslovakia, India, Norway, U.S.S.R. and First Vice-President: Hernan Santa Cruz (Chile) United Kingdom (to December 31, 1947); Second Vice-President: Leonid I. Kaminsky (Byelo- Canada, Chile, China, France, Netherlands and Peru russian S.S.R.) (to December 31, 1948); During the fifth session Mr. Papanek acted as Byelorussian S.S.R., Lebanon, New Zealand, Turkey, President during the absence of Sir Ramaswami United States and Venezuela (to December 31, 1949); Mudaliar. 502 Yearbook of the United Nations C. ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

1. Subsidiary Organs economic activity and the promotion of full employment by the co-ordination of national full Subsidiary organs reporting to the Council are employment policies and by international action; of five types: (b) problems of the reconstruction of devas- (1) Functional Commissions and Sub-Commis- tated areas and other urgent problems arising from sions the war, so as to help various Members of the (2) Regional Commissions United Nations whose territories have been (3) Standing Committees devastated as a result of the war; and (4) Ad hoc Committees (c) the promotion of economic development (5) Special Bodies and progress, with special regard to the problems of less developed areas. a. FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND It draws the attention of the Council to the SUB-COMMISSIONS probable influence of policies and activities of the other commissions of the Council, the special- The Council has established the following func- ized agencies or other international organizations tional commissions (in order of their establish- on these matters. ment): The Sub-Commission on Employment and (1) Economic and Employment Economic Stability is composed of seven persons Sub-Commissions: Employment and Economic Stability selected by the Economic and Employment Com- Economic Development mission for three-year terms. It studies national (2) Transport and Communications and international full employment policies and (3) Statistical fluctuations in economic activity, and analyzes the Sub-Commission: Statistical Sampling causes of these fluctuations. It advises the Com- Committee on Statistical Classification mission on the most appropriate methods of pro- (4) Human Rights moting full employment and economic stability. Sub-Commissions: The Sub-Commission on Economic Develop- Freedom of Information and of the Press ment is composed of seven persons selected by Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities the Economic and Employment Commission for Drafting Committee on the International Bill of three-year terms. It studies and advises the Com- Human Rights mission on the principles and problems of long- (5) Social term economic development with particular at- (6) Status of Women (7) Narcotic Drugs tention to the inadequately developed parts of the (8) Fiscal world, with the object of: (9) Population (a) promoting the fullest and most effective The following are the members and terms of utilization of national resources, labor and capital; reference of these Commissions.2 and (b) raising the level of consumption. (1) Economic and Employment Commission Members of this Commission are: (2) Transport and Communications Commission Belgium, Brazil, France, Poland and United Kingdom Members of this Commission are: (elected for two years, to serve until December 31, 1948); Brazil, India, Netherlands, Poland and United King- Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, India and Norway dom (elected for two years, to serve until December 31, (elected for three years, to serve until December 31, 1948); 1949); Chile, China, France, Norway and Union of South Australia, Byelorussian S.S.R., Cuba, U.S.S.R. and Africa (elected for three years, to serve until December United States (elected for four years, to serve until 31, 1949); December 31, 1950). Czechoslovakia, Egypt, U.S.S.R., United States and This Commission advises the Council on eco- Yugoslavia (elected for four years, to serve until Decem- ber 31, 1950). nomic questions in order to promote higher standards of living. In particular, it advises the Coun- This Commission assists the Council in its tasks cil on: 2 For names of representatives on the Commissions, see (a) the prevention of wide fluctuations in Annex II, pp. 699-703. The Economic and Social Council 503 relating to transport and communication problems. of all branches of economic activity. It also makes In particular it: recommendations to the Commission on steps to (a) advises the Council on the co-ordination of be taken towards the standardization of classifica- the work of the specialized agencies in the sphere tion. of transport and communications; (4) Commission on Human Rights (b) advises the Council in fields where no Members of this Commission are: permanent international organization yet exists Byelorussian S.S.R., China, Lebanon, Panama, United and on problems which concern more than one Kingdom and Uruguay (elected for two years, to serve sphere of transport or communications; until December 31, 1948); (c) suggests to the Council the creation of new Egypt, France, India, Iran, Ukrainian S.S.R. and agencies, the conclusion of new conventions or U.S.S.R. (elected for three years, to serve until December 31, 1949); the revision of existing conventions; Australia, Belgium, Chile, Philippines, United States (d) acts as conciliator, when so authorized, in and Yugoslavia (elected for four years, to serve until cases of dispute between states and/or specialized December 31, 1950). agencies on international transport and commu- This Commission studies problems relating to: nications problems; and (a) an international bill of rights; (e) assists the Security Council and the Trus- (b) international declarations or conventions teeship Council, if requested to do so by the on civil liberties, freedom of information and Economic and Social Council. similar matters; (3) Statistical Commission (c) the protection of minorities; and Members of this Commission are: (d) the prevention of discrimination on China, Netherlands, U.S.S.R. and United States (elect- grounds of race, sex, language or religion. ed for two years, to serve until December 31, 1948); The Sub-Commission on the Freedom of Infor- Canada, India, Mexico and Ukrainian S.S.R. (elected for three years, to serve until December 31, 1949); mation and of the Press is composed of twelve France, Norway, Turkey and United Kingdom (elect- persons elected by the Economic and Social Coun- ed for four years, to serve until December 31, 1950). cil in the first instance from a list of persons nomi- The Commission assists the Council in: nated by the Commission on Human Rights. (a) promoting the development of national Originally, members of the Sub-Commission were statistics and the improvement of their com- elected for one year to serve until December 31, parability; 1947, but their terms of office were extended. (b) advising the organs of the United Nations This Sub-Commission examines what rights, on general questions relating to the collection, obligations and practices should be included in interpretation and dissemination of statistical the concept of freedom of information and reports information; to the Commission on issues arising from the ex- (c) promoting the improvement of statistics amination. and statistical methods generally; The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrim- (d) co-ordinating the statistical work of spe- ination and Protection of Minorities is composed cialized agencies; and of twelve persons elected for two-year terms by (e) developing the central statistical services the Economic and Social Council in the first in- of the Secretariat of the United Nations. stance from a list of persons nominated by the The Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling Commission on Human Rights. is composed of five experts elected by the Statis- It examines the principles to be applied in tical Commission for an indefinite period. these fields and makes recommendations on urgent The Sub-Commission examines methods used problems. in the application of statistical sampling and con- The Drafting Committee on the International siders possible additional uses of statistical sam- Bill of Human Rights is composed of representa- pling methods. tives of eight Members elected by the Commission The Committee on Statistical Classification is for an indeterminate period. composed of eight persons elected by the Com- The Drafting Committee was assigned the mission who also serve as representatives of their function of reviewing suggestions and observa- governments. tions made by members of the Commission on The Committee studies the methods of indus- Human Rights and, after a careful study of the trial classification of different countries for the subject, submitting to the Commission a draft purpose of securing comparability of classification of an International Bill of Human Rights. 504 Yearbook of the United Nations

(5) Social Commission national conventions and agreements dealing with Members of this Commission are: narcotic drugs as may be assumed by or conferred Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Union of South Af- on the Council; rica, U.S.S.R. and United States (elected for two years, (b) carries out such functions entrusted to the to serve until December 31, 1948); League of Nations Advisory Committee on Traffic Colombia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, United in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs by the Kingdom and Yugoslavia (elected for three years, to serve until December 31, 1949); international conventions on narcotic drugs as the Canada, China, Denmark, Ecuador, Iraq and Poland Council has found necessary to assume and con- (elected for four years, to serve until December 31, tinue; 1950). (c) advises the Council on all matters pertain- This Commission advises the Council on: ing to the control of narcotic drugs and prepares (a) social questions of a general character, such draft international conventions as are neces- and in particular on all matters in the social field sary; not covered by specialized inter-governmental (d) considers what changes may be required agencies; in the existing machinery for the international (b) practical measures that may be needed in control of narcotic drugs and submits proposals the social field; measures needed for the co-ordi- to the Council; and nation of activities in the social field; and (e) performs such other functions relating to (c) such international agreements and con- narcotic drugs as the Council may direct. ventions on any of these matters as may be re- (8) Fiscal Commission quired, and on their execution. Members of this Commission are: The matters in the social field which the Com- Belgium, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand and mission deals with include, inter alia, standards of United States (elected for two years, to serve until De- living, housing and town planning, family assist- cember 31, 1948); ance, child welfare, youth guidance, prevention of Colombia, Cuba, Lebanon, Poland and U.S.S.R. (elect- crime and treatment of offenders, social aspects ed for three years, to serve until December 31, 1949); China, France, Ukrainian S.S.R., Union of South Afri- of migration, and refugees. ca and United Kingdom (elected for four years, to serve (6) Commission on the Status of Women until December 31, 1950). Members of this Commission are: This Commission studies and advises the Australia, Byelorussian S.S.R., China, Guatemala and Council in the field of finance, particularly in its India (elected for two years, to serve until December 31, legal, administrative and technical aspects. 1948); Mexico, Syria, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and United (9) Population Commission States (elected for three years, to serve until December Members of this Commission are: 31, 1949); China, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and United States Costa Rica, Denmark, France, Turkey and Venezuela (elected for two years, to serve until December 31, (elected for four years, to serve until December 31, 1948); 1950). Australia, Canada, France and Ukrainian S.S.R. (elect- This Commission prepares recommendations ed for three years, to serve until December 31, 1949); Brazil, Netherlands, Peru and Yugoslavia (elected for and reports to the Council on promoting women's four years, to serve until December 31, 1950). rights in political, economic, social and educational fields. This Commission studies and advises the Council It may also make recommendations to the on: Council on urgent problems requiring immediate (a) population changes, factors associated with attention in the field of women's rights. such changes, and policies designed to influence these factors; (7) Commission on Narcotic Drugs (b) inter-relationship of economic and social Members of this Commission, elected on Feb- conditions and population trends; and ruary 18, 1946, for three years, are: (c) migratory movements of population and Canada, China, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Mexico, factors associated with such movements. Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia. b. REGIONAL COMMISSIONS This Commission: (a) assists the Council in exercising such pow- The Council had established the following ers of supervision over the application of inter- regional commissions: The Economic and Social Council 505

(1) Economic Commission for Europe authorized to present certain recommendations (2) Economic Commission for Asia and the direct to interested governments, but may not Far East take any action with respect to any country with- (3) Economic Commission for Latin America out the approval of the government of that coun- The following are their members and terms of try. reference:3 Committees and sub-committees of the Eco- nomic Commission for Europe are composed of (1) Economic Commission for Europe interested members of the Commission and such This Commission consists of the European other European states as the Commission decides. Members of the United Nations and the United (2) Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East States. Its members are: Members of this Commission are: Belgium, Byelorussian S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Den- Australia, Burma, China, France, India, Netherlands, mark, France, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Siam, U.S.S.R., Norway, Poland, Sweden, Turkey, Ukrainian S.S.R., United Kingdom and United States. U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States and Yugo- slavia. Any state in the area which may later become The Commission, with the agreement of the a Member of the United Nations may be admitted country concerned: as a member of this Commission. Burma and (a) initiates and participates in measures to Pakistan became members of the Commission under this provision. facilitate concerted action for: Other Members of the United Nations may par- (i) the economic reconstruction of Europe; ticipate in a consultative capacity when the Com- (ii) raising the level of European economic mission considers matters of particular concern activity; to them. (iii) maintaining and strengthening the Certain territories, or parts of territories, are economic relations of the European countries admitted to associate membership in the Com- both among themselves and with other countries mission without voting privileges. The following of the world. associate members have been admitted by the (b) investigates and studies economic and Commission: technological problems and developments within member countries of the Commission and within Cambodia; Ceylon; Hong Kong; Laos; and Malayan Union, Singapore, North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak (these Europe generally; five jointly represented as one associate member). (c) collects, evaluates and disseminates eco- The terms of reference of this Commission nomic, technological and statistical information. are broadly the same as those of the Economic The Commission may consult with the repre- Commission for Europe. sentatives of the Allied Control Authorities of The headquarters of the Commission are at the occupied countries on matters concerning the Shanghai. economies of these countries in relation to the The Economic and Social Council is to decide rest of the European economy. It may also consult before the end of 1951 whether the Commission with other Members of the United Nations and is to continue or be terminated, and if it is to under certain conditions with other states not continue, what changes, if any, should be made members of the United Nations on matters of in its terms of reference. particular concern to them, and with specialized agencies and non-governmental organizations. (3) Economic Commission for Latin America The headquarters of the Commission are at This Commission consists of the Members of Geneva. the United Nations in North, Central, and South The Economic and Social Council is to decide America and in the Caribbean area, and France, before the end of 1951 whether the Commission the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Its is to continue or to be terminated, and if it is members are as follows: to continue, what changes, if any, should be made Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, in its terms of reference. Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Sal- The Economic Commission for Europe has vador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, 4 Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United established a number of subsidiary organs which Kingdom, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. act in a consultative and advisory capacity, report- 3 For list, see Economic Commission for Europe, p. 524. 4 For names of representatives on the Commissions, see ing on their activities and making recommenda- Annex II, pp. 703-05. tions in their fields to the Commission. They are 506 Yearbook of the United Nations

Other Members of the United Nations may par- (4) Interim Committee on Programme of ticipate in a consultative capacity in the work of Meetings (President and five members) the Commission when it considers matters of particular concern to them. d. Ad hoc COMMITTEES5 Certain territories, or parts or groups of territories in Central and South America and the Carib- Apart from sessional committees (Economic, bean area may be admitted by the Commission Social, Human Rights, Co-ordination), which to associate membership without voting privileges. meet only during sessions of the Council, the The Commission operates within the terri- Council has from time to time established ad hoc tories of its members and associate members in committees to deal with particular problems, for Central and South America and in the Caribbean example, the ad hoc Committee to study the factors area. With the agreement of the country con- bearing upon the establishment of an economic cerned, it: commission for the Middle East, the ad hoc Com- (a) initiates and participates in measures to mittee on Genocide, the Council's Special Commit- tee on United Nations Appeal for Children and facilitate concerted action for: 6 (i) dealing with economic problems arising the ad hoc Committee on Procedure. out of the war; (ii) raising the level of economic activity e. SPECIAL BODIES7 in Latin America; (1) Permanent Central Opium Board (iii) maintaining and strengthening the eco- The Board is composed of eight persons ap- nomic relations of the Latin American countries pointed by the Economic and Social Council. The both among themselves and with the other Council must give consideration to appointing, countries of the world; in equitable proportions, persons who possess a (b) investigates and studies economic and knowledge of the drug situation in producing and technological problems and developments in Latin manufacturing countries on the one hand and in American territories. consuming countries on the other and who are The Commission makes recommendations di- connected with those countries. Members of the rectly to governments and specialized agencies Board may not hold any office which puts them concerned, subject to the Council's prior approval in direct dependence on their governments. of proposals for activities affecting the world's The Permanent Central Opium Board was estab- economy. To avoid duplication, the Commission lished by the Opium Convention of February 19, co-ordinates its activities with those of specialized 1925, which was amended by the Protocol of agencies and inter-governmental and non-govern- December 11, 1946. It is an independent organ- mental organizations, in particular with the Pan ization connected administratively with the United American Union and as may be necessary with the Nations. Caribbean Commission. The Board is charged with the general inter- The Economic and Social Council is to decide national supervision of the narcotics trade, and before the end of 1951 whether the Commission receives statistics from governments which are is to continue or be terminated, and if it is to parties to the Convention, on the basis of which continue, what changes, if any, should be made it reports annually to the contracting parties and in its terms of reference. to the Economic and Social Council. If the information it receives leads it to conclude that any c. STANDING COMMITTEES country is accumulating excessive quantities of The Economic and Social Council has four narcotic drugs, the Board has the right to recom- standing committees:5 mend that no further exports of narcotics shall (1) Committee on Negotiations with Inter- be made to that country. Governmental Agencies (President and (2) Supervisory Body eleven members) The Supervisory Body was established by the ( 2 ) Committee on Arrangements for Consulta- 1931 Convention for the Limitation of the Manu- tion with Non-Governmental Organ- izations (Council NGO Committee) 5 For membership of these committees, see Annex H, (President and five members) p. 705. 6 The procedural committee at the fifth session was (3) Agenda Committee (President, the two called the Committee on Procedural Questions. Vice-Presidents and two members) 7 For membership of these bodies, see Annex II, p. 705. The Economic and Social Council 507 facture and Regulation of the Distribution of Universal Postal Union (UPU) Narcotic Drugs, which was amended by the World Health Organization (WHO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Protocol of December 11, 1946. It is composed of four experts, and under the Protocol, when re- Agreements have been negotiated with the appointed, they were to be nominated as follows: following specialized agencies, or their prepara- one by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, one tory commissions: by the Permanent Central Opium Board and two by International Refugee Organization (IRO)9 the World Health Organization. Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization The Board examines the estimates of govern- (IMCO) ments for each country's needs for narcotic drugs Negotiations for agreements with the Inter- for medical and scientific purposes and prepares national Trade Organization (ITO) or its Interim estimates for any territories for which data have Commission and the World Meteorological Or- not been provided. It publishes an annual state- ganization (WMO) have been authorized by the ment fixing the limits for the following years of Economic and Social Council. imports, manufacture, etc., for every territory in the world. (3) United Nations International Children's 3. Non-Governmental Organizations in Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Consultative Status 10 The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund was established by the General There are three categories of non-governmental Assembly on December 11, 1946. It reports to organizations which have been granted consulta- the Economic and Social Council. tive status with the Economic and Social Council. The Executive Board of the Fund consists of 25 Member Governments nominated by the Gen- CATEGORY A eral Assembly in its resolution establishing the Fund and any other Government designated by the These are organizations which have a basic in- Economic and Social Council on the Board's recom- terest in most of the activities of the Council, and mendation (Switzerland has been so designated). are closely linked with the economic and social The Fund consists of any assets made available life of the areas which they represent. by UNRRA or any voluntary contributions made They may submit items for inclusion on the pro- available by governments, voluntary agencies, in- visional agenda of the Council and whenever the dividual or other sources. Council discusses such an item the organization It is utilized for the benefit of children and may introduce and explain it. The President of adolescents of countries which were victims of the Council, with the Council's consent, may invite aggression and to assist in their rehabilitation; the organization to make in the course of discus- for the benefit of children and adolescents of coun- sion a further statement for purposes of clarifica- tries which were receiving assistance from tion. These organizations may also send observers UNRRA; for child health purposes generally; and to public meetings of the Council and circulate to safeguard the health of expectant and nursing written communications to Council members. They mothers. may be invited to consult with the standing committee of the Council, if the Council so desires or the organizations so request. 2. Specialized Agencies in Relationship with the United Nations 8 CATEGORY B

Agreements have been signed bringing the These are organizations which have a special following specialized agencies into relationship competence, but are concerned specifically with with the United Nations: only a few of the fields of activity covered by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Council. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 8 For functions and membership of the agencies see Part (FAO) Two, Specialized Agencies, pp. 817-983; for co-ordination United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or- of their activities by the Council, see pp. 663-82. ganization (UNESCO) 9 This agreement has subsequently entered into force, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) with its approval by the General Assembly on November International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 18, 1948. International Monetary Fund 10 For list of these organizations, see p. 694. 508 Yearbook of the United Nations

They may send observers to public meetings Non-governmental organizations are excluded of the Council. Their communications, however, from relationship with the United Nations if are placed on a list and distributed only on the they have legally constituted branches in Spain request of a member of the Council. They may be whose policies are determined and controlled by invited to consult with the standing committee the Franco Government. of the Council, if the Council so desires or the They are, however, eligible if: organizations so request. (a) they have only individual members in Spain who are not organized into a legally con- CATEGORY C stituted branch; (b) the branches in Spain though legally con- These are organizations which are primarily stituted have a purely humanitarian character and concerned with the development of public opinion their policies are not determined and controlled and with the dissemination of information. by the Franco Government; and They have the same privileges as organizations (c) such branches are not active at the present in Category B. time.

D. SESSIONS OF THE COUNCIL AND ITS COMMISSIONS

The Council's rules of procedure during the Commission on Human Rights period under review provided that it was to meet Second session: December 2—17, 1947, at Geneva. Third session: May 24—June 18, 1948, at Lake Success. at least three times a year at the seat of the United Social Commission Nations, or elsewhere if it so decided. Second session: August 28—September 13, 1947, at Lake The Council held three sessions during the Success. period under review: Third session: April 5-23, 1948, at Lake Success. Commission on the Status of Women Fifth session: July 19-August 17, 1947. Second session: January 5—19, 1948, at Lake Success. Sixth session: February 2-March 11, 1948. Seventh session: July 19-August 29, 1948. Commission on Narcotic Drugs Second session: July 25—August 8, 1947, at Lake Success. The fifth and sixth sessions were held at the Third session: May 3—22, 1948, at Lake Success. United Nations temporary headquarters at Lake Fiscal Commission Success, New York; the seventh session was held (No session during the period covered.) at the Palais des Nations, Geneva. Population Commission During this period the Commissions of the Second session: August 18—27, 1947, at Lake Success. Council held the following sessions: Third session: May 10—25, 1948, at Lake Success. Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Employment Commission Second session: July 5—16, 1947, at Geneva. Third session: April 19—May 6, 1948, at Lake Success. Third session: April 26-May 8, 1948, at Geneva. Transport and Communications Commission Economic Commission for Asia and the Par East Second session: April 12-20, 1948, at Geneva. Second session: November 24—December 6, 1947, at Statistical Commission Baguio, Philippines. Second session: August 28—September 5, 1947, at Lake Third session: June 1-12, 1948, at Ootacamund, India. Success. Economic Commission for Latin America Third session: April 26—May 6, 1948, at Lake Success. First session: June 7-25, 1948, at Santiago de Chile.

E. PROCEDURAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS

1. Rules of Procedure of the Economic (E/530 and Corr.1) regarding rules of procedure and Social Council of the Council. The Committee had proposed an 11 A more detailed accoun than in the following pages During its fifth session, the Council considered of the matters discussed byt the Economic and Social at its 112th and 113th meetings on August 12 the Council is to be found in the United Nations Bulletin, Vol. III, Nos. 2-25, Vol. IV, Nos. 1-12, and Vol. V, report of its Committee on Procedural Questions Nos. 1-7. The Economic and Social Council 509 amended version of Council rule of procedure no. Council, by a vote of 13 to 0, with 3 abstentions, 10 to provide that items submitted by Members, adopted resolution 177 (VII), based on a Ven- specialized agencies or non-governmental organ- ezuelan proposal (E/AC28/W.5) which had izations should reach the Secretary-General not been amended by several Council members. In less than 28 days before the first meeting of each this resolution the Council expressed the opinion session. Revision of rule 10 would also make that the experience of recent sessions showed the it necessary to amend rule 14, which refers to the need for a comprehensive revision of its rules of consideration of the items submitted by the procedure; and, since it had proved impractical Agenda Committee. for the Council's Committee on Procedure to un- The Committee had recommended that the dertake such a revision during the Council's or- Council itself should adopt at this session uni- dinary sessions, the Council decided to instruct form rules of procedure for all nine functional the Committee on Procedure to prepare a revised commissions, and consider, when it had amended text of rules of procedure during the interval its own rules, whether or not these rules should between the Council's seventh and eighth sessions. be made applicable to the commissions also. It While thus deferring until its eighth session suggested that the question of giving particular the question of a comprehensive revision, the rights to non-governmental organizations in cate- Council did decide during the seventh session to gory B having a special relationship to a par- amend two of its rules of procedure: rule 13 ticular commission should be studied by the NGO (dealing with the composition of the Council's Committee. Since the adoption of its recom- Agenda Committee) was amended by the addi- mendations concerning rules of procedure for tion of a provision enabling the Council's First functional commissions would mean that Council Vice-President to assume the chairmanship of the rules 65 and 66 would need amending, the Com- Agenda Committee if the President, who is ex mittee had suggested a new formulation. officio Chairman of the Agenda Committee, should The discussion in the Council centred round be unable to be present at Committee meetings a new rule (60) proposed by the Committee to (in the absence of both the President and the the effect that when a member of a sub-commission First Vice-President, the Agenda Committee chair- is unable to attend a meeting an alternate shall be manship would devolve on the Second Vice-Presi- designated to serve in his place with the same dent); and rule 30 (which provides that before status as the member. Some members felt that approving any proposal involving financial ex- since members of the sub-commissions were appointed in a personal capacity they should not penditures, Council members should receive from be entitled to alternates and that the rule should the Secretary-General a summary report of the be deleted. Others thought the Council should financial implications of the proposal and esti- approve each such appointee and that they should mates of the costs involved in each proposal) was have no voting rights. Others claimed that to amended to provide for the preparation of a sum- deny them voting rights would hinder the work. mary estimate of the financial implications of all Several amendments to this effect were submitted proposals coming before the Council, for its cir- and rejected, and the Council approved rule 60 culation to the members as soon as possible after as submitted by the Committee. the issue of the provisional agenda and for its Resolutions 99 (V) (Amendments to rules revision as necessary during the session in the light of procedure of the Economic and Social Council) of the Council's discussions. and 100(V) (Rules of procedure for functional The decision to change rules 13 and 30 resulted commissions of the Economic and Social Council) from a recommendation of the Committee on were adopted unanimously after slight amend- Procedure (E/1017) and was taken at the 224th ment at the 113th meeting.12 meeting of the Council on August 28, 1948.13 During its seventh session, the Economic and The change in rule 13 was approved by a vote Social Council had before it a proposal (E/751 and of 8 to 3, with 7 abstentions, while the modifica- Corrs. 1 and 2; E/930), submitted by the repre- tion of rule 30 was approved unanimously. sentative of France, suggesting a comprehensive 12 For text of revised rules of procedure of the Council, revision of the Council's rules of procedure; also see Annex III, p. 706. For text of rules of procedure of before the Council was a memorandum (E/883 the functional commissions, see Resolutions adopted by and Add. 1) containing observations of the Sec- the Economic and Social Council during its fifth session, pp. 92-99. retary-General bearing on the same subject. 13 For text of the two amended rules, see Annex III, At its 225th meeting on August 28, 1948, the p. 706. 510 Yearbook of the United Nations

2. Financial Implications of Actions Council members. In this resolution, the Council Taken by the Council expressed its opinion that the absence of verbatim records reduced the efficiency of the Council's The modification of rule 30 (see above) was work, and requested the General Assembly to pro- only one of the steps taken by the Council con- vide, at its coming third regular session, the Coun- cerning the financial implications of its own cil with facilities for preparing and distributing actions. The Council also, at its 224th meeting verbatim records of its plenary meetings in future. on August 28, 1948, approved by a vote of 15 It also requested the Secretary-General, pend- to 0, with 3 abstentions, a resolution based on ing future reconsideration of the matter by the recommendations of the Committee on Pro- Assembly, to take all practicable steps to improve cedure (E/962). This resolution (175(VII)) the accuracy of summary records and, where provided that: verbatim records were not provided, to make avail- (1) in normal circumstances work on any able, if possible, summary records of Council meet- project entailing expenditure which cannot, with- ings as a general rule within 24 hours of the close out detriment to other work already in hand, be of the meetings to which they refer. met within the current budget will not be started The Council reverted to the matter during its within the current financial year; seventh session, at its 225th meeting on August (2) if the Council wishes to recommend, in 28, 1948, when it had before it a report (E/854) case of exceptional urgency, the allocation of funds of the Secretary-General on the steps he had been to a particular project, so that work can be started able to take with a view to improving the summary either before the next ordinary session of the records. Also before the Council was a draft reso- Assembly or after the Assembly has met (but lution (E/961) in which the Council's Commit- during the current financial year), a specific in- tee on Procedure recommended that the Council dication to the Secretary-General to that effect request the General Assembly, in considering shall be included in the resolution approving resolution 138(VI), to take into consideration such a project; and the views of Council members expressed at the (3) resolutions of the Council shall, wherever seventh session. Instead of approving this pro- appropriate, contain suitable wording to indicate posal, the Council, by a vote of 13 to 3, with 1 ab- the degree of urgency which the Council wishes stention, adopted an alternative draft resolution attached to the project in question. (E/916) submitted by the representative of the In its report to the General Assembly's third United Kingdom. In the resolution (176(VII)) session (A/625, p. 77), the Economic and Social the Council took cognizance of the improvement Council observed that "the final summary of finan- both in accuracy and speed of production of the cial implications of proposals approved by the summary records issued during its seventh session Council at its sixth session indicated that the di- and requested the Secretary-General to continue rect additional costs to be incurred in 1948 were his efforts towards this end, particularly with a $635,238 [E/732/Rev. 1 and Corr. 1]". Similarly, view to reducing the time taken for the translation proposals approved at the seventh session of the of summary records into the other working lan- Council were estimated to lead to an additional guage. Furthermore, and in view of the above, expenditure of $43,000 in 1948, and would re- the Council, in the same resolution (176(VII)) quire supplementary estimates for 1949 in the informed the General Assembly that it now con- amount of approximately $700,000.14 sidered itself able to comply with the Assembly's request to dispense for the present with written 3. Records of the Council verbatim records of its meetings. At its sixth session, the Economic and Social Council examined resolution 166(II) of the Gen- 15 4. Relations with the Trusteeship eral Assembly and the Assembly's related request Council16 that the Council consider whether it would be disposed to dispense with verbatim records of its At its fourth session, the Council appointed a meetings. After an exchange of views at its 122nd, committee consisting of the President and two 151st, 164th and 166th plenary meetings on Feb- 14 For details regarding the financial implications of ruary 2 and 24 and March 5 and 8, respectively, Council actions during the sixth and seventh sessions, see the Council, by a vote of 12 to 2, with 4 absten- Annexes I and II of the Council's report to the General Assembly (A/625), pp. 78-79. tions, adopted resolution 138(VI), based on a 15 See pp. 155-63. French proposal (E/698) as amended by several 16 See also Trusteeship Council, pp. 731-33. The Economic and Social Council 511 members selected by him to confer with rep- its 119th plenary meeting on August 16, 1947. resentatives of the Trusteeship Council on arrange- The Council decided to refer it to the Trustee- ments for co-operation in dealing with matters of ship Council together with the record of opinions common concern. expressed by members of the Economic and Social The President appointed the members for India Council. The representatives of New Zealand, and Venezuela" to be members of the Committee; Canada and the U.S.S.R. expressed criticism of the and the representatives of the two Councils pre- Joint Committee's recommendations concerning sented a joint report (E&T/C.1/2 later revised petitions on human rights or the status of women in E&T/C.1/2/Rev.1 and Corr. 1). emanating from Trust Territories. The Com- The chief recommendations of the Joint Com- mittee had recommended that as a matter of prin- mittee dealt with the activities of the Councils in ciple all such petitions should be dealt with by social and economic fields where there was a the Trusteeship Council, which should communi- question of overlapping, and with the roles of the cate to the appropriate commissions, for such commissions of the Economic and Social Council assistance as it might desire, those parts of such and of the specialized agencies. The report stated: petitions relating to matters of special concern "It is recognized that the Economic and Social Council to them. The Committee further recommended and its commissions are empowered to make recommenda- that the Trusteeship Council when considering tions or studies of general application on matters within such petitions should consider to which of them their special provinces. It is also recognized that such the procedure adopted by the Economic and Social recommendations or studies may be made in respect of Council for dealing with communications concern- particular groups of territories such as those within a 17 18 given geographical region or those presenting common ing human rights and the status of women economic or social problems. It is, however, recognized could be applied. that Trust Territories should not be singled out for such The New Zealand representative considered specialist recommendations, except with the concurrence that the Commission on Human Rights should of the Trusteeship Council." have a brief indication of the substance of com- It also recommended that requests by the Trus- munications on human rights relating to Trust teeship Council for assistance from specialized Territories, according to the formula already agencies should be sent directly to the specialized adopted by the Economic and Social Council for agency concerned, the Economic and Social Coun- dealing with such communications, but that the cil being informed at the same time; and it recog- Trusteeship Council should have the responsibility nized that the implementation of the agreements for handling individual complaints. He did not with the specialized agencies in matters of con- think that the Trusteeship Council should com- cern to the Trusteeship Council was a continuing municate directly with the commissions. The problem to be worked out in the light of ex- Canadian representative, assuming that no distinc- perience. tion was intended between "communications" and In addition, detailed recommendations were "petitions", thought that the same procedure made concerning notification of meetings, com- should be followed for dealing with such communication of provisional agenda of each Council munications from Non-Self-Governing as from to members of the other, calling of special sessions self-governing territories. The U.S.S.R. representa- of the Councils, reciprocal representation at meet- tive thought that the recommendations showed ings of Councils and their commissions, exchange a tendency to limit the competence of the Council. of documents, representation of the United Na- The French representative supported the recom- tions at meetings of specialized agencies and the mendations, but felt that the composition of the handling of petitions and communications con- Joint Committee was not a well-balanced one. cerning human rights and the status of women. Pending the meeting of the Joint Committee, Finally, as regards machinery, the report recom- the President of the Council invited the Trustee- mended that the Presidents of the two Councils ship Council, through its President, to nominate should confer with one another as and when representatives to join with the Committee on necessary regarding matters of common concern, Negotiations with Inter-Governmental Agencies and that, if the nature of any question warranted in the discussion of articles in which the Trustee- it, they should be empowered to convene an ad ship Council was concerned in draft agreements hoc committee composed of an equal number of with specialized agencies. Accordingly, repre- representatives (which they should decide) of both Councils. 17 See pp. 578-79. The report was considered by the Council at 18 See p. 599. 512 Yearbook of the United Nations sentatives of the Trusteeship Council participated tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in the negotiations with the Interim Committee the International Monetary Fund and the Inter- of the World Health Organization, the Interna- national Telecommunication Union.

F. ECONOMIC QUESTIONS

1. Surveys of Economic Conditions and the United States and the willingness of the United Trends States to accept imports from other countries. Production increases depended on the breaking a. ECONOMIC REPORT of bottlenecks in food, fuel, steel and transport, and of these food was the most crucial because At its second session, the General Assembly it was strategic in its influence on the rising cost adopted resolution 118 (II) in which it noted of living and therefore on the almost universal with approval that the Economic and Social Coun- inflation. cil had made arrangements in its resolution 26 The report stated that some countries were con- (IV) for the initiation of regular reports to the suming 30 per cent less food per capita than Council on world economic conditions and trends. before the war while others consumed as much The Assembly resolution also requested the Sec- as 15 per cent more. retary-General to assist the Council and its sub- The lack of economic balance in the world was sidiary organs by providing the necessary factual manifest not only in the shortages of supply but surveys and analyses. It also recommended to the was also reflected in unprecedented deficits in the Council "that it consider a survey of current world foreign transactions of most countries. The most economic conditions and trends annually, and striking increase in exports was that recorded by at such other intervals as it considers necessary, in the United States. The report suggested that where the light of its responsibility under Article 55 of the inflation could not be checked by monetary and Charter to promote the solution of international fiscal measures, direct control of investments and economic problems, higher standards of living, rationing of essential consumer goods might be full employment and conditions of economic and necessary, even though such measures might prove social progress and development; that such con- difficult to institute for administrative and po- sideration include an analysis of the major dis- litical reasons. locations of needs and supplies in the world The report formed the basis of an extended economy; that it make recommendations as to the debate which took place at the 145th, 146th, 148th, appropriate measures to be taken by the General 149th, 150th and 151st plenary meetings of the Assembly, the Members of the United Nations Council on February 17, 18, 19 and 24, 1948.20 and the specialized agencies concerned". The reaction of the Council members was in gen- During its sixth session, the Council had be- eral favorable and the Secretariat was commended fore it the Economic Report: Salient Features of for the report. Representatives of the following the World Economic Situation 1945-47,19 which countries spoke in the debate: Australia, Brazil, had been prepared by the Secretariat. Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Lebanon, The report stated that two years after the end Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Turkey, of the war the world was producing less than it U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States and had a decade earlier for a population now 200 Venezuela. Some of their comments were con- million greater. Shortages of food were the world's cerned with aspects of the report which they felt number one economic problem. While the eco- could be improved; others dealt with the world nomic potential of the United States increased economic situation and with the situation in their enormously during the war, that of many other different countries. production centres had considerably diminished; The Council unanimously adopted resolution this shift in the world's production facilities was at the root of the dollar shortage. In the long 19 United Nations Publications, Sales No. 1948.II.C.1. 20 The full text of the debate is published in Supple- run, the report stated, this shortage could be ment to the Economic Report, United Nations Publica- eliminated only by increased production outside tions, Sales No. 1948.II.C.2. The Economic and Social Council 513

102(VI) recommending that the Secretary-Gen- a comprehensive analysis of Europe's most pressing eral take into consideration, in preparation of economic problems. At the same time, it indicated future reports, the views expressed by members the efforts which were believed necessary in order of the Council and drawing the attention of Mem- to achieve economic recovery in Europe. ber Governments of the United Nations, of the The Survey consisted of four main parts: Economic and Employment Commission, and of (1) "The Recovery in Production" specialized agencies to the content of the report (2) "The Recovery in Trade" and to the discussion on this subject by members (3) "The Balance of Payments" of the Council at the sixth session. (4) "Problems of European Reconstruction" The material contained in the Economic Report The fourth of these parts had chapters dealing with was also discussed by the Sub-Commission on the problems of inflation, of intra-European trade Employment and Economic Stability at its second and of production. In addition the Survey con- session and by the Economic and Employment tained a number of appendices and a number of Commission at its third session. The Economic tables. Appendix A contained an analysis of the and Employment Commission stated in the re- economic plans of European countries. The first port of its third session (E/790 and Add.1) that part of the appendix dealt with the economic plans the "Secretariat, in preparing the Economic Report, of the countries of central and southeastern fulfilled its task of beginning the preparation of Europe; the second part, with the fourth Five- data on current world economic conditions and Year Plan of the U.S.S.R.; and the third part, trends in conformity with the wishes expressed with the economic plans of the sixteen countries by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social participating in the Committee of European Eco- Council and by this Commission". With regard nomic Co-operation. Appendix B contained a to future issues of the Economic Report, the number of notes on sources and methods. Commission concluded that "the Secretariat should The Survey was the subject of an extended de- be encouraged to proceed experimentally in the bate in the Economic Commission for Europe preparation of these reports", that it was inevitable during which the representatives expressed the that the Secretariat should be guided primarily wish that the Secretariat prepare a similar survey by the schedule of meetings of the Economic and each year. Social Council and therefore that those reports should be made available in relation to the sessions c. ECONOMIC SURVEY OF ASIA AND THE FAR of the Council rather than to the sessions of EAST, 1947 the Commission or its Sub-Commission. The An Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, Commission further recommended that the Sec- 1947, was prepared by the Secretariat of the Eco- retariat "endeavour to supplement its economic re- nomic Commission for Asia and the Far East, in ports with additional data on current world trends, accordance with a resolution of the Commission at so that at each session of the Council and the its second session requesting the Secretariat to Commission the members would be kept up to publish a comprehensive annual survey on eco- date about current world economic developments". nomic conditions and problems within the scope In response to this recommendation, the Secretary- of ECAFE. General made available to the Economic and So- The Survey, which was published in July 1948, cial Council at its seventh session a summary of reflected the situation in the area concerned as of the main features of recent economic trends in a the end of 1947. printed publication entitled Selected World Eco- Topics dealt with in the Survey include ques- nomic Indices. tions relating to national income, population, land utilization, agricultural production, mining and b. SURVEY OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION AND industry, transport and communications, labor, PROSPECTS OF EUROPE currency and banking, international trade and At its third session, the Economic Commission balance of payments. for Europe had before it the Survey of the Eco- The introduction to the 234-page document nomic Situation and Prospects of Europe (E/ECE/- stated that the Survey clearly brought out such Rev.1),21 prepared by the Secretariat of the Eco- features of the economy of Asia and the Far East nomic Commission for Europe. The Survey, which as low national income, excessive dependence upon agriculture, lack of diversification of economy, was the first in a series of reports which the Com- mission's Secretariat plans to publish, contained 21 United Nations Publications, Sales No. 1948.II.E.1. 514 Yearbook of the United Nations a high degree of population pressure and little The Survey of Current Inflationary and Defla- industrialization. Thus it became evident that tionary Tendencies analyzed for selected countries "even the low pre-war levels of income have not the problems of deficiency or excess in effective been maintained", being offset, in the few coun- demand leading to unemployment or inflation re- tries where national income had increased, by spectively. The countries were so chosen as to growth of population. illustrate the problems in question in all parts of The standard of living of the people, the Survey the world. These countries were: (1) the United found, "has been very low [and] has become low- States, where the question of a possible recession er in the years during and after the war". or depression in the near future was examined; Transport was one of the facilities damaged in (2) the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Poland nearly all countries of the region, and its restora- and Yugoslavia, where the various patterns of in- tion had been hampered by the same difficulties flationary pressure in devastated Europe were con- which militated against the speeding up of indus- sidered; (3) India and Latin America, where in- trial and agricultural production. Only about 53 flation in under-developed countries was discussed per cent of the prewar railways in six countries of and its implications for the problems of develop- this area (Burma, China, Indo-China, Indonesia, ment were examined. Malaya and the Philippines) were open to traffic The report on Economic Development in Select- in 1946-47. Lack of rolling stock was another ed Countries, Plans, Programmes and Agencies serious hindrance to recovery. dealt with the chief characteristics of the complex Recovery was adversely affected by strife and and changing organizations devised by govern- violence—the civil war in China, the fighting in ments to cope with the problems arising from Indonesia and Indo-China, etc. their needs for economic development. The following countries were included in the study: An- d. ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LATIN AMERICA glo-Egyptian Sudan (Condominium), Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, British African Non-Self-Govern- At its first session, the Economic Commission ing and Non-Metropolitan Territories, Chile, for Latin America requested "the Executive Sec- Egypt and other countries in the Middle East, retary, within the resources and facilities at his French North Africa and French African Over- disposal and in collaboration with the specialized seas Territories, India, Liberia, Mexico, Peru, agencies in accordance with the agreements Poland, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. signed with the United Nations, and utilizing any The Council took no action on these reports. relevant studies by those American non-governmental organizations which have been accorded consultative status by the Economic and Social 2. Economic and Employment Matters Council, to undertake an Economic Survey of Latin America, having in mind its needs for greater a. SECOND SESSION OF THE ECONOMIC AND development, and the strengthening of its eco- EMPLOYMENT COMMISSION nomic relations with the rest of the world, and The Economic and Employment Commission to present it to the next session of the Economic held its second session at Lake Success, New York, Commission for Latin America. To the extent from June 2 to 17, 1947. The following matters applicable, its form should be that used in the were considered by it. Survey of the Economic Situation and Prospects of Europe prepared by the Secretariat of the Eco- (1) Selection of Sub-Commission Members nomic Commission for Europe, and following the The fourth session of the Economic and Social methods and systems, as appropriate, utilized by Council had stressed the importance of appoint- the regional commissions for Europe and for Asia ing members of two Sub-Commissions: on em- and the Far East." ployment and economic stability; and on economic development. The first session of the Economic and Employ- e. OTHER SURVEYS ment Commission considered that it was not yet At its sixth session the Economic and Social in a position to name persons for these Sub-Com- Council also had before it a Survey of Current missions. Each member of the Commission was Inflationary and Deflationary Tendencies,22 and therefore asked to submit a list of experts, from Economic Development in Selected Countries, 22 United Nations Publications, Sales No. 1947.II.5.. Plans, Programmes and Agencies.23 23 United Nations Publications, Sales No. 1948.IIB.1 The Economic and Social Council 515 all over the world, who might be competent The Commission submitted to the Council two members of these Sub-Commissions because of draft resolutions dealing with problems of recon- their ability in their respective fields. struction, which the Commission considered must At the Commission's second session, seven precede the attainment of economic stability, full members were appointed from this list to the employment and high standards of living through- Sub-Commission on Employment and Economic out the world. The Commission referred the study Stability. The members were individual experts of certain long-range problems to the Sub-Com- from Australia, France, Norway, Poland, U.S.S.R., mission on Employment and Economic Stability. United Kingdom and United States. The first of these draft resolutions would have The members appointed to the Sub-Commission had the Council: urge Members to contribute to- on Economic Development were individual ex- ward achieving the purposes of the Charter re- perts from Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, India, lating to the promotion of higher standards of Mexico, U.S.S.R. and United States. living, full employment and conditions of economic and social progress and development; (2) Economic Development recommend Members which had already attained After selecting the members of its Sub-Commis- high levels of output to maintain these levels so sions, the Commission discussed resolution 26 as to be in a position to assist world economy to (IV) of the Economic and Social Council on em- 24 attain full employment and economic stability; ployment and economic development. Part of recommend to Members having commodities avail- this resolution dealt with international action in able for the reconstruction of countries disrupted by the field of economic development, but the Com- war, that they avoid measures tending to reduce im- mission decided to await receipt from the Sub- ports from such countries and that they continue Commission on Economic Development of its to make financial and other resources available analysis of the type of international collaboration to assist in providing them with essential goods; it considered essential to implement development recommend to Members whose economies are in policy. need of reconstruction that they increase their pro- It was generally agreed that draft resolutions to duction to a maximum level, and adopt monetary, be submitted to the Council should be adapted to fiscal and labor policies to this end, and that they particular rather than general or academic prob- avoid restrictive measures in international trade lems. It was decided that recommendations would that would reduce their imports and impair eco- be made for definite situations that arose, and that nomic stability in other parts of the world. it would be the Commission's policy, if possible, The second resolution would have had the to outline to the Council specific policies for action Council: draw the attention of Members to the on particular cases. The Commission expected the existence of unemployment in a number of coun- Sub-Commission on Economic Development to tries and call on the governments of the countries submit these cases when dealing with the items that came to its attention. concerned to adopt measures for achieving full employment; call on Members to take measures The Commission requested the Secretariat to towards lowering abnormally high prices, especial- undertake a comparative analysis of the patterns of industrialization in both well developed and ly for export goods; favor loans and credits to less developed areas. Member nations directed exclusively towards economic stability and reconstruction in the interests (3) Employment and Economic Stability of the countries receiving credit. The Commission thought that the problem of economic stability and full employment should be (4) Reports by the Secretariat divided into short-term and long-term situations. The Commission also requested the Secretariat It was considered somewhat futile to recommend to undertake reports on general tendencies and long-term policies and practices at this stage. The trends in the economic activity of the world, in- economies that had been disrupted by the war cluding the status of employment, production and should first be rehabilitated, at least to the point prices, and related information. In anticpation where the countries produced for their own needs of these needs, the Secretariat submitted a pre- and for sufficient export surpluses to enable them liminary draft which indicated activities and to earn foreign exchange for purchases abroad. trends in many of the important countries of the Consequently, discussion centred on the needs of world. the devastated areas, because of the importance in 24 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. the attainment of long-term economic stability. 476. 516 Yearbook of the United Nations b. CONSIDERATION AT THE FIFTH SESSION OF to an expansion in world trade rather than be THE COUNCIL directed towards making countries less dependent The Economic and Social Council discussed the on foreign markets. The representative of India report of the second session of the Economic and stressed the importance of national development Employment Commission (E/445) at its 90th, and of reducing dependence on foreign markets 91st, 92nd and 93rd plenary meetings on July 23 for vital commodities and food. This could form and 24, 1947, and in particular the two draft reso- part of a larger scheme of world co-operation lutions concerning short-term problems of eco- under the auspices of the United Nations. The nomic stability. Indian representative and the Rapporteur of the Various representatives expressed approval of Commission explained that the suggested ob- the report of the Commission as a whole, but some jectives of development contained in the Commis- felt that it lacked concreteness. Many representa- sion's report reflected the different points of view tives stressed the need for taking urgent practical expressed by representatives in the Commission, steps without delay and approved the Commis- by way of instruction to its sub-commission in ex- sion's plan to deal with concrete situations. The amining the question. The representatives of the importance of the duty of the Commission in co- U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom and France stressed ordinating the activities in economic, matters of the need for a reduction in armament programs, the commissions, specialized agencies and other in- since they hindered economic development. ternational organizations was stressed by the (3) Employment and Economic Stability Czechoslovak representative. (a) FIRST RESOLUTION PROPOSED BY THE The discussion on the questions covered in the COMMISSION report and the decision taken by the Council at its The U.S.S.R. representative felt that the recom- fifth session are summarized below. mendations contained in the first resolution were unnecessary and that certain of them dealt with (1) Selection of Sub-Commission Members questions within the scope of the Economic Com- The Czechoslovak representative stressed the im- mission for Europe and the Economic Commission portance of the creation of the two Sub-Commis- for Asia and the Far East, and indicated a tendency sions. He felt that they should be granted the to benefit the stronger countries at the expense of greatest freedom in the performance of their duties the weaker. The representative of Czechoslovakia and expressed the hope that their work would not criticized the recommendation to Member nations be hampered by political considerations, but would whose economies were in need of reconstruction, be aimed at benefiting world economy as a whole. since those countries were already striving towards The Lebanese representative criticized the absence maximum production. The United Kingdom rep- of representation of the Near East in both the resentative felt that the first two paragraphs of this Commission and its two Sub-Commissions. resolution were too platitudinous and the repre- (2) Economic Development sentative of Cuba thought that the resolution was The representaives of New Zealand and China too academic. stressed the interdependence of the development (b) SECOND RESOLUTION PROPOSED BY THE of under-developed countries and the achievement COMMISSION of economic stability; the harmony of interest be- The U.S.S.R. representative expressed general tween developed and under-developed countries agreement with the second resolution, which, he was also stressed by the representatives of France stated, dealt with urgent interests deserving the at- and Chile. The importance of assisting the de- tention of the Council. The United States repre- velopment of under-developed countries in their sentative felt, however, that this resolution was an own interests was stressed by the U.S.S.R. repre- inexact statement of facts. sentative. The Chinese representative called atten- The representative of Turkey pointed out that tion to the importance of the under-industrialized inflation could best be met through measures to areas as a meeting place of conflicts of the in- increase production and through sound monetary dustrialized Powers. The representative of Cuba and general economic policy aimed at restoring the stated that advanced countries should not, through health of world economy rather than through stop- capital export or commercial policies, protect in- gap measures to stabilize or lower the price level. efficient branches of industry in their own or other The prices of export goods could not be treated countries. It was suggested by the representatives separately from those of domestic goods without of France, Lebanon, Canada, United Kingdom, increasing the dislocation of world economy. The Norway and Chile that development should lead United States representative questioned the mean- The Economic and Social Council 517 ing of "abnormally high prices, especially for ex- general, and, therefore, no action was taken with port goods". In the United States, goods for in- respect to them by the Council. ternal consumption and for export were sold at (4) Reports by the Secretariat the same prices, and prices were related to the Approval was expressed with the progress made supply and demand position. The representative by the Secretariat in preparing surveys of world of Venezuela pointed out that essential goods (e.g., economic conditions and trends, but the representa- raw materials) coming from under-developed tives of New Zealand and Turkey doubted as to countries sold at abnormally low prices, which whether annual reports would be adequate. were insufficient to raise standards of living in those countries, whereas imported manufactured (5) Resolution Adopted by the Council goods were at an abnormally high level, because of The Council at its 93rd plenary meeting on July the operation of trusts and cartels, especially for 24 adopted without objection resolution 61 (V), iron and steel, and the high prices of maritime noting the report of the second session of the freight, because of shipping monopolies. Under- Economic and Employment Commission, express- developed countries, therefore, should not be asked ing appreciation of the work of the Commission to lower their prices. and of its future plans and drawing to the Com- Various views were expressed on the proposal mission's attention the views expressed by the that the Council should express itself in favor of Council's members. "loans and credits to Member nations which are directed exclusively towards economic stability and c. REPORT OF THE THIRD SESSION OF THE reconstruction in the interests of the peoples of the COMMISSION AND ITS CONSIDERATION BY countries receiving credit". THE COUNCIL The U.S.S.R. representative stressed that loans The third session of the Economic and Employ- and credits should be used for economic stability ment Commission took place from April 19 to and not for military purposes, which undermined May 6, 1948, at Lake Success. the independence of the countries concerned. The The report of the Commission to the Council United Kingdom representative suggested that (E/790) describes in some detail the work of the loans need not imply any reduction in the sov- third session of the Commission. The Sub-Com- ereignty of the borrower country. The representa- mission on Economic Development met from tive of France stated that loans should be made for November 17 to December 16, 1947. Its report to the benefit of those receiving them without entail- the Commission (E/CN.11/47) was the basis of ing political advantages for the lender. The repre- the Commission's consideration of the problems sentative of Lebanon, while supporting the view in the field of economic development. The Sub- that no loan should be given to any country with Commission on Employment and Economic Stabil- a view to enslaving it, pointed out that any loan ity met twice, from November 17 to December should inevitably result in an arrangement mutual- 9, 1947, and from March 22 to April 7, 1948. Its ly advantageous to lender and borrower. The report to the Commission (E/CN.1/55) served as representatives of the United States, Lebanon, and a basis of the Commission's deliberations in the Canada were against singling out one type of loan, field of employment and economic stability. i.e., for "stability and reconstruction", as proposed The Sub-Commission on Economic Develop- by the Commission, on the ground that this would ment also met from June 14 to 30, 1948. In ac- rule out other legitimate objects such as economic cordance with the request of the Commission, its development. The United States representative major item of business was the question of inter- also opposed the suggestion contained in the Com- national aids for the mobilization of the national resources of under-developed countries for their mission's report to prohibit loans for military pur- economic development. The report of this session poses, stating that this was one-sided and would of the Sub-Commission (E/CN.1/61) was not permit countries with resources to rearm without considered by the Commission during the period limitation. The Lebanese representative suggested under review. that requests for aid and advice in development Problems of economic development and eco- projects should be made through the United Na- nomic stability, and especially of inflation, were tions, which would delegate the appropriate duties the major topics which the Commission consider- to the appropriate specialized agency. ed during its third session. Among the other topics The general opinion with respect to the two covered in its report, the question of the future draft resolutions as a whole was that they were too organization and terms of reference of the Com- 518 Yearbook of the United Nations mission and of its two Sub-Commissions received At its 217th plenary meeting on August 26, the most of the Commission's attention. Council adopted by 16 votes to 0, with 2 absten- The report of the Commission was considered tions, the resolution proposed by the Economic and by the Council during its seventh session at the Employment Commission. In this resolution (139- 23rd to 30th meetings of its Economic Committee (VII)A) the Council informed "those countries from July 26 to August 5, and at its 217th plenary which require expert assistance in connexion with meeting on August 26. Many of the members of their economic development programmes that the the Council expressed disappointment with the Secretary-General of the United Nations may, up- report and with the Commission's recommenda- on request, arrange for the organization of interna- tions as being too general and lacking concrete tional teams consisting of experts provided by or proposals. through the United Nations and the specialized The decisions regarding economic and employ- agencies for the purpose of advising them in con- ment matters taken by the Council at its seventh nexion with their economic development pro- session and the discussions leading to those de- grammes". It also instructed the Secretary-General cisions are summarized below. to make the resolution formally known to the Member countries and to transmit with it such (1) Economic Development other documents as would "help those Govern- The Economic and Employment Commission in ments to know what kind of assistance may be the report of its third session presented two draft available to them from or through the United Na- resolutions on economic development (E/790, pp. tions and its specialized agencies and the terms 10 and 12), the first concerning technical assist- under which it may be available to them". It ance and the second dealing with the finances, further drew attention to "the expert assistance equipment and supplies for economic develop- which the United Nations Educational, Scientific ment. and Cultural Organization and the International (a) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Labour Organization in so far as they are severally All representatives in the Economic and Social concerned, may be able to make available with Council were agreed on the importance of techni- respect to the institution and expansion of elemen- cal assistance. The Brazilian representative point- tary and technical education, vocational training, ed out that there were several fields in which there and the dissemination of technical literature". existed no facilities for technical assistance by the (b) FINANCES, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES FOR United Nations or the specialized agencies. The ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Venezuelan representative thought that such as- Discussions in the Economic Committee and in sistance should already have been given, and that the Council were concentrated largely on the the Commission should now be analyzing the re- second resolution proposed by the Economic and sults. The United States representative suggested Employment Commission. The proposed resolu- that, in some cases, single experts might meet the tion (E/790, pp. 12-13) read as follows: need as well as the teams of experts suggested by "The Economic and Social Council, the Commission, with a consequent saving in "(1) Recognizing that the finances required for the funds, and proposed also that the teams should not economic development of any country have to come predominantly from the efforts of the peoples concerned, necessarily be "international". This proposal was from the improvement in their national economic struc- rejected in the Economic Committee by a vote of tures, and from increased national productivity, and that 9 to 7, with 1 abstention. The Council also re- foreign aid can be considered only as a supplementary jected a U.S.S.R. amendment (E/AC.6/W.19/- resource; "(2) Recognizing, nevertheless, that substantial in- Rev.1 and E/1007), proposed both in the Eco- ternational loans and credits in the form of both funds nomic Committee and in the Council, to the effect and goods, as well as foreign private investments in ap- that where assistance was granted by experts of the propriate cases, would greatly facilitate the promotion of United Nations, the expenses must be paid by the economic development of under-developed countries countries requesting such assistance. In support of and the successful rehabilitation of the war-impaired economies as well as the maintenance of world economic the amendment, the U.S.S.R. representative stated stability and full employment, that it would remove financial considerations as "(3) Recommends that, with due regard to the prin- obstacles to technical assistance. Those opposing ciple that any assistance 'should not be used for the pur- the amendment said that it would be too restrictive. pose of exploitation or of obtaining political and other advantages exclusively for countries rendering such as- The vote against the amendment in Committee sistance' (Economic and Social Council resolution 27 was 12 to 2, with 3 abstentions, and in the Council (IV)), 15 to 2, with 1 abstention. "(a) The Governments of the under-developed The Economic and Social Council 519

countries should continue to consult with one another foreign investments facilitated economic develop- and with others to consider ways and means of secur- ment and rehabilitation of war-impaired econo- ing assistance for the purpose of speeding their economic development, especially of their industrialization, mies, and would have recommended governments and avail themselves of the facilities existing in the to consider practical methods of co-operation, us- United Nations regional economic commissions and ing the facilities offered by the United Nations the specialized agencies for securing economic co-op- regional economic commissions and the specialized eration among themselves and with other countries; "(b) International and national governmental and agencies. It also would have recommended Mem- private agencies should accelerate the provision of ber countries producing and exporting materials finance, food and equipment for under-developed necessary for development and reconstruction to countries; study practical means to increase such production "(c) Member countries having adequate productive capacity should pursue all practicable means to increase and exports. The draft resolution contained a their exports, to countries whose economies have been clause recommending that Member countries "pro- dislocated, of goods needed to further permanent reducing goods which play a vital part in world covery and sound development and especially of equip- trade should endeavour to study measures likely to ment vital to the removal of bottle-necks; "(d) The various forms of assistance referred to produce international agreements leading, as far above should be carried out with particular attention as possible, to a stabilization of prices". Certain to the economic development (including industrializa- amendments to the resolution were proposed by tion wherever practicable) of the Non-Self-Governing the Brazilian representative (E/AC.6/W.17). Territories." Canada submitted a compromise draft resolution The Council in its Economic Committee con- (E/AC.6/W.16) stating that the resolution adopt- sidered whether the draft resolution proposed by ed by the Commission "represents a useful interim the Commission should be referred back to it for formulation of certain of the principles which more specific recommendations. A draft resolu- should guide the Commission in its consideration tion to that effect was proposed by the United of the problem of under-developed areas", and re- States (E/AC.6/W.11), to which the United questing it to make more specific recommenda- Kingdom suggested an amendment (E/AC.6/- tions. The Committee also considered a Chinese W.15) to refer to the importance of adopting amendment (E/AC.6/W.18) to this resolution to practical measures for the development of under- provide that the Council should approve "the gen- developed areas. The Chinese representative, how- eral principles of development" set forth in the Commission's resolution, and U.S.S.R. amend- ever, felt that the Council should endorse the principles stated in the Commission's draft reso- ments (E/AC.6/W.19/Rev.1) to the same effect as the U.S.S.R. resolution. After a lengthy discus- lution, as otherwise the Commission would have no directive. The U.S.S.R. representative also ex- sion, the Economic Committee by 14 votes to 1, with 3 abstentions, and, on its recommendation, the pressed opposition to referring the resolution back Council at its 217th meeting by 12 votes to 2, with to the Commission, since the only method of re- 6 abstentions, adopted resolution 139 (VII) B, solving the different points of view in the Com- mission was to secure the guidance of the Council. which reads as follows: He proposed a draft resolution (E/AC.6/W.13) "The Economic and Social Council, "Having regard to the importance of the adoption of to amend the resolution by a reference to the prin- practical measures for the development of under-develop- ciple that credits and assistance granted to Member ed areas, countries "must not be accompanied by any de- "Takes note of draft resolution B in the report of the mands for political or economic advantages and third session of the Economic and Employment Commis- sion; must not be utilized as a means of interference in Considers that this represents a useful interim formu- the internal affairs of the countries receiving such lation of certain of the principles which should guide the assistance" and that assistance must be based on Commission in its consideration of the problems of un- respect for the independence and sovereignty of der-developed areas; the countries receiving it. Chile proposed a draft "Requests the Commission to consider further the problems with which it sought to deal in draft resolution resolution (E/AC.6/W.14), which would have re- B and to make recommendations which bear more explic- ferred the question back to the Commission, but itly on the problems of economic development faced by in addition would have stated, inter alia, that the the Members of the United Nations; and Council recognized that the finances required for "Suggests that, in making these further studies, the Commission should make use of available studies, reports economic development had to come from the and analyses, prepared by the appropriate specialized country concerned and from foreign capital or agencies, by the Secretariat of the United Nations and credit and that international credits and private by the regional economic commissions, which will assist 520 Yearbook of the United Nations the Commission to define the central problems of eco- as the French proposal recommended that further nomic development and to make detailed recommenda- studies on full employment should be carried out tions for dealing with those problems." by the Economic and Employment Commission, the The Council previously rejected by 9 votes to 4, Australian proposal recommended they be carried with 5 abstentions, a U.S.S.R. amendment (E/- out by the Secretary-General. This suggestion was 1007) to the same effect as the resolution sub- incorporated in the French proposal, which was mitted by the U.S.S.R. to the Economic Committee. adopted by the Economic Committee by 16 votes to 0, with 1 abstention. (c) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND REPORT OF THE The report of the Economic Committee (E/- INTERNATIONAL BANK 717) was considered by the Council at its 161st The Council at its seventh session also consider- plenary meeting on March 3. In the discussions on ed the question of economic development in con- the matter, the U.S.S.R. representative expressed nection with the report of the International Bank 25 opposition to referring the relevant section of the for Reconstruction and Development. resolution to the International Labour Organisa- (2) Employment and Economic Stability tion without giving that Organisation any specific During its sixth session, the Economic and Social directives, and proposed that the entire Havana Council had before it a resolution unanimously ap- Conference resolution should be referred for pre- proved on February 4, 1948, by the United Nations liminary consideration to the Economic and Em- Conference on Trade and Employment at Havana ployment Commission. In the opinion of the (E/635). This resolution, inter alia, stated that the U.S.S.R. representative, the Economic and Employ- Conference considered that the studies which had ment Commission should consider possible courses been initiated dealing with the achievement and of action and indicate the measure of agreement, maintenance of full and productive employment and only then should the matter be referred to a should be advanced as rapidly as possible and that specialized agency. The representative of the attention should be given forthwith to methods of Byelorussian S.S.R. supported the U.S.S.R. proposal. ensuring that high levels of employment and The representatives of Peru, Chile, France, economic activity should be maintained even when United States, Australia, New Zealand and United special factors of temporary duration prevailing in Kingdom, however, felt that the matter had been many countries had ceased to operate. The resolu- considered of sufficient urgency to warrant the tion suggested that the Council request Members supplementary action provided for in the resolu- and non-members of the United Nations to sub- tion. They pointed out that the last part of the mit information on the action they were taking to resolution concerning migration and population achieve or maintain full employment and economic problems did not fall within the terms of reference stability, and request the specialized agencies to in- of the Economic and Employment Commission, dicate the assistance they were prepared to pro- that the Economic and Employment Commission vide if a decline in employment and economic was not being by-passed and that it was logical activity threatened. to refer problems that came within ILO's terms The resolution further suggested that the Eco- of reference to the Organisation. nomic and Social Council initiate or encourage The Council rejected the U.S.S.R. proposal by studies and recommend appropriate action in con- 14 votes to 2, with 1 abstention, and adopted the nection with international aspects of population draft resolution contained in the report of the problems as these relate to employment, produc- Economic Committee by 15 votes, with 2 ab- tion and demand. stentions. The resolution finally suggested that the Coun- The Council in this resolution (104(VI)) en- cil, in conjunction with appropriate agencies such dorsed the opinion of the Conference concerning as the International Labour Organisation and its the need for advancement of the studies on full Permanent Migration Committee, consider the employment and requested the Economic and problems of temporary or seasonal migration of Employment Commission to expedite the studies workers. provided for in the Council's resolution 26 (IV) The Council at its 149th plenary meeting re- of March 28, 1947, taking into account the passage ferred the matter to its Economic Committee. in the Conference's resolution dealing with these Two draft resolutions on the question were pre- problems. It requested the Secretary-General: to sented, one by Australia (E/AC.6/19) and one by obtain information from Members and, where France (E/AC.6/22), both based on the resolu- 25 This report is dealt with under Reports of Specialized tion recommended by the Conference. But, where- Agencies, pp. 673-74. The Economic and Social Council 521 practicable, from non-members, on the action In conjunction with the Commission's discus- they were taking to achieve or maintain full em- sions of the reports and future work of its Sub- ployment; to obtain from the appropriate special- Commissions and of its own future work, it pointed ized agencies reports on plans they had prepared to the need for a review of the Commission's or- and resources they had available to assist Members ganizational structure and relationship to other of the agencies to prevent a decline in employ- commissions of the Council. For this purpose the ment and economic activity; and to prepare an Commission established a Committee on Organ- analytical report as soon as possible. The Council ization consisting of the members of the Commis- transmitted the sections of the Havana Confer- sion from Brazil, Byelorussian S.S.R., Canada, ence's resolution dealing with population and China, France, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and migration problems to the International Labour United States. This Committee was requested to Organisation and the Social and Population Com- report to the fourth session of the Commission any missions, inviting them to take these sections into suggestions it might have concerning the future account in the action they were taking on these organization and terms of reference of the Com- questions. mission and its two Sub-Commissions. The Com- During its seventh session, the Economic and mission's Committee on Organization met once Social Council took no specific action with respect during the third session of the Commission and, to employment and economic stability. Its dis- in order to avoid any additional expenditures for cussion in that field was based on part VIII of the United Nations, it was instructed to carry on the report of the Economic and Employment Com- its work between the third and fourth sessions of mission (E/790), which dealt with this problem the Commission by correspondence. The members but made no recommendations which required the of the Commission who were not on the Com- Council's action. The Commission's report in this mittee were urged to communicate their views to field was based on the report of the first two the Secretariat so that they might be circulated to sessions of its Sub-Commission on Employment the members of the Committee. and Economic Stability (E/CN.1/55). Most of At its seventh session the Council discussed the this report was devoted to the subject of inflation, question. Certain members expressed the view and the Commission noted that in view of the that the difficulties and shortcomings of the Com- economic conditions prevailing in a number of mission were due to the fact that circumstances countries "it was not inappropriate for the sub- had changed since its terms of reference had been commission to devote most of its first report to decided upon—for example, under-employment the subject of inflation". Certain members of the and deflation had not proved to be the important Council expressed appreciation of the report of problems they were then thought. Many of the the Sub-Commission on Employment and Eco- tasks assigned to the Commission had been given nomic Stability and thought that more attention to other organizations, such as the regional eco- should have been given to it by the Economic and nomic commissions, the International Monetary Employment Commission. Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruc- tion and Development. Some representatives (3) Organization and Terms of Reference thought that the Council should wait before con- At its fifth session, the Council adopted reso- sidering revision of the Commission's terms of lution 72 (V), requesting the Economic and Em- reference to see, for example, what part would ployment Commission "to examine and report be played by the International Trade Organization. to the Council upon the general questions in- A few representatives felt that the matter was volved in the creation of regional economic com- urgent. Other representatives felt that to discuss missions as a means for the promotion of the aims the whole question of the Commission's terms of and objectives of the United Nations". At its reference would be side-stepping the real issues sixth session, the Council, in resolution 108 (VI), involved, and that it was more important for the further added that it desired that the examination Commission to consider substantive problems. of these questions should be made at a stage when After considering a French draft resolution the Commission "would have at its disposal more (E/AC.6/W.10/Rev.1) and an Australian draft experience than at present of the activities of the resolution (E/AC.6/33), with Canadian amend- regional commissions to guide its deliberations.26 ments (E/AC.6/W.12) to the Australian draft Accordingly the Commission at its third session resolution, the Economic Committee at its 28th postponed consideration of these problems to a meeting adopted, by 13 votes to 2, with 1 absten- later session. 26 See p. 546. 522 Yearbook of the United Nations tion, a compromise resolution which was approved the Conference should be held in Havana, Cuba, in by the Council at its 217th plenary meeting on view of the invitation extended by the Cuban August 26, 1948, by 15 votes to 2, with 1 absten- Government, and that it should begin on Novem- tion. In this resolution (139 (VII) C) the Coun- ber 21, 1947. cil noted the arrangements made by the Com- In connection with (3), the Preparatory Com- mission, and stated further: mittee recommended that invitations to participate "Recognizing the interest of all Members in this prob- in the Conference be extended not only to Mem- lem, and the urgency of ensuring that the purposes for bers of the United Nations, but also to the fol- which the Economic and Employment Commission was lowing countries: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Fin- established are effectively fulfilled, land, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Roumania, "Decides that the question of the most effective way to fulfil the purposes for which the Economic and Employ- Switzerland, Transjordan and Yemen. ment Commission was established, including the future Furthermore, the Committee suggested that the and the terms of reference of the Commission and its Economic and Social Council should make pro- Sub-Commissions, be considered by the Council at a fu- vision for the attendance of persons qualified to ture session; and accordingly Invites all Members of the United Nations to com- represent the appropriate control authorities in municate to the Secretary-General any views which they Germany, Japan and Korea. may wish to express on this question, for circulation to The Preparatory Committee also drew the Coun- the members of the Council and to the Committee on cil's attention to the fact that a number of terri- Organization of the Economic and Employment Commis- tories under the sovereignty of a Member of the sion, for consideration before the ninth session of the Council." United Nations—the Committee specifically mentioned Burma, Ceylon and Southern Rhodesia— were self-governing in matters provided for by the 3. United Nations Conference on Trade draft Charter for an ITO. The Committee there- and Employment fore recommended that they be invited to participate in the work of the Conference. On July 14, 1947, the Preparatory Committee of The Economic and Social Council discussed these the United Nations Conference on Trade and Em- recommendations at its 96th and 97th meetings ployment, established by the Economic and Social on July 28, and its 100th meeting on July 31st, Council during its first session,27 submitted an in- its 102nd meeting on August 1 and its 119th meet- terim report (E/469) to the Economic and Social ing on August 16, 1947. Council. The report, which the Council considered There was little divergency of view regarding at its fifth session, contained three recommenda- either the proposed agenda or the date and place tions, bearing on (1) the agenda of the proposed of the Conference. Without objection, the Coun- Conference on Trade and Employment, (2) the cil, at its 97th meeting on July 28, adopted two date and place of that Conference and (3) the resolutions (62(V) ), one approving the Prepara- question of inviting non-members of the United tory Committee's recommendation concerning the Nations to the Conference. Conference agenda, the other approving the Com- Concerning (1), the Preparatory Committee mittee's proposal concerning the time and place of recommended that the Conference should adopt the Conference. Council members expressed their as the principal item of its agenda the draft Charter appreciation of the offer of the Cuban Govern- for an International Trade Organization (ITO) ment to provide conference facilities and the addi- prepared by the Committee, and that it should be tional financial expenditure which might be caused guided in its work by the following chapter head- by holding the Conference in Havana rather than ings, taken from the draft Charter: at an established United Nations office. "Employment and Economic Activity" The representative of the U.S.S.R. declared that "Economic Development" since his Government had not participated in the "General Commercial Policy" work of the Preparatory Committee (on the ground "Restrictive Business Practices" that the effort to establish an ITO was premature), "Inter-Governmental Commodity Agreements" he would abstain from the Council's discussion of According to the recommendation of the Com- the Committee's interim report and from the vot- mittee, draft Charter provisions relating to organ- ing thereon. ization, membership and other miscellaneous mat- Concerning the participation of non-members of ters should also form a part of the Conference the United Nations at the Havana Conference, agenda. 27 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. As for (2), the Committee recommended that 492-95.

The Economic and Social Council 523

there was general agreement with the specific list Organization, pending action on the Charter by suggested by the Preparatory Committee. The governments. name of Pakistan was added to that list, Pakistan Praising the work of the Havana Conference, the at that time (July 1947) not being a Member of representative of the United States held that no the organization. action was required by the Council on the report of There was, however, some divergence of opinion the Secretary-General. The substance of the Ha- as to whether full voting rights should be extend- vana Charter was of greatest interest, he declared, ed to all states invited to participate in the Con- but since it was at the time under consideration by ference, some representatives, including those of various governments, there was no need for the India and the United Kingdom, being in favor of Council to examine the Havana Charter. He there- this procedure and others, including the representa- fore proposed a draft resolution (E/952) that the tives of Canada, Norway and the United States, Council note the report with satisfaction. being opposed to it. By a vote of 8 to 4, with 6 The Havana Charter was criticized by the repre- abstentions, the Council decided at its 102nd meet- sentatives of the U.S.S.R. and Poland as affording ing to grant voting rights only to Members of the protection to economically strong countries to the United Nations attending the Havana Conference. detriment of economically weak and under-devel- The Council further resolved unanimously (re- oped countries. It was welcomed as a step in solution 62 (V)): (a) that the Allied Control advance by the representatives of the United States, Authorities in Germany, Japan and Korea be in- Brazil, Canada, Australia, Netherlands, Turkey, vited to send qualified representatives to the Con- United Kingdom, Chile and Venezuela, though ference in a consultative capacity; (b) that Burma, certain representatives were critical of individual Ceylon and Southern Rhodesia, possessing "full parts of the Charter. autonomy in the conduct of their external com- The United States draft resolution was adopted mercial relations", should be invited to attend; and at its 195th meeting by the Council by a vote of (c) that invitations to be represented at the Con- 15 to 3. The resolution (142(VII)) as adopted ference should also be sent to the specialized reads as follows: agencies and other appropriate inter-governmental "The Economic and Social Council organizations and non-governmental organizations "Notes with satisfaction the report by the Secretary- in category A. General on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Opinion was also divided in the Council with Employment." respect to an Indian motion (E/504) to invite the Indonesian Republic to participate in the Con- 4. Economic Commissions ference. The proposal was rejected in the Council's Economic Committee by a vote of 4 to 1, with 13 a. ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE abstentions, but accepted by the Council in plenary The Economic Commission for Europe was es- meeting on August 1, 1947, by a vote of 6 to 4, tablished by the Economic and Social Council on with 8 abstentions. On the matter being raised March 28, 1947 (resolution 36(IV)). It held its again by the Netherlands representative, the Act- 29 first session from May 2 to 15, 1947, its second ing President ruled that the question could not session from July 5 to 16, 1947, and its third ses- be re-opened. The Republic of Indonesia was ac- sion from April 26 to May 8, 1948. The three cordingly invited to attend the Conference. sessions were held at Geneva. The reports of the At its seventh session (195th meeting, on first and second sessions were considered at the August 11, 1948) the Economic and Social Coun- fifth session of the Council, in July-August 1947, cil considered the report (E/807) of the Secretary- and the report of the third session at the Council's General on the United Nations Conference on seventh session, in July-August 1948. Trade and Employment which had been held at Havana from November 21, 1947 to March 24, (1) Committee Structure of the Commission 1948.28 The report advised the Economic and At the second and third sessions the Commission Social Council that the Conference had completed elaborated its committee structure, and various of a draft Charter for an International Trade Organ- its subsidiary organs themselves established work- ization, to be submitted for appropriate action to ing parties and ad hoc groups. the governments represented at the Havana Con- 28 For results of Havana Conference, see International Trade Organization, pp. 973-74. ference. The Havana Conference also established 29 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. an Interim Commission for the International Trade 481-84. 524 Yearbook of the United Nations

The following was the committee structure of of the activities of the Commission and its sub- the Commission as of September 21, 1948: sidiary bodies from June 30, 1947, to September Ad hoc Committee on Agricultural Problems of Com- 21, 1948. The following were some of the activities. mon Concern to FAO and ECE30 (a) COAL COMMITTEE Coal Committee Allocations Sub-Committee The Coal Committee, established at the Com- Allocations Working Party mission's second session, has continued some of the Production Sub-Committee functions performed by the European Coal Organ- Mining Equipment Working Party ization, and, in particular, has made regular rec- Pitwood Working Party ommendations on the allocations of solid fuels to Briquetting Pitch Working Party Ad hoc Statistical Working Party European importing countries. Through subsidiary Electric Power Committee bodies, the Coal Committee has also dealt with Requirements and Interconnections Working Party questions concerning mining equipment, pitwood Sub-Committee on Development of Power Resources and statistical information. (subsequently dissolved) Working Party on Thermal Questions At its fourth session in August 1948, after two Expert Groups: Rhineland, Silesian subsidiary bodies, the Allocations Working Party Working Party on Hydro Questions and the Allocations Sub-Committee, had worked Expert Groups: Alpine, Danube on the details of a new allocations procedure, the Working Party on Standardization Coal Committee adopted a resolution in which it Ad hoc Statistical Working Party Ad hoc Committee on Industrial Development and accepted European self-sufficiency in coal as the Trade31 aim of its work and established a new basis for the Industry and Materials Committee recommendation of allocations. Sub-Committee on Housing The Coal Committee also agreed, at the request Program and Resources Working Party of the Steel Committee, to undertake a detailed Working Party on Technical Problems Ad hoc Working Party on Refractory Materials analysis of the consumption of coking coals. This Expert Group on Equipment and Raw Materials study has as its object the provision of the maxi- Exchanges mum quantities of coking coals for cokeries, and 32 Working Party on Ball Bearings thus the greatest possible production of metallurgi- Ad hoc Working Party on Ceramic Insulators32 Working Party on Conveyor Belts32 cal coke. Sub-Committee on Fertilizers32 The Allocations Sub-Committee at its second Inland Transport Committee session in January 1948 made recommendations Sub-Committee on Road Transport concerning the allocations of metallurgical coke Working Party on Short-Term Road Transport Prob- from Germany for the second quarter of 1948, lems Working Party dealing with Legal Questions allocations of domestic coke for Sweden and sup- Working Party on Road Custom Formalities plementary allocations of coal to Belgium and Working Party on Highways Italy for extra nitrogen. At its third and fourth ses- Working Party on Road Traffic Conditions 33 sions in May and August 1948, it recommended Sub-Committee on Transport by Rail the allocation of the supplies of solid fuel declared Interim Working Party on Transport by Rail Working Party on Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs available for the third and fourth quarters of 1948. Working Party of Experts on Statistical Information The Allocations Working Party met at frequent Manpower Committee intervals to consider new methods of allocation Steel Committee which would be appropriate to existing conditions Working Party on Raw Materials and Equipment for and which would take account realistically of the Steel Panel on Scrap need to distribute supplies not in terms of "coal" Working Party on Coke but in terms of particular qualities of solid fuels,

Working Party on Statistics 30 Timber Committee (serviced by FAO and ECE Secre- A permanent ECE Committee on Agricultural Prob- lems had been recommended for approval by the Com- tariats) mission. Meanwhile the Executive Secretary was authorized to convene meetings on urgent agricultural problems. (2) Principal Activities of the Subsidiary Bodies of The FAO and ECE Secretariats co-operate in research the Commission and servicing meetings. 31 The report of the first and second sessions of the A permanent ECE Committee on the Development of Trade had been recommended for approval by the Commission (E/451), the report of the Commis- Commission. sion to the seventh session of the Economic and 32 Meetings to be convened as necessary. 33 The working party structure of the Rail Transport Social Council (E/791) and the interim report of Sub-Committee was to be determined at the following the Commission (E/1074) contain a full account Sub-Committee session. The Economic and Social Council 525 for which both the demand and the level of sup- did not find the situation satisfactory, the question plies varies. A new allocations procedure was of allocation should be reconsidered. worked out and was approved by the Allocations Sub-Committee and by the Coal Committee at its (b) ELECTRIC POWER COMMITTEE fourth session. The Electric Power Committee, established at At the third session allocations of ten different the Commission's second session, initiated and car- qualities of solid fuels were recommended for the ried out studies on the best means of effecting a first time by the Allocations Sub-Committee, in- co-ordinated development of European power re- cluding metallurgical coke, domestic coke, foundry sources, kept the problem of the shortage of power coke and coking fines. At the third session also, no equipment under constant review and facilitated allocation from the United States was recommend- the negotiation of international agreements for the ed; instead the United States representative was supply and exchange of electrical energy. informed of the extent of European countries' def- Notably, agreements for the exchange of electric icits in each of the qualities for which allocations energy were reached between Austria, Czechoslo- had been recommended, the object being to ensure vakia and Poland; and between the Occupation that European requirements are first met from Eu- Authorities in Germany and Austria, Belgium and ropean supplies to the maximum extent possible Switzerland respectively. Other agreements were before countries have recourse to supplies from still under discussion at the end of the period un- extra European sources. At the third session a for- der review here. mula was used for the first time for allocating the Investigations in connection with the standard- "fluid availability" of metallurgical coke to steel- ization of electric power equipment were under- producing countries. taken in close collaboration with the Electrical Di- At its fourth session the Allocations Sub-Com- vision of the International Standards Organization, mittee decided that a study should be made of the whose members include both manufacturers and methods by which the complete and efficient util- users of equipment. As a result of these investiga- ization of European fuel supplies could best be tions, recommendations relating to turbo-alterna- achieved. tors were forwarded to the International Standards On the recommendation of its Production Sub- Organization. These recommendations were to the Committee, the Coal Committee decided that the effect that future generator capacities of 50 and attention of governments and international organ- 100 m.w. should be adopted for single-shaft con- izations, where appropriate, should be drawn to the densing units of 3000 r.p.m. without reheating. necessity of acting to increase export availabilities In addition to reviewing the situation, the Elec- of mining equipment, taking into account the legit- tric Power Committee began preparatory work imate home requirements of the exporting coun- towards the co-ordinated development of European tries, to provide adequate funds for the purchase of power resources. This involved a survey of present mining equipment and to facilitate the flow of working capacity, capacity under construction and mining supplies. A paper was prepared by the capacity planned or potential as set against prob- Secretariat giving a detailed technical description able requirements for electric energy. of the items of mining equipment required by European coal producers for 1948 and 1949. (c) INDUSTRY AND MATERIALS COMMITTEE The Pitwood Working Party reviewed the re- The Industry and Materials Committee, estab- quirements and availabilities of different countries lished at the second session of the Commission, and recommended allocations for 1948. It was was empowered to initiate studies and make rec- noted that the availabilities of Swedish pitwood ommendations on the means whereby the Euro- might be increased as a result of the extra coke pean production of certain scarce commodities and allocations recommended for that country. equipment might be increased, their utilization im- Another subsidiary group, the Briquetting Pitch proved and further economy in their consumption Working Party, at its third session in July 1948, achieved. At its first session in November 1947 it after reviewing the past and existing situation as set up Sub-Committees on Steel and Manpower. regards briquetting pitch and the quantities avail- The Commission at its third session decided to able for export in the current shipping season, give full committee status to these two Sub-Com- agreed, in view of the increase of European sup- mittees. plies, that no allocations of briquetting pitch At its second session in June 1948 the Commit- should be made for the time being, on the under- tee reviewed the work of its subsidiary bodies, standing that if difficulties arose and any country terminating the existence of those, including its 526 Yearbook of the United Nations

Sub-Committee on Alkalis, whose work had been be accompanied by the development of scientific completed. and technical research, co-ordinated with the build- The Industry and Materials Committee and its ing industry through national research centres, various subsidiary bodies concerned themselves which would form the bases for international co- with problems in the field of fertilizers, alkalis, operation in scientific and technical fields. ball-bearings, conveyor belts, refractory materials and ceramic insulators. While much of the work (d) INLAND TRANSPORT COMMITTEE in these fields was of necessity concentrated on the The Inland Transport Committee was establish- collection and exchange of information, the work ed at the second session of the Commission to act of some of the subsidiary bodies also had some ef- in a consultative and advisory capacity in the field fect in increasing production, notably in the case of inland transport in Europe and was charged with of fertilizers and silica bricks. completing the essential tasks of the European The work of the Committee and its subsidiary Central Inland Transport Organization (ECITO) bodies resulted also in an increase in production of upon the dissolution of that organization. (The bearings. Commission had expressed the opinion that ECITO It was found on the basis of production figures should be liquidated not later than September 25, for the third and fourth quarters of 1947 that the 1947.) increased nitrogen production resulting from spe- The Committee decided that as a first step a re- cial coal allocations amounted to 18,000 tons, which view should be made of the various bottlenecks corresponded to a potential increase in wheat pro- and of possible improvements which might result duction of 220,000 tons. from the repair, maintenance and renewal of Eu- In connection with transport equipment, the ropean transport equipment. Committee noted that a great number of road ve- A subsidiary body of the Committee (Working hicles were immobilized through lack of spare Party on Transport by Rail), for example, examin- parts and components. It appeared that a portion ed the problems associated with the restoration of of the required spare parts and components might the "Regulations on the Reciprocal Use of Wagons be available from surplus stocks left on the Con- in International Traffic" ("R.I.V."). Recommenda- tinent by the Allied Forces, and that the balance tions were made, and subsequently adopted by the required might be produced in Europe. As a result Committee at its second session, on the general of investigations carried out by the Executive Sec- resumption of these regulations as from April 1, retary of the Commission, an agreement in prin- 1948. These proposals contained suggestions to ciple was reached concerning the procurement of meet the difficulties arising from the dispersal of spare parts in Italy by Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rou- railway rolling stock over a number of different mania and Yugoslavia. countries. As a result of a fairly general acceptance Agreement was reached on certain measures de- of R.I.V. regulations, the supply of wagons (i.e., signed to relieve the shortage of manpower, equip- freight cars) was considerably eased and inter- ment and transport necessary for the increased pro- national traffic greatly facilitated. duction of silica bricks and quartzite. A substantial achievement was the lifting of re- The Housing Sub-Committee (until the third strictions on freedom of the road. The Govern- session of the Commission, the Housing Panel) ments of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, reviewed housing needs and programs, require- Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, ments for building materials and measures to econ- Sweden and United Kingdom, and also the Gov- omize the use of scarce materials. It established ernments of France, United Kingdom and United subsidiary bodies to study, among other things, the States with regard to their respective zones in Ger- requirements and availabilities of building mate- many, undertook to grant or maintain for a year rials, equipment and skills, and the possibilities of as from January 1, 1948, freedom of transit for all increasing building production through mass-pro- road transport of goods. Czechoslovakia accepted duction methods. Agreement was reached on meth- the same regime for six months. Several govern- ods of surveying requirements and availabilities of ments were also prepared to grant or maintain for building materials, equipment and manpower. the same period freedom for all other international Agreement was also reached on the necessity of transport of goods by road and for tourist traffic. applying to the building industry the same meth- At conferences held by a subsidiary body ods of mass-production as used in other industries. (BIDAC—i.e., Bids Acceptance Committee), pro- It was further agreed that the introduction of mass- grams of traffic in transit through the occupied production methods in the building industry should zones were accepted, differences relating to the The Economic and Social Council 527 movement of coal were removed and current prob- individual study of how scrap collection could best lems concerning the transport of perishable goods be increased. were dealt with. At its second session in May 1948 the Steel Com- Progress was achieved with regard to inland mittee set up a panel of experts to examine the waterway transport on certain waterways as the question. It also supported a recommendation of result of an agreement between Belgium and the the United States Scrap Mission that the supplies Netherlands on the one hand and the United States of scrap in Germany be exploited to the maximum and United Kingdom Zones of Germany on the for the benefit of countries in need of scrap. An other. This agreement aimed at facilitating a fair analysis of trends in Europe's supply and consump- distribution of traffic between Belgian, Netherlands tion of scrap was also prepared by the Secretariat and German seaports, thus leading to a more ra- (E/ECE/84) and submitted to the Committee's tional use of port facilities. third session in September 1948. (e) MANPOWER COMMITTEE As regards shortages of equipment, the Execu- The Manpower Committee (until the third ses- tive Secretary was asked to prepare, in collabora- sion of the Commission, a sub-committee of the tion with the governments concerned, a statement Industrial and Materials Committee) formulated a of outstanding requirements for new equipment number of recommendations, including several over which difficulty was being experienced, and dealing with manpower statistics, which were for- governments of countries producing such equip- warded to the International Labour Organisation ment were requested to assist their industries by and accepted by the Governing Body of that Or- giving the necessary priorities for raw materials. ganisation in March 1948. In addition, arrange- At its second session the Committee requested ments were suggested for the exchange of informa- representatives from exporting countries to stress tion and experience on questions related to train- with their governments the importance of early ing and retraining. The attention of the ILO was deliveries of existing orders and to suggest meas- drawn to the need for the establishment of mini- ures to ease the financing of equipment purchases. 34 mum standards governing migration in Europe. (g) TIMBER COMMITTEE

( f ) STEEL COMMITTEE The Timber Committee (until the third session The Steel Committee (until the third session of of the Economic Commission for Europe, a sub- the Commission, a sub-committee of the Industrial committee of the Industry and Materials Commit- and Materials Committee) set up working parties tee) dealt with matters of common concern to on coke, raw materials and shortages of equipment FAO and ECE, and was serviced by a joint secre- for steel production. tariat of the two organizations. The computations made by its Coke Working At the first session in October 1947 the Sub- Party of the imports of coke and coking fines re- Committee reviewed the softwood lumber produc- quired by steel-producing countries to maximize tion programs of European countries for the years steel production showed a heavy deficit, which 1948-1955. Prior to the meeting the European gap could only be met by increased imports of metal- for 1948 had been estimated at 2.1 million stand- lurgical fuel, particularly from the Ruhr. It was ards. (A standard is 4.67 cubic meters of sawn agreed that imports of metallurgical coke should, timber.) The forecast of figures arising from these for this reason, be maximized even at the expense discussions showed that the principal European of other quantities of fuel. lumber-producing and -exporting countries, given The Coal Allocations Sub-Committee subse- certain extra facilities, could increase output above quently accepted the recommendations of the Steel 1947 production by more than 400,000 standards, Committee for the distribution of metallurgical and thereby reduce the gap by as much as one fifth. fuel and made recommendations for the allocation In view of the fact that accessible forests were of coal in the second quarter of 1948 which were insufficient to cover present and prospective re- to make possible an increase in steel production quirements, the Executive Secretary of ECE was re- for that quarter amounting to about 400,000 tons. quested to arrange with FAO, and in consultation The Working Party on Raw Materials found with all interested governments, for a study of the that scrap shortage was a severe limiting factor in potentialities of hitherto unexploited forest re- steel production which could be made good only sources. The Executive Secretary was further re- by raising scrap collection in Europe. The govern- quested to bring to the attention of the Interna- ments concerned each agreed to make a detailed 34 See International Labour Organisation, pp. 821-22. 528 Yearbook of the United Nations

tional Bank, the Fund and any other interested Council regarding the establishment of liaison in international agencies the impact of currency dif- Berlin and requested him to consult with the Con- ficulties on Europe's timber situation. trol Authorities concerned regarding organization- The second session of the Timber Sub-Commit- al arrangements necessitated by the transfer to the tee was held in January 1948. A further review of Commission of the essential activities of the Eu- the European timber position and outlook again re- ropean Coal Organization (ECO), the European vealed that currency difficulties would make it im- Central Inland Transport Organization (ECITO) possible for most importing countries to cover and the Emergency Economic Committee for Eu- their essential requirements even if sufficient tim- rope (EECE) (which, it had been agreed, the ber were available. As a result, effective import Commission should assume). demand was found to be only 2.59 million stand- Accordingly, pending action by the Allied Con- ards, compared with import requirements totalling trol Council, provisional arrangements were made some 4.27 million standards. It was further found for the carrying out of functions previously exer- that under prevailing conditions exports available cised by these three organizations in respect of to European importing countries would reach 2.38 Germany, and an ECE liaison office was established million standards in 1948 and 2.32 million stand- on a provisional basis in Frankfurt. ards in 1949. At its third session the Commission discussed a In order to ensure a balanced distribution of report by the Executive Secretary on the back- available export supplies, an informal agreement ground and existing situation regarding relations was therefore reached by importing countries not with the Allied Control Council in Germany, and to exceed specific purchasing ceilings for a period requested him to renew consultations with the up to July 1, 1948, when the situation would again Allied Control Council with a view to the estab- be reviewed. lishment of a main liaison office in Berlin and the The Timber Committee also considered the pos- termination of the Frankfurt office as an independ- sibilities of increasing the timber available for ex- ent unit. All liaison would then be subordinated port by facilitating the purchase of timber equip- to the Berlin office (E/791). ment from certain equipment-exporting countries by means of a loan from the International Bank. (4) Discussions by the Council of the Commission's Reports It made recommendations regarding reforesta- tion and the use of hardwood for mining purposes. (a) REPORT OF THE FIRST TWO SESSIONS The report of the first two sessions of the Eco- (h) Ad hoc COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL PROB- LEMS OF COMMON CONCERN TO ECE AND FAO nomic Commission for Europe was presented to The ad hoc Committee on Agricultural Problems the Council's fifth session, and discussed by it at of Common Concern to ECE and FAO at its first the 97th and 98th plenary meetings on July 28 session in September 1948 decided to submit to and 29, 1947. governments a proposal presented jointly by the Differences of opinion were expressed on two Director-General of FAO and the Executive Secre- points. tary of ECE to establish within the framework of The U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian representatives ECE a Committee on Agricultural Problems serv- criticized the resolution of the Commission regard- iced by the secretariats of the two organizations, ing consultation with the Allied Control Author- and set up two ad hoc working parties to consider ities, maintaining that the Allied Control Council trade possibilities and technical agricultural prob- alone was competent to deal with the German problems. lem and that in matters affecting it the Economic Commission for Europe should approach the quad- (i) Ad hoc COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP- ripartite group as a unit and not its separate ele- MENT AND TRADE ments. (The first session of the ad hoc Committee on The United Kingdom, United States and French Industrial Development and Trade was not held representatives, on the other hand, supported the within the period covered by the present Year- Commission's resolution, maintaining that the book.) Commission should have adequate liaison arrange- ( 3 ) Relations with the Allied Control Authorities in ments with the Control Authorities and should be Germany able to make representations and ask for informa- At its second session the Commission, after some tion from them. discussion, instructed the Executive Secretary to A U.S.S.R. proposal to reject the Commission's continue consultations with the Allied Control resolution was defeated at the Council's 98th plen- The Economic and Social Council 529 ary meeting on July 29 by 10 votes to 2, with 6 tion of the Commission's report was that of the abstentions. The Council, however, agreed to re- relationship between the regional and functional cord the objections of the Byelorussian S.S.R. and commissions of the Economic and Social Council. the U.S.S.R. in a footnote to its resolution. The representatives of New Zealand and Canada The Byelorussian and U.S.S.R. representatives felt that, generally speaking, functional com- also opposed giving the Commission's Inland missions, such as the Economic and Employment Transport Committee competence to make recom- Commission, were preferable to the regional com- mendations to the regimes of international inland missions with their geographically limited scope. waterways. The representative of Canada thought it might be The Council, at its 98th plenary meeting, adopt- advisable, in the case of a regional commission, to ed without objection resolution 68 (V) as follows: differentiate between the administrative expenses, "The Economic and Social Council to be borne by the United Nations, and the execu- "Notes the report of the first and second sessions of the Economic Commission for Europe, tive and operational expenses, which, he suggested, "Expresses appreciation of the work of the Commis- might more appropriately be borne by the coun- sion, approving in particular the arrangements made by tries situated in the geographical area covered by the Commission for the maintenance of the essential the regional commission in question. While most work performed by the Emergency Economic Committee for Europe, the European Central Inland Transport Or- participants in the debate did not comment upon ganization and the European Coal Organization, and this matter, the representative of Venezuela sug- "Draws to the attention of the Commission the views gested that the proper function of a functional expressed by the members of the Economic and Social commission lay in the realm of formulating ade- Council concerning the report." quate theoretical principles whose translation into (b) INTERIM REPORT practice should form the proper concern of the The Economic and Social Council at its sixth regional commissions; both were eminently neces- session was presented with an interim report by the sary. He opposed the Canadian suggestions regard- Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission ing the budgets of regional commissions, saying for Europe (E/603). This report, prepared in ac- their work was part of the total international effort cordance with instructions of the Commission, in- and should logically be borne by the community corporated comments and suggestions received of nations. from members of the Commission, but had not Two draft resolutions were before the Council been considered by the Commission as a whole. in connection with the ECE report, one submitted The Council accordingly, at its 134th plenary meet- by the representative of the U.S.S.R. (E/884), the ing on February 10, decided to take no action on other by the representative of France (E/885). the report, other than taking note of it. The U.S.S.R. proposal (E/884) set forth six (c) ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1947——MAY 1948 principles for the guidance of ECE in its future The regular annual report (E/791), covering work. These provided, inter alia: that ECE should the activities of the Economic Commission for Eu- promote intra-European trade and trade with non- rope from its second session in July 1947 to its European countries; that economic assistance to third session in May 1948, was submitted to the Europe should be granted within the framework seventh session of the Council. This report was of the United Nations; that discrimination in the discussed at the seventh session of the Economic sphere of foreign trade should cease; that the ef- and Social Council during the latter's 182nd to forts of European countries should be directed 185th plenary meetings from July 27 to 29 and at towards the development of the basic branches of the 187th and 190th plenary meetings on July 31 national industry most important to their economy; and August 4. that ECE should assist European countries in the Much of the debate was concerned with the organization of cheap agricultural credit to farmers question of the European Recovery Program with a view to rehabilitating European agriculture ("Marshall Plan"), which was criticized by the and improving the food situation of the continent; representatives of the Byelorussian S.S.R., Poland and that the rehabilitation and development of Eu- and the U.S.S.R., and defended by other represent- ropean economy should be carried out so as to raise atives, including those of Canada, Chile, Denmark, the standard of living of the masses. The draft France, Netherlands, New Zealand, Turkey, United resolution in its various paragraphs stated that the Kingdom and United States. Marshall Plan had increased the already abnormal Another question raised during the considera- dependence of the Western European countries on 530 Yearbook of the United Nations the United States; these measures were designed to its 190th plenary meeting on August 4. The reso- remove that dependence. lution (143(VII)) reads as follows: The Economic and Social Council, according to "The Economic and Social Council, this U.S.S.R. draft resolution, would recommend "Having taken cognizance of the report of the Eco- that the Economic Commission for Europe should nomic Commission for Europe, "Approves its terms; establish the necessary working bodies to study the "Notes with satisfaction that the Economic Commission questions involved in the above-mentioned prin- for Europe at its third session adopted unanimously a ciples, including committees to be established for resolution on the setting up of an ad hoc Committee on the development of intra-European trade, for the industrial development and foreign trade, which provides for consideration of questions as to the manner in which maintenance and development of branches of vital the Economic Commission for Europe can promote the national industries and for assistance in the de- reconstruction and development of industry and foreign velopment of agriculture in the European coun- trade of the European countries; tries. "Expresses the hope that this work will lead to an in- The U.S.S.R. proposal was supported by the rep- crease of industrial and agricultural production in Europe, particularly in those of the countries concerned in which resentatives of Poland and the Byelorussian S.S.R. natural resources and manpower reserves are as yet not The proposal, as such, was opposed by the other fully utilized, and result in an expansion of intra-Euro- Council members, a majority of whom announced pean trade such as to facilitate increased and better bal- that they would abstain from voting even for those anced trade with the other continents; "Authorizes the Economic Commission for Europe to of its parts which expressed unobjectionable prin- set up, within the Commission, such body or bodies as ciples, because of the entire context of the draft it may consider necessary to initiate and carry out work resolution and what they regarded as its unwar- in the two fields mentioned; ranted attack against the United States and the Eu- "Invites the Economic Commission for Europe: ropean Recovery Program. "(a) To approach whenever necessary the various specialized agencies of the United Nations with re- The U.S.S.R. proposal was submitted to the vote quests for assistance in achieving such aims as may be at the Council's 185th meeting on July 29. Follow- formulated in the course of this work; ing the adoption of its individual parts in a sen- "(b) To pursue this work realistically with a view tence by sentence vote by majorities ranging from to obtaining concrete results as soon as possible and to submit to the next session of the Council a progress 3 to 0, with 14 abstentions, to 3 to 2, with 12 report on its activities in the field of industrial devel- abstentions, the draft resolution as a whole was opment and trade, including a description of any tech- rejected by a vote of 14 to 3. nical means contemplated to foster the development The French proposal (E/885) would have of intra-European trade; "(c) To submit to the Council at an early date a placed the Economic and Social Council on record factual analysis of the possibilities of economic recon- as taking cognizance of the ECE report, as approv- struction, through the development of the under- ing its terms, as noting with satisfaction that ECE industrialized countries and an expansion of trade be- had decided to undertake a study of and seek a tween the countries of Europe." solution for the problem of intra-European trade In connection with its consideration of the re- and the closely related problem of the development port of the second session of the Transport and of under-industrialized European countries and, Communications Commission, the Council, at its finally, as inviting the ECE to pursue this work seventh session, also adopted resolution 147(VII)- realistically with a view to obtaining concrete re- B, which, in part, instructed the Secretary-General sults as soon as possible. to request the Economic Commission for Europe Amendments to this French draft resolution to complete the draft text prepared by its Inland were proposed by the representatives of the United Transport Committee dealing with a convention on road and motor transport and to forward it to the Kingdom (E/894), Poland (E/895) and the Secretary-General as soon as practicable so that he U.S.S.R. (E/903/Rev.1) aimed, in general, at might be in a position to make the necessary ar- making the proposal more explicit. The Council rangements for the convening of a world-wide con- referred the original proposal and the amendments ference of governments not later than August 1949 to a drafting group composed of the representatives with the object of concluding a new world-wide of France, Poland, the United Kingdom and the convention. U.S.S.R., which reached unanimous agreement on a draft resolution (E/915) embodying the sub- b. ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE stance of all the amendments. FAR EAST The draft resolution proposed by the drafting The Economic Commission for Asia and the Far group was unanimously adopted by the Council at East (ECAFE) had been established by the Eco- The Economic and Social Council 531 nomic and Social Council during the latter's fourth cussion centred largely around the question of session, on March 28, 1947 (resolution 37(IV) ).35 ECAFE membership and geographical scope. It held three sessions up to the end of the period To meet the case of countries and territories in presently under review, as follows: Asia and the Far East not responsible for the con- First Session Shanghai, China June 16-25, 1947 duct of their international relations, the Commit- Second Session Baguio, Philippines Nov. 24-Dec. 6, 1947 tee of the Whole had evolved the concept of Third Session Ootacamund, India June 1-12, 1948 "associate membership". The representatives of Pursuant to a request from the Economic and such "Associate Members" should, the Committee Social Council, ECAFE, at its first session, appoint- of the Whole proposed, be permitted to partic- ed a Committee of the Whole to consider the ques- ipate, without voting rights (but with full eligibil- tions of the Commission's geographical scope and ity for offices in all ECAFE subsidiary organs), in membership and to suggest modifications, if need ECAFE deliberations; applications for associate be, of ECAFE's original terms of reference. The membership were to be made by the Metropolitan Committee of the Whole met during the interval Power responsible for the international relations between ECAFE's first two sessions at Lake Success of the country or territory in question. The list of from July 10 to 17, 1947. countries or territories eligible, upon application by the Metropolitan Powers concerned, for ECAFE ( 1 ) Council Approves Preparatory Arrangements Made at first ECAFE Session associate membership, as recommended by the The report of the Economic Commission for Committee of the Whole, was as follows: North Asia and the Far East concerning the first session Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak, Burma, Ceylon, the of that body (E/452) was discussed at the 100th Indo-Chinese Federation, Hong Kong, the Ma- and 101st plenary meetings of the Economic and layan Union and Singapore, and the Netherlands Social Council on July 31, 1947. The general sup- Indies. The Committee of the Whole further rec- port for this first phase of ECAFE's work was re- ommended that should any of these countries or flected in the unanimous adoption, following a territories become responsible for its own inter- brief debate, of a draft resolution submitted by the national relations, such a country or territory "may be admitted as an Associate Member of the Com- representative of China and amended by the Coun- cil's Acting President by the addition of a phrase mission on itself presenting its application to the calling ECAFE's attention to the views expressed Commission". In general, the concept of associate membership during the Council's consideration of the Commis- was not questioned during the Council's discussion sion's report. Members of the Council participating in the debate generally praised ECAFE's prelimi- of the report of the Committee of the Whole, al- nary work and the program it had mapped for the though the representative of India indicated his future, emphasizing that the work of this regional preference for granting full voting rights to all Commission must be guided by the interests of Asian countries, whether or not Members of the Asia and the Far East, i.e., the region it served. United Nations. There was, however, a difference The resolution (69(V)) adopted unanimously of opinion regarding how application for associate by the Council at its 101st meeting reads as follows: membership should be made. Several representatives, including those of India and the U.S.S.R., "The Economic and Social Council "Notes the report of the first session of the Economic held that it would be preferable to authorize the Commission for Asia and the Far East, Commission to consider associate membership ap- "Expresses its appreciation of the work of the Com- plications submitted by the countries and terri- mission, tories involved rather than limit the Commission "Approves the preparatory arrangements made by the to consider such applications only if submitted by Commission for the carrying out of its functions, and "Draws to the attention of the Commission the views the Metropolitan Power concerned. On the other expressed concerning the report by the members of the hand, a majority of Council members declared that Economic and Social Council." the Metropolitan Powers could be the only logical sponsors of applications for associate membership, (2) Council Action concerning Report of ECAFE Committee of the Whole warning that embarrassing situations might develop The report (E/491) of the Committee of the if the Metropolitan Powers were by-passed in this Whole of the Economic Commission for Asia and connection. the Far East was discussed at the 100th, 101st and The representative of the U.S.S.R. suggested 106th plenary meetings of the Economic and So- 35 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp . cial Council, on July 31 and August 5, 1947. Dis- 485-87. 532 Yearbook of the United Nations that ECAFE membership should be open to any national relations, be invited by the Commission to par- United Nations Member in Asia and the Far East, ticipate in a consultative capacity in the consideration of any matter of particular concern to that territory, with the exception of Turkey, because the latter part or group of territories." was already represented on the Economic Commis- "The Economic and Social Council, sion for Europe. Other Council members, however, "Taking note of the provisions of article 3a(i) of the observed that Turkey was located in both Europe terms of reference of the Economic Commission for Asia and Asia and was therefore entitled to membership and the Far East; both on the ECE and the ECAFE, if it so desired. "Recognizing the necessity for ensuring complete co- operation between the Governments of the territories A U.S.S.R. amendment (E/512), to the effect concerned, the Governments responsible for the conduct that all United Nations Member countries in Asia of international relations of the territories and the Com- and the Far East, except Turkey, should be eligible mission, for membership in the Commission and that non- "Requests members of the Commission concerned to forward such applications to the Commission." members in the area should be admitted to partici- "The Economic and Social Council pate without voting rights in the Commission's "Resolves that the following be added to the terms of discussions, was rejected at the Council's 106th reference of the Economic Commission for Asia and the plenary meeting on August 5, 1947, by 9 votes to Far East as set forth in the first part of the Council's 4, with 5 abstentions. The Council then adopted by resolution of 28 March 1947: "1. The Commission is empowered to make rec- 14 votes to 0, with 4 abstentions, the draft resolu- ommendations on any matters within its competence tions (E/524) which had been prepared by its directly to the Governments of members or associate Economic Committee on the basis of the proposals members concerned, Governments admitted in a con- made by the ECAFE Committee of the Whole. sultative capacity, and the specialized agencies con- In addition to the draft resolutions proposed by cerned. The Commission shall submit for the Council's prior consideration any of its proposals for activities the Committee of the Whole, the Council formu- that would have important effects on the economy of lated a resolution requesting ECAFE members the world as a whole. responsible for the international relations of the "2. The Commission may after discussion with any countries and territories eligible for associate mem- specialized agency functioning in the same general field, and with the approval of the Council, establish bership to forward applications to the Commission such subsidiary bodies as it deems appropriate, for on their behalf. facilitating the carrying out of its responsibilities. The resolutions (69(V)) adopted by the Coun- "3. The Commission shall submit to the Council cil read as follows: once a year a full report on its activities and plans, including those of any subsidiary bodies, and shall make "The Economic and Social Council interim reports at each regular session of the Council. "Resolves that the following be added to the terms of "4. The Commission may consult with the repre- reference of the Commission as article 3a: sentatives of the respective control authorities in Japan "3a (i) Any of the following territories, namely and in Korea and may be consulted by them for the North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak, Burma, Ceylon, the purpose of mutual information and advice on matters Indo-Chinese Federation, Hong Kong, the Malayan concerning the economies of Japan and Korea respec- Union and Singapore, and the Netherlands Indies, or tively in relation to the rest of the economy of Asia any part or group of such territories, may on presenta- and the Far East." tion of its application to the Commission by the Mem- (3) Council Action on the Report of the Second ber responsible for the international relations of such ECAFE Session territory, part or group of territories be admitted by the Commission as an associate member of the Com- The report (E/606) covering the second session mission. If it has become responsible for its own of the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far international relations, such territory, part or group East was discussed by the Council at its 134th, of territories may be admitted as an associate member 135th and 167th plenary meetings, on February 10 of the Commission on itself presenting its application to the Commission. and March 8, 1948. "(ii) Representatives of associate members shall be During the second ECAFE session Pakistan, hav- entitled to participate without vote in all meetings of ing become a Member of the United Nations, had the Commission, whether sitting as Commission or as been present as a full member of the Commission, committee of the whole. while Burma, Ceylon, Hong Kong, the Malayan "(iii) Representatives of associate members shall be eligible to be appointed as members of any com- Union and Singapore (all represented by the mittee, or other subordinate body, which may be set United Kingdom) and Cambodia and Laos (both up by the Commission and shall be eligible to hold represented by France) had been admitted as Asso- office in such body. ciate Members. New Zealand had been represented "(iv) Any territory or part or group of territories mentioned in paragraph 3a (i) which is not a member by an observer, and its full membership in the or an associate member of the Commission may, with Commission was unanimously recommended to the the concurrence of the Member responsible for its inter- Council. The Economic and Social Council 533

One of the most important parts of the report— "Takes note of the action taken by the Commission at and one that came in for much discussion in the its first and second sessions in furtherance of the purposes Council—dealt with the proposed establishment of set forth in its terms of reference; and "Requests that preliminary study be undertaken by the a Bureau of Flood Control, whose task it would be Secretary-General, in consultation with the specialized to combat and ultimately to prevent the destruction agencies concerned, of the recommendation that a bureau caused by the great rivers of Asia when in flood. of flood control be established for Asia and the Far East, The proposed Bureau would study this problem and and that its results be submitted to the third session of the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East with acquaint the governments concerned with the re- a view to the preparation and submission to the seventh sults of its work. session of the Council by the Commission of proposals The representative of China proposed (E/644, concerning the appropriate methods of dealing with the later revised in E/644/Rev.1) that the organiza- problems of flood control." tion of the Bureau of Flood Control be studied by (4) Council Action on the Report of the Third the Secretariat, the Secretariat recommendations to ECAFE Session be considered at ECAFE's third session, which in The report (E/839) covering the third ECAFE turn should submit ECAFE's final recommendations session was considered at nine plenary meetings of to the Council for consideration at the latter's sev- the Economic and Social Council during the latter's enth session. seventh session (plenary meetings 186, 187, 188, Several modifications of the Chinese proposal 190, 192, 196, 200, 204, 206, on July 30 and 31 were suggested. Thus, the representative of the and August 2, 4, 7, 12, 16, 18 and 19). United States felt that it was perhaps premature to (a) INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ECAFE REGION take it for granted that a semi-autonomous Bureau At its second session, ECAFE had established a of Flood Control would have to be organized. Ac- Working Party on Industrial Development in the cordingly he proposed orally that ECAFE be re- Commission's geographical region. This group sub- quested to submit to the Council detailed proposals mitted a preliminary report (E/CN.11/82) to —not "concerning the organization" of the Bureau ECAFE's third session, which authorized the Work- of Flood Control, although such proposals would ing Party (E/CN.11/114) to continue its studies be in order if ECAFE found that necessary, but of the economic and industrial development of the rather "concerning the appropriate methods of region, to co-opt additional members and to make dealing with the problems of flood control". This detailed studies of the major aspects of economic United States suggestion was accepted by the spon- and industrial development. It was in the first sor of the draft resolution. instance to study the following subjects: fuel and The representative of the Netherlands felt that power, transport and transport equipment in rela- the Chinese suggestion to ask the Secretariat to tion to industry, fertilizers and agricultural requi- submit the results of its studies to the third ECAFE sites, basic materials including ores and metals, session might not give the Secretariat sufficient textiles, and heavy engineering industries. time; he therefore suggested the omission of this The Council discussions at its seventh session time limit, but did not press his point. concerning this subject matter centred round the The Chinese resolution also proposed that the problems of the development of industry, trade and Council approve the admission of New Zealand. agriculture in under-developed areas and the rela- The revised Chinese draft resolution was ap- tion of foreign investment and credits to these proved by a vote of 17 to 0, with 1 abstention, at problems. The question of the relation of the the 167th plenary meeting of the Council on March economy of Japan to economic development in the 8, 1948. The abstaining Council member—the rep- region with which ECAFE is concerned was also resentative of New Zealand—explained that he had raised. abstained merely because he considered it improper Two proposals, one by the U.S.S.R. (E/905/- to vote in his own cause, i.e., for the admission to Rev.2) and one by Chile (E/920), and a compre- ECAFE membership of his own country. He added hensive Australian amendment (E/921) to the that he was in complete agreement with the terms U.S.S.R. proposal were before the Council. of the resolution adopted by the Council (105 The U.S.S.R. proposal (E/905/Rev.2) would, (VI)), which reads as follows: inter alia, have the Council take into consideration "The Economic and Social Council, that the restoration and development of the econ- "Having considered the report of the first and second omy of countries of Asia and the Far East should be sessions of the Economic Commission for Asia and the carried out in such a way as to promote conditions Far East, "Approves the admission of the Government of New of stability and well-being based on respect for the Zealand as a member of the Commission; principle of equal rights and self-determination of 534 Yearbook of the United Nations peoples and so promote the elimination of colonial A drafting committee consisting of representa- or semi-colonial dependence. The Council was to tives of Australia, China, France, Poland and the recommend that: ECAFE should promote the U.S.S.R., established at the 190th meeting to at- development in these countries of their national tempt the production of an agreed draft, recom- industry, including various types of heavy industry, mended a draft resolution (E/949) based largely through mobilization of natural resources and by on the Australian version of the U.S.S.R. proposal. economic assistance from industrially-developed U.S.S.R. amendments to the drafting committee's countries (such assistance not to be conditional on proposal, containing most of those parts of the demands for privileges and to be within the frame- original U.S.S.R. draft resolution which had failed work of the United Nations); promote the develop- to obtain a majority in the drafting committee, were ment of trade between these countries and with rejected at the 204th plenary meeting of the Coun- countries of other regions, without discrimination; cil on August 18 by separate votes ranging from 7 promote the development of agriculture by various to 7, with 4 abstentions, to 13 to 3, with 2 absten- means; increase the amount of capital and credit tions. The U.S.S.R. representative then declared available from outside sources and make it available that, although dissatisfied with the proposal, he where most needed; and continue discussions of would vote for it since its weaknesses were less these questions in association with appropriate important than the wishes of the countries of Asia specialized agencies and examine the question of and the Far East. establishing appropriate committees within ECAFE. The draft resolution was then adopted unani- The Chilean proposal (E/920), inter alia, would mously (144(VII)C). It reads as follows: have the Council, after noting with satisfaction the "The Economic and Social Council, resolutions adopted by the Commission providing "Having considered the interim report of the third session of the Economic Commission for Asia and the for consideration of the way in which it could pro- Far East, and mote the reconstruction and development of indus- "Taking into consideration that the restoration and de- try and foreign trade of the countries in Asia and velopment of the economy of the countries of Asia and the Far East, express the hope that this study would the Far East should be carried out in such a manner as to promote conditions of stability and well-being which lead to an increase of industrial and agricultural are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among production in this area and authorize the Commis- nations, based on respect for the principle of equal rights sion to set up such bodies as it considered necessary and self-determination of peoples as set out in Articles 55 for this purpose. The proposal would have the and 73 of the Charter, Council invite ECAFE: to request assistance from "Notes with satisfaction the decisions of the third session of the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far specialized agencies; to submit to the Council's East on industrial development, trade promotion and next session a progress report on its activities in the agriculture; field of industrial development and trade; and to "Recommends that the Economic Commission for Asia submit at an early date a factual analysis of the and the Far East continue, in association with the appropriate specialized agencies, deliberations on these matters possibilities of economic reconstruction through with a view to recommending policies and measures de- the development of under-industrialized countries signed for the following purposes: and an expansion of trade between countries in the "1. To promote and co-ordinate the development region. of industry in the countries of Asia and the Far East based upon their national resources and needs and de- The Australian amendment (E/921), inter alia, signed to raise standards of living in their own coun- proposed to delete from the U.S.S.R. proposal: the tries and regions and, through trade, in the rest of the reference in the preamble to the elimination of world; colonial and semi-colonial dependence, certain "2. To promote the development of trade between particulars concerning the development of industry the countries of Asia and the Far East and also between these countries and the countries of other re- and agriculture, the reference to discrimination in gions; the development of trade and the recommendations "3. To promote and co-ordinate the development concerning the establishment of committees. of agriculture by means which will bring about greater, Sub-amendments to the Australian amendment better, more efficient and diversified production, with special attention to the particular agrarian conditions were submitted by the representatives of France in these countries; (E/922) and Chile (E/929), the former propos- "4. To increase the total amount of capital, credit, ing certain drafting changes, the latter proposing, machinery, technical assistance and other resources inter alia, the addition of a paragraph authorizing available for the foregoing purposes from within and outside the region, and to make such capital, credit, ECAFE to set up such subsidiary bodies within the machinery, technical assistance and other resources Commission as it might deem necessary to imple- available, where they are most needed; and ment the four objectives. "Recommends that the Economic Commission for Asia The Economic and Social Council 535

and the Far East consider and keep under review the assistance in the form of special experts or teams question of the establishment within the Economic Com- of experts to advise national organizations in the mission for Asia and the Far East, and the terms of reference, of appropriate bodies, including committees, that solution of specific problems; and elaboration of could promote the successful accomplishment of its plans to promote the training of specialists in mat- tasks." ters of flood control by the utilization, where practicable, of existing national laboratories and ( b ) FLOOD CONTROL services. By resolution 105(VI) the Economic and Social The discussion of the problem in the Council Council had, at its sixth session, suggested that showed that members were unanimous in recogniz- studies be undertaken by the Secretariat and sub- ing the importance of controlling the flooding of mitted to ECAFE at the latter's third session regard- Asia's great rivers. There was, however, a diverg- ing the problem of flood control of Asia's great ency of views as to the best method of accomplish- rivers (see above). Such studies were undertaken, ing this objective. Several representatives fully and ECAFE, at its third session, recommended the supported the Chinese proposal, i.e., favored the establishment of a Bureau of Flood Control prompt establishment of a Bureau of Flood Control, (E/839, Annex C, p. 75). staffed with three or more experts, as the best and ECAFE's recommendation was incorporated in a surest means of coping with the flood control prob- draft resolution proposed by the representative of lem. They argued that this decision of principle China (E/893 and Add.1). The draft resolution ought to be taken at once, leaving to the near provided for the establishment of a Bureau of Flood future the admittedly important problem of the Control to be composed of not more than five precise organization of such a Bureau, which, be- experts with high technical qualifications. The ex- cause of the intimate relationship between Asia's perts would be appointed by the Secretary-General great rivers and the agriculture and industry of the of the United Nations out of a panel of names region, would play a vital role in Asian economics. submitted by Member Governments, except that Supporters of the Canadian proposal, on the one expert would be appointed by the Director- other hand, were not convinced that the need for General of the Food and Agriculture Organization the establishment of a separate Bureau of Flood on the latter's own initiative. The Bureau's Chair- Control had been conclusively demonstrated. They man would be appointed from among its expert feared that the creation of such a body, which might members by the Secretary-General. The Bureau easily acquire a semi-autonomous status, might yet would be started in the first place with a minimum prove to be an undesirable precedent and a de- of three experts and would be responsible to parture from the global approach of the United ECAFE. The Chinese proposal further recom- Nations. Until the need for a Bureau had been mended that a progress report on plans of activities demonstrated, they declared, the United Nations and of organization of the Bureau be submitted by could and should do something about the flood ECAFE to the eighth session of the Council. problem by initiating Secretariat studies and by The Canadian representative also introduced a making the necessary expert advice available to proposal (E/897 and Rev.1) on the same topic. Member Governments. He proposed that the Council instruct the Secretary- A drafting committee, composed of representa- General: to promote studies and disseminate in- tives of Canada, China, France, New Zealand, formation to interested Member Governments in U.S.S.R., United States and Venezuela, to which the regard to flood control in the territories within the two proposals and a Canadian amendment (E/936) geographical scope of ECAFE; to appoint to the to the Chinese proposal were submitted at the Secretariat staff adequate to perform these func- 192nd meeting of the Council, failed to reconcile tions; to consult with FAO on flood control matters the two points of view and submitted two alter- recognized as within FAO's particular competence, native drafts (E/790). A New Zealand amend- as well as with other specialized agencies; to arrange ment (E/992) designed to narrow the gap between for the provision of expert advice and assistance, in the two alternatives was rejected at the 206th the field of flood control, to Member Governments meeting on August 19, 1948, by the Council, which on request in conformity with the principles laid then adopted by 12 votes to 4, with 2 abstentions, 36 down in the General Assembly's resolution 52 (I) Alternative B proposed by the Committee, which 37 and in the Council's own resolution 51(IV). Such was similar to the original Chinese proposal The assistance was to include, inter alia, advice and 36 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. assistance in the establishment or improvement of 183. national organizations to deal with flood control; 37 Ibid., p. 540. 536 Yearbook of the United Nations

resolution (144(VII)D) adopted by the Council, nesia and/or the Indonesian Republic had been left reads as follows: in abeyance at the third ECAFE session, it being "The Economic and Social Council, decided to take a decision in this respect at the. "Having noted the resolution of the third session of fourth session of the Commission, to be held in the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East Australia toward the end of 1948. regarding the establishment of a Bureau of Flood Control Five Council members offered draft resolutions for Asia and the Far East based upon a preliminary study undertaken by the Executive Secretary of the Eco- or amendments concerning the relation between nomic Commission for Asia and the Far East in con- ECAFE on the one hand and the Republic of Indo- sultation with the Food and Agriculture Organization, nesia and Viet-Nam on the other. The representa- and tive of the U.S.S.R. proposed (E/907 and Corr.1) "Recognizing the great importance and urgency of the problems of flood control which affect the livelihood that the Council recommend that the Indonesian and welfare of millions of human beings in the valleys Republic and the Republic of Viet-Nam should be of great rivers in Asia and the Far East who are subject accorded associate membership in the Commission. to the danger of floods and consequent famines, The representative of New Zealand suggested "Approves the Commission's purpose of dealing promptly with problems of flood control in the territories (E/931) that the Council submit to the Security within the geographic scope of the Economic Commission Council all of its own as well as of ECAFE's records for Asia and the Far East; concerning possible Indonesian membership in the "Requests that a Bureau of Flood Control for Asia and Commission and seek the Security Council's assist- the Far East be formed by the Secretary-General as an ance, since the latter was seized of the Indonesian effective technical unit responsible to the Economic Com- mission for Asia and the Far East for the performance question, and that the Secretary-General be re- of the technical tasks envisaged by the Commission, con- quested to submit to the next (i.e., fourth) session taining from three to five flood control experts of high of ECAFE a full statement on the constitutional qualifications, and utilizing the services of experienced and de facto situation in Indonesia. The representa- expert consultants; and "Recommends that the Economic Commission for Asia tive of the Netherlands proposed (E/937) an and the Far East include in its report to the eighth ses- amendment to the New Zealand draft resolution, sion of the Council the results of its fuller consideration deleting therefrom the request for Security Council of its plans and activities for dealing with problems of assistance (but not deleting the transmission to the flood control in its geographic area as well as recom- Security Council of the records on the Indonesian mendations on organizational problems connected with the formation of the Bureau." application) and the request to the Secretary-Gen- eral that he submit to ECAFE's fourth session a (c) MEMBERSHIP statement on the de facto situation in Indonesia. The third ECAFE session was the first in which The representative of Australia proposed (E/957) New Zealand, whose membership in ECAFE had that the Economic and Social Council go on record been approved at the Council's sixth session, and as considering that ECAFE already had authority to the Union of Burma, which had become an inde- deal with applications for membership from areas pendent country and a Member of the United within its geographical scope and that no action Nations, participated as full Commission members. was required on the matter at that session of the Furthermore, representatives of Cambodia, Ceylon, Council. The representative of the Byelorussian Hong Kong, Laos, Malaya and Brkish Borneo S.S.R. suggested (E/967) that the operative part participated as Associate Members. ECAFE also of the U.S.S.R. proposal (recommending that recommended that its geographical scope be ECAFE admit the Indonesian Republic and the amended by the Council to include Nepal, since Republic of Viet-Nam as associate members) be the latter had requested the right to be represented incorporated into the Australian suggestion. by an observer at ECAFE sessions. The recom- At its 200th meeting, on August 16, 1948, the mendation, embodied in a Chinese proposal Council after rejecting the U.S.S.R. draft resolution (E/890), was approved by the Council at its 188th (E/907) (by a vote of 9 to 4, with 5 abstentions, meeting on August 2, 1948, without objection. on the recommendation bearing on the Republic of The same resolution (144(VII) A) also placed Indonesia, and by a vote of 11 to 3, with 4 absten- the Council on record as approving certain minor tions, on the recommendation regarding Viet- changes in ECAFE's rules of procedure (E/839, Nam), adopted the Australian proposal (E/957) p.8) and ECAFE's recommendation that its tem- by a vote of 12 to 3 with 4 abstentions. (The New porary headquarters remain in Shanghai "until such Zealand proposal had been previously withdrawn time as the site of the Office of the United Nations at the 196th meeting in favor of the Australian in Asia and the Far East shall be determined". draft resolution.) The resolution (144(VII)B) The question of associate membership for Indo- adopted by the Council reads as follows: The Economic and Social Council 537

"The Economic and Social Council, experts of the countries represented on the Eco- "Considering that the Economic Commission for Asia nomic Commission for Asia and the Far East to and the Far East already has authority to deal with applications for membership from areas within its geo- examine: graphical scope, "1. The problems with respect to rehabilitation and "Decides that no action is required at this session con- co-ordinated development of inland transport facilities cerning members and associate members of the Economic and services in Asia and the Far East; Commission for Asia and the Far East." "2. The means which are best suited to promote the solution of these problems, either by setting up regional (d) ASIAN ECONOMY AND JAPAN machinery or otherwise (it being understood that any At its third session, ECAFE had adopted a reso- such machinery would be part of the Economic Commis- lution (E/839, p.39) on the contribution of the sion for Asia and the Far East)." Japanese economy to the reconstruction and development of the ECAFE region. Several members of c. ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN the Economic and Social Council warned of the AMERICA danger that ECAFE might be encroaching upon the domain of the Far Eastern Commission, a body not At the fifth session of the Economic and Social connected with the United Nations. The repre- Council, the representative of Chile submitted a sentative of New Zealand proposed a draft resolu- proposal (E/468) to establish an Economic Com- tion (E/900) in which the Council would have mission for Latin America. The matter was dis- affirmed that "pending the signing of a Peace cussed by the Council at its 103rd, 104th, 105th, Treaty with Japan, questions of industrial levels 110th and 111th meetings on August 1, 4, 5 and and the trade of Japan are entirely within the com- 11. In support of his proposal, the Chilean representative called attention to the need of Latin petence of the Far Eastern Commission". An America for economic development in order to amendment (E/909) submitted by the representa- improve living standards and attain general eco- tive of the U.S.S.R. would have gone further, by nomic stability. He stated that because of special placing the Council on record as considering that circumstances, partly the result of the war, the the ECAFE resolution in question "comes outside majority of Latin American countries had been con- the competency of the ECAFE and hence cannot be fronted with economic maladjustment that retarded confirmed by the Council". There was general their prograss toward higher living standards. This agreement that the competency of the Far Eastern situation, in turn, reflected unfavorably on the Commission must not be placed in jeopardy. The region's economic relations with the rest of the representative of the United Kingdom suggested world and hence was an adverse factor in world- that now that the point raised in the New Zealand wide efforts to recover from the economic disloca- draft resolution had been discussed and noted in tion caused by the war. the Council's records, perhaps the representative of The representative of Chile further declared that New Zealand would agree that no further action the general economic under-development of the was necessary. At the 188th meeting on August 2, Latin American countries and the resultant low the representative of New Zealand said he had sub- standard of living for the majority of the population mitted his proposal because he had not been quite seriously undermined their vitality and prevented sure as to what ECAFE had had in mind when it this wealthy and promising region from making as passed the resolution concerning Japan's economy, great a contribution as it might be expected to and he had thought his proposal could be useful as provide towards the welfare of other parts of the a guide to ECAFE. But since the point had been world. He felt that if the problems of Latin made clear in the debate, he said he was willing to America were to be resolved as an integral part of withdraw his proposal. world problems, United Nations action and co- (e) INLAND TRANSPORT ordination would be required. One further decision taken by the Economic and All the Latin American countries expressed sup- Social Council at its seventh session had a bearing port of the Chilean proposal. on ECAFE, although, unlike the other decision The representatives of Lebanon, India, China referred to above, it did not arise out of ECAFE's and Norway expressed sympathy for the proposal. third session report. The Council, on August 28, In addition to the arguments advanced by the endorsed (resolution 147(VII)C) a recommenda- representative of Chile for the establishment of an tion of the Transport and Communications Com- Economic Commission for Latin America, the fol- mission to the effect that ECAFE be recommended lowing also were cited: (1) The representative of to convene an early meeting of inland transport Cuba pointed out that Latin America had never 538 Yearbook of the United Nations

had a co-ordinated development plan and that the mittee was also instructed to ascertain the views of proposed Commission could create such a plan in the Ninth International Conference of American concert with world requirements. (2) The repre- States. The Secretary-General was requested to sentative of Venezuela declared that the proposed initiate studies defining and analyzing the economic Economic Commission would be able to co-operate, problems of Latin American countries which within the framework of the United Nations, with threatened the stability and development of their the other regional commissions already set up in economies. the task of the revival and normalization of inter- The General Assembly on October 31, 1947, national trade. adopted resolution 120 (II) in which it took note The representatives of the United States and with satisfaction of the decision of the Economic Canada thought that the question should be con- and Social Council to establish the ad hoc Com- sidered first by the Ninth International Conference mittee.38 of American States. They felt that the results of the (2) Report of the ad hoc Committee Conference should be awaited before any decisive The ad hoc Committee met for the first time on action was taken by the Council on the Chilean October 9, 1947, at Lake Success, New York. It first proposal. They also voiced fear of the possibility of considered the formal factors bearing upon the a duplication of effort between the proposed Eco- establishment of the proposed Commission. The nomic Commission and the Inter-American Eco- Committee then considered the major causes of nomic and Social Council of the Pan American economic maladjustment in Latin America, in the Union. light of a document prepared by the four Latin The representatives of Canada and New Zealand American countries represented on the Committee expressed some concern lest a regional approach to and the studies prepared by the Secretariat of the economic problems should be substituted for a United Nations. As the Ninth International Con- world-wide functional approach. ference of American States was postponed from The representative of the U.S.S.R. expressed January 17 to March 30, 1948, the ad hoc Commit- sympathy with the desire of the Chilean representa- tee sought the opinion of the Pan American Union tive to raise the standard of living of the Latin on the establishment of the proposed Commission. American nations, but said that the proposal for The Director-General of the Pan American the establishment of an economic commission for Union on January 20, 1948, transmitted to the Latin America was not dictated by necessity. He Chairman of the ad hoc Committee the text of a stated that the economic situation in Europe and resolution which had been adopted by the Inter- the Far East was not analagous to that of Latin American Economic and Social Council on January America and the creation of a Latin American com- 15, concerning the proposed Commission. The mission would complicate the structure of the resolution, inter alia, declared that the Inter-Ameri- Council. He argued that the function of the Eco- can Economic and Social Council resolved to sup- nomic and Employment Commission was to study port the immediate establishment of the proposed under-developed countries throughout the world. Economic Commission for Latin America. For those reasons, he declared, his Government In its report (E/630) to the Economic and could not support the Chilean proposal. Social Council, the ad hoc Committee unanimously (1) Creation of an ad hoc Committee recommended the establishment forthwith of an At its 110th and 111th plenary meetings on Economic Commission for Latin America. It also August 11, 1947, the Council adopted without concluded that special safeguards would be neces- objection resolution 70 (V) establishing an ad hoc sary in order to ensure the proper co-ordination of Committee, consisting of Chile, China, Cuba, efforts between organs of the Inter-American Sys- France, Lebanon, Peru, United Kingdom, United tem and the proposed Commission. States and Venezuela, to consider the factors bear- (3) Consideration by the Council of the Report of ing upon the establishment of an Economic Com- the ad hoc Committee mission for Latin America within the framework The report of the ad hoc Committee was con- of the United Nations. sidered by the Economic and Social Council during The ad hoc Committee was requested to present its sixth session at its 132nd, 133rd, 153rd and to the Council a report with recommendations con- 164th meetings on February 9 and 25 and March 5, cerning the creation of such a commission. It was and at the ninth and tenth meetings of the Eco- authorized to consult with interested agencies both nomic Committee on February 10 and 12. within and without the United Nations. The Com- 38 See p. 100. The Economic and Social Council 539

Unqualified support for the establishment of the sentative had suggested. Development through for- proposed Commission came from several repre- eign capital was a natural and historic trend, of sentatives. Certain objections to the establishment which the United States was an example, he main- of the proposed Commission, however, were also tained. made. Among the objections were the following: Representatives of the United States and the (1) The establishment of the proposed Commis- United Kingdom replied to particular Soviet sion constituted a departure from the action taken charges of economic penetration. by the Council in establishing commissions for A U.S.S.R. verbal proposal that Non-Self-Gov- Europe and for Asia and the Far East, as the pro- erning Territories should be allowed to submit ap- posed Commission for Latin America was for re- plications for associate membership to the Council gional economic development as distinguished from directly instead of through the Member country reconstruction. This view was expressed by Canada. responsible for their international relations, was (2) Duplication with the work of other regional rejected in. the Economic Committee at its ninth organizations might result. This view was expressed meeting on February 12 by 13 votes to 3, with 2 by the United Kingdom and New Zealand. (3) abstentions. The proposed Commission should not become an A further Soviet proposal that the U.S.S.R. should organ covering up foreign economic penetration. be a member of the Commission was rejected in This view was expressed by the U.S.S.R. the Economic Committee by 12 votes to 3, with 2 In answer to the first objection, it was pointed abstentions, and in the Council by 13 votes to 2, out that the economy of Latin America had been with 2 abstentions. It was rejected on the grounds severely dislocated by the war; it was, therefore, that direct participation by the U.S.S.R. in the work only just that it should receive assistance. The re- of the proposed Commission, if accepted, would ports of the Economic Commissions for Europe and modify substantially the very conception of regional for Asia and the Far East supported the contention commissions. It was pointed out the criterion that no line could be drawn between reconstruction adopted in order to decide the composition of such and development. It was argued that reconstruction commissions had been that membership should be of the European economy, for example, did not open only to those countries which had interests or mean a return to the conditions of 1939, nor was direct political or economic responsibilities in the reconstruction in the Far East intended to reproduce various regions in which it was proposed to estab- the conditions of the prewar period. It was further lish regional commissions. pointed out that urgent short-term problems were best dealt with by the regional approach, and that (4) Establishment of the Commission this could be done without encroaching upon the At its 153rd meeting on February 25, the Coun- domain of the functional commissions, which oper- cil, by 13 votes to 0, with 4 abstentions, adopted ated on a world-wide basis. resolution 106 (VI) (the final wording of para- In answer to the second objection, it was stated graph 7 of the resolution being decided at the that the problem of duplication with the work of 164th meeting on March 5), defining the terms of the Pan American Union had received careful con- reference of the Economic Commission for Latin sideration by the ad hoc Committee, which took America. appropriate measures, after consultation with the (a) DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION Pan American Union. The latter's field of activity The Council in its resolution assigned the Com- would not be infringed upon, and co-operation of mission the following duties: the proposed Commission with the appropriate organ of the Pan American Union was assured. "1. The Economic Commission for Latin America, acting within the framework of the policies of the United Thus every effort had been made to prevent over- Nations and subject to the general supervision of the lapping of functions. Council, shall, provided that the Commission takes no In reply to the third objection, the representative action in respect to any country without the agreement of of Chile declared that foreign investment was still the Government of that country: "(a) Initiate and participate in measures for facili- necessary in the postwar period, but it would have tating concerted action for dealing with urgent eco- to conform to the domestic legislation of the Latin nomic problems arising out of the war and for raising American countries. the level of economic activity in Latin America and The representative of Brazil doubted whether for maintaining and strengthening the economic relations of the Latin-American countries both among dependence on their own resources alone would themselves and with other countries of the world; have resulted in fuller political development in "(b) Make or sponsor such investigations and stud- Latin American countries, as the U.S.S.R. repre- ies of economic and technological problems and de- 540 Yearbook of the United Nations

velopments within territories of Latin America as the organs of the Inter-American System, the Council Commission deems appropriate; decided as follows: "(c) Undertake or sponsor the collection, evaluation and dissemination of such economic, technological and "6. The Commission shall invite any Member of the statistical information as the Commission deems appro- United Nations not a member of the Commission to par- priate. ticipate in a consultative capacity in its consideration of any matter of particular concern to that non-member, "2. The Commission shall direct its activities espe- following the practices of the Economic and Social cially towards the study and seeking of solutions of prob- Council. lems arising in Latin America from world economic mal- "7. (a) The Commission shall invite representatives adjustment and towards other problems connected with of specialized agencies to attend its meetings and to par- the world economy, with a view to the co-operation of ticipate, without vote, in its deliberations with respect to the Latin-American Countries in the common effort to items on its agenda relating to matters within the scope achieve world-wide recovery and economic stability. . . ." of their activities; and may invite observers from such The Commission was empowered to make rec- other inter-governmental organizations as it may consider desirable in accordance with the practices of the Council. ommendations on any matter within its competence "(b) The Commission shall make arrangements for directly to the governments of members or asso- consultation with non-governmental organizations which ciate members concerned, governments admitted in have been granted consultative status by the Council, in a consultative capacity and the specialized agencies accordance with the principles approved by the Council concerned. It was to submit for the Council's prior for this purpose. "8. The Commission shall take measures to ensure consideration any of its proposals for activities that that the necessary liaison shall be maintained with other would have important effects on the economy of organs of the United Nations and with the specialized the world as a whole. agencies, with special attention to the avoidance of the duplication of efforts. (b) MEMBERSHIP AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE OF THE "9. The Commission shall co-operate with and take COMMISSION the necessary measures to co-ordinate its activities with The Council adopted the following provisions the appropriate organs of the Inter-American System and concerning the membership and geographical scope as may be necessary with the Caribbean Commission in order to avoid any unnecessary duplication of effort be- of the Commission: tween those organs and itself; to this end the Commission "3. (a) Membership of the Commission shall be open is empowered to and shall seek to make working arrange- to Members of the United Nations in North, Central and ments with the appropriate organs of the Inter-American South America, and in the Caribbean area, and to France, System regarding the joint or independent study or ex- the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Any terri- ecution of economic problems within its competence and tory, or part or group thereof, within the geographic the fullest exchange of information necessary for the co- scope of the Commission's work, may, on presentation of ordination of efforts in the economic field. The Commis- its application to the Commission by the Member re- sion shall invite the Pan American Union to nominate a sponsible for the international relations of such territory, representative to attend meetings of the Commission in a part or group of territories, be eligible for admission by consultative capacity. . . ." the Commission as an associate member of the Commis- sion. If it has become responsible for its own inter- (d) ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS national relations, such territory, part or group of terri- The Commission was empowered, after discus- tories, may be admitted as an associate member of the sion with any specialized agency concerned and Commission on itself presenting its application to the Commission. with the Council's approval, to establish such sub- "(b) Representatives of associate members shall be sidiary bodies as it deemed appropriate; it was to entitled to participate without vote in all meetings of submit a regular annual report to the Council and the Commission, whether sitting as Commission or as interim reports at each regular session of the Committee of the Whole. "(c) Representatives of associate members shall be Council. eligible to be appointed as members of any committee, The Council decided that the Commission's head- or other subordinate body which may be set up by the quarters were to be at Santiago de Chile and that Commission and shall be eligible to hold office in such its first session should be held there during the first body. half of 1948. The Commission was to decide at "4. The geographical scope of the Commission's work is the twenty Latin-American States Members of each session on its next meeting place, with due the United Nations, participating territories in Central regard to the principle that the countries of Latin and South America which have frontiers adjoining any America be chosen in rotation. of these States, and participating territories in the Carib- Not later than 1951 the Council was to make a bean area. ..." special review of the work of the Commission with (c) ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSULTATION a view to determining whether the Commission As regards arrangements for consultation with should be terminated or continued, and if continued non-members of the Commission, specialized what modification, if any, should be made in its agencies, non-governmental organizations and the terms of reference. The Economic and Social Council 541

(5) First Session of the Commission nomic Commission for Latin America and the The Economic Commission for Latin America Inter-American Economic and Social Council. In held its first session in Santiago de Chile from June order to avoid duplication of work, it was agreed 7 to 25, 1948. Representatives from the twenty that the Commission should direct its activities Latin American countries and from France, the especially toward the study and the seeking of solu- Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United tions of problems arising in Latin America from States were present. Also in attendance were repre- world economic maladjustment and towards other sentatives and observers from the International problems connected with the world economy, with Labour Organisation; the Food and Agriculture a view to the co-operation of the Latin American Organization of the United Nations; the United countries in the common effort to achieve world- Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi- wide recovery and economic stability. Furthermore, zation; the International Civil Aviation Organiza- a program of work which included all the subjects tion; the World Health Organization; the Inter- of the resolutions was drafted by the Economic national Monetary Fund; the International Refugee Commission. Organization (Preparatory Commission); the Inter- In connection with the question of co-ordination American Economic and Social Council; and the and with the economic survey, the Commission Inter-American Council of Commerce and Pro- passed a special resolution on statistics, asking the duction. Executive Secretary to collaborate with the Sec- (a) Economic Survey of Latin America.—The retariat of the Inter-American Economic and Social Commission adopted a number of resolutions at its Council in making up a questionnaire for the use first session (E/840). The first of these assigned to of all the governments concerned. The resulting the Executive Secretary of the Commission the task data, based on the statistical standards of the Statis- of undertaking, between the first and second ses- tical Commission and Statistical Office of the sions of the Commission, an economic survey of United Nations, would serve both for the proposed Latin America, having in mind its needs and economic conference of the Organization of Ameri- greater development and the strengthening of its can States in 1949 and for the economic survey. economic relations to the rest of the world. In mak- (c) Expansion of Food Production.—With re- ing the survey the Executive Secretary was in- gard to the problem of food production, the Com- structed to: mission approved a resolution requesting the "(a) Make a study of the current economic situation Secretary-General of the United Nations to consult in Latin America specially dealing with agricultural ac- with the Director-General of FAO with a view to tivities, including pastoral, forest and fishery production appointing a Joint Working Party of the Secre- of both foodstuffs and raw materials; with industrial and mineral production; with power resources; equipment; tariat of the Commission and that of FAO. The with distribution and transportation and with factors Joint Working Party, given the task of studying affecting the commercial and financial activities of each co-ordinated action to increase the food production country; of Latin America, was to present its findings at the "(b) Analyze trade relations within Latin America and between Latin America and the rest of the world; next session of the Commission, when the adoption "(c) Study and present the main characteristics and of further measures would be considered. problems of the economic structure of Latin American (d) Bottlenecks in Foreign Trade.—The ques- countries." tion of the possibility of establishing a system of The survey was to be undertaken in collabora- multilateral compensation of payments was taken tion with the specialized agencies and was to utilize up. The Commission agreed to request the Inter- relevant studies by those American non-govern- national Monetary Fund to make a study of the mental organizations which have been accorded practicability and desirability of establishing at the consultative status by the Economic and Social earliest possible opportunity, as a transitional meas- Council. Furthermore, the resolution invited the ure, machinery for the multilateral compensation Latin American governments to provide the Execu- of international payments among the countries of tive Secretary with studies of their economies and Latin America as well as between them and the rest to communicate to him their plans and proposals of the world. for the further economic development and com- A resolution was adopted requesting the Execu- mercial progress of their countries. tive Secretary to study the movements of import (b) Co-ordination with the Inter-American Eco- and export prices, the determining factors of such nomic and Social Council.—Another resolution movements and their effects on the balance of pay- dealt with the question of overlapping and of un- ments. This study, to be made either in the form necessary duplication between the work of the Eco- of a special inquiry or a part of the economic sur- 542 Yearbook of the United Nations vey, was to be made in collaboration with the needs for technical and administrative personnel International Monetary Fund and other specialized and their present availability, including facilities agencies. for technical training. This information was to be The Executive Secretary was also asked, in other given to the member countries, together with in- resolutions, to obtain: information that would lead formation on any feasible arrangements for the to the adoption of measures adequate to ensure the exchange of staffs among them. Also, lists were export and marketing of products, including food- to be prepared containing the names of organiza- stuffs, which comprise the main economic resources tions—private, national and international—which of the various Latin American countries; appro- might be able to render necessary technical assist- priate data on the fixing of official prices for agri- ance. In this task the Executive Secretary was to cultural products and crop insurance; information co-operate with the specialized agencies and with on existing free ports and zones in the American the Inter-American Economic and Social Council. republics, the facilities they offer, and their present (g) Inflation.— The Executive Secretary was and potential significance for promoting inter- asked to include in the economic survey a study of American commerce and commerce between Latin all factors generating inflationary pressures. America and the rest of the world. (h) Public Health.—The Commission, accept- (e) Industrial Development.— The Executive ing the offer made by the World Health Organiza- Secretary was instructed by the Commission to give tion and the Pan American Sanitary Organization attention to the problem of the inadequate supply to co-operate with the Commission in dealing with of industrial equipment in Latin America. Also, in the problems of public health and social welfare, relation to this matter, the Commission adopted a invited the two Organizations to submit a concrete resolution appealing through the Inter-American program of co-operation in this field before the Council of Commerce and Production to national next session of the Commission. chambers of commerce, producers' associations and (i) Latin America and World Recovery. — A other non-governmental organizations of America further resolution adopted by the Commission in- to aid in re-establishing normal credit facilities structed the Executive Secretary to make a study as soon as possible. The object was to replenish analyzing the relationship between the economic minimum stocks and equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of non-American countries and the commercial rehabilitation of Latin America. development of economic and commercial activities The Commission, noting that inadequate trans- in Latin America, as well as the effects of this rela- port and communications throughout Latin Amer- tionship. This directive was complementary to that ica hinder economic development in the region, covering the economic survey. recommended that the Economic and Social Coun- (6) Consideration by the Council of the cil request the Transport and Communications Commission's First Report Commission as soon as possible to make a further The report (E/840) of the Economic Commis- study of these matters, including freight rates affect- sion for Latin America (ECLA) was considered by ing Latin America, in order to expedite their con- the Economic and Social Council during the latter's sideration by the Commission. seventh session, at the 208th, 209th and 211th ( f ) Labor Supply and Technical Assistance.—A plenary meetings on August 20, 21 and 23, 1948. resolution was adopted by the Commission asking During the debate, the Council members dis- the Executive Secretary to examine the immigration cussed various technical points related to the work problem in all its aspects, particularly in its eco- of the Economic Commission for Latin America, nomic aspects, and to include his findings in the especially the question of the way ECLA should economic survey. The Commission agreed that the carry out its task of promoting economic develop- Executive Secretary in collaboration with the comment in Latin America. petent international organizations should study the The representative of the U.S.S.R. declared that possibility and desirability of creating an Inter- foreign capital investments — particularly by the American Institute of Immigration. United States — characterized that economy and As regards the general shortage of well-trained prevented not only its advance from its present technicians and of technical training facilities, the semi-colonial status, and its industrialization, but Commission decided that until concrete recom- also tended to undermine the political independ- mendations for correcting the situation could be ence of the area. He felt that Latin American made at its second session, a preliminary study countries should concentrate on the development should be made by the Executive Secretary of the of their domestic markets and seek to diversify The Economic and Social Council 543 their economic structure, characterized in many and Communications Commission was requested cases by reliance upon only a very few products or "to make a further study of problems of maritime even one product, with the result that a fluctuation shipping, including freight rates, affecting Latin in the world market price of the few commodities America, in order to facilitate consideration of these concerned could affect drastically, for better or matters as soon as possible by the Economic Com- worse, the entire economy of a given Latin Ameri- mission for Latin America".39 can country. While foreign capital investments The other resolution (145(VII)), which in its were necessary during the transitional phase, such original form was submitted jointly (E/978) by investments should not be blindly encouraged; the representatives of Brazil, Chile, Peru and Ven- rather they should be regulated so as to minimize ezuela, was approved at the 211th meeting of the or prevent their undesirable effects. Economic and Social Council on August 23, 1948, While conceding the dangers of foreign capital by a vote of 15 to 2, with 1 abstention, and reads investments, the representatives of Latin American as follows: members of the Council felt that the U.S.S.R. rep- "The Economic and Social Council, resentative had not paid sufficient attention in his "Having considered the report of the first session of the criticisms to the constructive aspects of the ques- Economic Commission for Latin America, "Takes note with satisfaction of the decision taken by tion: whatever might have been the practices in the Commission at its first session in furtherance of the the past, it was, they said, a fact that recent and purpose set forth in its terms of reference; current foreign capital investments were helping to "Expresses its satisfaction with the arrangements made bring about the desired industrial development of for the co-ordination of the Commission's work with the Latin American countries and to diversify their Inter-American Economic and Social Council; "Approves the use of Spanish as a third working- economies. Then, too, better control had been insti- language of the Commission and the production in Por- tuted, e.g., by forming mixed companies of national tuguese of the final text of the Commission's report and and foreign capital, and so affording greater protec- its resolutions." tion to national interests. On the other hand, they declared, it was only fair and equitable to permit d. PROPOSED ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR THE foreign investors to take out at least part of the MIDDLE EAST profits resulting from their investments. Further- more, it was undeniable that the investment of for- The General Assembly, by its resolution 120- 40 eign capital created domestic capital which in turn (II) of October 31, 1947, took note of the Eco- could be used to further the development of indus- nomic and Social Council's decision to establish an trialization. Similar views were expressed during ad hoc Committee to study the factors bearing on the debate by the representatives of the United the establishment of an Economic Commission for Kingdom and the United States, who reiterated the Latin America and of the favorable reception given desire and belief of their own Governments that to this proposal by the Second Committee; it in- the industrialization of Latin America would be vited the Council "to study the factors bearing upon beneficial to world economy as such. the establishment of an Economic Commission for A further point on which there was a difference the Middle East". of opinion in the Council was the role of immigra- The Council during its sixth session considered tion in Latin American economy. The U.S.S.R. rep- this question at its 135th, 136th and 167th meet- resentative criticized ECLA's policy in promoting ings on February 10 and 11 and March 8, and at the immigration from Europe, which, he stated, needed twelfth and thirteenth meetings of the Economic all its available manpower for its own needs. Latin Committee on February 21 and 24. American representatives pointed out, on the other The representative of Lebanon urged the estab- hand, that the immigration policy of Latin America, lishment of an Economic Commission for the Mid- in addition to aiding the New World's economic dle East for the benefit of the area and of other development, met the needs of many displaced per- important regions and in the interests of the United sons and refugees. Nations. The Middle East area, he held, provided The Council approved two resolutions dealing the criteria requisite for the creation of a regional with the work of the Economic Commission for economic commission. He pointed out that regional Latin America. One of these was resolution 147 commissions were established primarily to deal (VII) D, passed by the Economic and Social Coun- with urgent economic problems of reconstruction cil in connection with its consideration of the report and development, for areas which were intrinsically of the second session of the Transport and Com- 39 See p. 568. munications Commission, in which the Transport 40 See p. 100. 544 Yearbook of the United Nations economically important. The proposed Economic Great Powers were members of two regional com- Commission for the Middle East, he explained, missions, was defeated by a roll call vote of 13 to 2 would be complementary to the functional com- in the Economic Committee, and by a vote of 15 to missions of the Council, would co-operate with the 2, with 1 abstention, in the Council. specialized agencies, and would stimulate govern- The report of the Economic Committee was con- ments within the area to concerted action. He sidered by the Council at its 167th plenary meeting further pointed out that the countries in the Middle on March 8. A Lebanese amendment (E/703/- East could not provide internally the capital needed Add.2) to the draft resolution submitted by the to develop investment goods, all their energies be- Economic Committee concerning the establishment ing spent on the production of consumption goods, of the ad hoc Committee (E/703) was adopted by and yet to increase production of consumption 17 votes, with 1 abstention. This amendment in- goods they needed to increase production of invest- serted a reference, in the preamble of the draft, to ment goods. The area needed outside assistance in the Council's resolution establishing the Economic the form of finance, technology and expert advice. Commission for Latin America. The resolution as a Urgent measures should be taken for agricultural whole, as amended by the Lebanese delegation, was development, irrigation, drainage, land reclamation then adopted by 14 votes, with 4 abstentions. and soil conservation, and a program of industrial- The representative of the U.S.S.R. explained ization was needed to raise the standard of living. that his delegation had abstained from voting A regional economic commission, he declared, could because, although it approved of the principle of render a real service which no other organ of the establishing an ad hoc Committee, it did not United Nations could perform as well. approve of that Committee's composition. The The representative of Chile, supporting the estab- Canadian representative abstained from voting be- lishment of an Economic Commission for the cause of his delegation's reservation with regard Middle East, suggested that an ad hoc Committee to the danger of multiplying the regional organs should be set up to study all aspects concerning its of the United Nations. establishment. This proposal was supported by the The resolution adopted (107(VI)) reads as representatives of United Kingdom, China, France, follows: Brazil, Turkey, United States, Netherlands, Den- "The Economic and Social Council, mark and New Zealand. The representative of "Taking note of General Assembly resolution 120(II) New Zealand, however, thought that the Council of 31 October 1947, inviting the Council to study the factors bearing upon the establishment of an economic should proceed cautiously, particularly in view of commission for the Middle East; the political uneasiness in the Middle East. The "Considering that by its resolution of 25 February representatives of Egypt and Syria, invited by the 1948, the Council has, at its sixth session, established an President of the Council to participate in the debate Economic Commission for Latin America; by virtue of Article 69 of the Charter, also spoke in "Recognizing that the countries of the Middle East are faced with serious post-war problems of economic ad- favor of the setting up of a commission, emphasiz- justment threatening the economic stability of these ing the need for raising the standard of living and countries, with their less developed economies; and for obtaining technical advice. "Recognizing that co-operative measures among all the The Economic Committee at its thirteenth meet- countries of the Middle East can be of practical assistance in raising both the level of economic activity and the ing on February 24 adopted a Lebanese proposal standard of life in the Middle East and in strengthening (E/AC.6/17) for the setting up of an ad hoc Com- the economic relations of these countries both among mittee, with certain amendments accepted by the themselves and with other countries of the world, and Lebanese representative. The Committee discussed that such measures would be facilitated by close co-opera- the question of the ad hoc Committee's composition with the United Nations and its subsidiary organs as well as with regional organizations in the Middle East tion and decided that Member States which were such as the Arab League, not members of the Council but whose collabora- "Establishes an ad hoc Committee consisting of China, tion was necessary in assisting the development of France, Lebanon, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist the Middle East should be invited to participate as Republics, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Venezuela, and invites the following States full members of the ad hoc Committee. Members of the United Nations to participate as full A U.S.S.R. proposal to delete Turkey from the members of the ad hoc Committee: Egypt, Iran and Iraq; list of members of the ad hoc Committee, on the "Decides upon the following terms of reference for ground that it was a member of the Economic the Committee: Commission for Europe, that the composition of "(i) The Committee shall consider the factors bearing upon the establishment of an economic commission the ad hoc Committee to some extent foreshadowed for the Middle East within the framework of the that of the Commission, and that none except the United Nations and shall present to the Council, dur- The Economic and Social Council 545

ing its seventh session, a report with recommendations ing concerted action for dealing with urgent economic concerning the creation of such a commission; problems arising out of the war and for raising both the "(ii) The Committee may consult with interested level of economic activity and the standard of living in agencies both within and without the United Nations; the Middle East, and for maintaining and strengthening "Requests the Secretary-General to give special and the economic relations of the Middle Eastern countries immediate aid to the Committee by initiating studies de- both among themselves and with other countries of the fining and analysing the economic problems of the coun- world; tries of the Middle East which threaten the stability and "(b) make or sponsor such investigations and studies development of their economies; and of economic and technological problems and develop- "Requests the Committee, in collaboration with the ments within territories of the Middle East as the Com- Secretary-General, to engage in speedy consultations with mission deems appropriate; the Governments of the countries in the region for the "(c) undertake or sponsor the collection, evaluation purpose of ascertaining their views in this matter, and to and dissemination of such economic, technological and take these views into consideration in the formulation of statistical information as the Commission deems appro- its recommendations." priate." The ad hoc Committee met during April-June The draft resolution recommended the follow- 1948 and adopted a report to the Council (E/- ing Members of the United Nations as members AC.26/16) recommending that an economic com- of the proposed Commission: Afghanistan, Egypt, mission should be established forthwith for the Ethiopia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Ara- Middle East, with a structure similar to that of the bia, Syria, Turkey and Yemen. It further recom- previously established regional economic commis- mended that new members might be admitted by sions. the Council after consultation with the Commis- The ad hoc Committee noted the urgent eco- sion. nomic problems arising directly or indirectly from With respect to Non-Self-Governing Territories, the World War or from current world economic the draft resolution recommended, inter alia, that maladjustments which have subjected the economy "Any Non-Self-Governing Territory in the Arabian of the Middle Eastern countries to severe strain. Peninsula, the Eastern Mediterranean and North East Such problems called for concerted regional efforts Africa may, on presentation of its application to the towards their solution. While they might be con- Commission by the Member [of the United Nations] responsible for the international relations of such territory ceived of in a sense as problems of economic re- be admitted by the Commission as an associate member construction, the Committee held that that term of the Commission. If it has become responsible for its must not be understood as implying merely a re- own international relations, such territory may be ad- turn to conditions prevailing before the war. These mitted as an associate member of the Commission on conditions had been far from satisfactory through- itself presenting its application to the Commission." out this region, which had been characterized as a The draft resolution recommended that the whole by marked under-development of the econ- Commission might admit in a consultative capacity omy, and the economic reconstruction called for states not Members of the United Nations within in the Middle East must be understood to include its geographical scope. such a degree of broader development as would The geographical scope of the Commission's make it possible to expand economic activity and work, it was recommended, should be the terri- raise the standard of living substantially above pre- tories of the members of the Commission as well war levels in a not-too-distant future. as the Non-Self-Governing Territories and the ter- The Committee pointed out that the countries ritories of states in the Arabian peninsula, the of the Middle East form a region with great po- Eastern Mediterranean and North East Africa, ad- tentialities deriving from its natural resources, mitted by the Commission as associate members capable of rendering an important contribution to or in a consultative capacity. world economic recovery, and sufficiently large A specific provision was made for effective co- and populous to warrant the establishment of a operation between the proposed Commission and regional commission. the League of Arab States and for proper co-ordina- The ad hoc Committee presented in its report tion of their activities, in so far as the members a draft resolution setting out the terms of refer- of the League of Arab States are concerned, to ence, membership and geographical scope of the avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts. proposed Commission. The report of the ad hoc Committee was placed The terms of reference recommended in the on the agenda of the seventh session of the Coun- draft resolution provided, inter alia, that the Com- cil. During the Council's discussion of the state mission should: of business at its 203rd meeting, it was decided "(a) initiate and participate in measures for facilitat- that, owing to pressure of business, consideration 546 Yearbook of the United Nations of a number of items, including this report, should This suggestion was supported by the United be postponed. Kingdom representative. The Canadian and Chinese representatives thought that it was im- e. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS portant to define the relationship between regional and functional commissions. The Economic and Social Council at its 111th At the 172nd plenary meeting of the Council plenary meeting on August 11, 1947, considered on March 10, the Council considered a new draft a New Zealand draft resolution (E/537) which resolution (E/747) on the matter presented by the proposed the consideration of the whole question representative of New Zealand, who explained that of regional commissions by the Economic and Em- it was in substitution of his previous proposal, as ployment Commission and its two sub-commis- a new regional commission had since come into sions. existence. The present resolution was intended to The U.S.S.R. representative suggested that the ensure that the Economic and Social Council question should be referred to the Economic and should examine the whole field. Employment Commission since the functions and The Council by a vote of 16 to 0 adopted the scope of the sub-commissions had only recently New Zealand draft resolution. Its text (108(VI)) been defined. The Lebanese representative consid- is as follows: ered that fears of regional economic autarchy were "The Economic and Social Council, exaggerated, but thought it might be wiser to con- "Having regard to resolution 72(V) requesting the sider the question after the regional economic com- Economic and Employment Commission to examine and missions had met. The Canadian representative report to the Council upon the general questions involved thought the Council should consider the general in the creation of regional economic commissions as a means for the promotion of the aims and objectives of principle of establishing regional economic com- the United Nations, missions and that a world-wide policy for economic "Requests the Economic and Employment Commission development should be established before the solu- to note the desire of the Council that the examination be tion of economic problems was attempted on a made at a stage when it would have at its disposal more experience than at present of the activities of the regional regional basis. commissions to guide its deliberations. After adopting a Canadian amendment to delete "Meanwhile, a reference to the sub-commissions of the Economic "The Economic and Social Council and Employment Commission, the Council by 9 "Calls to the attention of the specialized agencies and of the regional economic commissions of the Council the votes to 7, with 2 abstentions, adopted the revised desirability of ensuring the closest possible co-operation resolution (72(V)) as follows: and, where appropriate, joint action in fields of common "The Economic and Social Council, concern." "Taking note of the fact that it has already established an economic commission for Europe and an economic commission for Asia and the Far East, 5. Reconstruction of Ethiopia and Other "Taking note of the proposal advanced for the establishment of an economic commission for Latin America Devastated Areas Not Included in the and the references made to the possible establishment at Report of the Temporary Sub-Commission a later date of an economic commission for the Middle on Economic Reconstruction of East, "Requests the Economic and Employment Commission Devastated Areas to examine and report to the Council upon the general questions involved in the creation of regional economic In resolution 38(IV) adopted at its fourth commissions as a means for the promotion of the aims session on March 28, the Economic and Social and objectives of the United Nations." Council requested the Secretary-General "to make During the sixth session of the Council, at its a field survey, with the concurrence of the Govern- 132nd, 133rd and 172nd plenary meetings on Feb- ments and administrations concerned and at their ruary 9 and March 10, the question was again con- request, of the reconstruction problems of Ethiopia sidered. The representative of New Zealand sub- and of other devastated territories not included in mitted verbally a draft resolution which requested the reports of the Temporary Sub-Commission on the Economic and Employment Commission to Economic Reconstruction of Devastated Areas". note the desire of the Council that the examination The Council also requested the Secretary-Gen- of the question of regional economic commissions eral to report to its fifth session "the measures be made later at a stage when it would have at its necessary to effect a speedy reconstruction" in the disposal more experience than at present of the countries which requested a field survey. activities of the regional commissions to guide it. The Secretary-General submitted a report to the The Economic and Social Council 547

Council's fifth session (E/450 and Corr. 1, and Treaty of Peace with Italy. On September 15, Adds. 1 and 2). 1947, the Secretary-General expressed his agree- On April 7, 1947, the Secretary-General trans- ment to the postponement of the survey (E/450/- mitted copies of this resolution to all Member na- Add. 3). tions. In view of the specific reference to Ethiopia a special inquiry was addressed to the Ethiopian Government on April 16, 1947, asking if it wished 6. Financial Needs and Foreign to request such a field survey (E/450, Annex I). Exchange Position of Devastated On July 16, 1947, the Ethiopian Government in- Countries formed the Secretary-General (E/450/Add. 2) that sufficient progress had been made in recon- The Economic and Social Council at its fourth struction in Ethiopia since its liberation to warrant session in March 1947 considered an interim re- concentrating United Nations efforts on recon- port by the Secretary-General on the Needs of the struction in countries more recently liberated. The Devastated Countries of the United Nations for Government added in its cable: Long-Term and Short-Term Financing of Urgent "In renouncing in favor of other United Nations more Reconstruction Requirements (E/288), submitted immediately in need of urgent assistance Ethiopian Gov- in accordance with resolution 5 (III) adopted at ernment wish reserve their rights and position in favor the Council's third session. eventual long term assistance programmes." The report covered the following Member In view of the specific references to devastated countries: Belgium-Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia, territories of North Africa in the discussion of the Ethiopia, France, Greece, Netherlands, Poland and question at the fourth session of the Economic and Yugoslavia. It covered only European areas, to Social Council, the Secretary-General also addressed avoid duplication with the Working Group for a specific inquiry on May 12, 1947, to the United Asia and the Far East of the Temporary Sub-Com- Kingdom Government as to whether it wished mission on Economic Reconstruction of Devastated field surveys to be made with respect to any ter- Areas. It included, however, four non-member ritories in North Africa, such as Cyrenaica, Eritrea countries—Austria, Finland, Hungary and Italy— and Tripoli, falling within the terms of reference on the grounds that the United Nations Special of the resolution (E/450, Annex II). On June 19, Technical Committee on Relief Needs after the the Secretary-General was advised by the United Termination of UNRRA considered in its report Kingdom Government that it would be glad to all countries formerly assisted by UNRRA, and have such field surveys carried out in Cyrenaica, that the existing means of international credit had Eritrea and Tripoli (E/450, Annex III). been drawn upon both by Members and non-mem- The Secretary-General reported that preparations bers of the United Nations. were under way for making a field survey in these On March 28 the Council adopted resolution territories, but that the details had not been ar- 34(IV), inter alia requesting the Secretary-Gen- ranged and that it was not therefore possible to eral to extend the study to all devastated areas of present estimates of costs (E/450 and Add. 1). the United Nations and to present a further report Owing to the brief space of time since the request on Financial Needs, especially in respect of the net had been received, it was not possible for the Sec- requirements of the devastated countries for freely retary-General to make a substantive report to the convertible foreign currency.41 fifth session of the Council. The Secretary-General accordingly reported to The Economic and Social Council considered the fifth session of the Council on the action taken the Secretary-General's report at its 93rd meeting (E/457 and Add. 1). on July 24, and agreed that, as there was no sub- A questionnaire (E/457, Annex 1) had been stantive problem for decision, the Council should sent to the following Member Governments: Aus- merely take note of the report (resolution tralia (for New Guinea and Papua), Belgium, 71(V)). Byelorussian S.S.R., China, Czechoslovakia, Den- Subsequently, the Secretary-General received a mark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Greece, India, letter from the Government of the United King- Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, dom, dated August 22, 1947, requesting the post- Poland, Siam, Ukrainian S.S.R., U.S.S.R., United ponement of the survey of Eritrea, Cyrenaica and Kingdom, United States (for Southern Korea) and Tripoli until after the visit to the three territories Yugoslavia. For the same reasons for which non- of the Four-Power Commission of Investigation, 41 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. to be sent out under the terms of Annex XI of the 488-89. 548 Yearbook of the United Nations member countries were included in the Secretary- tributions or from other sources (appropriately re- General's interim report, the questionnaire was duced to allow for payments on capital account), also sent to the Governments of the following non- were estimated to reduce this foreign exchange defi- member countries: Albania, Austria, Finland, Hun- cit by 5,469,000,000 U. S. dollar equivalents, leav- gary and Italy. ing an estimated 1947 net deficit of 1,638,300,000 The questionnaire covered, inter alia, the esti- U. S. dollar equivalents.42 mates for 1947 of quantities and costs of com- The following tabulation, taken from Table 1 modities, requirements and receipts of foreign of the report, shows the (approximate) estimated exchange, gold and foreign exchange holdings, 1947 net foreign exchange deficits for the countries credits and loan applications. concerned: Up to July 27, 1947, replies had been received U. S. Dollar from the following Governments: Belgium, Czecho- Country Equivalents slovakia, Ethiopia, France, India, Philippines, Czechoslovakia ...... 146,000,000 Poland ...... 369,000,000 United Kingdom, United States (for Southern Yugoslavia ...... 341,600,000 Korea), Albania, Austria and Finland. Siam ...... 57,600,000 The Secretary-General's report was considered Albania ...... 26,000,000 by the Council at its 93rd plenary meeting on July Austria ...... 170,200,000 Finland ...... 34,600,000 24. As the Secretary-General's questionnaire had Hungary ...... 84,800,000 been answered by only a few countries, the Coun- Italy ...... 236,000,000 cil decided simply to take note of it (resolution Burma (not available) ...... ——— 64(V)). Southern Korea ...... 172,500,000 The Secretary-General issued a full report on TOTAL ...... 1,638,300,000 the Foreign Exchange Position of the Devastated Countries on September 22, 1947 (E/576), and a The other countries covered in the survey—i.e., supplement thereto (E/576/Add. 1) on October Belgium and Luxembourg, Denmark, France (with 7. Both were later combined into a single docu- overseas territories), Greece, Netherlands, Norway, ment (E/576/Rev. 1) issued on November 20, United Kingdom, Ethiopia and Philippines—were 1947, to which an addition (E/576/Rev. I/Add. expected to meet their anticipated 1947 foreign 1) was issued on August 9, 1948. exchange deficits entirely through resources on The principal differences between the interim re- capital account (see above) or from other sources. port (E/288 and Rev. 1) and the report are that The report also declared that, as correctly fore- the latter contained fuller and more recent informa- shadowed by the interim report, the "task of Eu- tion concerning the balance of payments estimates ropean reconstruction, not to mention that of the for 1947 and potential sources of external assist- Far East, is far greater than was foreseen when the ance; and that seven additional countries were International Bank for Reconstruction and De- included, namely, Burma, Denmark, Norway, velopment and the International Monetary Fund Philippines, Siam, Southern Korea and United were created and when the major post-war govern- Kingdom. mental credits were granted". The survey indicated that the total 1947 foreign The supplement (E/576/Rev. 1/Add. 1), which exchange requirements on current account of the 21 appeared on August 9, 1948, contained a tabulation countries covered in the report were estimated at of postwar international loans and grants up to the equivalent of $US20,262,000,000, including June 1948, by recipient countries and by sources, $US2,639,000,000 for non-members of the United covering the whole world, totalling the equivalent Nations.42 The 1947 export and other current re- of $US27,717,000,000, but excluding certain types ceipts for the same countries42 were estimated at of loans and grants. the equivalent of $US13,154,000,000—with non- members of the United Nations accounting for 7. Relief Needs after the Termination of $US1,083,000,000 of this amount—leaving a for- UNRRA eign exchange deficit for 1947 estimated at the equivalent of $US7,108,000,000. Resources on Pursuant to resolution 48(I) on Relief Needs capital account which the countries concerned ex- After the Termination of UNRRA, adopted by pected to become available in 1947, either from the General Assembly on December 11, 1946, reductions of foreign assets, from the sale of gold which called upon all Members of the United reserves, from estimated unexpended balances of Nations to assist in the furnishing of relief and foreign credits for use in 1947, from UNRRA con- 42 But not including Burma, because of incomplete data. The Economic and Social Council 549 recommended that all Members keep the Secretary- struction purposes, terms of repayment would be General informed concerning their plans for meet- discussed later. ing relief needs in 1947,43 the Secretary-General The United States contribution amounted to arranged a number of informal consultations $300 million, not including $40 million allotted among governments concerning their relief plans to UNICEF. The assistance programmed consisted and programs. On May 23, 1947, the Secretary- of cereals (56 per cent of total value); other foods General formally requested all Members of the (11 per cent); fuel (13 per cent); seeds, fertilizers United Nations for information concerning their and pesticides (2 per cent); medical supplies plans for meeting relief needs and the progress of (2 per cent); shipping costs (15 per cent); and their relief activities. A detailed report concern- other (1 per cent).44 ing the above activities, including the replies received from Member Governments, was submitted by the Secretary-General to the fifth session of the 8. Control of World Oil Resources Economic and Social Council (E/462 and addenda) and was noted by the Council in reso- The International Co-operative Alliance sub- lution 63 (V) at its 107th plenary meeting on mitted to the fifth session of the Economic and August 6. Information subsequently received was Social Council an item concerning the control of noted in the Annual Report of the Secretary- world oil resources. The Alliance proposed the General on the Work of the Organization, July creation of a United Nations Petroleum Commis- 1947-30 June 1948 (A/315). sion under the authority of the Economic and On the basis of information made available by Social Council. This proposal was based on a Member Governments (not including China), resolution adopted by the International Co-op- the Secretary-General estimated that the assistance erative Alliance Congress, held at Zurich in 1946, planned ranged from 60 to 70 per cent of the in which it emphasized total requirements of $US583 million as esti- "the immediate need of placing control and administra- mated by the Special Technical Committee on tion of the oil resources of the world under an authority Relief Needs After the Termination of UNRRA. of the United Nations, and, as a first step in that direc- Major contributions by the Governments of tion, the oil resources of the Middle East, by and with the consent of the states involved, these resources to be Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the administered in such a way that co-operative organiza- United States are described below. tions can be assured of receiving an equitable share." The Australian contribution of £A4 million, or approximately $US12.8 million, related to post- The matter was discussed at the 111th and 112th UNRRA relief, IRO, UNICEF and the UNESCO plenary meetings of the Council on August 11 Reconstruction Fund; almost $5.3 million was and 12, 1947. stated to be available for general post-UNRRA The ICA presented documents (E/449 and relief (excluding shipping costs), and 3.2 million Add.1) in support of its proposal, and its rep- for UNICEF. The contribution consisted of wool, resentatives made an explanatory statement to food, medical supplies, clothing and certain types the Council. The Alliance suggested that the of industrial equipment. United Nations should consider the question The Canadian contribution of about $US18 urgently because (a) rivalry for the acquisition million included $12.5 million for post-UNRRA of new oil fields might endanger the peace of relief and $5 million for UNICEF, the remainder the world; (b) equitable access to world oil re- being allocated to the Canadian Council for Re- sources was a vital condition for the world's construction through UNESCO and the Canadian economic reconstruction; and (c) there was a Appeal for Children. The contribution consisted tendency on the part of large oil enterprises of largely of canned and salted fish. many countries to fix prices without considering The United Kingdom contribution of £10 the interests of the consumer. The Alliance further million, or approximately $US40 million, was suggested that a proposal from the United Nations earmarked for Austria and included $6 million to the states involved to sign a convention or in the form of a commercial credit granted for the agreement under United Nations auspices might purchase of wool. To the extent that direct con- lead to the establishment of the necessary inter- tributions were spent on relief imports such as 43 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. food, no stipulations were made for repayment, 159. 44 See Third Report to Congress on the United States but in so far as the remainder of the contribution Foreign Relief Program, U. S. Department of State, Sept. was used for the purchase of goods for recon- 1948. 550 Yearbook of the United Nations national control. This proposal, it considered, In a memorandum (E/624) and in an oral should first be addressed to the Middle East coun- statement made by the Yugoslav representative, tries, where the greater part of the unexploited oil who had been invited to the Council's table to resources of the world appeared to be situated. participate without vote in the discussion of the Such an agreement should stipulate that oil case, it was said the United States had refused resources should be exploited in the public in- to restore gold entrusted to it by Yugoslavia during terest and assure to all equal access to them. the war for safekeeping; that this refusal was ex- It was also suggested that the Council might tremely prejudicial to the Yugoslav economy, decide to instruct the Secretariat to collect and adversely affecting the achievement of higher living study information on the subject from Member standards, economic and social progress and full nations, specialized agencies and non-governmental employment; and that, because of economic inter- organizations, so as to enable the Economic and dependence, the issue in turn also affected the Employment Commission to consider it at its next general European economy. The Yugoslav repre- meeting. sentative submitted a draft resolution (E/SR.142, In the Council's discussions the view was gen- pp. 4-5) in which the Council would resolve erally expressed by representatives that if a study to recommend to the United States Government were made it should not be confined to only one that "without further delay it cease causing damage part of the world, the Middle East. The United to Yugoslavia by its further retention of the prop- States representative felt that the real problem was erty of the National Bank of the Federal People's the present world oil shortage, and that in view Republic of Yugoslavia now in the safekeeping of of the imminent establishment of the International the United States". Trade Organization, consideration of the question At the same (142nd) meeting, the representa- should be postponed until the principles of free tive of the United States stated that the Council production and the protection of the consumer, was not, in his opinion, an appropriate forum for embodied in its Charter, were put into effect. The dealing with the question raised by the Yugoslav United Kingdom representative was also in favor Government, since it was not the Council's func- of postponing consideration of the question on the tion to deal with disputes as such which might grounds that it was not practicable and feasible arise between nations, even if these disputes were to consider the question at that time. The rep- of an economic nature; nor was the Council quali- resentatives of Lebanon and the U.S.S.R. thought fied, he submitted, to act as an arbitral tribunal, a that if oil were controlled other raw materials conciliation agency or a court. Nevertheless, the rep- should be controlled also. The French representa- resentative of the United States added, he wished tive suggested that the matter should be studied to indicate that the United States also had by the Economic and Employment Commission. claims against Yugoslavia, towards which latter By 8 votes to 2, with 8 abstentions, the Council country, moreover, his Government had acted in at its 112th meeting on August 12 decided that exactly the same way as it had acted towards many it could do no more at its fifth session than take other countries possessing assets in the United note of the proposals submitted by the International States. Whenever claims and counter-claims had Co-operative Alliance (resolution 66(V)). been made on one side or the other, negotiations had been opened to reach a simultaneous settlement of all outstanding questions. The method of 9. Question of the Damage Caused to negotiation between the United States and Yugo- the Federal People's Republic of slavia had not yet been exhausted, he added, and he Yugoslavia by the Withholding of Its hoped that such bilateral negotiations would lead Gold Reserves by the United States of to agreement. The representative of the United America States reiterated his opinion that the question raised by Yugoslavia went beyond the Council's At its 142nd meeting, on February 16, 1948, competence. the Economic and Social Council began its de- The view that the Council was not competent to liberations concerning the "question of the damage consider the Yugoslav complaint was shared by caused to the Federal People's Republic of Yugo- the representatives of Australia, the United King- slavia by the withholding of its gold reserves by dom, Brazil, Turkey and Canada at the 142nd and the United States of America", an item placed 143rd meetings of the Council on February 16. on the agenda of the Council's sixth session by Some of these representatives argued that the the Yugoslav delegation. Council had no right to take up any particular The Economic and Social Council 551

dispute, even if it contained important economic siders such dispute to be related to an international aspects, unless it were of general international in- economic problem and to be of a nature such as would primarily be the concern of the Council. (d) That the terest; and that the Council had no right to address Council would never have jurisdiction to deal with a a recommendation to a particular country, as dis- dispute as such, but only with a dispute of an economic tinct from recommendations addressed to Members character of the kind outlined in this memorandum." of the United Nations in general. Several representatives held that Yugoslavia should have ad- Also before the Economic Committee was an dressed its complaint to the International Court Australian note (E/AC.6/23), holding that the of Justice, which, in their opinion, would be fully Yugoslav case was primarily a legal dispute and competent to consider the case. that it was "not appropriate" for the Council to At the same meetings, however, the representa- deal with such a dispute, which should be settled tives of Yugoslavia, the U.S.S.R., Poland and the by negotiation, or, if necessary, by arbitration or Byelorussian S.S.R.. held that the Council's com- by reference to the International Court of Justice. petency to consider the matter could hot be open There was complete agreement, in the Economic to doubt. They also declared that there had been Committee, on only one point: that it was up to a precedent when the Council had approved at the Council itself to decide its own jurisdiction its third session a resolution recommending that in a given case. A majority of members, however, a conference of interested states be held to con- disagreed with the view that the Yugoslav case sider the question of international traffic on the could be regarded as falling within the Council's Danube and the restitution to Czechoslovakia and jurisdiction, although they employed differing Yugoslavia of Danubian barges, then under the lines of argument to arrive at this conclusion. A control of United States occupation authorities.45 minority—the representatives of Yugoslavia, the They felt that the Council's competency was being U.S.S.R., the Byelorussian S.S.R. and Poland—de- questioned in the present case simply because a fended the thesis that the Council was competent majority of Council members did not wish to em- in the matter. bark upon a matter which would inevitably lead Yugoslavia proposed a draft resolution (E/AC.- them to some criticism of the United States. 6/27) to the effect that the Council "is competent The representative of Denmark, at the 143rd to consider the case submitted by the Yugoslav meeting, suggested that the Council refer the Yugo- delegation". It was rejected by a vote of 12 to 3, slav case to the Economic Committee with the with 2 abstentions. The Committee, by a vote of request that it "examine the question whether the 11 to 3, with 3 abstentions, then adopted a United Council is competent to deal with a matter of this States draft resolution, amended by the representa- kind" and that it "submit a reasoned report to the tive of France, to the effect that the Council "de- Council, serviceable for future similar cases". This cides that this question does not fall within the Danish suggestion was adopted by a vote of 9 to jurisdiction of the Council" (E/743). 7, with 2 abstentions, while a second part of the The representative of Poland, declaring that one same Danish proposal—viz., that the Economic of the objections raised against Council considera- Committee, if it did decide the matter came within tion of the Yugoslav case, namely, that it concerned the Council's competence, should also report on only one or two Members of the United Nations the substance of the Yugoslav proposal—was re- rather than Members generally, could be met by jected by a vote of 10 to 5, with 3 abstentions. adopting a general resolution, proposed a draft The Economic Committee considered the ques- resolution (E/AC.6/28) in which the Council tion of the Council's competence at its 16th, 17th would have resolved "to recommend Member and 18th meetings on March 2, 3 and 4, 1948. At States to return all monetary reserves which they the Committee's request, the Secretary-General have received during the war for safekeeping from prepared a document (E/AC.6/25) setting forth countries victims of aggression by Germany, Japan the opinion of the legal department of the Secre- or their allies". The Chairman of the Economic tariat, namely, that the Council Committee ruled that consideration of this draft resolution, which dealt with the substance of the ". . . has the right to interpret the scope of its own functions and powers, subject to this right being questioned question, would be beyond the Committee's terms where a conflict exists. (b) That the Council has juris- of reference, and that the proposal was therefore diction to deal with the item in question and any other inadmissible. international economic matter from the economic aspect. The recommendation (E/743) of the Economic (c) That the Council has also jurisdiction to deal with the item in question and any other international eco- 45 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. nomic matter from the dispute aspect, provided it con- 504. 552 Yearbook of the United Nations

Committee was discussed by the Council at its zance of such aspects because of the juridical issues in- 167th to 170th meetings on March 8 and 9. A volved, "Decides that this matter does not fall within the roll-call vote at the 169th meeting on March 9 competence of the Council; and found all but four Council members supporting the "Expresses its hope that the United States of America conclusion that the Yugoslav case did not fall with- and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia will in the Council's competence. Of the four members settle their dispute as soon as possible." not supporting this conclusion, three, the Byelo- russian S.S.R., Poland and the U.S.S.R., voted 10. Joint Economic Board for Palestine against it, while the fourth, Lebanon, abstained. Before taking this vote, the Council had upheld a In accordance with the General Assembly's res- presidential ruling, challenged by the representa- olution 181(II),46 the Economic and Social tive of Poland, that a Polish amendment (E/743/- Council, at its 174th meeting on March 11, con- Add. 1), which would have reversed the Economic sidered the, question of the election of the three Committee's recommendation, was inadmissible. non-Palestinian members of the Joint Economic Finally, the Council, after a series of votes on Board for Palestine. The U.S.S.R. representative, modifications proposed by the representatives of supported by the Byelorussian and Polish represent- Denmark (E/760), Venezuela (E/759), and, atives, proposed that the Council should proceed jointly, Chile, France, the United Kingdom and to elect the three members at its sixth session; the Venezuela (E/763), at its 170th meeting on March proposal was rejected by the Council by 9 votes to 9, 1948, adopted the resolution reproduced below 3, with 6 abstentions. Other representatives, in- (111(VI)). While thus accepting the basic prin- cluding the United States representative, thought ciple of the Council's lack of competence in the that the question should be deferred to the next Yugoslav case, the Council, at the suggestion of the session, since procedural questions had not been representative of Venezuela, added a paragraph solved and the Council had not yet received the expressing the hope that the United States and necessary information; moreover, the Palestine Yugoslavia would soon settle their dispute, the Commission had recommended that the question vote on this paragraph being 13 to 2, with 3 ab- should be dealt with at the seventh session of the stentions. In withholding support from this recom- Council. The Chilean, Netherlands and New Zea- mendation, the representatives of Turkey, Canada land representatives considered that the question and Denmark explained that they thought it con- of the election itself was not on the agenda, but tradictory for the Council to express its hope for merely the necessary preliminary measures. The the settlement of a matter which it regarded as Council adopted by 14 votes, with 4 abstentions, being outside its competence, adding that they a compromise proposal (E/773) jointly put for- personally shared the hope but questioned the ward by Poland and Venezuela with amendments propriety of including this paragraph, which to proposed by Canada, U.S.S.R., Denmark and the some extent constituted a recommendation, in the United States. In this resolution (112(VI)) it resolution. requested Member States to submit to the Secre- Other representatives felt that there was no in- tary-General, not later than June 15, 1948, the consistency, since the paragraph in question was names of suitable candidates for nomination as non- an implied appeal for conciliation rather than a Palestinian members of the Joint Economic Board, recommendation, and thus did not contradict the and requested the Secretary-General to submit to view that the Council itself was not competent to the Council's seventh session the list of nominees deal with the matter. for election after consulting the Palestine Commis- The resolution adopted at the 170th meeting sion on the terms and conditions of service. on March 9 (111(VI) ) reads as follows: "The Economic and Social Council, "Having examined the question as to whether it should 11. Co-ordinated Action to Meet the consider the substance of the matter raised by the Federal World Food Situation People's Republic of Yugoslavia regarding its gold reserves in the United States of America; "Considering that it could not examine the substance At its sixth session the Council considered an of this matter without thus being led into the considera- item proposed by the Food and Agriculture Or- tion of the different aspects of the particular dispute ganization concerning co-ordinated action to meet existing between the United States of America and the the continuing world food crisis (E/613, E/666). Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia; 46 "Considering that it has no competence to take cogni- See p. 251. The Economic and Social Council 553

The FAO drew the Council's attention to the ur- defeated in paragraph by paragraph votes. A draft- gent need for co-operation between all United ing sub-committee of the Economic Committee Nations agencies in a sustained campaign to in- considered a joint draft resolution proposed by crease food production. It drew attention (E/613) France, the United States, Chile and Canada (E/- to the increased pressure of demand, through popu- AC.6/W.8) and amendments proposed by the lation growth, full employment policies and more representatives of Chile, China, Netherlands, equitable distribution, and showed that the world Poland, U.S.S.R. and United Kingdom (E/AC.6/- production of food was not substantially on the 20). It submitted a text which was approved with increase. The FAO Conference at Geneva had one drafting amendment by the Economic Com- adopted a resolution referring to the Economic and mittee (E/716), and, with the addition of a Polish Social Council the problem of the needed parallel amendment (E/AC.6/20) by the Council at its development in industry, and FAO outlined the 158th plenary meeting, by 13 votes, with 4 ab- types of action which it could take through its stentions. This resolution (103(VI)) called on Member nations and those which were outside its Member States to "give serious consideration to scope (E/666). the continuing world food shortage and take The Council considered the question during its measures individually and in co-operation with the sixth session, at its 147th and 158th plenary meet- FAO and, where appropriate, with other interna- ings on February 20 and March 2, and the 14th and tional agencies and organizations of which they are 15th meetings of its Economic Committee on Feb- members, to contribute to the solution of these ruary 25 and March 1. problems". The resolution also invited the special- Many representatives stressed the gravity of the ized agencies concerned and the regional economic problem and the necessity for concerted action by commissions, in consultation with FAO, to study the United Nations, its economic commissions and suitable measures to increase food production, by the specialized agencies. The Australian, French, the elimination of the supply shortage of materials United Kingdom and United States representatives directly and indirectly affecting the production of regretted that the FAO report, though valuable as fertilizers, agricultural machinery and the avail- an analysis, did not contain more specific recom- ability of transport. The Council also initiated mendations. The United States representative arrangements under which it would give further thought that more information should be requested attention to this problem at subsequent sessions by from FAO on the following points: a precise def- asking FAO to report to the seventh session of the inition of the nature of the food crisis in its im- Council on progress achieved in the co-ordination mediate and long-range aspects; an analysis of the of these studies and to report to "the first session non-agricultural factors impeding agricultural proof the Council following the 1948 Annual Con- duction, such as the lack of capital and of ference of the FAO" (i.e., the Council's eighth transport facilities and adverse health conditions, session) on the measures taken by Member States, especially in regard to areas where food production regional commissions and the specialized agencies could be increased within a relatively short period; to alleviate the world food crisis. FAO was also the type of co-ordinated action possible for increas- asked to recommend what further action might be ing food production, such as improving transpor- taken. tation or increasing fertilizer or coal shipments to At its seventh session, the Council received the a particular area; and an estimate of the potential report of FAO (E/817) on progress in the co- increase of food production resulting from the ordination of studies and suitable measures to application of those measures. bring about an increase in food production. The The U.S.S.R. representative recalled the General report described the arrangements and consulta- Assembly's recommendations (resolution 45(I)47 tions held by FAO with the regional economic on equitable food distribution regardless of polit- commissions of the Council and with the special- ical considerations, which, he stated, had not been ized agencies. implemented. A U.S.S.R. amendment (E/AC.6/- FAO had recommended to the Economic Com- 20) to the effect that certain states had failed to mission for Asia and the Far East the establish- carry out the recommendations of the General ment of a joint Working Party on Agricultural Assembly's resolution 45 (I) and that in conse- Requisites with representatives of the Executive quence food prices had risen to the detriment of Secretary of ECAFE and the Director-General of the consumers, was defeated by 14 votes to 2, FAO. It had proposed to the Economic Commis- with 1 abstention, in the Economic Committee, and 47 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. upon being presented again in the Council was 172-73. 554 Yearbook of the United Nations

sion for Latin America a joint working party com- Economic Committee by a vote of 12 to 3, with prising personnel of ECLA and FAO to examine 2 abstentions, and upon being presented again in agricultural development plans with a view to de- the Council (E/1023/Rev.1) was defeated by 14 termining requirements of production requisites, votes to 3, with 1 abstention. and working parties of experts representing Mem- The United Kingdom representative opposed ber Governments to examine and deal with the the creation of standing joint committees and measures necessary to supply these requisites. As thought that co-operation between FAO and re- a result of a joint recommendation by the Director- gional commissions could best be secured at the General of FAO and the Executive Secretary of working party level by discussions between techni- ECE, the third session of ECE had established an cal experts. The French representative emphasized ad hoc committee on agricultural problems to de- the importance of consultation by FAO with cer- termine problems militating against the develop- tain non-governmental organizations. ment and rehabilitation of Europe and European The Council at its 222nd plenary meeting on agriculture, the solution of which would be facili- August 27 adopted the resolution proposed by the tated by co-operative measures by FAO and ECE, Economic Committee (E/980/Rev.1), with amend- and to recommend the best means of securing this ments proposed by the United States (E/994). co-operation. The Executive Secretary of ECE had These amendments, which were adopted by 14 been authorized to convene, on the basis of the votes to 1, with 3 abstentions, provided that the findings of the ad hoc committee and in consulta- Council should note the organizational arrange- tion with the Director-General of FAO, working ments which had been made, and deleted a clause parties on specific matters requiring immediate authorizing the establishment where necessary of action. joint ad hoc working parties. Membership in the ad hoc committee was open The resolution, which was adopted by the to members of ECE and to European Members of Council by a vote of 15 to 2, with 1 abstention FAO who were not members of ECE. FAO had (resolution 140 (VII) ), noted with satisfaction also held consultations with ILO, WHO Interim the progress recorded in the report of FAO with re- Commission, UNESCO, the International Bank for gard to the co-ordination of the work in this field. Reconstruction and Development and the Inter- The Council also noted "the organizational arrange- national Monetary Fund. ments which have been made in connexion with The report was considered by the Council at this work" and requested that FAO, and other the 32nd and 33rd meetings of its Economic Com- specialized agencies and regional commissions con- mittee on August 13 and 14, and at its 222nd plen- tinue their efforts in the closest co-operation. ary meeting on August 27. After considering a draft resolution submitted by the United States (E/AC.6/W.20) and amendments proposed by 12. Interim Co-ordinating Committee Peru (E/AC.6/W.25), France (E/AC.6/W.26) and the U.S.S.R. (E/AC.6/W.27), the Economic for International Commodity Committee proposed to the Council a resolution Arrangements (E/980/Rev.1) concerning the arrangements reported by FAO and, as the other proposals and The Interim Co-ordinating Committee for In- verbal suggestions of representatives had to do ternational Commodity Arrangements was estab- with the substantive question of increasing food lished at the fourth session of the Economic and supplies, decided to adjourn further consideration Social Council by resolution 30 (IV) to facilitate of the question until its eighth session, when the inter-governmental consultation and action with further report of FAO would be received. The respect to commodity problems. majority of representatives expressed approval of The Committee held its first session in Geneva the steps taken by FAO. in August and September 1947. It expressed the A U.S.S.R. amendment (E/AC.6/W.27), to belief that duplication of effort and overlapping the effect that the co-operation of regional eco- of function would be avoided by a wide circula- nomic commissions with specialized agencies must tion of information about the work of various be within the framework of existing agreements commodity organizations. It therefore prepared a between the United Nations and the specialized survey of the activities of various international or- agencies and therefore "must take place by means ganizations operating in the commodity field and of consultations and not by setting up joint com- of the guiding principles of the Commodity Chap- mittees or other joint organs", was defeated in the ter of the ITO Charter. This Review of Interna- The Economic and Social Council 555 tional Commodity Arrangements was issued in the depression of the thirties and attention was November 1947 (E/CA/2).48 drawn to the inter-related interests of all countries Under the resolution establishing the Commit- in preventing such conditions. During 1948 inter- tee, the Chairman was to represent the Prepara- governmental discussions helped in the co-ordina- tory Committee of the United Nations Conference tion of national programs and policies regarding a on Trade and Employment. However, this Pre- number of primary commodities, including wheat, paratory Committee ceased to exist on the con- rice, sugar, tin, rubber, wool and cotton, but no vening of the Conference on November 21, 1947. formal agreements relating to any of them came Accordingly, the Economic and Social Council at into force. its sixth session (161st plenary meeting) on March 3, 1948, by 14 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, requested the Secretary-General, as suggested 13. Timber Conference by the Conference, to amend the composition of the Committee to provide that the Chairman be At its fourth session, on March 28, 1947, the nominated by the Interim Commission for an Economic and Social Council adopted resolution International Trade Organization (resolution 110 31 (IV) welcoming the initiative taken by the (VI)). The Interim Commission, through its Ex- Food and Agriculture Organization in calling an ecutive Board, subsequently nominated Sir James international timber conference to convene in Helmore as Chairman. Czechoslovakia on April 28, 1947, and urging The Commitee co-operates closely with study Members of the United Nations, to whose econ- groups and other international organizations con- omy Europe's production, import and export of cerned with commodity matters. In March 1948, forest products was important, to participate in the conference.50 a Rice Meeting was held in the Philippines under The Food and Agriculture Organization sub- the joint auspices of ICCICA and FAO to stimulate co-operative action in dealing with the rice mitted to the fifth session of the Economic and situation. At this meeting a constitution for an Social Council a report (E/455) unanimously adopted by the Conference, which ended on May international rice organization was drafted; the resultant International Rice Commission was to hold 10, 1947. The report recommended short-term its first session on March 7, 1949. ICCICA sub- measures to relieve the timber shortage and long- sequently collaborated in developing arrangements term measures for the restoration of forests, adequate management, improved working conditions between the various commodity groups, the FAO in the forests and technical programs in forest in- and the United Nations Statistical Office to prevent 51 duplication in the collection of commodity statis- dustries. tics from governments. In order to avoid dupli- The Conference recommended that a European cation of work, the Secretariat of ICCICA, which Timber Committee should be set up within the is provided by the Department of Economic framework of the Economic Commission for Affairs, also performs certain services for the Europe with the technical assistance of FAO, and Interim Commission for the International Trade that it should pay particular attention to: Organization. "(a) increasing available timber supplies and decreas- ing waste of wood in order to help in meeting the needs The Committee met in Geneva in September of European reconstruction. 1948 and prepared a Review of International Com- "(b) aiding in reducing economic difficulties men- modity Problems, 1948.49 The Review set out in tioned in the resolution on increased production by cer- general terms some analysis of the nature of the in- tain countries by assisting them in obtaining necessary economic help. ternational problems relating to primary commod- "(c) the satisfactory distribution of available timber ities, explained the principles and methods that supplies." had been accepted as a guide in dealing with these problems and reviewed inter-governmental action Considering that the forest and timber problems in the field. of all European countries and of the non-European The Review included a survey of the current countries adjacent to the Mediterranean formed a situation in certain commodities, and the Commit- technical whole, the Conference invited ECE to tee pointed out that, while there were significant permit all such interested countries to participate variations from commodity to commodity, an im- 48 United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1947.II.9. 49 provement over the immediate postwar supply United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1948.II.6. 50 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47. p. situation had taken place in 1948. Reference was 496. made to the glut of primary commodities during 51 Ibid., pp. 691-92. 556 Yearbook of the United Nations in work in connection with forests and timber. ment. In addition, technical sessions would give The report of FAO was considered by the Coun- experts an opportunity to exchange information on cil at its 99th plenary meeting on July 29, 1947. specialized subjects, such as minerals, fuels, power, The French representative proposed verbally a water, soils, crops, livestock, forests, grazing range, draft resolution, in which the Council would state fish and wild-life. The Secretary-General recom- that, having considered the report and noted the mended that the conference should be scheduled recommendations of the Conference, it urged the to convene on May 16, 1949, and adjourn on June governments concerned to take steps along the 3, 1949, and that it should be held in the United lines of the recommendations of the Conference, States. In view of considerations advanced by the and noted with satisfaction that ECE had set up a Advisory Committee which had been established Timber Sub-Committee and would therefore be under the terms of the resolution and which con- able, with the technical assistance of FAO, to pay sisted of representatives of specialized agencies special attention to the three measures suggested with important responsibilities in the fields related by the Conference (see above). The French repre- to the Conference program and other experts, the sentative agreed to amend the resolution to include Secretary-General was exploring the possibilities of a suggestion from the United States representa- holding the Conference at a site away from the tive that a request for advice from FAO be made United Nations headquarters. These considerations by the prospective lender, such as the International were that another location might provide greater Bank, and not at the instance of the individual possibilities for observing practical applications of country as recommended by the Conference.52 conservation techniques in the field, for informa- The U.S.S.R. and Cuban representatives thought tion discussions between delegates and for saving that the Council should take no decision on the time in travel to and from meetings. substance of the recommendations contained in the The Secretary-General contemplated four main report until it had been considered by FAO at its classes of participants in the Conference: (1) rep- forthcoming annual conference. A Cuban proposal resentatives from governmental services, members that the Council should merely take note of the of non-governmental organizations and individuals report was voted on at the 99th meeting on to be selected from Member Governments; (2) July 29, and after one tie vote, was adopted by the individual specialists selected with the advice of Council by 7 votes to 6 (resolution 64(V)). the Preparatory Committee; (3) representatives of the United Nations and the specialized agencies; and (4) representatives of interested international 14. United Nations Scientific organizations and learned societies and distinguish- Conference on the Conservation and ed members of the professions, to be admitted at Utilization of Resources the discretion of the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General proposed to expand the The Economic and Social Council on March 28, existing Advisory Committee into a Preparatory 1947 (resolution 32(IV)), decided to call a Unit- Committee and also to convene in certain regions ed Nations Scientific Conference on the Conserva- informal meetings of experts to secure their views tion and Utilization of Resources for the purpose and advice on detailed plans. He requested the of exchanging information on techniques in this Council to establish a small temporary Consulta- field and requested the Secretary-General to under- tive Committee from which he might seek advice take the necessary preparatory work. concerning procedure and organization. Accordingly the Secretary-General presented a The report was considered by the Council at its report (E/605) to the sixth session of the Coun- 137th plenary meeting on February 11. The United cil. The Secretary-General recalled that according States, Peruvian and Chilean representatives ques- to the Council's resolution the Conference was to tioned the necessity of a temporary Consultative be "devoted solely to the exchange of ideas and ex- 52 perience on the matter among engineers, resource The Conference had recommended that "FAO, on the request of any individual member government applying technicians, economists and other experts in related for a loan, should call the attention of the appropriate fields". Accordingly, the tentative agenda pro- international organizations to the need of international vided for a series of plenary sessions to discuss credits" for the fulfilment of national forest policies, improvement of exploitation facilities, development of new matters of broad general interest to technicians and forest resources and technical improvement of forest in- administrators in the several resource fields with dustries. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations—Report of the International Timber particular emphasis on the inter-relations of the Conference, Marianske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 28 April- various techniques in progress of resource develop- 10 May 1947.) The Economic and Social Council 557

Committee in addition to the Preparatory Commit- resources, and to include in his progress report to the tee. The Peruvian and Chilean representatives seventh session of the Council his definite recommendations concerning the arrangements for the Conference stressed the importance of the proposed conference and its site, taking into consideration the discussion of from the point of view of under-developed coun- the Council at its sixth session." tries, and the Peruvian representative suggested that it might be well to provide for the participation at Accordingly the Secretary-General, proceeding the Conference of representatives of the regional with the advice of the Preparatory Committee economic commissions established or contemplated created in accordance with the Council's resolution by the Council. 32(IV), made a further report to the seventh ses- The United Kingdom representative urged that sion of the Council (E/827/Rev.1). The Council the number of items on the agenda of the Confer- also had before it the report of the Preparatory ence should be limited, otherwise there would be Committee to the Secretary-General (E/869). risk of not achieving practical and useful results; The Secretary-General reported that Members of if the agenda were too full, governments might the United Nations and other governments partic- not be able to spare their specialists for a long ipating in the regional economic commissions of enough period. Care should be taken to avoid the United Nations would be invited to select in- duplication of the work of other organizations. dividuals to attend the Conference, in addition to This view was supported by the representatives which the Secretary-General might invite repre- of the Netherlands, China, Canada and Brazil. The sentatives of non-governmental organizations, Netherlands representative stated that the Confer- other interested international organizations and ence should be a meeting of technical experts learned societies, and distinguished individual ex- and not of diplomats, and emphasized the impor- perts. He recommended that the Conference should tance of co-operation with the specialized agencies. be convened for fifteen working days during May The Danish representative felt that the Conference and June 1949. He stated that if he could make was original in idea and method of preparation. arrangements not involving appreciable additions The representatives of the United Kingdom, to costs for holding the Conference at a site within China, Canada and France thought that if a location the United States that would offer particular advan- other than Lake Success were chosen for the Con- tages for a scientific conference devoted to resource ference the resulting costs should not be borne techniques, he would recommend the selection of by the United Nations budget. such a site, otherwise he proposed that the Con- ference should be held at the interim headquarters The Chinese representative considered that since of the United Nations. each country had to consult its experts on the sub- The Preparatory Committee consisted of experts ject of the Conference program the time allowed was too limited, and suggested that the Conference nominated by FAO, ILO, UNESCO and the Inter- im Commission of WHO, and experts appointed should be postponed to the end of the year 1949 or even the beginning of 1950. by the Secretary-General from nine countries, to serve in their individual capacities.53 It held meet- The U.S.S.R. representative proposed that in ings on June 7, 21 and 25 and from June 30 to view of the vast program suggested for discussion July 1, 1948, and considered the provisional pro- at the Conference, the Council should specify that gram of the United Nations Scientific Conference the Conference should confine its purpose to an on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources exchange of experience in the field of technical (E/Conf.7/1) together with comments and sug- methods for the conservation and utilization of re- gestions from 21 governments received in response sources. to a letter sent out by the Secretary-General on The Council unanimously adopted a United March 12. The Committee reported (E/869) that States draft resolution (E/645) as amended by detailed suggestions had been contained in the re- the U.S.S.R. and Canada. As amended it reads as plies received from the Governments of Belgium, follows (resolution 109(VI)): Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, France, India, Nether- "The Economic and Social Council lands, Philippines, Siam, Union of South Africa, "Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on United Kingdom and United States. In formulat- the preparations being made for the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization ing the Conference program the Committee had of Resources (document E/605); and also had suggestions from FAO, UNESCO, and "Requests the Secretary-General to proceed with plans ILO and from the World Power Conference, which for the Conference, keeping in mind that the task of the Conference is to be limited to an exchange of experience 53 For list of members of the Preparatory Committee, in the techniques of the conservation and utilization of see Annex II, p. 706. 558 Yearbook of the United Nations had suggested modifications of the part of the ities which the scientific utilization of resources Conference program relating to the generation and offers for a sustained advance in the standard of utilization of power. In accordance with the sug- life. The requisite methods and techniques for such gestions of several governments, the Committee an advance, it was pointed out, are at hand or in had reduced the complexity of the program by process of development, as a result of the work of a substantial decrease in the number of section many experts of many kinds throughout the world. meetings. The Committee recommended that the It was stated that the Conference was intended as Conference should not be held at the interim head- a step in the mobilization of the world's scientific quarters, but at some place where little time would and practical knowledge so as to equip the nations be lost in local transportation, where the partici- of the world for the task of raising and maintain- pants would be able to inspect significant resource ing the living standards of their people. developments and where they would be able to The revised program of the Conference (E/- associate with each other informally without CONF.7/2) fell under the following main head- inconvenience. ings: the world resources situation—using and The matter was considered by the Economic and conserving resources, resource technique of special Social Council at its 206th plenary meeting on interest to less-developed countries; experience in August 19. In introducing the report, the Assist- the inter-related application of resource tech- ant Secretary-General for Economic Affairs stated niques; and summary and review of the Con- that the plenary sessions of the Conference would ference. review the world resource situation, basic resource techniques and resource techniques of special interest to less developed countries. Specialists would 15. Proposed Economic Conference of discuss more specific topics in sectional meetings, the Amazon Basin Countries he stated—for example, power and energy resources, forests, mineral resources, or land, as well At its seventh session (225th plenary meeting as specific techniques and practices for resource on August 28) the Economic and Social Council conservation and utilization as they applied to par- considered a Peruvian proposal (E/826) that the ticular resources. The French, Peruvian, Canadian Council should call an International Economic and U.S.S.R. representatives expressed misgivings Conference of the Amazon Basin Countries "with that the scope of the Conference was too wide to the purpose of setting up the framework for the give adequate consideration to the technical sub- best social utilization of its natural resources, that jects covered. will benefit a world-expanding economy", and After discussing the alternative merits of hold- should request the Secretary-General to make the ing the Conference at or away from headquarters, necessary preparations for the Conference. The the Council, by 13 votes to 0, with 5 abstentions, proposal was supported by the Brazilian and Vene- decided (resolution 141 (VII)) that the Confer- zuelan representatives. At the suggestion of the ence should be held in the United States, "the site Brazilian representative the Peruvian representa- to be outside the New York City area if the addi- tive agreed to alter his proposal so that the Con- tional cost to the United Nations would not ex- ference should be held in 1949 rather than in 1948. ceed $40,000, but otherwise at interim headquar- The New Zealand representative proposed (E/- ters". The Council approved the Secretary-General's 1045), in view of the large amount of preparatory recommendation that the Conference should be work required for such a conference, that the ques- held in May or June 1949 for fifteen working days tion should be studied by the Economic Commis- and requested him to proceed with the preparatory sion for Latin America, the secretariat of which work required.54 was already engaged on an extensive economic sur- The primary concern of the Conference, accord- vey of the whole area. The Council by 9 votes to ing to its provisional program (E/CONF.7/1),55 6, with 3 abstentions, rejected the Peruvian pro- would be the practical application of science to re- posal, and adopted by 10 votes, with 8 abstentions, source management and human use rather than to the New Zealand proposal, with an amendment minute refinements in research and scientific meth- proposed by Brazil providing for consultation with odology. The provisional program stated that the 54 The Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings conservation and wise utilization of natural re- of the Economic and Social Council, at a meeting held on sources are problems of immediate concern to all February 24, 1949, decided that the Conference would begin the latter half of August 1949 at Lake Success. nations, and that no country, however favored, has 55 Reproduced as Annex A to the revised program yet succeeded in exploiting to the full the possibil- (E/CONF.7/2). The Economic and Social Council 559 the Institute of the Hylean Amazon. In its resolu- the Commission had unanimously approved the re- tion (146(VII)) the Council referred: port and the majority of the Commission had con- "to the Economic Commission for Latin America sidered the work proposed as a minimum, taking for its analysis and consideration, in consultation, where into account the financial implications involved. appropriate, with the International Institute of the Hylean The Council decided to leave it to the Secretary- Amazon, the proposal for an economic conference of the General to take the necessary measures to carry Amazon Basin countries." out the Commission's recommendations "within the limits of available financial resources". 16. Fiscal Questions It accordingly adopted without discussion, at the 73rd plenary meeting on July 24, resolution 67(V) as follows: a. PROGRAM ESTABLISHED BY THE COUNCIL "The Economic and Social Council The Fiscal Commission held its first session at "1. Takes note of the report of the first session of the Fiscal Commission (document E/440); Lake Success from May 19 to 29, 1947, and sub- "2. Requests the Secretary-General, within the limits mitted a report to the fifth session of the Economic of available financial resources: and Social Council dealing with the work which "(a) To take appropriate measures to build up a might be undertaken in its field (E/440). fiscal information service, for the purpose of providing authoritative information on fiscal problems which This report suggested: certain general arrange- may be referred to the Commission by Member Gov- ments concerning the establishment within the ernments, the Economic and Social Council and its United Nations Secretariat of an international fis- commissions, other organs of the United Nations, the cal information or reference service; the provision specialized agencies, and non-governmental agencies of technical advice to governments and internation- in category A; "(b) To arrange to make available, on request, al bodies; the co-operation to be obtained from technical advice, information and assistance on fiscal governments; and the establishment of liaison with matters coming within the terms of reference of the national fiscal administrations. Fiscal Commission, to the Economic and Social Coun- The Economic and Social Council considered the cil, its other commissions, and other organs of the United Nations, the specialized agencies and Member report at its 87th and 93rd plenary meetings on Governments, with special reference, in the case of July 22 and 24, and at the fifth meeting of its Eco- economically less advanced countries, to means of fa- nomic Committee on July 21. General approval cilitating their development and raising their standards was expressed of the report. Various representa- of living, in accordance with resolution No. 51 (IV) of the Council of 28 March 1947; tives, including those of Canada, Czechoslovakia, "(c) To report promptly to the Fiscal Commission Norway, the United States and the United King- all cases where, in his opinion, the programmes, rec- dom, felt that in view of the ambitious nature ommendations or projects considered or approved by of the program and the expenditure involved in the Economic and Social Council or any of its other the work proposed for the Secretariat, a priority commissions contain important fiscal provisions or implications which may touch on matters coming within should be established among the tasks suggested. the purview of the Fiscal Commission; The representative of Canada proposed that prior- "(d) To request Member Governments to co- ity should be given to fiscal research that had been operate with the United Nations by transmitting to interrupted during recent years; the representative the Secretary-General, as soon as practicable after re- of Norway suggested that priority should be given lease, for the use of the Fiscal Commission, copies of publications issued by them relating to budgets, Gov- to the questions of double taxation and fiscal ernment revenue and other receipts, appropriations evasion; the United States representative suggested and expenditure, public debt, special studies of taxation that the priority should be: (1) performance of problems and information on the most significant facts service functions; (2) collection of data on which and trends relative to public finance in the course of each year; the Commission would base recommendations of "(e) To arrange for the compilation and publication substance; (3) compilation and publication of of a Public Finance Survey, 1937-1947, in continua- data; and (4) continuation of the work of the tion of the series 'Public Finance' formerly published League of Nations in the field of international tax- by the League of Nations regarding Government revenue and other receipts, classified as to sources; ex- ation, etc. The representatives of China and penditures, classified according to principal categories; Lebanon expressed particular approval of the rec- and public debt, classified according to dates of matur- ommendations of the Commission concerning ity, domicile, and rates of interest; and, if practicable, technical help to be given to economically less ad- to make preparations for the periodic publication in vanced countries. the future of the information outlined above; "(f) To arrange for the publication of the volume The representative of the U.S.S.R., who was the Public Debt, 1914-1947, which was commenced by Chairman of the Fiscal Commission, explained that the League of Nations; 560 Yearbook of the United Nations

"(g) To ascertain from other commissions whether session, a list of such problems raised, with appropriate any special studies of a technical nature should be comments. made by the Fiscal Commission in order properly to "3. Notes that information furnished by Member advise them on the fiscal aspects of their enquiries States to the Secretary-General in accordance with these (for example, fiscal methods relating to anti-depression resolutions will be such as is available in accordance with policies); the applicable national regulations. "(h) Subject to the policies of the General Assem- "4. Requests Members of the United Nations to assist bly and the Economic and Social Council, to invite the Secretary-General in the action he may take in com- non-member Governments to co-operate in supplying pliance with the above recommendations." the information listed in the preceding paragraphs; "(i) To make a review and revision of the work which has already been accomplished by the League of b. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAM BY THE Nations in the field of international tax problems, SECRETARIAT with particular reference to further action to be taken for the solution of such problems; Following the conclusion of the first session of "(j) To collect, publish and distribute the text of the Fiscal Commission and the approval of its treaties for the prevention of double taxation, and for mutual assistance in the collection of taxes and the recommendations by the Economic and Social exchange of information; Council in resolution 67(V) of July 24, 1947, the "(k) To obtain from Members of the United Na- Fiscal Division of the Secretariat undertook the tions and to compile information on their administra- following activities and compilations. tive practices, so that Members negotiating treaties may know what techniques are available for securing (1) Fiscal Information Service.—Action was taken and exchanging information, and for co-operating in to secure comprehensive material on the fiscal the collection of taxes; legislation, administration and public finance de- "(1) To collect information on tax systems (includ- velopments of Member nations. The means used ing statutes, regulations and administrative practices) particularly those aspects of such systems which for that purpose were the following: circular let- "(i) Have the effect of imposing more burden- ters and questionnaires to Members; contacts with some taxes on foreigners than on nationals or on their delegations; correspondence with national international transactions than on domestic ones officials; missions to a number of countries; and (for example: those systems which impose higher rates on foreigners; tax capital transfers in or out of a use of Secretariat facilities and public libraries in country; refuse foreigners the privilege accorded na- the area of New York City and in Washington, tionals of deducting expenses attributable to income D. C. from the taxing country; provide for presumptive (2) Technical Assistance to Member Govern- or empirical tax assessments on foreigners); "(ii) Have the effect of making special conces- ments in the Field of Public Finance.—Exploratory sions to foreigners, or as respects' international trans- work was done on the financial and administrative actions; aspects of economic development in economically "(iii) Give taxes extra-territorial application; less developed countries, as well as on international "(iv) Tax international travel, transport and communications; tax relations, with a view to rendering technical "(v) Make special tax provisions for foreign- assistance. The conclusions of this work were to held public debt; be reported to the Fiscal Commission at its next "(m) To collect detailed documentary material on session in 1949. internal tax legislation in every country as far as such Technical assistance in the fiscal field was given legislation covers foreign nationals or resources; "(n) To collect from Members their comments on in various forms and degrees to Venezuela and the model bilateral tax conventions prepared at the Brazil. Regional Tax Conference held in Mexico City in 1943 Upon the request of the Government of Vene- under the auspices of the Fiscal Committee of the zuela, the Fiscal Division took part during 1947 League of Nations and at the final session of the Fiscal Committee held in London in 1946, the comments to in a program of reform of the public finances and cover three types of treaties: double taxation of in- administration of the country, giving technical as- come; double taxation of estates and successions; resistance and advice in various fields, the most im- ciprocal administrative assistance, and to circulate these portant of which were: budgeting (preparation, comments to the members of the Fiscal Commission structure, and formulation of the budget); admin- well in advance of the next session; "(o) To study these problems from the point of istrative reform (creation of a civil service); fiscal view of their effects on international trade and invest- reform (reorganization of a fiscal department, ment; etc.); and other fields (creation of a central ad- "(p) To invite Member States, by questionnaires or ministration of ports). (See E/CN.1/Sub.3/W.4.) other appropriate means, to report on fiscal problems which, in their opinion, should be given consideration Technical advice was given to the Brazilian by the Fiscal Commission, and to request the Secretary- Government in the form of a memorandum pre- General to furnish to the Commission, before its next pared by the Fiscal Division in July 1948, review- The Economic and Social Council 561 ing certain aspects of international fiscal problems (4) Public Debt 1914-1946.—A volume entitled existing in Brazil. Public Debt 1914-194656 was published (in Eng- (3) Public Finance Survey.—This work was to lish) in August 1948. (The French edition was have consisted of a series of pamphlets containing being prepared for publication in 1949.) This tables presenting, on as comparable a basis as study presented in tabular form data on public possible for some 60 countries, data on govern- debt for 52 countries from 1914—46 and for some ment expenditures, revenues, cash position, and twenty countries up to 1947. debt, together with notes on budgetary procedures For each country, with a few exceptions, two and comments relating fiscal developments to tables were prepared. Table I shows the domestic economic, social and administrative factors. debt, subdivided into long-term and short-term, the Work was started along these lines on various foreign debt and total debt since 1914. Informa- countries. Because of an increasing demand for tion regarding debt service is given, showing, sepa- tabular data, it appeared desirable to make available rately, interest and amortization payments on the to the various organs of the United Nations, special- domestic and foreign public debt. It also contains ized agencies and Member Governments such infor reference purposes data on price movements formation for as many countries as possible at the and exchange rates. earliest possible date, without delaying their re- Table II shows the position of the most im- lease until the analytical part of the work had been portant loans or types of obligations outstanding, completed. Consequently, a series of mimeograph- and whenever possible, their purpose, nominal rate ed documents entitled "Public Finance Data" were of interest, date of issue and maturity. The major prepared for issue by the end of 1948. By Septem- differences in concepts and definitions of public ber 1948 data had already been collected and was debt are discussed in a General Note. Information being checked on the following fourteen coun- was provided by finance ministries of Member tries: Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, India, Iran, Governments. Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, (5) Review of Work of League of Nations.—The United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. Secretariat prepared a comprehensive survey of the The Public Finance Survey as outlined above history and meaning of the work undertaken by does not meet, nor was it originally intended to the League of Nations in the field of international meet, the need for monthly data on fiscal develop- tax relations, of the results achieved and of the ment which various United Nations organs and problems remaining to be dealt with. specialized agencies have increasingly felt for some (6) Administrative Practices related to the As- time in connection with their research and op- sessment and Collection of Taxes.—The Fiscal erations. To meet this requirement, the Fiscal Division of the Secretariat collects and publishes Division, in consultation with the Division of information on the administrative practices in Statistics of the International Monetary Fund, began Member countries relating to the assessment and preparing a questionnaire, to be sent by the Sec- collection of taxes. The compilation of the relevant retary-General to all Member Governments, to as- legislative materials and their analytical and com- sist the United Nations, specialized agencies and parative study are designed to aid the governments in the negotiation of tax agreements by making Member Governments in analyzing the effects of available to them information on the means exist- government financial activities on economic vari- ing for exchanging information between national ables such as price, monetary circulation and na- revenue authorities and for their co-operation in tional income. The questionnaire was to request the collection of taxes. annual data for the period from 1936 to 1948 and (7) International Tax Agreements.—The Secre- monthly or quarterly data from 1947 regarding the tariat prepared for publication in November 1948 following items: the first volume containing the texts of over 100 1. Central government expenditure international tax agreements for the prevention of 2. Central government receipts double taxation and fiscal evasion (E/CN.8/30).57 3. Results from government monetary operations 4. Foreign grants received This volume constitutes a continuation of the six- 5. Domestic borrowing volume Collection of International Tax Agree- 6. Redemption of domestic debt ments and Internal Legal Provisions for the Pre- 7. Foreign borrowing vention of Double Taxation and Fiscal Evasion 8. Redemption of foreign debt 9. Cash balance published by the League of Nations from 1928 10. Aggregate outstanding domestic debt 56 United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1948.XVI.1. 11. Aggregate outstanding foreign debt 57 United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1948.XVI.2. 562 Yearbook of the United Nations

to 1936. The volume contains a comprehensive material and the outline of a study on the "In- index of tax agreements concluded since 1843. cidence and Economic Effects of Taxation on the The agreements are divided into ten groups ac- Flow of International Trade and Investment", cording to the subject matter. The three most with particular reference to relief measures con- important groups are those which include, respec- tained in international tax agreements and national tively, the General Agreements on Income and tax legislation. Property Taxes, the Agreements on Estate and Gift (12) Implementation of Decisions of Other Or- Taxes and the Agreements on Administrative As- gans of the United Nations Specialized Agencies sistance between Revenue Authorities. It is plan- and Non-Governmental Organizations.—In com- ned to publish supplements from time to time pliance with the resolution of the Economic and with texts of new agreements concluded hereafter. Social Council, the Secretariat followed the work (8) Survey of Trends in Recent Tax Agreements. of other organs of the United Nations, specialized —The Secretariat initiated a survey of the nature, agencies and non-governmental organizations im- meaning and import of trends in recent tax agree- pinging on the field of international tax relations ments and a comprehensive analysis of such agree- and prepared comprehensive documentation con- ments entered into between countries of the same taining information on actions and decisions of region or at a comparable level of economic de- those organs which are of interest to the Fiscal velopment. Commission. (9) Tax Treatment of Foreign Nationals, Re- (13) Liaison and Co-ordination.—Since the work sources and Transactions.—The Secretariat collects of the Fiscal Commission is closely connected with and publishes information on those aspects of tax that of other organs and specialized agencies of systems which accord more burdensome treatment the United Nations, the Fiscal Division provided or give special concessions to foreigners or, in for close co-ordination with them and has been respect of international transactions, give taxes represented at meetings and international con- extra-territorial application, tax international travel, ferences. transport and communications and make special tax provisions for foreign-held public debt. To this end, the Fiscal Division has prepared a "Question- 17. Statistical Activities naire on the Tax Treatment of Foreign Nationals, Assets and Transactions" (E/CN.8/W.19), which The Statistical Commission held its second and refers specifically to each type of direct and in- third sessions from August 28 to September 4, direct tax, listing every aspect which might possibly 1947, and from April 26 to May 6, 1948. The present differences in the treatment of persons, first session of the Sub-Commission on Statistical assets or transactions, depending on whether they Sampling was held from September 22 to 27, 58 are wholly domestic, foreign or international. 1947. The report of the second session of the The documents and information thus collected are Commission (E/577) was considered at the Coun- intended both for the preparation of individual cil's sixth session, and that of its third session reports on each country covered and for over-all (E/795) at the seventh session of the Council. comparative analysis. The questions dealt with are considered below. (10) Comments on Model Tax Conventions.— At its third session the Statistical Commission The Secretariat published and distributed state- adopted a program for its future work and decided ments by Member Governments on their views that priorities should be given to the following on the London and Mexico Model Tax Conven- studies: review and development of indices of tions for the avoidance of double taxation and industrial production; development of standards fiscal evasion prepared by the Fiscal Committee of for price indices; revision of the League of Nations the League of Nations in 1943 and 1946. Ulti- Minimum List of Commodities for International mately, the Fiscal Division will publish a fully Trade Statistics; further study of statistics on na- annotated edition of the Model Conventions con- tional income and related subjects; assistance to taining all comments from the Member Govern- governments which may request technical guidance ments with a review of the salient differences and in planning and executing their national censuses problems of the two models. in 1950; desirability of achieving comparability in (11) Effects of Tax Measures on International 58 The second session of the Sub-Commission was held from August 30 to September 11, 1948, but its report Trade and Investment.— Preparatory work was (E/CN.3/52) was not considered by the Commission undertaken relating to the compilation of source during the period reviewed in this Yearbook. The Economic and Social Council 563 housing statistics; statistical sampling; collaboration At its third session the Statistical Commission with the statistical work of other commissions; recommended that the United Nations and the and a program of statistical education and training. specialized agencies plan their programs to de- The Commission's report was considered at the velop systematically collected and published sta- 30th and 31st meetings of the Council's Economic tistics rather than rely upon ad hoc requests from Committee and at the 220th meeting of the Coun- governments, with the object of providing that cil. Members expressed appreciation of the work the monthly, quarterly and annual publications of the Commission. Various members endorsed the of the United Nations and the specialized agencies program proposed by the Commission calling at- will include, as far as practicable, all the statistical tention to particular items in it of special interest series needed for the conduct of international to them. affairs. The Statistical Commission at its third session a. CO-ORDINATION OF THE STATISTICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND continued its study of several related aspects of THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES the development of national statistics and the improvement of their comparability. It made pro- The Economic and Social Council on March 29, posals to provide more adequately for the recog- 59 1947 (resolution 40(IV)), requested that peri- nition of statistical problems peculiar to European odic reports be made to the Statistical Commission countries and the further implementation among on progress achieved in developing administrative European countries of international recommenda- procedures and agreements through which effective tions on statistical standards. In particular, it con- statistical co-ordination may be secured between sidered the special statistical interests of the the United Nations and the agencies brought into Economic Commission for Europe. On the Statisti- relationship with it. At its second and third ses- cal Commission's recommendation, the Council at sions the Commission considered reports from the its 220th plenary meeting on August 27, 1948, Secretary-General on the question (E/CN.3/28 adopted by 16 votes to 2 the following resolution and 41) and noted with satisfaction the progress so (149(VII) B): far achieved. "The Economic and Social Council, Under the arrangements made, the Statistical "Taking note of the desirability of obtaining the active Office has become the central statistical unit in the co-operation of national statistical offices in the imple- Secretariat responsible for the co-ordination of mentation of the recommendations of the Statistical Com- United Nations statistics. It conducts statistical mission, and by providing a channel for the referral by Governments to the Statistical Commission of problems investigations on behalf of various parts of the of statistical comparability, and organization, and conducts research and supplies "Recognizing the relatively large number of European statistics for a wide variety of special purposes.60 countries with closely related statistical interests, the Inter-agency co-ordination is achieved among urgent character of these interests, and the particular op- other ways through the Consultative Committee on portunity now available of achieving rapid and substantial progress through discussion of these common purposes, Statistical Matters, composed of representatives "Requests the Secretary-General to encourage and of the specialized agencies and the United Nations. facilitate consultation among representatives of the sta- By September 21, 1948, the Committee had reached tistical agencies of European Governments upon statistical agreements respecting standardization of several questions." technical statistical practices and had assisted in The Brazilian representative drew attention in formulating general arrangements for the con- the Council's Economic Committee to the par- solidation or co-ordination of statistical programs. ticular requirements of countries where statistical In addition, special procedures to deal with the services were less developed, and proposed that problems of requests to governments for statistics the Council's recommendation should refer to had been established. The Statistical Office acts as them and not merely to the particular needs of the central point for the exchange of questionnaires Europe. His view was supported by the rep- and for the collection and dissemination of com- resentatives of the United Kingdom and Venezuela, ments by each agency on draft questionnaires. and a joint resolution was worked out by those This permits the needs of international agencies for 59 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. statistics to be met without duplication in requests 507. to governments. An integrated plan for the prep- 60 For a classified list of work in progress or planned aration and publication of international statistical by the United Nations and the specialized agencies, see Directory of Economic and Statistical Projects No. 1, yearbooks was being worked out between the January 1948. United Nations Publications, Sales No.: United Nations and the specialized agencies. 1948.II.D.1. 564 Yearbook of the United Nations representatives and adopted by the Committee on the ground that it did not take into account (E/960). The U.S.S.R. representative in this con- activities in countries with planned economies, nection proposed (E/1008) that the resolution and suggested that the classification should be re- would acquire the necessary general character by viewed. While various representatives agreed that the omission of the word "European" from the the classification was not perfect, and saw the dif- resolution. Other members of the Council, how- ficulties inherent in drafting a classification that ever, felt that the statistical problems of Europe would permit a comparison of economic activities and of the under-developed countries were not the in both planned economies and those based on same. The Council adopted by 16 votes to 0, with private enterprise, they emphasized the urgent need 2 abstentions, resolution 149(VII)C, inviting the for adopting an international standard in the Commission at its next session to consider as a field of industrial statistics in order that the sta- matter of urgency "how statistically underdeveloped tistics collected by national governments in the countries requiring assistance in remedying de- forthcoming censuses might be organized so as ficiencies of statistical data can be helped to im- to yield comparable data. A U.S.S.R. proposal prove their basic statistical services"; and request- (E/1008) that the classification should be referred ing "the Secretary-General to collect any necessary back to the Commission and that Member Gov- data on existing statistical deficiencies and possible ernments should be asked for their comments on remedial measures to facilitate early consideration it was rejected by a vote of 13 to 3, with 2 absten- of the problem by the Commission". tions. The Council recommended by 14 votes to The Council also authorized the Statistical Office 2, with 2 abstentions, in resolution 149 (VII) A, to undertake a program of technical assistance to that Member Governments: Member Governments in connection with plans for ". . . make use of the International Standard Industrial censuses of population to be taken in and around Classification of all Economic Activities either by: 1950. The Statistical Office will arrange for expert "(a) Adopting this system of classification as a national standard, or consultants to work with census administrations "(b) Rearranging their statistical data in accordance in a limited number of countries to assure adequate with this system for purposes of international com- planning on administrative and technical matters. parability." The Statistical Office collaborated with FAO, A similar program for the development of com- the Government of Mexico and the Inter-American parability in international trade statistics was being Statistical Institute in the conduct of a technical undertaken by the Statistical Commission. In addi- training institute in Mexico City from October to tion, the work of the International Labour Or- December 1948. More than 60 highly qualified ganisation in developing an international standard census administrators and experts from sixteen classification of occupations was being studied by countries attended the Institute, which provided the Statistical Commission in order to integrate instruction for the agriculture and population related aspects of the classifications. It was antici- censuses to be taken in 1950. pated that these classifications would be available b. STANDARD INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION to governments for use in connection with their census programs for 1950. The Secretariat was At its first session, the Statistical Commission given the responsibility for formulating a proposal established a committee to develop an international for the development of a statistical classification standard classification of statistics of industrial of commodities for use in general economic activity. At its second session, the Commission analysis. recommended that the draft classification so developed (E/CN.3/35) be circulated to Member c. COLLECTION AND PUBLICATION OF Governments and specialized agencies for STATISTICS comment. At its third session, the Statistical Com- mission recommended a revised draft of the Inter- Three types of statistical publications arise out national Standard Industrial Classification of all of the work of the Statistical Office of the United Economic Activities. The classification was con- Nations as part of its program in the collection sidered by the Council at its seventh session at and publication of statistics and the development the 30th and 31st meetings of the Economic Com- of statistical standards. The first consists of eco- mittee on August 5 and 11, and at the 220th nomic and social statistics of current interest to plenary meeting on August 27, 1948. international organizations and Members of the The U.S.S.R. representative criticized the pro- United Nations published in the Monthly Bulletin posed classification (E/795/Add.1), in particular, of Statistics. The Economic and Social Council 565

As at September 21, 1948, nearly two thousand The third type of statistical publication arises separate series were being collected and main- out of the specific projects of research or special tained for publication in the Monthly Bulletin of studies undertaken by the Statistical Office as part Statistics. As part of its central responsibility, the of its program for the development of statistics Statistical Office collects and maintains certain or as a result of research undertaken at the request series primarily for the benefit of one or more of one of the organs of the United Nations. Such of the specialized agencies, such series appearing studies include a report on National Income Sta- in their regular publications. On the other hand, tistics of Various Countries, 1938-1947. many of the series appearing in the Monthly Bul- letin are provided by sepecialized agencies such as d. STATISTICAL SAMPLING the International Labour Organisation and the The Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling, International Monetary Fund. In addition, the the establishment of which was authorized by the Statistical Office, in co-operation with several Economic and Social Council at its second session,61 specialized agencies, undertakes the collection of is composed of individual experts appointed by monthly statistics of external trade to meet urgent the Statistical Commission. The Sub-Commission needs of several agencies by a consolidated col- is responsible for advising on the use and appli- lection. A Supplement to the Monthly Bulletin cation of statistical sampling methods in meeting of Statistics is published describing in detail the the needs of the United Nations, specialized content, scope and limitations of the statistical agencies and Member Governments for statistical series appearing in the Monthly Bulletin of Sta- information. At its first session it reported tistics. The Statistical Office also issues Population (E/CN.3/37) in detail on: (a) the desirability and Vital Statistics Reports each month. This pub- of carrying out a sample survey in conjunction with lication contains the latest estimate of population censuses proposed for 1950 in the fields of agri- for each area of the world, and the latest census cultural and population enquiries; (b) the condi- totals. From time to time special tables dealing tions under which a sample survey should be made with population or vital statistics are also published. instead of a complete enumeration; (c) the op- A second type of statistics covering a much portunity for obtaining additional information wider field of statistics is collected by the United through the use of the same basic sampling struc- Nations and published in the Statistical Yearbook, ture; and (d) the advantages of a series of re- which will contain data in the following fields: peated sample surveys in obtaining more detailed Area, Population and Vital Statistics information and information of better quality in Manpower given fields of statistics. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing The Sub-Commission issued a statement on Industry the Uses of Sampling in Censuses of Population, Transport and Communications Internal Trade Agriculture, Public Health and Commerce, which External Trade illustrates some of the more important uses of Balance of Payments the sampling techniques and emphasizes the ad- Wages and Prices vantages and disadvantages, and the proper appli- Currency, Banking, Stock Exchange National Income cation, of scientific sampling methods. As a basis Public Finance for its long-range program for the dissemination Social Statistics of information on sampling techniques, the Sub- Education and Culture Commission prepared a series of recommendations This type of Statistics is also published in the concerning the preparation of reports of sampling Demographic Yearbook, which is designed to be surveys.62 the central source of international data on popula- The Sub-Commission considered specific prob- tion, vital statistics and related subjects for the lems in the application of sampling to agricultural various countries of the world. The first edition will censuses at the request of FAO and began preparing include statistics on area, population, labor force, similar recommendations regarding family budget mortality, natality, nuptiality and international inquiries and manpower statistics at the request migration, together with an explanatory text and of ILO. information on sources. These publications form 61 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. part of a co-ordinated plan for various yearbooks 508. prepared by the specialized agencies and the United 62 These recommendations were subsequently published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations as The Nations. Annual statistics of external trade are also Preparation of Sampling Survey Reports. (Statistical being prepared. Papers, Series C. No. 1, January 1, 1949.) 566 Yearbook of the United Nations e. PROGRAM FOR THE EDUCATION AND the Committee of Statistical Experts of the League TRAINING OF STATISTICIANS of Nations were published by the Secretary-General The Economic and Social Council at its seventh as directed by the Economic and Social Council session adopted by 15 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, Resolution 40 (IV). resolution 149(VII)D, approving the recom- g. TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR mendation of the Statistical Commission that a ECONOMIC STATISTICS UNDER 1928 study be undertaken in collaboration with the CONVENTION specialized agencies regarding the shortages of trained statisticians and the needs for education In accordance with resolution 24 (I) adopted and training in statistics which confront inter- by the General Assembly on February 12, 1946, national and national statistical organizations, and relating to the transfer of certain functions and 63 requesting the Secretary-General to formulate an activities of the League of Nations, the Statistical international program to meet these needs in a Commission at its first session (E/264) requested report of the fourth session of the Statistical Com- that a draft protocol amending the International mission. Convention Relating to Economic Statistics (1928) be prepared. The draft was approved by the f. RESEARCH IN STATISTICAL METHODS AND Commission at its second session, from August DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS 28 to September 4, 1947, and submitted to the Economic and Social Council at the Council's In addition to the foregoing general program, sixth session. The U.S.S.R. and Ukrainian S.S.R. work in certain special fields has been emphasized members on the Commission recorded reservations by the Statistical Commission and the Statistical on the grounds that the decision to take over these Office. With a view to developing comparability functions contravened the General Assembly's and international standards, special programs of resolution 54 (I) of December 14, 1946,64 em- research were undertaken on the statistics of na- powering the Secretary-General to take over and tional income, national expenditure and related continue the non-political functions of the League aggregates, and systems of social accounts. In of Nations with the exception of "those functions similar fashion, comparability is sought in the and activities exercised pursuant to international statistics of prices, including prices of imports agreements"; the problems of international co- and exports and the construction of index numbers. operation in the sphere of statistics, it was main- In order to provide a basic tool for economic tained, were comprehensively dealt with by the analysis, indices of industrial production and the decisions of the Economic and Social Council. scope and method of the construction of such The Ukrainian reservation pointed out that a indices were being studied, so that recommenda- considerable number of countries belonging to the tions regarding their use in current national United Nations took no part in concluding the statistics might be formulated. In addition, a 1928 Convention, and the U.S.S.R. reservation review was begun of the definitions and use of stated that the actual activities of the Statistical statistics of housing as well as studies of the prob- Commission were considerably broader than those lems of migration statistics. of the League of Nations Committee of Statistical A series of Studies of Census Methods, prepared Experts and included all the necessary functions by the Secretariat in collaboration with the sta- previously performed by that Committee. tistical staffs of FAO and ILO, is published by These arguments were raised again when the the United Nations for the guidance of national question was discussed by the Council at its 136th statistical officers. Co-operation in the develop- plenary meeting on February 11, its 158th plenary ment and promotion of standards for population meeting on March 2, and the thirteenth and four- and vital statistics is part of the program under- teenth meetings of its Economic Committee on taken by the Secretariat working with the staffs February 24 and 25. of WHO and FAO. The Council, however, by a vote of 15 to 2 The Statistical Office issues from time to time adopted a resolution (114 (VI)A) recommending a brief review and comment on the significant de- that the General Assembly approve the functions velopments in international and national statistical and powers exercised by the League of Nations activities in Statistical Notes, which is circulated in respect of economic statistics under the 1928 to statistical offices of Member Governments and 63 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. international agencies. 111. Three methodological studies undertaken by 64 Ibid., p. 263. The Economic and Social Council 567

Convention, and submitting to the General As- this recommendation by 14 votes, with 2 absten- sembly a draft resolution and draft protocol to this tions (resolution 114(VI) B). end. The Council stated that it considered that At its third session the Statistical Commission "in view of the resolution of the General Assembly (E/795) gave further consideration to the sug- on the relations of the Members of the United gested list of subjects to be included in the 1950 Nations with Spain, adopted on 9 February 1946, census of population. It considered that the list all action under this Protocol and the Convention of subjects and the accompanying definitions should mentioned above should be suspended with respect be issued by the Secretary-General for the in- to the Franco Government in Spain as long as formation of governments and for such use in this Government is in power".65 the national censuses as might be practicable in the light of national conditions, needs and objec- h. WORLD STATISTICAL CONGRESS tives. It urged, however, that the views of interested specialized agencies and other inter-governmental The World Statistical Congress, convened in organizations should be co-ordinated before the Washington from September 8 to 12, 1947, under list of subjects and accompanying definitions were authority of resolution 40 (IV) of the Economic issued. In reviewing the list of topics and the sug- and Social Council, was attended by leading sta- gested definitions, the Commission considered it tisticians from all countries. 66 not practicable to regard the list of subjects The Congress focussed the attention of its mem- as a recommended minimum for all countries in bers upon the uses for and the needs of inter- view of the wide differences in national needs and national organizations for adequate and reliable statistical facilities. It considered, however, that statistical information from national governments. all countries taking censuses should try to provide It also brought to the attention of the United comparable data on the following items: total Nations the need for more trained personnel in population, age, sex, marital status and types of national statistical services as well as the need for economic activities. It also pointed out the de- providing advice and assistance in developing na- sirability of using statistical sampling methods in tional statistical systems. population censuses. i. INTERNATIONAL CENSUS PLANS In the report of its second session (E/577), 18. Transport and Communications submitted to the sixth session of the Economic and Social Council, the Statistical Commission ex- The Transport and Communications Commis- pressed general approval of the standard minimum sion held its second session in Geneva from April list of subjects proposed by the Population Com- 12 to 20, 1948. It reviewed international develop- mission for the 1950 censuses of population ments in the fields of transport and communica- (E/571, Annex II) and the supplementary list tions and of travel questions, but was particularly of subjects proposed for optional inclusion in concerned with questions relating to: (1) regional these censuses (E/571, Annex III).66 In reference problems and organization in the field of inland to a progress report received on the work of the transport; (2) certain world-wide problems in the Committee on the 1950 Census of the Americas, field of inland transport; (3) the facilitation of it reiterated its support of this project, noting the international movement of persons and goods; with approval the program of training in census (4) the co-ordination of activities in the fields of methods. aviation, shipping and telecommunications with re- With reference to a memorandum submitted by spect to safety of life at sea and in the air; and FAO on the proposed 1950 World Census of (5) transport statistics. In addition, the Commis- Agriculture (E/CN.3/32), the Commission en- sion, as requested by the Council at its sixth session dorsed the objectives of the project and welcomed (resolution 133(VI)), considered the applications the steps taken to conduct co-operatively such a of certain non-governmental organizations in the census in all parts of the world. It requested the field of transport and communications for consul- Economic and Social Council to draw the attention tative status and considered the parts of the Pro- of all Member nations to the proposed 1950 World Census of Agriculture, and to stress the importance 65 On November 18, 1948, the General Assembly of making adequate provisions for the preparatory passed a resolution authorizing the transfer of responsibility to the United Nations under the amended con- work in order that such a census may be taken in vention relating to Economic Statistics of 1928. as many countries as possible. The Council adopted 66 See p. 640. 568 Yearbook of the United Nations

visional Questionnaire on Trust Territories which eighth session, the Council took no action on the related to transport and communications. recommendations at its seventh session. The report of the Transport and Communica- (3) Latin America.—The Transport and Com- tions Commission (E/789) was considered during munications Commission had recommended that the seventh session of the Council at the 19th to the question of the means best suited to promote 23rd, 38th and 39th meetings of the Council's Eco- the solution of problems in the field of inland nomic Committee on July 22, 23, 24 and 26 and transport in Latin America should be referred to August 24 and 25, and at the 223rd plenary meet- the Economic Commission for Latin America ing of the Council on August 28. The various de- (E/789). The latter Commission had recom- cisions taken are given below. mended that problems of transport affecting Latin America, including freight rates, be further studied a. REGIONAL PROBLEMS AND ORGANIZATION by the Transport and Communications Commission (E/840). The Council at its seventh session at the The Commission considered studies prepared by 21st, 22nd and 23rd meetings of its Economic the Secretary-General at the request of the Council Committee, from July 23 to 26, considered the two (resolution 35 (IV))67 concerning future organi- recommendations. zation in the field of inland transport in Asia and The representatives of Venezuela, Chile and the Far East—including the Middle East—and the Brazil emphasized the importance to Latin Ameri- Americas. The Commission also took up the ques- can countries of maritime freight rates. The United tion of a study of future organization in the field Kingdom representative proposed (E/AC.6/29/- of inland transport in Africa. Rev.1) that this question should be referred to the (1) Asia and the Far East.—The Council at its Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organ- seventh session (223rd plenary meeting) unani- ization as the specialized agency concerned with mously endorsed a recommendation of the Trans- shipping; the Canadian and Netherlands represent- port and Communications Commission which had atives thought that that agency should be consulted. also been endorsed by the Economic Commission The three Latin American representatives, how- for Asia and the Far East (E/839) that the latter ever, were opposed to a mention of IMCO on the Commission be requested to convene an early meet- ground that the Organization was largely concerned ing of inland transport experts of the countries with technical matters, and that its structure was represented in it to examine: (a) the problems such that the interests of a large number of small with respect to rehabilitation and co-ordinated countries whose shipping services were insufficient- development of inland transport facilities and ly developed could not be adequately represented services in Asia and the Far East; and (b) the on it. means which are best suited to promote the solu- At its 223rd plenary meeting on August 28 the tion of these problems, either by setting up regional Council adopted by 15 votes to 0, with 2 absten- machinery or otherwise (it being understood that tions, resolution 147(VII)D, in which it recog- any such machinery would be part of the Economic nized that the question of inland transport should Commission for Asia and the Far East) (resolution be studied by the Economic Commission for Latin 147(VII) C). America, with appropriate assistance from the (2) Middle East.—The Transport and Communi- Transport and Communications Commission. At cations Commission similarly recommended that, the same time, it requested the Secretary-General, if and when an Economic Commission for the Mid- in preparing the Economic Survey of Latin Amer- dle East is established, the Council should request ica, to give particular attention to problems of it to convene an early meeting of inland transport transport, taking into account the previous ex- experts of the countries represented in it for pur- perience of other regional commissions. It also poses similar to the above (E/789). requested the Transport and Communications Com- After discussion at the 20th, 21st and 38th meet- mission to make a further study of the problems of ings of the Economic Committee on July 22 and 23 maritime shipping, including freight rates affect- and August 2, and at the 223rd plenary meeting ing Latin America, in order to facilitate considera- on August 28, the Council decided to postpone con- tion of these matters as soon as possible by the Eco- sideration of this recommendation until it had nomic Commission for Latin America. taken a decision on the report of the ad hoc Com- (4) Africa.—The Transport and Communications mittee on the proposed Economic Commission for Commission had recommended (E/789) that the the Middle East. As consideration of the establish- 67 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. ment of this Commission was postponed until the 503. The Economic and Social Council 569

Secretary-General be asked to study the question of that the non-member states invited should be speci- future organization in the field of inland transport fied, others thought that non-members invited to in Africa. the United Nations Maritime Conference should The representatives of New Zealand and France be invited to this conference; some thought that stated at the 21st meeting of the Economic Com- all non-members invited should have the right to mittee on July 23 that Africa could not be consid- vote, some opposed in principle the granting of ered as a region from the point of view of transport. voting rights to non-members but thought that it The Council decided to take no action on the should be accorded to signatories to the Conven- recommendation. tions which were to be revised. After the discus- (5) Co-ordination among Inland Transport Ex- sion, the Council by 13 votes, with 4 abstentions, perts of Different Regions.—In accordance with a adopted resolution 147 (VII) B as follows: recommendation of the Transport and Communi- "The Economic and Social Council cations Commission the Council at its 223rd plen- "Instructs the Secretary-General: ary meeting on August 28 adopted by 13 votes to "1. To convene a Conference of Governments, not 1, with 2 abstentions, resolution 147(VII) E draw- later than August 1949, with the object of concluding a new world-wide Convention on Road and Motor Trans- ing the attention of the regional economic com- port, the two world-wide Conventions of 1926, namely: missions to the advantages of permitting experts "(a) International Convention relating to Road from other regions to participate in their work on Traffic; inland transport when questions which might affect "(b) International Convention relating to Motor Traffic, other regions are under consideration. and the subsequent Convention of 1931 on the Unification of Road Signals, being obsolete. The b. WORLD-WIDE PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF draft text of the Inland Transport Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe, resulting from a INLAND TRANSPORT—IN PARTICULAR, study by this Committee, and the text of the 1943 ROAD AND MOTOR TRANSPORT Convention on the Regulation of Inter-American Auto- motive Traffic, inter alia, will serve as working-papers The Transport and Communications Commis- for the Conference; sion reviewed the recent developments in the field "2. To request the Economic Commission for Europe of road transport and recognized that the world- to have the draft text referred to above completed and wide Conventions of 1926 on Road and Motor forwarded to the Secretary-General as soon as practicable; "3. To invite the other regional commissions to sub- Transport were obsolete. mit any reports which they may desire on this subject; The Commission recommended that a conference "4. To circulate the above-mentioned texts to all the should be called with the object of concluding a Governments invited to the Conference; new convention on road and motor transport. In "5. To draw up a provisional agenda for the Con- the discussion of the matter at the 20th meeting of ference; "6. (a) To invite to participate in the Conference the Economic Committee of the Council on July all States Members of the United Nations at the time 22, various representatives felt that the number of the convening of the Conference, and also the States of conferences was proving too great a strain on not members of the United Nations which were in- the personnel of smaller countries and on the vited to participate in the United Nations Maritime Conference; and Secretariat. The Netherlands and French representa- "(b) To request the Governments of the States in- tives emphasized the importance of the confer- vited to give their delegates full powers to sign, sub- ence for European countries; they also proposed ject to ratification, such Convention as may be con- that the Geneva Convention on the Unification of cluded at the Conference; Road Signals of 1931 should be brought up to date. "7. To invite the specialized agencies, inter-governmental organizations and international organizations in The Venezuelan representative pointed out that this field, as may be appropriate, to send observers to the problem of under-developed countries as far the Conference; as road and motor traffic was concerned was some- "Decides that the right to vote at the Conference may what different,—i.e., the construction, expansion be exercised by all States Members of the United Nations and those States not Members which are invited under and improvement of road networks—and proposed paragraph 6(a) above, and which are parties to any of that the co-operation of the Economic Commissions the Conventions cited in paragraph 1 above." for Asia and the Far East and for Latin America should be sought. (1) Co-ordination of Inland Transport At the 223rd plenary meeting of the Council on The question of the co-ordination of the various August 28 a discussion ensued concerning the non- branches of the inland transport industry had been member states which should be invited to the con- referred to the Transport and Communications ference. Some representatives expressed the view Commission at the request of the International La- 570 Yearbook of the United Nations hour Organisation. On the recommendation of the Experts to prepare for a World Conference on Commission (E/789) the Council, by 15 votes to Passports and Frontier Formalities. After noting 0, with 2 abstentions, adopted resolution 147- the report, the Transport and Communications (VII) I distinguishing the short- and long-term Commission considered that neither a World Con- aspects of the question. According to this resolu- ference nor another Meeting of Experts was im- tion the former, resulting from war and postwar mediately required (E/789). difficulties, should be dealt with on a regional level The Council discussed the question at the 23rd by regional transport bodies, where they exist, or meeting of its Economic Committee. The U.S.S.R. by any other appropriate means, while the long- and Byelorussian representatives again expressed term aspects should be further reviewed by the the view that questions relating to passports and Commission at its next session on the basis of docu- frontier formalities were internal matters within mentation to be prepared by the Secretary-General. the exclusive domestic competence of governments, on which neither the Council nor the Transport c. FACILITATION OF INTERNATIONAL and Communications Commission was competent MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND GOODS to make recommendations. The Council, on the recommendation of the ( 1 ) Passports and Frontier Formalities Commission (E/789), adopted by 14 votes to 2, At its fifth session, at the 115th plenary meeting with 1 abstention, at its 223rd plenary meeting on on August 13, 1947, the Economic and Social August 28, resolution 147(VII)G. It requested the Council considered the report of the Meeting of Secretary-General to bring to the attention of Mem- Experts on Passport and Frontier Formalities (E/- ber Governments the Council's view that it is de- 436) suggesting the simplification of passport and sirable to reduce, simplify and unify passport and visa regulations.68 frontier formalities to the extent consistent with During the course of the discussion, the repre- national security, and to report at the next meeting sentative of Czechoslovakia stated that the proposed of the Commission on the progress made by Mem- regulations were acceptable to his Government ber Governments in this respect, by such means as except the proposal that entry visas should be bilateral and multilateral agreements and with granted for a period of twelve months. The particular reference to each of the recommenda- U.S.S.R. representative felt that the question of tions made by the Meeting of Passport Experts. passports and frontier formalities was within the (2) Barriers to the International Transport of Goods direct competence of the governments concerned The Transport and Communications Commis- and it was for the latter to determine such policy as they deemed necessary. He stated that his dele- sion, noting that the International Chamber of gation would abstain from voting on the question. Commerce had submitted a report (E/789) on The Council approved without objection resolu- barriers to the international transport of goods, con- tion 73(V), which had been proposed by the sidered that it was of the greatest importance to United States, requesting the Secretary-General to promote the freest possible flow of trade between nations. The Council, on the basis of a recom- prepare a comparative analysis of the relation between the practices of the Member Governments mendation of the Commission, adopted, at its and the recommendations of the Meeting of Ex- 223rd plenary meeting on August 28, by 13 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions, resolution 147 (VII) A. perts, and the extent to which Members have ex- It instructed the Secretary-General to study, in pressed their willingness to change their present conjunction with the Executive Secretary of the practices to conform with the recommendations. Interim Commission of the International Trade Or- The Secretary-General was requested to transmit ganization, the respective competence of the various the analysis to the Transport and Communications international bodies concerned with this problem, Commission for the formulation of proposals to and to report to the next session of the Transport the Council for further action which might be ap- and Communications Commission on the aspects propriately taken to reduce, simplify and unify the which might usefully be considered by the Com- passport and frontier formalities of the various mission. nations. The Secretary-General accordingly prepared a The U.S.S.R. representative had proposed the report (E/CN.2/28/Part I and Part I, Add. 1, and deletion of the reference to the Executive Secretary Part II and Part II, Add. 1 and Add. 2) analyzing of the Interim Commission of the International the replies of Members of the United Nations con- 68 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. cerning the recommendations of the Meeting of 503-4. The Economic and Social Council 571

Trade Organization on the ground that the United tary-General with the assistance of such experts as Nations had not yet entered into relationship with he considered advisable, rather than by a special the Interim Commission. The Venezuelan repre- working group. At its 223rd plenary meeting the sentative explained his abstention on the resolu- Council adopted, by 14 votes to 3, resolution 147- tion on the ground that as the Havana Charter had (VII) H, instructing the Secretary-General, in con- not yet been ratified it was premature to adopt a sultation with the specialized agencies and regional resolution on the competence of the various inter- commissions concerned, and assisted by such inde- national bodies concerned with the problem. pendent experts as he may consider advisable, to make a study of the problems of establishing d. CO-ORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES RELATING economic and technical statistical requirements in TO SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA AND IN THE AIR the transport field, of achieving comparability in the information to be collected and of standardizing The Preparatory Committee of Experts at its forms for the collection of this information. The meeting in January and February 1948 considered study was to be transmitted to the Transport and the co-ordination of activities in the fields of ship- Communications and Statistical Commissions for ping, aviation and telecommunications with regard their consideration. to safety of life. The Council at its 223rd plenary meeting adopted by 12 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions, resolution 147(VII)F, instructing the 19. United Nations Maritime Secretary-General to transmit the report of this Conference Committee to each of the organizations represented Following a recommendation of the Transport at its meeting as an initial basis for co-operative and Communications Commission at its first ses- endeavor among them; the Secretary-General was sion, the Council at its fourth session adopted reso- also instructed to submit to the next session of the lution 35 (IV),69 requesting the Secretary-General Transport and Communications Commission a re- to convene a Conference of interested governments port on the action taken by the Safety of Life at Sea to consider the establishment of an intergovern- Conference which was held in London in April and mental maritime organization. The Council de- May 1948, and on the activities undertaken by the cided that the draft Convention prepared by the specialized agencies in the light of the report of United Maritime Consultative Council on this mat- the Preparatory Committee of Experts. The ter, concerning the scope and purposes of the pro- U.S.S.R. representative opposed the resolution since posed organization, should serve as the basis of the report of the Preparatory Committee of Experts discussion for the Conference, and that the latter in question had not been considered by the Council. should also consider if the scope and purposes of the organization should include the removal or pre- e. TRANSPORT STATISTICS vention of unfair restrictive practices by shipping The Transport and Communications Commis- concerns. The Secretary-General was instructed by sion considered the problem of the establishment the Council to invite all the Members of the United of internationally comparable statistics in the trans- Nations and the following Governments to partici- port field, which had been referred to it at the re- pate in the Conference: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, quest of the International Labour Organisation. It Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Rou- recommended that the Council should set up a mania, Switzerland, Transjordan and Yemen.70 working group of experts which, in consultation At its sixth session (124th meeting on February with the specialized agencies and regional commis- 3, 1948) the Council discussed the question of sions, should study the problems involved (E/789). voting rights at the Conference. The representatives The Statistical Commission at its third session of the United States, Canada, New Zealand, China endorsed this recommendation and in addition and Brazil spoke in favor of adhering to the prac- recommended that the Secretary-General be re- tice, adopted by the Council in respect of other quested to undertake a preliminary survey of the conferences called by it, of not granting voting scope of the work to be done in the field of trans- rights to non-members of the United Nations, on port statistics, and that the working group begin its the grounds, that Members carried the obligations work by a study of inland transport statistics (E/- and responsibilities contained in the Charter, and 795). political difficulties might arise if voting rights The Council at its seventh session decided, on 69 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. the suggestion of the United States representative, 500-1. that the study should be undertaken by the Secre- 70 Yemen later became a Member of the United Nations. 572 Yearbook of the United Nations were given to non-members. The United Kingdom, to vote. By a roll-call vote of 9 to 8, with 1 absten- Peruvian, U.S.S.R., Australian, Venezuelan, French tion, the Council decided (resolution 113(VI)) and Lebanese representatives thought that non- that voting rights at the Conference should be ex- members invited to conferences should be given ercised by both Members and the non-members full voting rights, since they were invited as par- which had been invited. ticipants. The United Kingdom, Australian and The United Nations Maritime Conference met Venezuelan representatives instanced the difficul- in Geneva from February 19 to March 6, 1948.71 ties which had occurred at the Havana Trade Con- The Council at its seventh session (169th plen- ference where it had proved necessary to adopt a ary meeting on August 12) adopted without dis- compromise formula in order to get over the dif- cussion by 16 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, reso- ficulties caused by the Council's decision that non- lution 148 (VII), taking note of the Secretary- members of the United Nations had not the right General's report on the Conference (E/853).

G. SOCIAL, HUMANITARIAN AND CULTURAL QUESTIONS

1. Human Rights declaration should be supplemented by a convention or conventions on specific rights. Both documents were presented to the Commission. The a. INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS draft Declaration had been discussed in some detail, but consideration of the draft Convention had At its fourth session, the Economic and Social been limited to a general examination of the pos- Council established a procedure and a time table sible substantive contents of a draft convention. No for the formulation of an International Bill of 72 decision was taken by the Drafting Committee as Human Rights (resolution 46(IV)). to whether there should be a draft declaration only The following seven stages were laid down: or a draft declaration together with a draft conven- (i) Preparation of a draft by a drafting committee tion. on the basis of documentation prepared by the Secretariat; The Commission decided to draw up simul- (ii) Consideration of the draft by the Commission on taneously a draft declaration, which would be a Human Rights; (iii) Submission of the resulting draft to Members of declaration of general principles, and a draft con- the United Nations for observations, suggestions and vention, which would be a convention on such proposals; specific rights as would lend themselves to binding (iv) Consideration of the above observations, sug- legal obligations, and at the same time to consider gestions and proposals as a basis of a redraft, if necessary, by the Drafting Committee; the question of implementation. The three docu- (v) Consideration of the resulting draft by the Com- ments—to be known respectively as the Inter- mission on Human Rights; national Declaration on Human Rights, the (vi) Consideration by the Council of the resulting International Covenant on Human Rights and text; (vii) Submission of the draft Bill by the Council to Measures for Implementation—would together the General Assembly. form the "International Bill of Human Rights" (E/600). (1) Second Session of the Commission on Human In preparing this preliminary draft of the Bill, Rights the Commission took into account suggestions The Commission on Human Rights at its second made by its Sub-Commission on the Prevention of session at Geneva from December 2 to 17, 1947, Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on considered the preliminary draft of an International five articles of the draft Declaration covering sub- Bill of Human Rights prepared by the Drafting jects within the terms of reference of the Sub- Committee at its first session from June 9 to 25, Commission (E/CN.4/52). In accordance with 1947 (E/CN.4/21). resolution 46(IV) of the Council, the Chairman Two views had been expressed there regarding and Vice-Chairman of the Commission on the the form which the draft Bill should take. Some 71 For account of the Conference, see pp. 969-70. representatives thought that it should be in the 72 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. form of a declaration or manifesto, others that the 525. The Economic and Social Council 573

Status of Women were present at the second ses- enant; the second part defined some of the rights sion of the Commission on Human Rights and and freedoms listed in the draft Declaration, in took part in its deliberations without vote when more precise terms; the third part described how sections of the draft Bill concerning particular accession to the Covenant would be effected and rights of women were discussed. how amendments would come into force. In order to prepare the documents on the draft The measures of implementation formulated by Declaration, draft Covenant and implementation, the working group of the Commission related only the Commission established three working groups. to the proposed Covenant, and possible future con- It considered in detail the resulting draft Declara- ventions, since the Declaration was not envisaged tion and in somewhat less detail the draft Cov- as establishing legally enforceable obligations. enant, but decided to take no decision on any Among the ideas put forward by the working specific principle or recommendation contained in group were the following: (1) that each state the report on implementation. Thus it presented should incorporate into its own national law the to the sixth session of the Council a draft Declara- principles of the Covenant on Human Rights; tion and a draft Covenant prepared with unequal (2) that a standing committee should be appoint- thoroughness, together with the report of its worked by the Economic and Social Council to mediate, ing group on measures for implementation. conciliate and, if possible, rectify alleged violations The draft Declaration prepared by the Commis- of human rights; (3) that disputes not settled by sion was a simple statement defining human rights this means should be forwarded to the Commission and fundamental freedoms. Its force, upon adop- on Human Rights, which would decide whether tion by the General Assembly, would be of a moral the case should be sent to an international tribunal; rather than a legal nature; the Declaration would (4) that an international tribunal should be em- establish standards and indicate goals rather than powered to give binding decisions on cases thus impose precise obligations upon states. brought before it, establishing a body of law which Among the rights and freedoms enumerated in would settle hundreds of similar cases; and (5) the 33 articles of the draft Declaration were: right that the General Assembly, because of the powers to life, liberty, and security of person; right to free- conferred on it by the Charter with regard to ques- dom from arbitrary arrest; right to a fair trial; right tions of economic and social co-operation, should to privacy; right to leave one's own country; right implement the decisions of the international tri- to seek and be granted asylum from persecution; bunal in this field, should the necessity arise. right to own property; right to a nationality; The Commission on Human Rights had no time freedom of thought and conscience; freedom of to examine in detail the report of its working worship; freedom of expression and freedom of group on measures for implementation of the Bill peaceful assembly; right to petition; right to take of Human Rights but decided that it, together an effective part in the government of one's coun- with the draft Declaration and draft Covenant, try; right to hold public office; right to work; right should be forwarded to governments for their com- to social security; right to education; and right to ments during the first week in January 1948. The rest and leisure. Commission also requested the Secretary-General The draft Covenant, on the other hand, was vis- to fix the date of April 3, 1948, as the time limit ualized as an instrument which would legally bind for the reception of replies from governments on the states acceding to it. Such states would under- the draft International Bill. take to make their national laws conform to its standards, and would agree to the imposition of (2) Consideration by the Council at Its Sixth Session sanctions in the case of violation of the rights In its consideration of the report of the Com- enumerated therein. For this reason, the draft Cov- mission on Human Rights (E/600) at the Coun- enant was prepared in more precise language than cil's sixth session (128th plenary meeting on Feb- the draft Declaration, and its enumeration of the ruary 5, 1948), it was generally felt that considera- rights to be protected was not so far-reaching. It tion of the draft Declaration and draft Covenant was anticipated, however, that in time this first should be deferred until the Council's next session, convention might be followed by others, giving after the Commission had had an opportunity of legal effect to other rights enumerated in the Dec- reviewing the draft in the light of observations from laration, including economic or social rights. governments. The Chilean and Australian represent- The 27 articles of the draft Covenant were di- atives, however, thought that the Council should vided into three parts: the first part described the study the question of implementation as a guide to obligations of states which adhered to the Cov- the Commission. The Australian representative 574 Yearbook of the United Nations stressed the importance of including provisions for and the draft Covenant (E/CONF.6/79),73 as well implementation in the draft Covenant and pro- as suggestions made by the Commission on the posed (E/AC.7/42) that the Commission on Hu- Status of Women on two articles in the draft Dec- man Rights, through its Drafting Committee and laration (E/615).74 It redrafted the entire draft at its next session, should be instructed to give par- Covenant; but had time to redraft only parts of the ticular attention to the implementation aspect of draft Declaration and did not consider the question the Bill of Human Rights so as to be sure that draft of implementation. articles were ready in time for submission to Mem- (4) Third Session of the Commission on Human ber Governments well in advance of the Assembly's Rights next session. The third session of the Commission on Human This draft resolution was considered at the 35th Rights took place at Lake Success from May 24 to meeting of the Council's Social Committee, on June 18, 1948. The Commission at that session February 20. The United States representative based its work on the report of the second session stated that his delegation entertained doubts with of its Drafting Committee (E/CN.4/95). As this regard to the propriety of including that article in Committee had examined the draft Covenant in the Bill, and the U.S.S.R., Byelorussian and Polish detail, the Commission decided to begin its work representatives thought that the question should by discussing the draft Declaration, then to pro- be deferred since it was bound up with the other ceed to examine the question of implementation parts of the draft Bill. The draft resolution with and finally the draft Covenant. It was able to com- an amendment, accepted by the Australian repre- plete a re-draft of the Declaration but had no time sentative, to give a more flexible time limit was to consider the Drafting Committee's re-draft of adopted by the Social Committee by 8 votes to 3, the Covenant, nor to discuss implementation, as with 7 abstentions, and by the Council at its 159th requested by the Economic and Social Council at plenary meeting on March 2 by 9 votes to 3, with its sixth session. 5 abstentions. The Commission therefore presented to the sev- In this resolution (116(VI)F) the Council di- enth session of the Economic and Social Council: rected "the Commission on Human Rights, through the draft Declaration as. redrafted at its third ses- its Drafting Committee and at its next session, sion; the draft Covenant as redrafted by the to give particular attention to the implementation Drafting Committee at its second session, but aspect of the Bill of Human Rights, in order to not re-examined by the Commission itself; and ensure that draft articles on implementation may the report of the working group on implementa- be submitted to Member Governments at the earli- tion, drawn up at the second session of the Com- est possible date". mission, but not examined in detail by the full Following a recommendation of the Commission Commission. and after considering the matter at the 34th and Throughout its deliberations on the International 35th meetings of the Social Committee, the Coun- Bill of Human Rights, the Commission was assisted cil, at its 159th plenary meeting, also decided by specialized agencies and non-governmental or- (resolution 116 (VI) E), by 14 votes, with 1 ganizations. Representatives of the International abstention, to refer to the International Labour Labour Organisation, the United Nations Educa- Organisation for consideration and report Article 8 tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization and of the draft International Covenant, which referred the Preparatory Commission for the International to forced labor. The U.S.S.R., Polish and Byelo- Refugee Organization, and consultants from the russian representatives opposed this decision, as no American Federation of Labor, the International other specialized agencies had been consulted on Federation of Christian Trade Unions, the Inter- the draft Bill. Parliamentary Union, the World Federation of (3) Second Session of the Drafting Committee United Nations Associations, the Agudas Israel The Drafting Committee of the Commission on World Organization, the Catholic International Human Rights held its second session at Lake Suc- Union for Social Service, the International Union of cess from May 3 to 21, 1948. It considered com- Catholic Women's Leagues, the Commission of ments on the draft International Bill of Human the Churches on International Affairs, the Con- Rights which had been received from thirteen sultative Council of Jewish Organizations, the Member Governments. It also took into account Co-ordinating Board of Jewish Organizations the suggestions of the United Nations Conference for Consultation with the Economic and Social on Freedom of Information concerning articles 73 See pp. 588-89. on freedom of information in the draft Declaration 74 See pp. 599-600. The Economic and Social Council 575

Council of the United Nations, the International Article 2 Alliance of Women-Equal Rights, Equal Re- Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms sponsibilities, the International Committee of the set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, po- Red Cross, the International Council of Women, litical or other opinion, property or other status, or na- the International Federation of Business and Pro- tional or social origin. fessional Women, the Women's International Dem- Article 3 ocratic Federation, the World Jewish Congress, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the Liaison Committee of Women's International person. Organizations, the World Women's Christian Article 4 Temperance Union and the World's Young Wo- 1. No one shall be held in slavery or involuntary men's Christian Association took part in the servitude. 2. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, proceedings of the Commission at its second and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. third sessions. Article 5 (5) Draft Declaration Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as The text of the draft Declaration as forwarded a person before the law. Article 6 to the seventh session of the Council was as fol- All are equal before the law and are entitled without lows: any discrimination to equal protection of the law against DRAFT INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and RIGHTS against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 7 Preamble No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or de- Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of tention. the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and Article 8 peace in the world; and In the determination of his rights and obligations and Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled resulted, before and during the Second World War, in in full equality to a fair hearing by an independent and barbarous acts which outraged the conscience of man- impartial tribunal. kind and made it apparent that the fundamental free- Article 9 doms were one of the supreme issues of the conflict; and 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the Whereas it is essential, if mankind is not to be com- right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty ac- pelled as a last resort to rebel against tyranny and op- cording to law in a public trial at which he has had all pression, that human rights should be protected by a the guarantees necessary for his defence. regime of law; and 2. No one shall be held guilty of any offence on ac- Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in count of any act or omission which did not constitute an the Charter determined to reaffirm faith in fundamental offence, under national or international law, at the time human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human when it was committed. person and to promote social progress and better stan- Article 10 dards of life in larger freedom; and No one shall be subjected to unreasonable interference Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to with his privacy, family, home, correspondence or reputa- achieve, in co-operation with the Organization, the pro- tion. motion of universal respect for and observance of human Article 11 rights and fundamental freedoms; and 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement Whereas a common understanding of these rights and residence within the borders of each State. and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, includ- realization of this pledge, ing his own. Now therefore the General Assembly Proclaims this Declaration of Human Rights as a com- Article 12 mon standard of achievement for all peoples and all 1. Everyone has the right to seek and be granted, in nations, to the end that every individual and every organ other countries, asylum from persecution. of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, 2. Prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles for these rights and freedoms and by progressive mea- of the United Nations do not constitute persecution. sures, national and international, to secure their universal Article 13 and effective recognition and observance, both among the No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality peoples of Member States themselves and among the or denied the right to change his nationality. peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article 14 Article 1 1. Men and women of full age have the right to marry All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and to found a family and are entitled to equal rights as and rights. They are endowed by nature with reason and to marriage. conscience, and should act towards one another in a 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the full spirit of brotherhood. consent of both intending spouses. 576 Yearbook of the United Nations

3. The family is the natural and fundamental group Article 24 unit of society and is entitled to protection. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. Article 15 Article 25 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life well as in association with others. of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. scientific advancement. Article 16 Article 26 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, con- Everyone is entitled to a good social and international science and religion; this right includes freedom to change order in which the rights and freedoms set out in this his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in Declaration can be fully realized. community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, wor- Article 27 ship and observance. 1. Everyone has duties to the community which en- Article 17 ables him freely to develop his personality. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and ex- 2. In the exercise of his rights, everyone shall be pression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions subject only to such limitations as are necessary to secure without interference and to seek, receive and impart in- due recognition and respect for the rights of others and formation and ideas through any media and regardless of the requirements of morality, public order and the gen- frontiers. eral welfare in a democratic society. Article 18 Article 28 Everyone has the right to freedom of assembly and as- Nothing in this Declaration shall imply the recogni- sociation. tion of the right of any State or person to engage in any Article 19 activity aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the govern- freedoms prescribed herein. ment of his country, directly or through his freely chosen Note. The Commission has not considered the follow- representatives. ing article since measures of implementation were not 2. Everyone has the right of access to public employ- discussed in its third session: ment in his country. "Everyone has the right, either individually, or in as- 3. Everyone has the right to a government which con- sociation with others, to petition or to communicate with forms to the will of the people. the public authorities of the State of which he is a na- Article 20 tional or in which he resides, or with the United Na- tions." Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the realization, through (6) Consideration by the Council at Its Seventh national effort and international co-operation, and in Session accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights set out Because of the pressure of business at its seventh below. session, the Council decided, at its 202nd plenary Article 21 meeting on August 17, 1948, that the report of the 1. Everyone has the right to work, to just and favour- Commission, which had been referred to its Hu- able conditions of work and pay and to protection against man Rights Committee, should be recalled to the unemployment. 2. Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work. plenary session; and that in plenary there would be 3. Everyone is free to form and to join trade unions an opportunity for each member to make one gen- for the protection of his interests. eral statement of position, without other debate or Article 22 decisions than a decision to transmit the documents 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living, in- to the General Assembly, together with the state- cluding food, clothing, housing and medical care, and ments of position. to social services, adequate for the health and well-being Statements were made by all members at the of himself and his family and to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, old age or other 215th and 218th meetings of the Council on Au- lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. gust 25 and 26. All members stressed the impor- 2. Mother and child have the right to special care tance of the draft Declaration, though it was gen- and assistance. erally regretted that it had not proved possible to Article 23 complete at the same time the draft Covenant and 1. Everyone has the right to education. Elementary and fundamental education shall be free and compulsory measures for implementation since it was recog- and there shall be equal access on the basis of merit to nized that the three formed part of an organic higher education. whole. The Netherlands, New Zealand and Dan- 2. Education shall be directed to the full development ish representatives thought that the Declaration of the human personality, to strengthening respect for should be referred back to the Commission, and human rights and fundamental freedoms and to combating the spirit of intolerance and hatred against other that if any discussion took place in the Assembly nations and against racial and religious groups every- it should be only a provisional examination, the where. Netherlands representative holding that the Dec- The Economic and Social Council 577 laration without measures for implementation was sity for the eradication of Fascism (Poland and the meaningless, and the New Zealand and Danish U.S.S.R.); representatives pointing out that there had been (d) The prohibition of Fascist and Nazi propa- insufficient time for governments to study the draft ganda and propaganda of racial and national hos- in detail and that the Declaration and Covenant tility (U.S.S.R.); should be adopted together. The majority, how- (e) The obligations of the individual to his ever, while agreeing on the importance of adopting neighbor, family, nation and society (Poland and the Covenant and the measures for implementa- the U.S.S.R.); tion, pointed out that a long time had elapsed since (f) The right to native language and culture work had begun on drafting the bill and thought (Poland and the U.S.S.R.); that the adoption of the draft Declaration would (g) An express reference to minority rights mark a step forward in defining human rights and (Denmark); that this step should be taken without delay. They (h) A guarantee of all economic rights, the were, therefore, in favor of transmitting the draft right to work and to rest, and the right to educa- Declaration to the third session of the Assembly. tion (Poland); It was generally recognized, however, that the (i) The paternal power of parents over their draft Declaration in the form in which it was pre- minor or non-emancipated children and their sented to the Council was still imperfect. The fol- obligation to provide them with sustenance and lowing were some of the main general criticisms: education (Brazil); (a) The aims of the Declaration were not suffi- (j) A statement that the rights enumerated in ciently clearly stated; the Preamble was entirely the Declaration were not exhaustive (Venezuela). abstract (Poland); the Preamble should be simplified (Canada and Venezuela). Among the criticisms concerning existing arti- (b) The Declaration should not be introduced cles were the following: by philosophical postulates from outdated theories (a) That the permissible restrictions on the of natural law, and therefore Article 1 should be rights of association should be made more explicit omitted (Brazil). (Brazil); (c) The Declaration was not sufficiently universal (b) That the scope of certain rights had been or international because it was based on domestic narrowed or distorted, as in the clauses referring to legislation and classic statements on human rights arbitrary arrest and equal pay (France); and did not therefore give sufficient prominence to (c) That it was perhaps unnecessary to include rights which could not be enumerated in national Article 5 (referring to recognition before the declarations, such as the right of asylum (France). law) and Article 23 (referring to the right to edu- (d) It had not proved possible to define the rela- cation), the latter being more appropriately a tions between the individual and the state, although matter for UNESCO; a simple general statement this was a basic problem (Venezuela and Chile). of the right to social security would be preferable (e) As drafted, the Declaration was open to in- to the articles on social security (Article 20), the terpretation as an instrument of intervention in the right to work (Article 21) and the right to a stand- domestic jurisdiction of states (Poland). ard of living (Article 22), since these articles were (f) The Declaration did not refer to ensuring and really a declaration of governmental responsibilities guaranteeing the implementation of rights and in this field (Canada). freedoms or to means of applying its provisions The Turkish representative suggested that it (U.S.S.R.). would be necessary to effect a reconciliation be- (g) The Declaration failed to maintain consist- tween the language of the Declaration and that of ently the principles of full equality (U.S.S.R.). the draft Covenant. The French representative reserved his Govern- Criticisms were made that provisions had been ment's right to propose that the General Assembly omitted from the draft Declaration, and proposals should (1) invite all states to take early action to were made for the inclusion of additional provi- bring their laws and practices into line with the sions, relating to the following subjects: Declaration and set up the administrative and ju- (a) The principle of religious tolerance (the dicial instances of appeal necessary for the respect Netherlands); of human rights, and (2) recall the need for pur- (b) The protection of the individual against suing the study of conventions intended to ensure threats, intimidation and oppression (Brazil); the practical observance of human rights and rec- (c) Reference to democracy and to the neces- ommend their adoption. 578 Yearbook of the United Nations

Both the French and United States represent- representatives also opposed the consideration of atives pointed out that the question of human anonymous communications. rights had special facets which ought to be the sub- Other representatives felt that the Commission ject of special conventions. might profit by receiving communications which The Council adopted without vote resolution might contain suggestions useful for its work. 151(VII) by which it transmitted to the General The question was discussed in considerable de- Assembly the draft International Declaration of tail in the Social Committee. A U.S.S.R. proposal Human Rights submitted to the Council by the to delete the relevant section of the Commission's Commission on Human Rights in the report of its report was rejected by 13 votes to 3, with 2 absten- third session, together with the remainder of the tions. Proposals and discussions were in general report of the Commission and the records of the aimed at providing: (1) that the time of the Com- proceedings of the Council on this subject. mission should not be unduly taken up with considering communications and that it should not be b. COMMUNICATIONS CONCERNING HUMAN turned into a "complaints bureau" of the United RIGHTS Nations; (2) that the identity of writers of com- (1) Procedure for Handling Communications munications should be adequately protected; (3) At its fifth session the Council established a pro- that the form of acknowledging communications cedure for handling communications concerning should not mislead the writers into thinking that human rights, consideration of which had been they would automatically be considered by the deferred from the Council's fourth session. Commission; and (4) that the Commission should The Commission on Human Rights, in the re- itself decide which communications would be port of its first session (E/259) had proposed that made available to members in the original. the Secretary-General be requested: A United States proposal (E/486) suggested, inter alia, that the Commission should forward pe- "(a) to compile a confidential list of communciations received concerning human rights before each session of titions relating to Trust Territories to the Trustee- the Commission; ship Council with appropriate comments. This "(b) to furnish this confidential list to the members suggestion was, after a tie vote, referred for con- of the Commission upon request, without divulging the sideration to the Joint Committee of the Trustee- contents of these communications or the identity of their ship and Economic and Social Councils.75 authors; "(c) to enable the members of the Commission, upon A United Kingdom proposal (E/AC.7/25), "to request, to consult the originals of these communications; furnish member states not represented on the "(d) to inform the writers of all communications con- Commission with a brief indication of the sub- cerning human rights, however addressed, that their com- stance of any communication concerning human munications would be brought to the attention of the Commission on Human Rights." rights which refers explicitly to territory administered by them", was accepted with slight amend- The recommendations of the Commission were ments by 13 votes, with 4 abstentions. considered by the Economic and Social Council at A Czechoslovak proposal (E/AC.7/27), "That its 87th and 106th plenary meetings on July 21 the communications in order to be submitted to and August 19, and at the 12th, 13th, 14th and the procedure of examination by the Commission 17th meetings of its Social Committee on July 24, on Human Rights must have the following quali- 28 and 30 and August 4. fications: The U.S.S.R. representative opposed the recom- "(1) the intention to protect the human rights mendations on the grounds that the Charter had must be evident already enumerated the bodies with which the "(2) they must not emanate from an anony- Council, and consequently its commissions, could mous unauthenticated or irresponsible source", enter into relationship, and from which reports and was rejected by 10 votes to 4. information could be received. Sufficient informa- A New Zealand draft resolution (E/AC.7/24) tion could be obtained from Member States of the which sought to combine the proposals of the United Nations, from the specialized agencies and Commission on Human Rights with certain amend- from non-governmental organizations having con- ments contained in the United States proposal in sultative status. He felt that consideration of com- "an attempt to correlate the responsibilities of the munications from other organizations or from United Nations under Article 55 of the Charter individuals would take the attention of the Com- with the duties of the Commission on Human missions away from their real tasks. This view was supported by the Byelorussian representative. Both 75 See pp. 510-12, 731-33. The Economic and Social Council 579

Rights" was considered at the 13th and 14th meet- At its second session, the Commission decided ings of the Social Committee in a paragraph by that the task of the Sub-Commission on Prevention paragraph discussion of the proposed draft resolu- of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities tion. At the end of its discussions the Social Com- would be facilitated if the Economic and Social mittee by 14 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions, Council agreed to modify and extend resolution approved a draft resolution based largely on that 75(V) so as to give members of the Sub-Commis- put forward by the New Zealand delegation. sion, with respect to communications dealing with This was adopted by the Council at its 106th discrimination and minorities, and at the request plenary meeting on August 5, by 14 votes to 2, with of the Commission in each case, the same facilities 2 abstentions (resolution 75(V)), as follows: as were enjoyed by the members of the Commis- "The Economic and Social Council, sion (E/600). "Having considered chapter V of the report of the At its second session also, the Commission re- first session of the Commission on Human Rights con- quested the Economic and Social Council to re- cerning communications (document E/259), "Approves the statement that 'the Commission recog- consider the procedure laid down in resolution nizes that it has no power to take any action in regard 75(V). In particular, the Commission suggested to any complaints concerning human rights'; that the Secretary-General should be requested to "Requests the Secretary General compile before each session of the Commission: "(a) To compile a confidential list of communica- (1) a non-confidential list of communications in tions received concerning human rights, before each session of the Commission, with a brief indication of which the authors stated that they had already di- the substance of each; vulged or intended to divulge their names, or that "(b) To furnish this confidential list to the Com- they had no objection to their names being di- mission, in private meeting, without divulging the vulged; and (2) a confidential list of communica- identity of the authors of the communications; "(c) To enable the members of the Commission, tions which would be furnished to the Commission, upon request, to consult the originals of communica- in private meetings, without divulging the ident- tions dealing with the principles involved in the pro- ity of the authors (E/600). motion of universal respect for and observance of The Council considered the question during its human rights; sixth session, at its 128th plenary meeting on Feb- "(d) To inform the writers of all communications concerning human rights, however addressed, that ruary 5 and the 32nd meeting of the Social Com- their communications have been received and duly mittee on February 19, on the basis of a draft reso- noted for consideration in accordance with the pro- lution prepared by the Secretariat to give effect to cedure laid down by the United Nations. Where neces- the Commission's recommendations (E/AC.7/- sary, the Secretary-General should indicate that the Commission has no power to take any action in regard W.20). to any complaint concerning human rights; The United States, New Zealand and U.S.S.R. "(e) To furnish each Member State not represented representatives were in favor of retaining the on the Commission with a brief indication of the sub- original procedure as referred to in points (a) and stance of any communication concerning human rights (b) of resolution 75(V). The United States rep- which refers explicitly to that State or to territories under its jurisdiction, without divulging the identity resentative thought that the impression should not of the author; be created that the Commission dealt with indi- "Suggests to the Commission on Human Rights that vidual complaints as such, or that it could be used it should at each session appoint an ad hoc committee to as publicity for worthless facts or documents. The meet shortly before its next session for the purpose of reviewing the confidential list of communications pre- Lebanese representative proposed that the Secretary- pared by the Secretary-General under paragraph (a) General should be requested to compile three con- above, and of recommending which of these communica- fidential lists including (1) anonymous communi- tions, in original, should, in accordance with paragraph cations and (2) signed communications, the (c) above, be made available to members of the Com- authors of which had divulged their names or mission on request." intended to do so, or had no objection to their pub- (2) Modification of Procedure for Handling lication and (3) signed communications, the Communications authors of which expressed the wish that their During its second and third sessions, the Com- names should not be divulged. After the first part mission on Human Rights received, in private of this proposal had been defeated in the Social meetings, confidential lists of communications con- Committee by 3 votes to 2, with 12 abstentions, the cerning human rights compiled by the Secretary- Lebanese representative withdrew the proposal, and General. At each session an ad hoc Committee of the Committee by 13 votes, with 3 abstentions, the Commission reviewed the lists of communica- adopted a Canadian proposal to amend the text of tions and submitted reports to the Commission. resolution 75(V) to allow the names of authors to 580 Yearbook of the United Nations be divulged "in cases where the authors state that on human rights now in force in the various they already divulged or intend to divulge their countries. names, or that they have no objection to their At its third session, the Commission on Human names being divulged". Rights expressed the view that court decisions, The amended resolution was adopted by the being as important as provisions of constitutions, Social Committee by 13 votes, with 3 abstentions ordinary laws and international treaties, should also (E/704), and by the Council by the same vote at be included in the yearbook. It also expressed the its 157th plenary meeting on March 1. The resolu- view that the correspondents, appointed by each tion adopted by the Council (116(VI)A) reads as government to provide the Secretary-General with follows: the necessary documents accompanied, when neces- "The Economic and Social Council, sary, by appropriate explanations, should also report "Having reconsidered the procedure for communica- court decisions concerning human rights, it being tions relating to human rights laid down in resolution understood that the Secretary-General would have 75(V), as regards points (b) and (e), "Decides to amend the procedure provided for in the responsibility for deciding on the use to be point (b) of the above resolution by adding to the text made of the court decisions as well as the other of point (b) the following words: 'except in those cases documents supplied to it, bearing in mind the size where the authors state that they have already divulged of the yearbook, its general purpose and budgetary or intend to divulge their names or that they have no ob- implications (E/800). jection to their names being divulged'; and in point (e) by adding the following words: 'except as provided for The first volume of the Yearbook on Human 76 in paragraph (b) above'; and Rights was presented to the seventh session of the "Resolves to give the members of the Sub-Commission Economic and Social Council on August 24, 1948. on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection The first volume contained all constitutional proof Minorities, with respect to communications dealing with discrimination and minorities the same facilities as visions relating to human rights. In the case of are enjoyed by members of the Commission under resolu- countries, such as the United Kingdom, which have tion 75 (V) and the present resolution." no written constitution, or where the constitutions, At the same meeting the Council unanimously as in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the decided at the suggestion of the President to request Union of South Africa, contain no general provi- the Secretary-General to present a factual account sions concerning human rights, the observance of to its next session of the practices of other organs human rights being guaranteed by the ordinary law, of the United Nations in regard to communications. the Yearbook contained statements by qualified A memorandum on this question was prepared by jurists on the law and usage relating to human the Secretary-General (E/587) and circulated to rights. members of the Council at its seventh session. The laws and regulations of certain countries At its third session, the Commission on Human relating to human rights which came into force in Rights suggested that the Council should request 1946 were also included in the first issue. In addi- the Secretary-General in the future to ask the tion, some ordinary legislation adopted before 1946 Governments sending replies to communications was added in the case of countries liberated in 1944 brought to their attention in accordance with para- and 1945 in order to give a clear picture of the graph (c) of resolution 75(V) whether they recent development of human rights in those coun- wished their replies to be transmitted to the Com- tries. The Yearbook contained statements and mission on Human Rights in summary form, or studies describing and commenting on the law presented in full as restricted or unrestricted docu- relating to human rights in sixteen countries, and ments (E/800). indicating any recent changes in the law. The state- The Economic and Social Council took no action ments are in lieu of written constitutional texts on the question of communications at its seventh where none exist or where the constitution does not session. mention human rights. The studies, on the other hand, dealt with certain countries where there are constitutional provisions relating to human rights. c. YEARBOOK ON HUMAN RIGHTS In addition to five statements, there were eight The Economic and Social Council on June 21, studies which dealt with the principles of human 1946, requested (resolution 2/9) the Secretary- rights in general, and five studies which dealt with General, inter alia, to make arrangements for the specific questions in this field or described the compilation and publication of a yearbook on law recent evolution of the law governing human rights. and usage relating to human rights, the first edition 76 United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1948 of which should include all declarations and bills XIV. 1. The Economic and Social Council 581

The Economic and Social Council, at its seventh suggesting that it consider the advisability of session, took no action on the first issue of the initiating and recommending the general adoption Yearbook on Human Rights. of a program of disseminating scientific facts with regard to race, and the creation of a committee of d. PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND world leaders in educational theory and practice PROTECTION OF MINORITIES which would study the basic principles of democratic and universal education, in order to combat The Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Dis- any spirit of intolerance or hostility as between crimination and the Protection of Minorities held nations and groups. its first session at Geneva from November 24 to The Council considered these recommendations December 6, 1947. Its report (E/CN.4/52) was at its 128th and 157th plenary meetings on Feb- considered by the Commission on Human Rights ruary 5 and March 1, and at the 33rd meeting of at its second session and the Commission made the Social Committee on February 19 on the basis recommendations (E/600) on it to the sixth ses- of a draft resolution prepared by the Secretariat to sion of the Council. give effect to the Commission's recommendations (1) Declaration of Human Rights (E/AC7/W.20). The Sub-Commission, inter alia, considered those The Brazilian representative thought it important articles of the draft International Declaration of to distinguish between historical and artificial Human Rights, as drawn up by the Drafting Com- minorities. The Netherlands, French, Lebanese, mittee of the Commission on Human Rights, which Australian and United Kingdom representatives dealt with the prevention of discrimination and the thought the studies proposed were too comprehen- protection of minorities, and proposed amendments sive, and might be too costly. The Netherlands rep- to them. resentative thought that such studies might create The Commission at its second session endorsed an unfavorable state of mind among minorities in the Sub-Commission's view that the machinery for regions where no discrimination existed. The Aus- the implementation of the rights stated in these tralian representative, supported by representatives articles would be of vital importance and would of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, form but one part of the machinery for the imple- thought that the studies should not be undertaken mentation of human rights as a whole. until the Declaration on Human Rights had been The Commission approved the suggestion of the adopted. Sub-Commission that "the prevention of discrim- The French representative proposed the deletion ination is the prevention of any action which of the references to the distinction between histori- denies to individuals or groups of people equality cal and recent, and genuine and spurious minorities, of treatment which they may wish", but postponed as this was a political matter which was outside the consideration of the Sub-Commission's text on the competence of the Secretariat. These deletions were protection of minorities. approved by 12 votes to 1, with 4 abstentions, and 15 votes, with 4 abstentions, respectively, by the (2) Studies Committee, which also adopted by 10 votes, with 6 On the suggestion of the Sub-Commission, the abstentions, a Lebanese amendment to suggest the Commission recommended that the Economic and dissemination of scientific facts "designed to re- Social Council (a) request the Secretary-General move what is commonly called racial prejudice", to organize studies and prepare analyses to help the rather than scientific facts "concerning race". Sub-Commission in determining the main types The Committee, however, rejected four U.S.S.R. and the causes of discrimination and, in doing so, to proposals to (1) provide for the participation of consider whether or not the groups involved were national social and cultural minority organizations of recent or of long historic origin, and whether in formulating education programs (rejected by 5 they had been active protesting minorities; (b) votes to 4, with 6 abstentions); (2) specify that adopt the necessary measures to provide the Sub- the main types of discrimination were "for reasons Commission with all the information required in of race, sex, language or religion" (rejected by 5 order to distinguish between genuine and spurious votes to 4, with 7 abstentions); (3) refer in place minorities; (c) invite the Secretary-General to of the "causes" of discrimination to the "social and keep in mind the desirability of formulating effec- economic conditions in which groups which are tive educational programs in connection with the discriminated against find themselves" (rejected by prevention of discrimination and the protection of 8 votes to 3, with 4 abstentions); (4) delete the minorities; (d) invite UNESCO's collaboration, invitation to UNESCO to consider creating a com- 582 Yearbook of the United Nations mittee of world leaders on the ground that UNESCO international obligations undertaken to combat dis- was a cultural organization and should not extend crimination and to protect minorities. The Commis- its activities to a political sphere (rejected by 10 sion requested the Council to consider the question votes to 2, with 4 abstentions). whether, and to what extent, those treaties should After paragraph by paragraph votes, the amended be regarded as being still in force and suggested resolution was adopted by 11 votes to 0, with 5 that an advisory opinion in the question might be abstentions, by the Social Committee, and by 11 sought from the International Court of Justice. The votes to 0, with 6 abstentions, by the Council at its Council discussed the question at its 128th and 157th plenary meeting. The U.S.S.R., United King- 159th plenary meetings on February 5 and March 2, dom and Chinese representatives abstained from and the 34th meeting of its Social Committee on voting on the ground that the resolution singled February 20. On the proposal of the United King- out only the educational aspect of the problem. The dom representative, it was decided to request the resolution adopted by the Council (116(VI)B) Secretary-General to study the question and report reads as follows: to the Commission, as it was thought it would then "The Economic and Social Council be clearer if a reference to the International Court "A. Requests the Secretary-General: was necessary. The U.S.S.R. representative thought "(i) To organize studies and prepare analyses de- that the proposed study was unnecessary, as the signed to assist the Sub-Commission on the Prevention treaties and declarations referred to were all part of of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities in determining the main types of discrimination which the system established by the Treaty of Versailles impede the equal enjoyment by all of human rights and related to conditions which no longer existed. and fundamental freedoms and the causes of such The Council at its 159th plenary meeting adopted, discrimination, the results of such studies and analyses by 15 votes to 2, resolution 116(VI) requesting to be made available to members of the Sub-Com- mission; the Secretary-General to "(ii) To keep in mind, in connexion with any "study the question whether and to what extent the studies he may make in the fields of the prevention of treaties and declarations relating to international obliga- discrimination and the protection of minorities, the tions undertaken to combat discrimination and to protect desirability of formulating effective educational pro- minorities, the texts of which are contained in League of grammes in these fields and to report any findings that Nations document C.L.110.1927.1 Annex, should be re- might assist the Sub-Commission in making appropri- garded as being still in force, at least in so far as they ate recommendations to this end; would entail between contracting States rights and obliga- "B. Advises UNESCO of the interest of the United tions the existence of which would be independent of Nations in effective educational programmes in the fields their guarantee by the League of Nations; and to report of the prevention of discrimination and the protection of on the results of this study to a later session of the Com- minorities, and mission on Human Rights with recommendations, if "(i) Requests UNESCO to make available to the required, for any further action to elucidate this ques- Sub-Commission any relevant material or analyses that tion." might result from that organization's proposed study of social tensions or from any other UNESCO pro- (4) Peace Treaties gramme; On the recommendation of the Sub-Commission, "(U) Suggests collaboration between the United the Commission on Human Rights at its second Nations and UNESCO in the formulation of such a programme; session declared that in any peace treaties still to be "(iii) Suggests that UNESCO consider the desirabil- ratified there should be included, whenever appro- ity of initiating and recommending the general adop- priate, specific clauses seeking to protect human tion of a programme of disseminating scientific facts rights and minority rights (E/600). In the Coun- designed to remove what is commonly known as racial cil's discussion of the report at its sixth session prejudices; and "(iv) Invites UNESCO to consider the creation of (128th plenary meeting) this suggestion was sup- a committee of world leaders in educational theory ported by the Netherlands representative but ob- and practice, which should make it its business to jected to by the U.S.S.R. representative as outside study and select the most common and basic principles the competence of the Council. of a democratic and universal education in order to combat any spirit of intolerance or hostility as between (5) Terms of Reference of the Sub-Commission nations and groups." Finally, the Sub-Commission requested the Com- (3) Minorities Treaties mission on Human Rights to re-examine the terms The Commission on Human Rights, at the re- of reference of the Sub-Commission in order to quest of the Sub-Commission, drew the attention clarify them and to extend their scope. The of the Council to document CL. 110. 1927, of the Commission at its second session deferred such re- League of Nations, which reproduces a large num- examination, and at its third session postponed ber of texts of treaties and declarations relating to consideration of the question until it had drawn up The Economic and Social Council 583 a draft International Bill of Human Rights, includ- provisional measures to protect de facto stateless ing measures for implementation. It decided that persons. The U.S.S.R., Polish and Byelorussian rep- reconsideration of the Sub-Commission's terms of resentatives opposed the draft resolution on the reference would be on the agenda of its fourth grounds that provisions concerning de facto state- session, and expressed the view that there was no less persons which did not take account of the need for the Sub-Commission to meet prior to the opinions of their countries of origin would consti- next session of the Commission, since the draft tute a violation of the sovereignty of those states International Bill of Human Rights had not been and would have no legal force, and that since refu- completed. gees and displaced persons were concerned, the question should not be dealt with irrespective of e. STATELESS PERSONS the General Assembly's resolution 62(I) on the subject which had laid stress on repatriation.77 At its second session, the Commission on Human The United Kingdom draft resolution, with Rights (E/600) expressed the wish (a) that the minor amendments, accepted by the United King- United Nations make recommendations to Member dom representative, designed to make it more gen- States with a view to concluding conventions on eral, was adopted by the Social Committee at its nationality, and (b) that early consideration be 35th meeting on February 20 by 15 votes to 3 and given by the United Nations to the legal status of by the Council at its 159th plenary meeting on persons who do not enjoy the protection of any March 2 by the same vote. In this resolution government, in particular pending the acquisition (116(VI)D) the Council took note of the sug- of a nationality, as regards their legal and social gestions of the Commission, recognized protection and their identity papers. The Commis- "that this problem demands in the first instance the sion recommended that such work be undertaken adoption of interim measures to afford protection to in consultation with those specialized agencies at stateless persons, and secondly the taking of joint and present assuming the protection of some categories separate action by Member nations in co-operation with the United Nations to ensure that everyone shall have an of persons not enjoying the protection of any gov- effective right to a nationality," ernment, and that due regard be paid to relevant international agreements and conventions. and requested the Secretary-General in consulta- The question was considered by the Council at tion with interested commissions and specialized its 128th and 159th plenary meetings on February agencies 5 and March 2, and at the 34th and 35th meetings "(a) To undertake a study of the existing situation in of its Social Committee on February 20. The United regard to the protection of stateless persons by the issuance of necessary documents and other measures, and to States proposed a draft resolution (E/AC.7/41), make recommendations to an early session of the Council requesting the Secretary-General to undertake, in on the interim measures which might be taken by the consultation with interested commissions and United Nations to further this object; specialized agencies, a study of relevant interna- "(b) To undertake a study of national legislation and tional agreements and conventions; the drafting of international agreements and conventions relevant to statelessness, and to submit recommendations to the a proposed convention on the subject of stateless Council as to the desirability of concluding a further con- persons; a study of the interim measures which vention on this subject." might be taken by the United Nations to afford protection to stateless persons, including the issuance f. TRADE UNION RIGHTS (FREEDOM OF of necessary documents; and to make a report on ASSOCIATION) these subjects, with recommendations, to an early session of the Council. The United States repre- At the fourth session of the Economic and Social sentative subsequently withdrew his proposal in Council, the World Federation of Trade Unions favor of a United Kingdom draft resolution proposed the agenda item "Guarantees for the (E/AC.7/62) introduced with the object of mak- exercise and development of trade union rights". ing more specific the distinction between de jure In considering this item the Council had before it stateless persons whom their countries had deprived memoranda submitted by the World Federation of of nationality and persons stateless de facto, includ- Trade Unions (E/C.2/28) and by the American ing political exiles and non-repatriable persons. Federation of Labor (E/C.2/32) and adopted a The United States, United Kingdom and Brazilian resolution (52(IV)) transmitting these documents representatives emphasized that two questions were to the International Labour Organisation with a involved: that of nationality, which would need 77 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946—47, p. serious and detailed study; and that of taking 170. 584 Yearbook of the United Nations request that the item should be placed upon the governmental organization and referred for con- agenda of its forthcoming session, and that a report sideration to a specialized agency concerned with should be sent to the Council for its consideration this particular field. Representatives also called at its next session. The Council also decided to attention to the importance of the fact that the transmit these documents to the Commission on report had been adopted unanimously by the ILO Human Rights in order that it might consider Conference, consisting of representatives of govern- those aspects of the subject which might appropri- ments, employers and workers. ately form part of the bill or declaration on human The U.S.S.R. representative considered that the rights.78 Council should take as a basis for its discussions on The International Labour Organisation consid- the question the original proposal (E/C.2/28) sub- ered this question at the thirtieth International mitted by the World Federation of Trade Unions Labour Conference, and the Conference adopted a and should regard the ILO report as comple- report (E/485) for transmission to the Council as mentary. His delegation endorsed the WFTU pro- requested. This report describes the twofold action posal, which drew the Council's attention to the taken on this subject by the International Labour fact that a policy was at present being followed in Conference. The Conference adopted unanimously many countries to abolish the basic rights of trade two resolutions and approved a list of points as a unions, emphasized the importance of the develop- basis for discussion at the next session of the Con- ment of trade unions and called for the setting up ference. of a special committee by the Council to safeguard The resolutions adopted related to: (1) free- trade union rights. A proposal to take the WFTU dom of association and protection of the right to proposal as a basis of discussion was rejected by the organize and to bargain collectively; and (2) inter- Council by 10 votes to 2, with 6 abstentions. national machinery for safeguarding freedom of A Czechoslovak draft resolution (E/534) to association. The first resolution concerned the transmit the ILO report to the Social Commission fundamental principles on which freedom of asso- with the request that the Commission "complete ciation must be based. It represented the first stage and consolidate the text" transmitted by the ILO of the program of action to be undertaken by the in a practical form and make recommendations to International Labour Organisation. The next stage the Council on the implementation of the proposed visualized was the embodiment in one or several principles was also rejected by the Council, by 9 international labor conventions to be submitted for votes to 1, with 8 abstentions. The Czechoslovak adoption at the 1948 Conference of these principles representative, in explaining the draft resolution, and of methods for encouraging (1) the exercise stated that only the general aspects of the problem of the right of freedom of association without fear had been considered by the Council, and that the of restraint; (2) collective agreements; (3) vol- appropriate body to consider the substance of the untary conciliation and arbitration; and (4) co- matter was the Social Commission; the Commission operation between public authorities and employers' on Human Rights, to which it had also been re- and workers' organizations. In respect to the second ferred, would also only deal with general principles. resolution, the Governing Body of the International Certain members of the Council, however, felt that, Labour Organisation was requested to arrange for as the Council had already referred the question to close and detailed study of the subject and to report an expert body, the ILO, which was taking action on all its aspects to the next session of the Con- on the question, it would only cause further delay ference. and confusion to refer it also to the Social Com- The Council considered the report of the Confer- mission. ence at its 108th and 109th plenary meetings on The Council decided to adopt a resolution jointly August 8, 1947. Representatives of the Interna- proposed by the United Kingdom, the Netherlands tional Labour Organisation, the World Federation and the United States (E/533) as amended by the of Trade Unions, the American Federation of Labor inclusion of certain paragraphs from the Czecho- and the International Federation of Christian Trade slovak proposal. These paragraphs provided for the Unions participated in the discussions. recognition of the principles proclaimed by the Various representatives expressed satisfaction at International Labour Conference and a request to the promptitude with which the International the ILO to continue its efforts so that one or Labour Organisation had considered the question several international conventions might be quickly at the request of the Council, and cited the case as adopted. A Norwegian verbal amendment that a good example of the co-ordinating functions of 78 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. the Council, since the item was suggested by a non- 553. The Economic and Social Council 585 would have had the Council transmit the report to their economic well-being; (2) endorsed the prin- the Social Commission, requesting it to present its ciples proclaimed by the International Labour Con- comments to the Council's next session "in order ference and the principles recognized in the that the Council may present the comments it Constitution of the International Labour Organisa- desires for the consideration of the International tion and the Declaration of Philadelphia made by Labour Conference in drafting one or more conven- the International Labour Organisation; and (3) tions in this matter", was rejected by 7 votes to 5, transmitted the report of the International Labour with 6 abstentions. Organisation to the Commission on Human Rights The resolution (84(V)) was adopted by the with the same objects as those stated in resolution Council by 15 votes to 2, with 1 abstention, at its 52 (IV) of the Economic and Social Council, and 109th meeting on August 8, and reads as follows: recommended to the International Labour Organisa- "The Economic and Social Council, tion on its tripartite basis "to pursue urgently in "Having received the report transmitted by the Inter- collaboration with the United Nations and in con- national Labour Organisation in pursuance of the Coun- cil's request at its fourth session that the memoranda on formity with the resolution of the International the subject of trade union rights submitted to the Council Labour Conference concerning international ma- by the World Federation of Trade Unions and the Ameri- chinery for safeguarding trade union rights and can Federation of Labor might be placed on the agenda freedom of association, the study of the control of of the International Labour Organisation at its next ses- their practical application". sion and that a report might be sent for the consideration of the Economic and Social Council at its next session, When preparing the draft International Bill of "Takes note of the report and observes with satisfaction Human Rights, the Commission on Human Rights, the action taken and proposed by the International Labour at its second (E/600) and third (E/800) sessions, Organisation within its recognized competence, gave consideration to general provisions on free- "Decides "(a) To recognize the principles proclaimed by the dom of association. International Labour Conference; The Governing Body of the International Labour "(b) To request the International Labour Organisa- Office, in a report entitled Freedom of Association tion to continue its efforts in order that one or several and Protection of the Right to Organize (Report international conventions may be quickly adopted; "(c) To transmit the report to the General As- VII, Appendix) prepared for the 31st session of sembly; the International Labour Conference at San Fran- "Awaits further reports on the subject to be trans- cisco in June 1948, considered the question of the mitted by the International Labour Organisation and adoption of a Convention on Freedom of Associa- awaits also the report which it will receive in due course from the Commission on Human Rights on those aspects tion and Protection of the Right to Organize. The of the subject which might appropriately form part of Governing Body further pointed out that there the bill or declaration on human rights, might be advantage in elaborating some machinery, "Notes that proposals for the establishment of inter- in consultation with the Commission on Human national machinery for safeguarding freedom of associa- Rights, in addition to the machinery provided in tion are to be examined by the Governing Body of the International Labour Organisation, the ILO Constitution, for dealing with cases in "Considers that the question of enforcement of rights, which, in addition to trade union rights, other whether of individuals or of associations, raises common rights of a more general character were involved. problems which should be considered jointly by the The Governing Body proposed, therefore, if the United Nations and the International Labour Organisa- tion, and Conference agreed, to undertake the consultation "Requests the Secretary-General to arrange for co- with the United Nations envisaged in the above- operation between the International Labour Organisation mentioned resolutions of the General Assembly and and the Commission on Human Rights in the study of the Economic and Social Council. these problems." On July 6, 1948, the International Labour Con- The General Assembly at its second session on 79 ference adopted a Convention in two parts, (a) November 17, 1947, in resolution 128(II) Freedom of Association and (b) Protection of the approved the resolutions on trade union rights Right to Organize. The Conference also adopted a adopted by the fourth and fifth sessions of the resolution requesting the Governing Body to enter Economic and Social Council (resolutions 52(IV) into consultation with the competent organs of the and 84(VI)). United Nations for the purpose of examining what The General Assembly, in this resolution also developments to existing international machinery (1) stated its view that the inalienable right of may be necessary to ensure the safeguarding of the trade union freedom of association is, as well as freedom of association. other social safeguards, essential to the improvement of the standard of living of workers, and to 79 See pp. 132-33. 586 Yearbook of the United Nations

The Economic and Social Council, at its seventh after the fifth session of the Economic and Social session, in view of pressure of business, decided Council, the latter authorized the Sub-Commission after discussion at its 177th and 178th plenary on Freedom of Information and of the Press to re- meetings on July 20, 1948, to defer to its next ses- port directly to the Council. sion, along with other items, the question of Trade The General Assembly had originally resolved Union Rights (Freedom of Association); and also (resolution 59 (I)) that a United Nations Con- the question of Infringements of Trade Union ference on Freedom of Information should be held Rights, which had been proposed as an agenda in 1947. The Sub-Commission found that this time item by the World Federation of Trade Unions schedule could not be adhered to and recommend- (E/822). ed that the Conference be held instead in March or April 1948. The Council, supporting the rec- g. SURVEY OF FORCED LABOR AND MEASURES ommendation of the Sub-Commission, decided at FOR ITS ABOLITION its 95th plenary meeting on July 25 to choose At its sixth session the Economic and Social March 23, 1948, as the opening day of the Confer- ence and the city of Geneva as the Conference Council postponed to its seventh session considera- site. tion of the agenda item "Survey of Forced Labor By and large, the Council accepted without major and Measures for its Abolition", proposed by the American Federation of Labor. At its seventh ses- modifications the substantive and procedural recommendations of the Sub-Commission. On the sion the Council decided, after discussion at its 176th and 177th plenary meetings on July 19 and motion of the representative of Turkey (E/551), 20, to defer again consideration of this item the Council, did, however, decide at its 115th plenary meeting on August 13, by a vote of 11 to 6, (E/596). with 1 abstention, not to extend voting privileges to non-member states of the United Nations in- 2. Freedom of Information and of the vited to attend the conference, thus reversing the Press recommendation of the Sub-Commission. The proposal of the U.S.S.R. representative to invite the Mongolian People's Republic to the Con- a. CONSIDERATION AT THE COUNCIL'S FIFTH ference was rejected at the same meeting by a vote SESSION of 8 to 3, with 7 abstentions. The Economic and Social Council during its fifth The Council discussed the provisional agenda session considered the report (E/441 and Add. 1) recommended for the Conference at its 116th, of the Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information 117th and 118th plenary meetings. The main part and of the Press at its 94th, 95th, 115th, 116th, of the discussion centred round a proposal (E/- 117th and 118th plenary meetings on July 25 and AC. 7/30) of the representative of the U.S.S.R. August 13, 14 and 15, 1947, respectively, and at which would, inter alia, have designated the organi- the 16th to 21st meetings of the Social Committee zation of a campaign explicitly for unmasking the on August 1, 4, 6, 7 and 8. The Sub-Commission vestiges of Fascism and for eradicating all forms had been established by the Commission on Hu- of Fascist ideology as one of the major tasks of the man Rights and had been given two principal func- free press. An amendment based on this proposal tions to perform: to examine what rights, obliga- was rejected at the 118th plenary meeting by a tions and practices should be included in the vote of 12 to 3, with 3 abstentions. A joint French, concept of freedom of information, and to report Norwegian and Chilean amendment (E/AC. 7/- to the Commission on any issues that might arise 39), offered as a possible compromise, would have from such examination; and to prepare a draft an- called for the removing of the "remnants of Fas- notated agenda, and make other proposals concern- cism and collaborationism from the media of in- ing preparations for the United Nations Confer- formation". In the course of the discussion, the ence on Freedom of Information. At its first sponsors of the amendment agreed to modify the session, from May 19 to June 4, 1947, the Sub- first paragraph to read "to combat anti-democratic Commission decided to postpone discussion of the ideologies and remove the remnants of fascism concept of freedom of information until its next and collaborationism from the media of informa- session and to concentrate instead upon the neces- tion." The first paragraph was, however, rejected sary arrangements for the Conference.80 by a vote of 10 to 7, with 1 abstention. The Coun- Since the next session of the Commission on Hu- 80 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, on man Rights was not scheduled to take place until 526-28. The Economic and Social Council 587

cil also rejected, by a vote of 7 to 2, with 9 absten- Conference and to attend the Conference without tions, a New Zealand amendment to insert in the voting privileges were, at their request, to be ex- section dealing with the tasks of the press a clause tended also to the following: calling on the parties concerned "to forswear anti- Specialized agencies which had concluded agree- democratic ideologies". ments with the United Nations (as of August 15, The Council then adopted, by a vote of 14 to 0, 1947): International Labour Organisation, Food with 4 abstentions, a Lebanese compromise pro- and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- posal imposing upon the press the duty to "com- tions, International Civil Aviation Organization, bat any ideologies whose nature could endanger United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural these rights and freedoms", i.e., the rights and free- Organization. doms of the press. Other inter-governmental organizations which The second paragraph of the French, Norwegian had not then (August 15, 1947) concluded agree- and Chilean proposal (E/AC. 7/39), proposing ments with the United Nations but which might the insertion of a new clause reading "to combat do so in the future: International Bank for Recon- forces which incite war by removing bellicose instruction and Development, International Mone- fluences from media of information", was adopted tary Fund, International Refugee Organization, by a vote of 10 to 5, with 3 abstentions. International Telecommunication Union, Interna- The provisional agenda, thus modified, was ap- tional Trade Organization, Universal Postal Union, proved by the Council on August 15, 1947, by a World Health Organization. vote of 15 to 2, with 1 abstention (resolution Non-governmental organizations in category A: 74(V)). American Federation of Labor, International The Council also decided to refer to the forth- Chamber of Commerce, International Co-operative coming Conference on Freedom of Information a Alliance, International Federation of Agricultural communication from the International Organiza- Producers, International Federation of Christian tion of Journalists (E/448) regarding the desira- Trade Unions, Inter-Parliamentary Union, World bility of drawing up a covenant on freedom of in- Federation of Trade Unions. formation and the need to create an instrument to Non-governmental organizations in category B: implement such a covenant, and it took note of the International Organization of Journalists. interim report, transmitted by UNESCO, contain- With the exception of the last-mentioned, all of ing the results of an inquiry in certain war de- the above-named organizations were to be accord- vastated countries concerning newsprint (E/507), ed a status vis-a-vis the Conference equivalent to and requested UNESCO to present to the Economic the status accorded them by the Economic and So- and Social Council any further reports on the sub- cial Council. The International Organization of ject which it might prepare. The Council also re- Journalists was, however, for the purpose of the quested the Secretary-General to communicate with Conference, to be regarded as having category A Member Governments not covered by any survey status. of UNESCO, in order to complete the survey made The main items proposed by the Council for the and to be made by UNESCO, and to present the provisional agenda of the Conference were summed results of this inquiry to the Economic and Social up by the Council in its subsequent report (A/- Council. 382) to the General Assembly in these words: With these additions, and the modifications "1. General discussion on the principles of freedom noted above, the Council, at its 118th meeting, of information. adopted the report of the Sub-Commission (E/- "2. Consideration of certain fundamental principles 441 and Add. 1), together with the draft resolu- to which media of information should have regard in tions (E/547) as amended, by a vote of 16 to 0, performing their bask functions of gathering, transmitting and disseminating news and information without with 2 abstentions. fetters. In its resolution 74 (V) the Council decided "3. Measures to facilitate the gathering of information. that voting rights in the Conference were to be ex- "4. Measures to facilitate the international transmis- ercised only by Members of the United Nations, sion of information. "5. Measures concerning the free publication and re- but the following non-member States were to be ception of information. invited to participate in the Conference without "6. Consideration of the drafting of a charter of rights voting rights: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, and obligations of media of information. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Pakistan, Portugal, Rou- "7. Consideration of possible continuing machinery to mania, Switzerland, Transjordan and Yemen. Invi- promote the free flow of true information." tations to participate in the preparations for the The Council also decided that any further items 588 Yearbook of the United Nations recommended at its next (sixth) session should be formation and of the Press for one additional ses- included in an additional list. sion to enable that body to hold a meeting after the The balance of the Council's resolutions dealt termination of the Conference on Freedom of In- with such technical matters as the proposed rules formation. Finally, resolution 118(VI) B noted of procedure of the Conference, the size of dele- that the General Assembly had, at its second ses- gations and organization of the work of the Con- sion, remitted two resolutions to the Conference: ference. one dealing with measures to be taken against propaganda and the inciters of a new war, the b. SECOND SESSION OF SUB-COMMISSION ON other with false or distorted reports.82 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OF THE A further resolution (119(VI)) with regard to PRESS the Conference was adopted unanimously by the The Sub-Commission on Freedom of Informa- Economic and Social Council at its 153rd plenary tion and of the Press held its second session from meeting on February 25. This resolution added the January 19 to February 3, 1948, and in the course names of Burma and Ceylon to the list of non- of this session drafted articles on freedom of in- members of the United Nations to be invited to formation for the proposed draft Declaration of participate, without vote, in the Conference, noting Human Rights and for the draft Covenant on Hu- that both States had become fully self-governing man Rights. In so doing, the Sub-Commission had since the fifth session of the Council. acted pursuant to the terms of reference given it by the Commission on Human Rights (E/600). d. CONFERENCE ON FREEDOM OF The Sub-Commission also outlined certain prin- INFORMATION ciples upon which its drafting of the articles had The Conference was held in Geneva from March been based (E/CN. 4/80). 23 to April 21, 1948, and was attended by delegations representing 54 Governments, including both c. CONSIDERATION AT THE COUNCIL'S SIXTH Members and non-members of the United Nations, SESSION while three additional States, Bolivia, Iran and Ire- During the sixth session, the Economic and So- land, sent observers. cial Council, at its 155th plenary meeting in Feb- The Conference adopted as its agenda the pro- ruary 27, 1948, adopted resolution 118 (VI) A by visional agenda approved by the Economic and 14 votes to 0, with 4 abstentions, in which it stated Social Council at its fifth session (resolution that it considered that it was not necessary to dis- 74(V)), with the addition of two resolutions re- cuss the report of the Sub-Commission (E/CN.4/- ferred to it by the General Assembly (on measures 80) in view of the approaching Conference on to be taken against propaganda and inciters of a 83 Freedom of Information, and it decided to trans- new war (resolution 110(II)), and on false or 84 mit the report to the Conference "without discus- distorted reports (resolution 127(II)), and two sion or expression" of the Council's views. proposals made by the International Organization Resolution 118(VI) B bearing on the Confer- of Journalists relating to a Court of Honor of the ence was adopted by the Council on March 1, Press and a Day of Friendship and Mutual Under- 1948, at its 157th plenary meeting by 11 votes to standing in the Press (E/CONF.6/19). 0, with 6 abstentions. In it, the Council requested The Conference prepared three draft conven- 85 the Conference to consider, and report its conclu- tions, namely: sions on, Articles 17 and 18 of the draft Interna- 1. Draft Convention on the Gathering and Interna- tional Declaration on Human Rights (E/600, tional Transmission of News; Annex A), i.e., on the two articles of that draft 2. Draft Convention Concerning the Institution of an International Right of Correction; and Declaration dealing with freedom of information. 3. Draft Convention on Freedom of Information. The Council, in the same resolution, further requested the Conference to express its views on the 81 One of the two versions had been proposed by the Drafting Committee on the International Bill of Human two alternative versions of an article on the same Rights, the other by the Sub-Commission on Freedom of subject, intended for inclusion in the International Information and of the Press. 81 82 See General Assembly, pp. 93 and 135. Covenant on Human Rights. 83 See p. 93. After discussion in its 128th plenary meeting, 84 See p. 135 the Economic and Social Council resolved (resolu- 8 5For texts. of draft Conventions, as submitted by the Council to the General Assembly (Resolutions adopted tion 118(VI) B) at its 157th meeting to extend by the Economic and Social Council during its seventh the life of the Sub-Commission on Freedom of In- session, pp. 16-27), see pp. 590-95. The Economic and Social Council 589

In addition, the Conference prepared draft ar- eral Assembly, together with the aforementioned ticles on freedom of information for the draft Dec- statements of position, but without any other de- laration and the Covenant, respectively, of Human bate or decisions. Rights, taking into account the recommendations The statements of position were made at the of the Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information 219th, 221st and 223rd plenary meetings on Au- and of the Press formulated at the second session gust 26, 27 and 28, 1948. All Council members of that body (E/CONF.6/79, Annex B). It also recognized and emphasized the extreme importance adopted 43 resolutions grouped under the follow- of freedom of information as a fundamental human ing headings: right. The majority supported the three draft con- 1. General Principles (resolutions 1 to 4); ventions in principle, and expressed their regret 2. Measures to Facilitate the Gathering and Interna- that the Council had been unable to complete its tional Transmission of Information (resolutions 5 to 24); examination of them. Members recognized that 3. Measures concerning the Free Publication and Re- ception of Information (resolutions 25 to 38); none of the draft conventions had reached a com- 4. Continuing Machinery to Promote the Free Flow of pletely satisfactory state. The objection was made Information (resolution 39); by some Council members that they contained no 5. Miscellaneous (resolutions 40 and 41); and provisions which would explicitly promote inter- 6. Possible Modes of Action by Means of Which the national peace and security, or would further the Recommendations of the Conference Can Best be Put into Effect (resolutions 42 and 43). development of friendly relations between states, The Conference referred all its decisions, i.e., the and, in particular, no provisions which would pro- three draft conventions and the resolutions, to the hibit Fascist or war propaganda or the dissemina- Economic and Social Council, and decided that all tion of racial, religious or national hatred. Some Governments invited to the Conference be request- members thought the draft conventions did not go ed to forward to the Secretary-General of the far enough, but were nevertheless acceptable as United Nations before July 5, 1948, their com- a minimum and represented a step in the right di- ments on the draft conventions proposed by the rection. Members also reserved their right to make Conference as well as proposals of their own for further detailed comment in the General Assem- other draft conventions based on the recommenda- bly, where, it was hoped, the draft conventions tions of the Conference. The Conference further would receive the exhaustive examination which requested the Council to examine at its seventh the importance of the subject merited. session the three draft conventions adopted at the The Council, at its 221st and 223rd meetings, Geneva gathering, in the light of comments and also considered resolution 39 of the Final Act of other draft conventions submitted by governments, the Conference, relating to the implementation of and to submit to the third session of the General the draft conventions and the consequent extension Assembly draft conventions which might be opened of the terms of reference of the Sub-Commission at that session for signature or accession by on Freedom of Information and of the Press. The those states entitled and willing to become parties Council decided at its 223rd meeting by a vote of thereto and remain open subsequently for addi- 16 to 0, with 2 abstentions, to postpone until its tional accessions. eighth session consideration of this resolution, and requested the Secretary-General to collate the re- e. CONSIDERATION AT THE COUNCIL'S SEVENTH plies of governments to the requests for informa- SESSION tion, and to prepare a suggested program of work The Council, at its seventh session (180th meet- and priorities for submission to the third session of ing), referred the Final Act of the Geneva Con- the Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information ference (E/CONF.6/79) to its Human Rights and of the Press (resolution 152(VII)A). Committee, which, however, had time to examine The Council further decided, in respect of the only the draft of the first of the three draft conven- Final Act as a whole, to transmit it to the General tions (i.e., on Gathering and International Trans- Assembly with these modifications and omissions: mission of News) at its 13th to 26th meetings the draft Convention on the Gathering and Inter- held from August 7 to 21. Because of the pressure national Transmission of News, to be transmitted of business, the Council, after a brief discussion at as redrafted by the Council's Human Rights Com- its 201st and 202nd plenary meetings on August mittee (E/1018); and resolution 39 (see above), 17, decided at the latter to recall the Final Act from to be withheld for the time being. The Council the Committee, and, after allowing each Council also decided to transmit to the Assembly the rec- member to make one general statement of position, ords of all relevant proceedings of the seventh ses- to transmit the documents in question to the Gen- sion (resolution 152(VII) B). 590 Yearbook of the United Nations f. DRAFT CONVENTIONS tracting States in its territory and shall apply equally to all correspondents and information agencies of other Con- The draft Conventions submitted by the Council tracting States. to the General Assembly read as follows: If the requirements of national security should com- 1. DRAFT CONVENTION ON THE GATHERING AND pel a Contracting State to establish censorship in peace- INTERNATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF NEWS time it shall: 1. Establish in advance which categories of news ma- The Contracting States, terial are subject to previous inspection; and publish the Desiring to implement the right of their peoples to be directives of the censor announcing forbidden matters; fully informed, 2. Carry out censorship as far as possible in the pres- Desiring to improve understanding between their ence of the correspondent or of a representative of the peoples through the free flow of information and opinion, information agency concerned; Having resolved to conclude a Convention for this 3. Where censorship in the presence of the person purpose, concerned is not possible: Have agreed as follows: (a) Fix the time-limit allowed the censors for the Article 1 return of the news material to the correspondent or For the purposes of the present Convention: information agency concerned; 1. "Information agency" means any Press, radio or (b) Require the return of news material submitted film organization created or organized under the laws for censorship direct to the correspondent or information and regulations of a Contracting State, regularly engaged agency concerned so that the correspondent or agency in the collection and dissemination of news material, and may know at once what has been censored in the text includes Press associations, news feature services, news- and what use may be made of the censored information; papers, periodicals and radio, television, facsimile and (c) In the case of a telegram, base the charge on the any other broadcasting organizations and newsreel com- number of words composing the telegram after censor- panies; ship; 2. "Correspondent" means an individual employed (d) Return the total telegraph charges for telegrams by an information agency or a national of a Contracting submitted for censorship, if the transmission has been State, who in either case is regularly engaged in the col- delayed more than six hours by reason of censorship lection and reporting of news material, and who, when and the sender has cancelled the telegram before its trans- outside his State, is the holder of a valid passport identify- mission. ing him as a correspondent or of a similar document Article 5 internationally accepted identifying him as such; The Contracting States, while recognizing that corre- 3. "News material" means all news material, whether spondents must conform to the laws in force in the of information or opinion and whether visual or audi- countries in which they are operating, agree that corre- tory, for dissemination to the public. spondents of other Contracting States legally admitted into their territories shall not be expelled on account of Article 2 any lawful exercise of their right to seek, receive or im- In order to encourage the freest possible movement of part information or opinion. correspondents in the performance of their functions, the Contracting States shall expedite, in a manner consistent Article 6 with their respective laws and procedures, the administra- Correspondents and information agencies of one Con- tive measures necessary for the entry into, residence in, tracting State in the territory of another Contracting travel through, and egress from their respective territories State shall have access to all facilities in that territory of correspondents of other Contracting States together generally and publicly used for the international trans- with their professional equipment, and shall not impose mission of news material and may transmit news ma- restrictions which discriminate against such correspond- terial from one territory to another (including transmis- ents with respect to ingress into, residence in, travel sions between the metropolitan and non-metropolitan through or egress from such territories. territories of any State) on the same basis and at the same rates applicable to all other users of such facilities Article 3 for similar purposes. Each Contracting State shall, within the limits com- Article 7 patible with national security, permit and encourage ac- Each Contracting State shall permit all news material cess to news, official and non-official, for all correspond- of correspondents and information agencies of other Con- ents of other Contracting States so far as possible on the tracting States to enter its territory and reach information same basis as for its own correspondents, and shall not agencies operating therein on conditions which are not discriminate among correspondents of other Contracting less favourable than those accorded to any correspondents States as regards such access. or information agency of any other Contracting or non- Article 4 Contracting State. The Contracting States shall permit egress from their Article 8 territories of all news material of correspondents and The present Convention shall not apply to any corre- information agencies of other Contracting States without spondent of a Contracting State who, while not otherwise censorship, editing or delay; provided that each of the admissible under article 2 into the territory of another Contracting States may make and enforce regulations Contracting State, is nevertheless admitted conditionally relating directly to the maintenance of national security. in accordance with an agreement between that other Con- Such of these regulations as relate to the transmission of tracting State and the United Nations, or a specialized news material shall be communicated by the State to agency thereof, in order to cover its proceedings, or pur- correspondents and information agencies of other Con- suant to a special arrangement made by that other Con- The Economic and Social Council 591 tracting State in order to facilitate the entry of such cor- 2. Each State which has made a declaration under respondents. paragraph 1 above extending the present Convention Article 9 may, subject to the same conditions, at any time there- Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as de- after, by notification to the Secretary-General of the priving any Contracting State of its right to make and United Nations, declare that the Convention shall cease enforce laws and regulations for the protection of national to extend to any territory named in the notification. The security and public order. Convention shall then cease to extend to such territory Nothing herein contained shall be construed as de- as from the thirtieth day after the date of receipt by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the notifica- priving any Contracting State of its right to make and 87 enforce laws and regulations prohibiting obscene news tion. material. Article 16 Nothing in the present Convention shall limit the dis- The present Convention shall remain in force indef- cretion of any Contracting State to refuse entry into its initely, but may be denounced by any Contracting State territory to any particular person, or to restrict the period by means of six months' notice in writing given to the of his residence therein, provided any such restriction Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall trans- does not conflict with the provisions of article 5. mit a copy of the notice to each of the other Contract- 86 ing States. After the expiration of this period of six Article 10 months, the Convention shall cease in its effect as regards Article 11 the State which denounces it, but shall remain in force In time of war or any other public emergency, a Con- for the remaining Contracting States. tracting State may take measures derogating from its IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Plenipotentiaries of the obligations under the present Convention to the extent respective States, being duly authorized thereto, have strictly limited by the exigencies of the situation. signed the present Convention. Any Contracting State availing itself of this right of 86 The delegations of France, the United Kingdom and derogation shall promptly inform the Secretary-General the United States of America proposed that the following of the United Nations of the measures which it has thus additional article be inserted: adopted and of the reasons therefor. "Any dispute between two or more Contracting It shall also inform him as and when the measures States arising under the present Convention which has cease to operate. not been settled, and is not in process of settlement, by Article 12 negotiation or otherwise, may be referred by any party to the dispute to a committee. Each State party to the The present Convention shall be ratified on behalf of dispute shall appoint a member of this committee and the States signatory hereto in conformity with their re- the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall spective constitutional procedures. The instruments of appoint a member, a national of a State party to the ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General Convention but not party to the dispute, who shall of the United Nations, who shall notify all signatory and serve as Chairman of the committee. The committee acceding States of each such deposit. shall investigate such dispute and issue a report and recommendation thereon, which shall be made public Article 13 by the Secretary-General." The present Convention shall remain open for the ac- In the course of the discussions of the Human Rights cession of all States which are not signatories. Instru- Committee which are summarized in documents E/AC- 27/SR.23 and 24, this proposal was withdrawn by the ments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary- three delegations which had submitted it. It was agreed General of the United Nations, who shall notify all sig- that this proposal and the record of the discussions be natory and acceding States of each such deposit. drawn to the attention of the Council so that the latter Article 14 might decide whether they should be drawn to the attention of the General Assembly. The present Convention shall come into force as soon The Committee decided that its vote on the above as . . . States have deposited their respective instruments text87 and the note which follows be included in its report. of ratification or accession. The Convention thereafter The above text was approved by a vote of 9 to 4, with shall come into force with respect to each other State on 5 abstentions. the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification The delegations of Lebanon, Poland and the Union of or accession. Soviet Socialist Republics had proposed the following text Article 15 to replace article 14 (new article 15) as adopted by the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information: 1. Each Contracting State undertakes to take as soon "The provisions of the present Convention shall as possible the necessary steps with a view to extending extend both to the metropolitan territories of States the provisions of the present Convention to the territories signing the present Convention and to all the territories for whose foreign relations it is responsible. under the authority or administration of such metro- To this end, having due regard to the position of each politan powers (non-self-governing, trust and colonial territory and particularly to the constitutional practice territories), and the provisions in question shall apply applicable thereto, each Contracting State may, at the equally both to the territories of the metropolitan time of its accession or at any time thereafter, by notifica- powers and to the dependent territories mentioned. "(a) The Secretary-General of the United Nations tion addressed to the Secretary-General of the United will immedately inform of the present Convention the Nations, declare that the present Convention shall extend States representing other States and Territories inter- to any of the territories for the international relations of nationally, on behalf of such other States, such commu- which it is responsible. The Convention shall extend to nication to be transmitted immediately to the authori- the territories named in the notification as from the ties of non-self-governing, non-autonomous and simi- thirtieth day after the date of receipt by the Secretary- lar territories. General of the United Nations of the notification. "(b) Each State or territory for the international 592 Yearbook of the United Nations

DONE at ...... this ...... day of disseminated, and by evidence that the report objected to ...... 1948, in the ...... has been transmitted from one country to another by a languages, each equally authentic, the original of which foreign correspondent or by a news agency. shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. Article 2 The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall trans- 1. Any Government of a Contracting State receiving mit certified copies thereof to all the signatory and acceding States. such a communiqué shall, whatever be its opinion concerning the facts in question, make available to the news 2. DRAFT CONVENTION ON THE INSTITUTION OF enterprises functioning in the territory where it exercises AN INTERNATIONAL RIGHT OF CORRECTION its authority the communique of the Government exer- The Governments Parties to the present Convention, cising the right of correction and, within five clear days Considering the danger to the maintenance of friendly from the date of receiving this communiqué, shall facili- relations between peoples and to the preservation of peace tate its dissemination through customary channels in ac- presented by the publication of inaccurate reports, cordance with its procedure for releasing news concerning Considering that at its second session, the General international affairs. Assembly of the United Nations recommended the adop- 2. In the event of the failure of any Contracting State tion of measures designed to promote friendly relations to discharge its obligation under this article with respect among nations and to combat the dissemination of false to the communiques of another Contracting State, the or distorted reports likely to injure the friendly relations latter may discharge, on the basis of reciprocity, its obliga- between States, tion with respect to any communiqués thereafter sub- Considering, however, that it does not at present ap- mitted to it by the defaulting State. pear possible or desirable to envisage the institution on Article 3 the international level of a procedure for verifying the If any of the Contracting States to which this com- accuracy of a report such as might lead to the imposition muniqué has been transmitted fails to fulfil, within the of penalties for the publication of false or distorted re- prescribed time-limit, the obligation laid down in the ports, preceding article, the Government exercising the right Considering moreover that to prevent the publication of correction may submit the said communiqué to the of false or distorted news or to reduce its pernicious ef- Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall, fects, it is above all necessary to sharpen the sense of within five clear days from the receipt thereof, give it responsibility of the various media of information and appropriate publicity. This paragraph shall come into to promote the wide circulation of news; that an effective force as soon as the General Assembly of the United Na- means to this end is to give all those directly affected by tions has instructed its Secretary-General to perform this a report which they consider false or distorted and which duty. is spread by an organ of information the possibility of Article 4 ensuring commensurate publicity for their corrections or Every Contracting State may, to the extent strictly replies; that the right of reply or correction has been limited by the exigencies of the situation, derogate from embodied in the legislation of a large number of States its obligations under the present Convention: and that its legitimacy is recognized in the draft of (a) As long as a state of war or public emergency article 17 of the Covenant on Human Rights which the prevails in its own territory; Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and of the (b) As long as such a state prevails in the territory Press decided, at its second session, to recommend to the of one or other Contracting States, but only with regard Commission on Human Rights; that failing the adoption by all States in their own legislation of a like right avail- to those States. able to foreign nationals under the same conditions as (Footnote 87, continued) to their own nationals, it is particularly desirable to in- relations of which another State is responsible may stitute, on the international level, a right of correction; accede to the present Convention by notification of that it is necessary, however, in order to prevent any accession addressed to the Secretary-General of the abuse, strictly to define the extent of the right of correc- United Nations through the agency of the State repre- tion and clearly to specify the conditions for its exercise, senting it internationally, such notification of accession Have adopted the following articles: to be transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations without delay. Article 1 "(c) The present Convention shall come into force In cases where a Contracting State alleges that news with respect to any State or territory referred to in the reports likely to injure its relations with other States, preceding paragraph as from the date of deposit of its transmitted from one country to another country by for- instrument of accession, even if the State which is eign correspondents or by news agencies and disseminated responsible for its international relations does not ratify the Convention. abroad, are false or distorted, it may submit its version of "(d) A State or territory which has acceded to the the facts (hereinafter called "communiqué") to the Con- present Convention in accordance with the preceding tracting States within whose territories such reports have paragraph may denounce it at any later date by means been published in one or more newspapers or periodicals of six months' notice in writing given to the Secretary- or disseminated by radio. Such communiqué may be is- General of the United Nations through the agency of sued only with respect to news reports and must be with- the State representing it internationally. out comment or expression of opinion. As far as possible, "The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit a copy of the notice to each of the other Con- the communiqué should not contain a larger number tracting States. After the expiration of this period of of words than the news report objected to, and in no six months, the Convention shall cease in its effects as case more than double the number of words in the news regards the State or territory which denounces it." report to be corrected. The communiqué must be accom- A summary of the discussions of the Committee is panied by a verbatim text of the report as published or contained in documents E/AC.27/SR.25 and 26. The Economic and Social Council 593

Article 5 received by him in accordance with the provisions of Any dispute between any two or more Contracting articles 7 or 8. States concerning the interpretation or application of the 3. DRAFT CONVENTION ON FREEDOM OF INFORMA- present Convention which is not settled by negotiations TION shall be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision unless the Contracting States agree to another The States Parties to this Convention, mode of settlement. Considering that the free interchange of information Article 6 and opinions, both in the national and in the international sphere, is a fundamental human right and essential in the The present Convention shall be open for accession to cause of peace and for the achievement of political, social every State invited to the United Nations Conference on and economic progress, and Freedom of Information held at Geneva in March and Desiring to co-operate fully with one another to pro- April 1948, and to every other State which the General mote the peace and welfare of mankind by this means, Assembly of the United Nations shall, by resolution, de- Have accepted the following provisions: clare to be eligible. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an in- Article 1 strument of accession with the Secretary-General of the Subject to the provisions of articles 2, 4, 5 and 6 of United Nations. this Convention: Article 7 (a) Each Contracting State shall secure to all its own nationals and to the nationals of every other Contracting When any two of the States mentioned in article 6 State lawfully within its territory freedom to impart and have deposited their instruments of accession, the present receive information and opinions, orally, by written or Convention shall come into force between them on the printed matter, in the form of art, or by legally operated thirtieth day after the date of the deposit of the second visual or auditory devices without governmental inter- instrument of accession. It shall come into force for ference; each State which accedes after that date on the thirtieth (b) No Contracting State shall regulate or control the day after the deposit of its instrument of accession. use or availability of any of the means of communica- Article 8 tion referred to in the preceding paragraph in any man- Any Contracting State may denounce the present Con- ner discriminating against any of its own nationals or of vention by notification of denunciation to the Secretary- the nationals of any other Contracting State on political General of the United Nations. Denunciation shall take or personal grounds or on the basis of race, sex, language effect six months after the date of receipt by the Secretary- or religion; General of the United Nations of the notification of (c) Each Contracting State shall secure to all its own denunciation. nationals and to the nationals of every other Contracting Article 9 State freedom to transmit and listen to information and opinions within its territories and across its frontiers by 1. A State Party to the present Convention may, at any legally operated means without governmental inter- the same time of its accession thereto or at any time there- ference; after, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General (d) Each Contracting State shall permit the nationals of the Untied Nations, declare that the present Conven- of other Contracting States as much freedom to seek in- tion shall extend to any of the territories for the inter- formation as it grants to its own nationals; national relations of which it is responsible, and the Con- (e) The Contracting States shall encourage and facili- vention shall extend to the territories named in the noti- tate the interchange between their territories of those fication as from the thirtieth day after the date of receipt of their nationals engaged in the gathering of informa- by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the tion and opinions for dissemination to the public and notification. The respective Contracting States undertake shall deal expeditiously with applications by such per- to seek immediately the consent of the Governments of sons to enter their territories. such territories to the application of the present Conven- tion to such territories, and to accede forthwith on behalf Article 2 of and in respect of each such territory, if and when its 1. The freedoms referred to in paragraphs (a), (c) consent has been obtained. and (d) of article 1 carry with them duties and responsi- 2. A State which has made a declaration under para- bilities and may therefore be subject to necessary pen- graph 1 above extending the present Convention may, alties, liabilities and restrictions clearly defined by law, with the consent of the Government concerned, at any but only with regard to: time thereafter, by notification to the Secretary-General (a) Matters which must remain secret in the interest of the United Nations, declare that the Convention shall of national safety; cease to extend to any territory named in the notification, (b) Expressions which incite persons to alter by and the Convention shall then cease to extend to such violence the system of government or which promote territory six months after the date of receipt by the disorder; Secretary-General of the United Nations of the notifica- (c) Expressions which incite persons to commit crim- tion. inal acts; Article 10 (d) Expressions which are obscene or which are dan- The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall gerous for youth and expressed in publications intended notify each of the States referred to in article 6 of the for them; date of the deposit of every instrument of accession and (e) Expressions which are injurious to the fair con- of the date on which this Convention comes into force duct of legal proceedings; and of any information received by him in accordance (f) Expressions which infringe literary or artistic with the provisions of article 5 and of every notification rights; 594 Yearbook of the United Nations

(g) Expressions about other persons, natural or legal, be superseded by such agreement to the extent that the which defame their reputations or are otherwise injurious two instruments are inconsistent. to them without benefiting the public; (h) Legal obligations resulting from professional, Article 8 contractual or other legal relationships including dis- In time of war or other public emergency, a Contract- closure of information received in confidence in a pro- ing State may take measures derogating from its obliga- fessional or official capacity; tions under the present Convention to the extent strictly (i) The prevention of fraud; limited by the exigencies of the situation. (j) The systematic diffusion of deliberately false or Any Contracting State availing itself of this right of distorted reports which undermine friendly relations be- derogation shall promptly inform the Secretary-General tween peoples or States. of the United Nations of the measures which it has thus 2. A Contracting State may establish on reasonable adopted and of the reasons therefor. It shall also inform terms a right of reply or a similar corrective remedy. him as and when the measures cease to operate. Article 3 Article 9 Each Contracting State shall encourage the establish- Any dispute between any two or more Contracting ment and functioning within its territory of one or more States concerning the interpretation or application of the non-official organizations of persons employed in the dis- present Convention which is not settled by negotiations semination of information to the public, in order to pro- shall be referred to the International Court of Justice for mote the observance by such persons of high standards decision, unless the Contracting States agree to another of professional conduct, and in particular: mode of settlement. (a) To report facts without prejudice and in their Article 10 proper context and to make comments without malicious 1. The present Convention shall be open for accession intent; to every State invited to the United Nations Conference (b) To facilitate the solution of the economic, social on Freedom of Information held at Geneva in March and humanitarian problems of the world as a whole and and April 1948, and to every other State which the Gen- the free interchange of information bearing on such prob- eral Assembly of the United Nations shall, by resolution, lems; declare to be eligible. ( c ) To help promote respect for human rights and 2. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an fundamental freedoms without discrimination; instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the (d) To help maintain international peace and se- United Nations. curity; ( e ) To counteract the persistent spreading of false or Article 11 distorted reports which promote hatred or prejudice When any two of the States mentioned in article 10 against States, persons or groups of different race, lan- have deposited their instruments of accession, the present guage, religion or philosophical conviction. Convention shall come into force between them on the thirtieth day after the date of the deposit of the second Article 4 instrument of accession. It shall come into force for each Nothing in the present Convention shall affect the State which accedes after that date on the thirtieth day right of any Contracting State to take measures which it after the deposit of its instrument of accession. deems necessary in order: (a) To bring its balance of payments into equilibrium; Article 12 (b) To develop its national news enterprises until Any Contracting State may denounce the present Con- such time as such news enterprises are fully developed; vention by notification of denunciation to the Secretary- (c) To prevent agreements in restraint of the free flow General of the United Nations. Denunciation shall take of information or the cartelization in regard to informa- effect six months after the date of receipt by the Secretary- tion, General of the United Nations of the notification of provided that such measures may not be used as a means denunciation. of preventing the entry of nationals of other Contracting Article 13 States who are engaged in the gathering of information 1. A State Party to the present Convention may, at and opinions for dissemination to the public. the time of its accession thereto or at any time thereafter, Article 5 by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the Nothing in the present Convention shall prevent a United Nations, declare that the present Convention shall Contracting State from reserving under its legislation to extend to any of the territories for the international rela- its own nationals the right to edit newspapers or news tions of which it is responsible, and the Convention shall periodicals produced within its territory. extend to the territories named in the notification as from the thirtieth day after the date of receipt by the Secretary- Article 6 General of the United Nations of the notification. The Nothing in the present Convention shall limit the dis- respective Contracting States undertake to seek imme- cretion of any Contracting State to refuse entry into its diately the consent of the Governments of such territories territory to any particular person or to restrict the period to the application of the present Convention to such terri- of his residence therein. tories, and to accede forthwith on behalf of and in respect of each such territory, if and when its consent has been Article 7 obtained. As between the Contracting States which become Par- 2. A State which has made a declaration under para- ties to any general agreement on human rights sponsored graph 1 above extending the present Convention may, by the United Nations and containing provisions relating with the consent of the Government concerned, at any to freedom of information, the present Convention shall time thereafter, by notification to the Secretary-General The Economic and Social Council 595

of the United Nations, declare that the Convention shall the following matters: definitions of protected cease to extend to any territory named in the notification, groups and of acts qualified as genocide; punish- and the Convention shall then cease to extend to such territory six months after the date of receipt by the Sec- able offences; punishment of a particular offence; retary-General of the United Nations of the notification. persons liable; command of the law and superior Article 14 orders; provisions concerning genocide in munic- The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall ipal criminal law; universal enforcement of mu- notify each of the States referred to in article 10 of the nicipal criminal law; extradition; trial of genocide date of the deposit of every instrument of accession and by an international court; international court com- of the date on which this Convention comes into force petent to try genocide; disbanding of groups or and of any information received by him in accordance with the provisions of article 11 and of every notification organizations having participated in genocide; ac- received by him in accordance with the provisions of tion by the United Nations to prevent or to stop articles 12 or 13. genocide; reparations to victims of genocide; settlement of disputes on interpretation or applica- 3. Genocide tion of the convention; language and date of the convention; what states may become parties to the In its resolution 96(I)88 of December 11, 1946, convention and ways to become party to it; reserva- in which it affirmed that genocide was a crime un- tions; coming into force; duration, abrogation and revision of the convention; notifications by the der international law, the General Assembly re- Secretary-General; deposit of the original of the quested the Economic and Social Council to under- convention and transmission of copies to govern- take the necessary studies with a view to drawing ments; and registration of the convention. up a draft convention on the crime of genocide to be submitted to the Assembly's next regular ses- The draft convention and study drawn up by the Secretary-General was submitted to the Assembly sion. Accordingly the Council at its fourth session in- Committee on the Progressive Development of In- structed (resolution 47(IV)) the Secretary-Gen- ternational Law and its Codification on June 13, 1947. As it had not the comments of Member eral: Governments on the draft convention, the Chair- "(a) To undertake, with the assistance of experts in man stated in his letter of June 17 that the Com- the field of international and criminal law, the necessary studies with a view to drawing up a draft convention in mittee felt unable at that time to express any opin- accordance with the resolution of the General Assembly; ion on the matter. On July 7 the Secretary-General and transmitted the draft and study to Member] Gov- "(b) After consultation with the General Assembly ernments. Committee on the Development and Codification of In- ternational Law and, if feasible, the Commission on The question was discussed by the Council at its Human Rights and, after reference to all Member Gov- 86th plenary meeting on July 23, 1947, and at the ernments for comments, to submit to the next session of 15th meeting of the Social Committee of the Coun- the Economic and Social Council a draft convention on 89 cil on August 2. Two divergent views were ap- the crime of genocide." parent in the Council's discussions of the matter: (a) that more time was needed to enable govern- a. DRAFT CONVENTION PREPARED BY THE SECRETARIAT ments to comment on the report of the Secretary- General; and (b) that the Council should call a After consultation with three experts, the Secre- special session to meet just before, or at the begin- tary-General prepared a draft convention and study ning of, the forthcoming session of the General (E/447) consisting of a preamble and 24 articles. Assembly, and that the governments should be re- Annexed to it were provisions for establishing a quested to submit their comments by September Permanent International Criminal Court for the 1. The first view was expressed by the represent- Punishment of Acts of Genocide, if it should be atives of New Zealand and the United States, while decided to establish such a special court. In the the second view was held by the representatives of case of certain articles, alternative drafts were pro- Norway, Chile and Venezuela. The Indian repre- posed. An attempt was made to embrace all the sentative supported the second view, but also felt points likely to be adopted, it being left to the that full weight must be given to the views of gov- organs of the United Nations to eliminate those ernments. points they wished, the intention being not to rec- Two resolutions were proposed in the Council's ommend one political solution rather than another 88 See Yearbook of. the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. but to offer a basis for full discussion. 255-56. The articles of the draft convention dealt with 89 Ibid., pp. 531-32 596 Yearbook of the United Nations

Social Committee. The first, by Norway (E/AC.7/- poses to proceed as rapidly as possible with the considera- 22), proposed that a special session of the Council tion of the question subject to any further instructions of should be called immediately after the opening of the General Assembly; and the second session of the General Assembly to "Requests the Secretary-General, in the meanwhile, to transmit to the General Assembly the draft convention consider and submit to the Assembly a draft con- on the crime of genocide prepared by the Secretariat in vention on genocide. A committee should be ap- accordance with paragraph (a) of the Council resolution pointed by the Council to study the draft conven- of 28 March 1947, together with any comments from tion presented by the Secretariat and comments Member Governments received in time for transmittal to the General Assembly." made by Members and by the Commission on Hu- The General Assembly at its second session on man Rights and report to the special session. The 90 Council, according to the Norwegian proposal, November 21, 1947, adopted resolution 180 (II) would call on Members to submit their comments in which it reaffirmed the resolution on genocide not later than September 1, 1947. which it had adopted at its first session. It request- The second resolution, submitted by the United ed the Economic and Social Council to continue States (E/AC.7/23) provided for the submission the work it had begun concerning the suppression to the General Assembly of the draft convention of the crime of genocide and to proceed with the prepared by the Secretariat with any comments re- completion of a convention. It informed the Coun- ceived in time from Member Governments. cil that it need not await the receipt of observations Certain representatives expressed the view that from all Members before commencing its work. September 1 was too soon for governments to sub- The Council therefore discussed the question at mit their comments. its sixth session, at its 139th, 140th and 160th plen- The Cuban representative felt that the Council ary meetings on February 12 and 13 and March 3, should comment on the Secretary-General's report and at the 37th meeting of its Social Committee and therefore proposed that it should draft a reso- on February 21. lution explaining the reasons why a draft conven- Various members of the Council stressed the im- tion could not be submitted to the Assembly. The portance of having the draft convention prepared Canadian representative suggested that the Coun- by legal experts, and regretted that comments on cil's resolution should state that it would follow any the Secretariat draft had been received from only further instructions from the Assembly. The Nor- a few Member Governments. The French and wegian representative withdrew his proposal for Canadian representatives thought that the Council a special session of the Council in favor of the should take the necessary political decisions, e.g., Cuban proposal, but proposed that the Council on what groups should be protected, whether all or should appoint a committee to receive comments only certain forms of genocide should be considered from governments and submit a draft convention and what agency was to punish it. The Polish and to the Council's sixth session. The New Zealand Canadian representatives emphasized the impor- representative thought that the resolution should tance of a generally accepted convention. The include some mention of the urgency of the prob- United Kingdom representative doubted the value lem. of the proposed convention, which, he thought, The Social Committee rejected the second Nor- would be difficult to draft, would lend itself to di- wegian proposal by 7 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions, verse interpretations and would run the risk of not and adopted by 16 votes, with 2 abstentions, a reso- being ratified by all governments. lution which was approved by the Council without The Council and its Social Committee discussed objection at its 107th meeting on August 6. By at some length what body should be entrusted with the terms of this resolution (77(V)) the Council the drafting of the convention. Venezuela pro- noted that the draft convention had not been con- posed (E/663) that the Council establish a sub- sidered by the Committee on the Development and commission to draft the convention, after consul- Codification of International Law and the Com- tation with the Commission on Human Rights, mission on Human Rights and that comments of and taking into consideration the Secretariat draft Member Governments had not been received in convention, comments of Members on this draft time for consideration by the Council; called on and other drafts submitted by Members. The Sec- Member Governments to submit their comments retary-General should be requested to assist the as soon as possible and instructed the Secretary- sub-commission. The United States proposed (E/- General to collate these comments; and stated that 662 and Add.1) that the Secretariat should be the Council asked to prepare a new draft convention in the "Decides to inform the General Assembly that it pro- 90 See General Assembly, pp. 219-20. The Economic and Social Council 597

light of the comments received from Member Gov- measures to enable the Committee to carry out effectively ernments and should have the collaboration of an the tasks entrusted to it." ad hoc committee consisting of four members of the Council—France, Venezuela, Denmark and the b. DRAFT CONVENTION PREPARED BY THE ad United States—which had made substantive com- hoc COMMITTEE ments; Members which had not already done so The ad hoc Committee on Genocide met at Lake were to be urged to submit their comments at the Success from April 5 to May 10, 1948, and pre- earliest possible date. The United Kingdom pared a draft Convention on the Prevention and proposed an amendment (E/AC.7/65) to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (E/794) Venezuelan proposal to consider the desirability of which it submitted to the seventh session of the referring genocide in the strict sense to the Inter- Council. national Law Commission and other aspects of The draft Convention consisted of a preamble genocide to the Sub-Commission on the Preven- and 19 articles. tion and Protection of Minorities. In view of the The preamble to the draft Convention empha- lack of support for the proposal, the United King- sized that genocide is a crime against mankind and dom representative stated that he would not press that its prevention and punishment require inter- it. The U.S.S.R. representative proposed verbally national co-operation. that the Secretariat draft convention should be referred to the Commission on Human Rights for Article 1 of the draft Convention stated that report at the Council's next session. This was re- genocide is a crime under international law wheth- jected in the Social Committee by 10 votes to 2, er committed in time of war or of peace. Articles with 5 abstentions. The Committee, by 13 votes 2 and 3 defined this crime, first as regards physical to 0, with 4 abstentions, adopted the Venezuelan genocide and then as regards cultural genocide. proposal incorporating amendments suggested by Physical genocide was defined as deliberate acts various delegations, but rejected by 9 votes to 5, committed with the intent of destroying a national, with 3 abstentions, a United States amendment to racial, religious or political group by killing its have the Secretary-General prepare a second draft members, impairing their physical integrity, in- of the convention. The Council at its 160th plen- flicting on them conditions aimed at causing their ary meeting on March 3 on the Committee's rec- deaths or imposing measures intended to prevent ommendation adopted by 17 votes to 0, with 1 ab- births within the group. Cultural genocide the stention, resolution 117(VI) as follows: draft Convention defined as any deliberate act com- "The Economic and Social Council, mitted with the intention of destroying the lan- "Taking cognizance of General Assembly resolution guage, religion or culture of a national, racial or 180(II) of 23 November 1947, religious group, such as, for example, prohibiting "Requests the Members of the United Nations which the use of the group's language or its schools or have not yet done so to transmit at the earliest possible places of worship. date their comments on the draft Convention, prepared by the Secretary-General (document E/477); In addition to genocide, conspiracy, incitement "Establishes an ad hoc Committee composed of the and attempts to commit genocide would also be following members of the Economic and Social Council: punishable under the Convention as well as com- China, France, Lebanon, Poland, the United States of plicity in any of these acts. Any persons who America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and commit these crimes would be punished whether Venezuela; they are heads of states, public officials or private "Instructs the Committee: "(a) To meet at the Headquarters of the United individuals. They were to be tried by the courts Nations, in order to prepare the draft Convention on of the countries where the crime is committed or the crime of genocide in accordance with the above- by a competent international tribunal. Parties to mentioned resolution of the General Assembly, and to the Convention would undertake to pass the neces- submit this draft Convention, together with the rec- sary laws to give effect to its provisions and to ommendation of the Commission on Human Rights thereon to the next session of the Economic and Social grant extradition in cases of genocide. They were Council; and, to be able to call on the appropriate body of the "(b) To take into consideration in the preparation United Nations to take action for the prevention of the draft Convention, the draft Convention prepared and suppression of genocide or bring to its atten- by the Secretary-General, the comments of the Member Governments on this draft Convention, and other tion any case of violation of the Convention. drafts on the matter submitted by any Member Gov- Other clauses of the draft Convention related to ernment; the submission of disputes concerning the Conven- "Requests the Secretary-General to take appropriate tion to the International Court of Justice, the states 598 Yearbook of the United Nations eligible to become parties to the Convention, and ishable; and that parties to the Convention should its coming into force, duration and revision. pledge themselves to disband organizations which At its third session, the Commission on Human aimed at instigating racial, national or religious Rights was not able to consider thoroughly the hatred. The United States representative was against draft Convention prepared by the ad hoc Commit- the inclusion in the Convention of incitement to tee and was therefore not in a position to make commit genocide, as he held this difficult of defini- any observations concerning its substance. It ex- tion. pressed the opinion that the draft Convention rep- The Byelorussian representative thought that resented an appropriate basis for urgent considera- special attention should be paid to the prevention tion and decisive action by the Council and the of genocide on cultural grounds. The Venezuelan, General Assembly (E/800). Polish and Brazilian representatives were in favor The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, at its third of including provisions concerning "cultural" geno- session, recommended that the Council ensure that cide, but thought that it should be more carefully the use of narcotics as an instrument to commit defined; the Polish representative stating that it genocide should be covered by the proposed Con- should be viewed as a preliminary to physical geno- vention on the Prevention and Punishment of cide, and the Brazilian representative expressing Genocide (E/799). concern lest imprecise wording should lead to the Because of the pressure of business at its seventh creation of minorities. The Canadian, French, session, the Council decided at its 202nd plenary United States and United Kingdom representatives meeting on August 17, 1948, that the report of the opposed the inclusion in the Convention of pro- ad hoc Committee on Genocide, which had been visions relating to "cultural" genocide, holding that referred to the Human Rights Committee of the this crime was not on a par with physical genocide Council, should be recalled to the plenary session, and should be dealt with separately, and that too that in plenary there would be an opportunity for wide a definition of genocide would render the each delegation to make one general statement of Convention meaningless. position, without other debate or decisions other The Venezuelan, Polish, Brazilian and U.S.S.R. than a decision to transmit the documents to the representatives opposed the inclusion in the Con- General Assembly together with the statements of vention of provisions designed to protect political position. groups, on the grounds that these did not lend Statements were made at the 218th and 219th themselves to precise definition and that such pro- plenary meetings on August 26. Most of the mem- visions might provide a pretext for interference bers of the Council spoke in favor of the transmis- with national measures for internal law and order. sion of the draft Convention prepared by the ad hoc The French and United States representatives, on Committee to the General Assembly, and of action the other hand, attached importance to the inclu- being taken upon it in 1948. Various members, sion of a provision for protecting political groups. while recognizing that there were differences of The Venezuelan representative, supported by the opinion on certain questions, thought that the Con- Peruvian representative, was against the establish- vention should contain the greatest possible pro- ment of the proposed international tribunal, which portion of generally accepted principles, since it he thought might give rise to disputes and differ- would then be more likely to be ratified by a large ences, necessitate international police action and number of governments. Opinions differed on the entail practical difficulties. The U.S.S.R. representa- following matters: provisions constituting meas- tive, supported by the Byelorussian representative, ures of incitement to commit genocide as a crime; opposed the creation of such a court on the ground measures relating to "cultural" genocide; measures that it would violate national sovereignty. The for the specific protection of political groups as Polish representative was against the acceptance in such, in addition to racial, national and religious principle of setting up such a tribunal without groups; and the reference to the establishment of specifying its juridical competence. As it would an international jurisdiction. involve compulsory jurisdiction, it might result in The Polish and U.S.S.R. representatives sup- the violation of national sovereignty and would ported inclusion of provisions regarding incite- need substantial means of enforcement. He thought ment to genocide, and thought it important to add that the Security Council should be the competent a provision to make punishable propaganda aimed organ of the United Nations entitled to deal with at instigating racial, national or religious hatred; the prevention and suppression of genocide and that preparatory acts leading toward genocide, such, with violations of the Convention. The New Zea- for example, as study and research, should be pun- land, Brazilian, French and United States repre- The Economic and Social Council 599 sentatives supported the approval in principle of an "(d) That the Secretary-General be requested to in- international tribunal and thought that the question form the writers of all such communications that these will be brought to the attention of the Commission on required further study. the Status of Women." The Chinese, Polish and U.S.S.R. representatives stressed the importance of including a specific The Economic and Social Council considered this undertaking to enact national law in conformity question at its fifth session in conjunction with the with the Convention. The New Zealand representa- recommendations of the Commission on Human tive thought that in some instances an extension of Rights for dealing with communications concern- 91 the existing practice as to extradition would assist ing human rights. in the punishment of offenders. The Chinese rep- The recommendations of the Commission on resentative called attention to the importance of Human Rights were taken as the basis of the Coun- narcotic drugs as an instrument of genocide. cil's consideration of the question in its Social The Polish and U.S.S.R. representatives also Committee, and a drafting committee adapted the urged that additions should be made to the draft resolution referring to communications on human Convention and its Preamble so as to include a rights to apply to communications concerning the declaration on the connection between Fascist ideo- status of women. logical theories and the crime of genocide, and to This resolution (76(V)) was adopted by the the effect that the command of a superior authority Council at its 106th plenary meeting on August 5 should be no defence to a charge of genocide. by 13 votes to 2, with 3 abstentions. Reference was made in the debate to the com- The operative part of the resolution is identical ments which had been received from the World with that concerning communications on human Federation of Trade Unions (E/C.2/104) and the rights, except that under paragraph (c) the words World Federation of United Nations Associations "the principles relating to the promotion of (E/C.2/105). It was pointed out that these docu- women's rights in political, economic, civil, social ments were available to the General Assembly. and educational fields" take the place of "the prin- The Council decided (resolution 153(VII)) to ciples involved in the promotion of universal transmit to the General Assembly the draft Con- respect for and observance of human rights" and in vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the paragraphs (d) and (e) "communications con- Crime of Genocide submitted in the report of the cerning the status of women" are substituted for ad hoc Committee (E/794) together with the "communications concerning human rights". remainder of this report and the records of the proceedings of the Council at its seventh session on b. SECOND SESSION OF THE COMMISSION this subject. At its second session held at Lake Success from January 5 to 19, 1948, the Commission on the Status of Women considered, inter alia, women's 4. Status of Women political rights, women's economic rights and women's educational opportunities. a. QUESTIONS CONSIDERED AT THE FIFTH It passed recommendations to the Economic and SESSION OF THE COUNCIL— Social Council on the following subjects: COMMUNICATIONS (a) Abolition of political inequality; The Commission on the Status of Women in the (b) Participation of women in the national and report of its first session (E/281/Rev.1) recom- international activities of governments; (c) Discrimination against women resulting from mended to the Economic and Social Council the conflicts between national laws relating to nationality, following procedure for handling communications domicile, marriage and divorce; on the status of women: (d) Educational opportunities for women; "(a) That the Secretary-General be requested to com- (e) Employment and remuneration; pile a confidential list of communications received con- (f) Property rights of married women and their cerning the Status of Women, before each session of the rights to act as guardians; Commission. (g) Influencing public opinion. "(b) That this confidential list, also specifying the The Commission reviewed the draft International contents of the communications, and giving the names of any organization sending such communications, be for- Declaration of Human Rights as requested by the warded to the members of the Commission at least four- Economic and Social Council in resolution 48 (IV) teen days before the opening of each session. and suggested that two articles of the Declaration "(c) That the members of the Commission at their should be amended to read as follows: request, have the right to consult the originals of these communications. 91 See pp. 578-79. 600 Yearbook of the United Nations

"Article 1 (1) Urgent Questions Dealt With by the Council at Its Sixth Session "All people are born free and equal in dignity and The Council decided against passing a special rights. They are endowed by nature with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the resolution providing for representation of the Com- spirit of brotherhood." mission on the Status of Women at ILO meetings "Article 13 dealing with subjects concerning the status of "Men and women shall have equal rights to contract or women and consultation concerning such questions, dissolve marriage in accordance with the law." on the grounds that such consultation was already provided for in the Agreement with ILO. It unani- The Commission also suggested changes in cer- mously decided to transmit to the Commission on tain questions of the questionnaire formulated by 92 Human Rights and its Drafting Committee the the Trusteeship Council (E/615). suggestions of the Commission on the Status of Women for amendments to the draft Declaration c. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORT OF THE on Human Rights (resolution 120(VI)C). As SECOND SESSION OF THE COMMISSION AT regards the invitation from the Lebanese Govern- THE COUNCIL'S SIXTH SESSION ment to hold the Commission's third session in The second session of the Commission did not Lebanon, the Council at its 160th plenary meeting end in time for its report (E/615) to be put on March 3 unanimously adopted resolution 120- on the agenda of the sixth session of the Council (VI)D, requesting the Secretary-General to ar- six weeks in advance,93 and the Commission there- range for the session to be held in Lebanon, to last fore requested in a letter from its Rapporteur to the not more than three weeks, and to consult the President of the Council (E/615/Add.1) that Council at its seventh session if the arrangements certain parts of its report requiring urgent action would involve substantial extra costs to the United should be considered at that session. These matters Nations over those of a meeting at headquarters. were: report on political rights of women, to be The Council took note submitted to the third regular session of the Gen- "with satisfaction of the suggestion of the Commission that official agencies, non-governmental organizations and eral Assembly; the question of equal pay for equal others in the region develop a conference on the status work for men and women; amendments to the of women to be held at the same time, the promotion, draft International Declaration on Human Rights; direction and expense of which will be the responsibility place of meeting of the third session of the Com- of the local agencies and not of the United Nations, and mission; co-operation with ILO; and the problem in which conference individual members of delegations to the Commission can participate." of obtaining replies to Part I (Public Law) of the Questionnaire on the Legal Status and Treatment Recognizing the need for additional factual data, of Women. the Council unanimously adopted at its 160th The Council considered these questions at its plenary meeting on March 3 resolution 120 (VI)E, 129th and 160th meetings on February 5 and requesting the Secretary-General to invite Member March 3 and at the 38th and 39th meetings of its Governments which had not already done so to Social Committee on February 26 and 27. Certain reply to Part I of the Questionnaire on the Legal representatives, including those of the U.S.S.R., the Status and Treatment of Women before the following dates: Byelorussian S.S.R. and Poland, considered that the Sections A and B, Political Rights June 1, 1948 Council should deal with the larger substantive Section D, Education Opportunities June 1, 1948 recommendations contained in the report, and that Section C, Nationality July 1, 1948 there was no recorded decision on the part of the Remaining sections Dec. 1, 1948 Commission as to what parts were urgent and con- Other decisions taken by the Council at its sixth sequently should be submitted for early considera- session are given below under the appropriate tion. The Rapporteur explained that the decision headings. to submit these urgent items only had been taken (2) Political Rights by the Commission itself at a private meeting. The The Commission on the Status of Women majority of the Council representatives, while stat- adopted a resolution on the political rights of ing their agreement with the substance of the Com- women, which referred to the need under the prin- mission's recommendations, thought that only the ciples of the Charter for abolishing the political in- seven procedural items formally placed on the equality of women still prevailing in many coun- agenda should be dealt with by the Council at the 92 See pp. 660, 662. sixth session, leaving the remainder of the report to 93 In accordance with the Council's resolution 55 (IV), be dealt with at the seventh session. see Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 472. The Economic and Social Council 601

tries and to the General Assembly's resolution the memorandum supplementing his preliminary report 56(I) of December 11, 1946, concerning the on the political rights of women and their eligibility for 94 public office, and present it to the third regular session political rights of women and noted that there of the General Assembly, in line with the resolution were still some limitations on women as to the use submitted by Denmark to the first regular session of of the franchise and eligibility for public office. It the General Assembly on the political rights of women; recommended that the Council instruct the Secre- and tary-General to inquire from governments which "(ii) To circulate similar material annually to Mem- bers of the United Nations until all women throughout had not yet replied to the Questionnaire on the the world have the same political rights as men." Legal Status and Treatment of Women and which do not grant women full political rights, what their (3) Educational Opportunities for Women plans were to give effect to the Charter provisions The Commission suggested that equal educa- for equal rights for men and women, and to urge tional rights might be guaranteed to women irre- them to take action; and to request Members which spective of nationality or race by such means as: had not already done so to grant women the same (1) general compulsory education; (2) free ele- political rights as men. In this connection the Com- mentary education; (3) a system of State bursaries mission drew attention to the advantages of the for outstanding children in higher schools; (4) exercise of these opportunities. The Commission school instruction in the indigenous language of also recommended that the Secretary-General's re- the country; and (5) the organization in enter- port relating to the franchise rights of women and prises and rural areas of free industrial technical their eligibility for public office should be brought and agricultural instruction for women. The Com- up to date and presented to the third session of the mission felt that it did not have sufficient factual General Assembly and to succeeding Assembly ses- data on hand to provide a basis for detailed recom- sions until women throughout the world had the mendations on this subject, and it therefore rec- same political rights as men. ommended that the Council take the necessary At its sixth session the Council discussed the steps to make such data available. question at the 38th and 39th meetings of the The Council at its 160th plenary meeting on March Social Committee on February 26 and 27, 1948, on 3 unanimously adopted resolution 120(VI) B re- the basis of a draft resolution prepared by the questing the Secretary-General: Secretariat (E/AC7/W.19) to give effect to the "(i) To invite Governments that have not already done so to reply to Part I, section D (Educational op- Commission's recommendation that the Secretary- portunities) of the Questionnaire on the Legal Status and General be requested to bring up to date his memo- Treatment of Women by 1 June 1948; randum on the political rights of women. Some "(ii) To prepare, on the basis of these replies, sup- members felt, however, that the whole of the Com- plemented where necessary by other available material, mission's resolution should be dealt with, and not and for circulation not later than six weeks before the third session of the Commission, a detailed comparative merely the one aspect that had been picked out for report, arranged by subjects, showing the existing dis- urgent treatment. Others held that only the ques- abilities of women in the field covered by the said section dealt with in the draft resolution prepared by tion of the Questionnaire; and the Secretariat was on the Council's agenda. A Bye- "(iii) To make these replies available to UNESCO, with the consent of the Governments concerned, in order lorussian amendment almost identical in text with to facilitate its work in areas where women and girls suffer the resolution of the Commission on the Status of disabilities in the field of education." Women was approved by the Social Committee by 4 votes to 3, with 9 abstentions, but at the 160th d. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORT OF THE plenary meeting, on the motion of the United SECOND SESSION OF THE COMMISSION AT Kingdom representative, the Council decided by THE COUNCIL'S SEVENTH SESSION varying roll call votes to delete the additional para- At its seventh session the Council considered the graphs and adopted by 15 votes, with 3 abstentions, the resolution prepared by the Secretariat with an report at the first to twelfth meetings of its ad hoc Committee on Human Rights from July 22 to amendment, proposed by the United States, to circulate similar material annually to Member Govern- August 6 and at its 207th and 210th plenary meet- ments rather than bring it annually before the ings on August 20 and 23. The Committee on Generally Assembly. The resolution adopted by the Human Rights, taking as the basis of its discus- Council (120(VI) A) requested the Secretary- sions a series of resolutions based on the remainder General: of the report and proposed by the United States "(i) To bring up to date, including reference to action 94 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. taken by Governments since the signing of the Charter, 179. 602 Yearbook of the United Nations

(E/AC.7/W.25), engaged in a detailed paragraph (I) of 11 December 1946 concerning the political rights by paragraph discussion, during which it considered of women and the replies received from some of the Member Governments, proposals and amendments from Canada (E/AC- "Notes that, although the vast number of these make 27/W.5), Chile (E/AC.27/W.12 and Corr.1 and no distinction between men and women as to the use of E/AC.27/W.16), France (E/AC.27/W.8), Leb- the franchise and eligibility for public office, some report anon (E/AC.27/W.14 and Corr.1), Netherlands limitations on women in this regard; "Requests the States Members of the United Nations, (E/AC.27/W.15), New Zealand (E/AC.27/- where women have not yet been given the same political W.13), Poland (E/AC.27/W.6), U.S.S.R. and rights as men, to grant them such rights in all spheres of Byelorussian S.S.R. (E/AC.27/W.9 and W.11), economic, national, cultural, social and political life; U.S.S.R. (E/AC.27/W.18), United Kingdom "Requests the Secretary-General to address a communi- (E/AC.27/W.4 and W.17) and Venezuela cation to all Governments which have not replied to the communication sent by him pursuant to General Assembly (E/AC.27/W.23), as well as various verbal amend- resolution 56 (I) (b) of 11 December 1946 and, in so ments. far as they do not now grant full political rights to The main point of difference in the discussions women, to inquire as to their plans to give effect to the was that some representatives felt that the Council Charter affirmation of 'equal rights for men and women' in regard to the franchise and eligibility to public of- should draw attention to the existing discrimination fice; and to urge them to take appropriate and immediate against women in political, economic and educa- action; tional fields, while others thought that the Council "Draws attention to the fact that opportunities for the should confine itself to passing effective resolutions, exercise of these rights and a greater measure of activity by women voters in making use of their right to take leaving pronouncements on the situation until part in elections, as well as the introduction of a more further replies had been received to the question- general system of electing women to key posts in nation- naire sent out by the Secretary-General. The various al, public, municipal and other institutions, will serve decisions taken by the Council at its seventh session as an effective method of stimulating the interest of are given below. women voters, will increase their interest in social and political work, and will ensure a fuller use by women voters of their right to take part in elections; and ( 1 ) Political Rights "Further requests the Secretary-General to continue the The question of political rights was discussed collection of information, for the benefit of women who again at the Council's seventh session, when fuller have recently acquired the vote, about effective pro- consideration was given to the report of the Com- grammes of political education, and to give favourable consideration to measures for technical advice to such mission. A detailed discussion took place in the countries; and to prepare for general use a popular Council's ad hoc Committee on Human Rights, pamphlet showing the extent to which women have been during which representatives of the U.S.S.R., Po- accorded equal political rights." land, Byelorussia and France stressed the import- (2) Access to Public Administration Posts ance of including a preamble and of basing both it The Commission on the Status of Women had and the operative paragraphs of the resolution on adopted a resolution (E/615, p. 7) taking note the recommendations of the Commission. The that in certain countries women were not given an French, U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian representatives equal opportunity with men for positions in the civil submitted similar amendments to this effect service and that there was also discrimination as to (E/AC.27/W.8 and W.9). The Committee on professional opportunities and access to diplomatic, Human Rights adopted the French amendments by consular and judiciary posts and recommending varying votes. At its 207th plenary meeting the that the Council instruct the Secretary-General to Council adopted by 16 votes to 0, with 2 absten- call to Members' attention the pledges undertaken tions, the resolution which had been recommended when signing the Charter, with a view to granting by the Committee on Human Rights (154(VII)- women equal opportunities in these fields. A), which reads as follows: The question was considered by the Committee "The Economic and Social Council, on Human Rights on the basis of a United States "Recognizing that the dignity and worth of the human draft resolution (E/AC.7/W.25), which drew the person, the equal rights of men and women, and of na- attention of Members to the advantage of increased tions large and small, which are referred to in the Charter of the United Nations, insistently call for the abolition of participation of women in political life, recom- the political inequality of women which still prevails in mending that consideration should be given to many countries, appointing qualified women as representatives to "Considering that the equal participation of women in international bodies and conferences and recom- national, economic, cultural, social and political life is impossible unless women are granted equal rights with mending that Members grant women equal oppor- men, tunities with men at all levels of government "Having regard to General Assembly resolution 56- activity. Amendments to the United States draft The Economic and Social Council 603 were submitted by Canada (E/AC.27/W.5), "Resolves to recommend that Members: United Kingdom (E/AC.27/W.7), France "(a) Grant women, whether married or unmarried, (E/AC.27/W.8), Byelorussian S.S.R. and U.S.S.R. access on equal terms with men to posts in the public service at all levels, including diplomatic, consular, (E/AC.27/W.9), Chile (E/AC.27/W.12), Leb- legal and judicial office, and to all liberal and other anon (E/AC.27/W.14 and Corr. 1) and Neth- professions; and erlands (E/AC.27/W.15). A drafting commit- "(b) Consider women equally with men when ap- tee, consisting of the representatives of United pointing their delegations to organs and agencies of the United Nations and to international bodies and con- States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Byelo- ferences." russia, Lebanon and Netherlands, was set up by the Committee to study the draft resolution proposed (3) Nationality, Domicile, Marriage and Divorce by the United States and the amendments sub- Noting the Commission's resolution on nation- mitted. The drafting committee submitted two ality, and its view that many discriminations result alternative versions of the preamble (E/AC.27/2). from conflicts between national laws relating to The first, which had been proposed by Chile, re- nationality, domicile, marriage and divorce, the ferred to the provisions of Article 8 of the Charter Council in part C of resolution 154(VII), adopted and stated that this principle was applicable to by 14 votes to 3, with 1 abstention, at the Council's Members as regards their international representa- 207th plenary meeting on August 20, requested the tion and was also applicable to all public activities Secretary-General to prepare (1) a report on this and the exercise of the professions; the second, subject based on replies to Part I, Section G, of the proposed by the U.S.S.R. and based on the Com- Questionnaire on the Legal Status and Treatment mission's recommendation, referred to the existing of Women; (2) a report on existing treaties and discrimination against women. The two paragraphs conventions in the field of nationality; and (3) a of the U.S.S.R. draft were rejected by the Com- list of questions designed to elicit any further in- mittee by 7 votes to 4, with 5 abstentions, and 7 formation which, after examination of the replies votes to 4, with 4 abstentions. The Committee of governments, he might consider to be required adopted by 14 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, the by the terms of the resolution on nationality. The first paragraph of the draft proposed by Chile, but U.S.S.R. representative objected to this resolution substituted for the second paragraph a text sub- on the ground that the subject with which it dealt mitted by Venezuela stating that in certain coun- fell within the domestic jurisdiction of states. tries women were not on an equal footing with The Commission forwarded to the Council two men as regards access to public office and to the observations relating to marriage, one emphasizing professions. The Committee by 12 votes to 1, with its belief in the principle of monogamy and urging 4 abstentions, rejected a Netherlands amendment the United Nations to work for the acceptance of to delete the words "whether married or unmarried" this principle, the second noting with satisfaction from the first paragraph of the resolution. The an article on the freedom of choice of a spouse con- Netherlands representative in support of the tained in the draft International Declaration of amendment stated that in his Government's view Human Rights and suggesting that this right can- the first duty of married women was to their fam- not be fully guaranteed unless it is recognized that ilies and that, as a rule, they should be debarred individuals have the right to leave their country from public service. The amended draft resolution after marrying and to reside with the other partner with a drafting change proposed by the Chairman in any country from which they cannot lawfully be was adopted by the Committee by 13 votes to 0, excluded. with 4 abstentions, and by the Council at its 207th The Council discussed the question at the seventh meeting on August 20 by 14 votes to 0, with 4 to ninth meetings of the Human Rights Committee abstentions. The resolution (154(VII)B) reads on August 2 and 4 and the 210th plenary meeting as follows: on August 23. Various representatives emphasized the importance of freedom of movement and Chile "The Economic and Social Council, "Considering that, in certain countries, women do not submitted a proposal (E/AC.27/W.16) calling at- have the same possibilities as men of access to public tention to the purposes of the United Nations for administration posts and to the exercise of all the profes- achieving international co-operation by promoting sions, and and encouraging respect for human rights, stating "Considering that Article 8 of the Charter of the that it was incumbent on signatories of the Charter United Nations lays down that 'the United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to eliminate from their legal and social institutions to participate in any capacity and under conditions of anything conflicting with these principles. The equality in its principal and subsidiary organs', proposal went on to state: 604 Yearbook of the United Nations

"3. Monogamy and equality of rights between men Council adopted in a revised form the Chilean and women in the case of dissolution of marriage should amendment. be considered as covered by the United Nations declara- The final resolution (154(VII)D), which was tion of faith; and, "4. The same considerations should apply as regards adopted by the Council at its 210th meeting on freedom to choose a spouse, it being noted that full August 23 by 14 votes to 3, with 1 abstention, enjoyment of this right requires that the contracting reads as follows: parties shall have the right to leave their country of "The Economic and Social Council origin and reside with their spouses in any other;" "Deplores all legislative measures which forbid mixed marriages between persons differing as to colour, race, and recommending that Members endeavor as soon nationality, citizenship or religion, and in general such as possible to bring their legislation into line with other legislative or administrative provisions as restrict these principles. the freedom to choose a spouse (with the exception of The U.S.S.R. representative maintained that free- restrictions based on family relationships, age, the nature of the functions being exercised, or other similar reasons) dom of movement for the nationals of any state as well as those legislative or administrative provisions was a question within the domestic jurisdiction of which deny to a woman the right to leave her country of that state, and emphasized that discrimination origin and reside with her husband in any other; and existed within certain countries. He submitted an "Resolves to transmit the observations of the Commis- amendment (E/AC.27/W.18) which would have sion on the Status of Women contained in paragraph 29 of the report, and also the Chilean proposal contained in the Council condemn "the racist practice of forbid- document E/AC.27/W.16 and the U.S.S.R. proposal con- ding mixed marriages between persons having the tained in document E/AC.27/W.18, to the Commission same citizenship, but differing as to color, race, on Human Rights." nationality or religion". (4) Economic Rights and Related Matters The Committee on Human Rights by 10 votes to The Commission on the Status of Women con- 2, with 6 abstentions, adopted a draft resolution sidered the economic rights of women and heard a deploring "all legislative measures which forbid statement by a representative of the International mixed marriages between persons differing as to Labour Organisation. It affirmed its support of the colour, race, nationality and religion," and referring principle of equal pay for men and women for to the Commission on Human Rights the observa- equal work, and recommended that the Council tions of the Commission on the Status of Women call upon Member Governments to encourage the and the Chilean and U.S.S.R. proposals. establishment of this principle through all possible The Chilean representative opposed the refer- means, especially in their own publicly supported ence to the Commission on Human Rights on the and civil services.95 grounds that the Commission on the Status of At its seventh session, the Council deferred Women had asked the Council for an opinion on further consideration of the agenda item on the the question and that the matter would be delayed. principle of equal pay for equal work by men and He presented to the 210th plenary meeting of the women proposed by the World Federation of Trade Council a proposal (E/981 and Corr.1) to add to Unions. On the basis of the recommendations of the matters deplored by the Council legislative and the Commission on the Status of Women, however, administrative provisions restricting the freedom the Council at its 210th meeting on August 23 by to choose a spouse and those denying contracting 16 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, adopted resolu- parties the right to leave their country of origin and tion 154(VII)G, which reads as follows: reside with their spouse in any other country. The "The Economic and Social Council, U.S.S.R. presented amendments (E/1003) to the "Recognizing that restrictions with regard to the equality of rights of men and women constitute an in- Chilean amendment which would have the Council fringement of the fundamental rights of the human per- recognize that a state refusing visas to its citizens son and are incompatible with the obligations assumed might have sufficient grounds connected with the by the States Members of the United Nations under the maintenance of public order and state security, rec- terms of the United Nations Charter, "Noting that there exist, in a certain number of coun- ognize that such a matter was within the domestic tries, discriminatory practices with regard to the economic competence of every state and condemn racial prac- and social condition of women, which are not compatible tices obtaining in certain states of prohibiting with the dignity of woman and which make it more dif- mixed marriages between citizens of the same state ficult for her to participate in the economic life of such countries, but differing as to color, race, nationality or religion. "Invites the States Members of the United Nations to After the first paragraph of the Soviet proposal had adopt the necessary measures so that: been defeated and the third amended, the Soviet "(a) Whatever their nationality, their race, their lan- representative withdrew his proposal, and the 95 See below, Equal Pay for Equal Work. The Economic and Social Council 605

guage or their religion, women shall benefit by the same 5. Principle of Equal Pay for Equal rights as men in regard to employment and remuneration therefor, as provided for in Council resolution 121 Work (VI), leisure, social insurance and professional training; and At the sixth session of the Council, the World "(b) In each country there should be legal safeguards Federation of Trade Unions proposed for the for the rights of mothers and children; "Draws attention to divergencies in various local sys- agenda the item "Question of the Principle of Equal tems in this field, some of them restricting the right of Pay for Equal Work for Men and Women Work- married women to act as guardians, to control property ers" (E/621). In considering this item, the Council and earnings and to undertake independent business ven- had before it a memorandum submitted by the tures, and to engage in various other activities." World Federation of Trade Unions on "Declara- (5) Educational Opportunities for Women tion of Principles on the Earnings of Female At its seventh session (210th plenary meeting Labour" (E/627/Add.1). on August 23) the Council by 17 votes to 0, with The WFTU memorandum outlined certain prin- 1 abstention, adopted resolution 154(VII)F, as ciples, such as occupational selection and guidance, follows: apprenticeship and occupational training, rational "The Economic and Social Council, assessment of the value of work, maternity insur- "Considering that the principle of the equality of rights ance, reduction of domestic tasks, inspection and of men and women enunciated in the preamble of the the importance of trade union organization, and United Nations Charter should also be applied in the educational field and all its branches, gave a historical survey and assessment of the "Having noted that this principle is not satisfactorily question of the payment of women workers. State- applied in certain countries, especially where the techni- ments prepared by the International Co-operative cal and professional education of women is concerned, Women's Guild and the Women's International due either to the lack of legislation guaranteeing the Democratic Federation (E/627/Add.2) and by the right of women to education or to the failure to apply such legislation, Liaison Committee of Women's International "Requests the States Members of the United Nations to Organizations and the Women's International grant women equal educational rights with men and to League for Peace and Freedom (E/627/Add.4), ensure that they are afforded genuine educational op- supporting the demand of equal pay for equal portunities, irrespective of nationality, race or religion; and work, were also submitted by the World Federation "Further suggests that the United Nations Educational, of Trade Unions. Scientific and Cultural Organization include in its an- The Council also had before it a resolution per- nual reports information on its progress and plans for taining to the question of equal pay contained in improving educational opportunities for women; and the report of the second session of the Commission that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- tural Organization, upon request, be ready to make sug- on the Status of Women (E/615, p. 12). gestions for programmes for the education of adults in The question was considered by the Council at the various countries where such programmes would help its 138th, 139th and 172nd plenary meetings on to solve the problem of illiteracy, and for other educa- February 12 and March 17 and at the 39th, 41st tional programmes, having in mind, when elaborating every educational programme, that the widest publicity and 42nd meetings of its Social Committee on of the political, social and civic rights of women and of February 27 and March 4 and 5. At the 39th meet- the historical evolution and practical results of these ing of the Social Committee on February 27 it was matters is a question of vital importance, in order to agreed to consider the above resolution together teach the principle of equality of the sexes." with the above-mentioned agenda item. (6) Public Opinion The World Federation of Trade Unions and the In resolution 154(VII)E, adopted unanimously American Federation of Labor presented their at the 210th plenary meeting on August 23, the views on the subject to the Council in oral state- Council, in accordance with suggestions of the ments. Commission on the Status of Women regarding the In the discussion all members were agreed on the need to influence public opinion in favor of equal- principle of equal pay for equal work, but some ity between men and women, recommended that representatives, including those of New Zealand, the Secretary-General (a) call upon the world the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Den- press, radio, film and other information agencies to mark, stressed the technical difficulties of putting help in removing such prejudices as have been this principle into effect. Some members were of proved to exist in this respect, (b) assist all such the opinion that the Council should invite the information agencies in these efforts to the fullest International Labour Organisation to study the possible extent and prepare suitable information question and to report to the Council thereon. A material of all kinds for this purpose. proposal to this effect was submitted by the Nether- 606 Yearbook of the United Nations lands representative (E/650). Other members gory A concerned to present their views on the thought that the Organisation should also be re- subject to the International Labour Organisation quested to report to the Council on the measures and to the Council. contemplated for the effective solution of the The resolution of the Economic and Social Coun- problem of securing equality of pay and a recom- cil was accordingly brought to the attention of the mendation made to States Members of the United International Labour Conference at its 31st session Nations to collaborate in applying that principle. (at San Francisco, June-July 1948) in connection The representative of France submitted a draft with the question of wages, which was already on resolution to this effect (E/659 and Revs.1 and 2). its agenda. Other members thought that the Council should The International Labour Conference adopted a itself call upon Member Governments to encourage resolution (E/881) in which it drew the attention the establishment of the principle of equal pay of the Members of ILO to the statement on the through all possible means, especially in their own principle of equal remuneration for work of equal civil services. The representative of the U.S.S.R. value contained in its Constitution, in the Mini- submitted a draft resolution to this effect (E/657). mum Wage-fixing Machinery Recommendation, The Council also considered proposals to refer the 1928, and in resolutions adopted at several confer- memorandum submitted by the World Federation ences and regional conferences; and also to the of Trade Unions to the Trusteeship Council and to importance of taking appropriate measures to the Commission on the Status of Women (E/657 secure the effective application of this principle in and also E/AC.7/67, a compromise resolution sub- the case of men and women workers, including in mitted by Denmark, combining the French and particular measures to extend the opportunities for Soviet resolutions). This resolution would have the employment available to women workers, and the Council call on Member Governments to apply the provision of adequate facilities for vocational and principle of equal pay for equal work and invite technical training of women. The Conference also the International Labour Organisation and the non- provided for the continuance and extension of governmental organizations in Category A to com- studies on the question. pile memoranda, stating what action they had At its seventh session, the Council had on its taken in the matter, for the Council to consider at agenda the question of the principle of equal pay its next session. for equal work for men and women workers. In After the various proposals had been considered view of the pressure of business and the date at by a drafting sub-committee, the Social Committee which documents had been presented, the Council at its 42nd meeting by 13 votes, with 3 abstentions, decided at its 178th plenary meeting on July 20 to recommended to the Council a draft resolution defer consideration of this item. On the basis of the which was adopted at the 172nd plenary meeting recommendation of the Commission on the Status on March 10, by 14 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions. of Women, the Council at its 210th plenary meet- In this resolution (121(VI)) the Council re- ing on August 23 adopted resolution 154(VII)G, affirmed the principle of equal rights of men and which invites Members to adopt measures to ensure women laid down in the Preamble of the United that women shall benefit by the same rights as men Nations Charter; approved the principle of equal in regard to employment and remuneration there- remuneration for work of equal value for men and for, leisure, social insurance and professional train- women workers; and called upon the States Mem- ing.96 bers of the United Nations to implement the latter principle in every way, irrespective of nationality, race, language and religion. The resolution also 6. Social Activities transmitted the memorandum of the World Federa- tion of Trade Unions to the International Labour The Social Commission held its second and third Organisation, inviting the latter to proceed as sessions from August 28 to September 13, 1947, rapidly as possible with the further consideration and from April 5 to 23, 1948. The report of the of this subject and to report to the Council on the second session (E/578) was considered during the action taken. The Council further resolved to trans- sixth session of the Council, at the 125th to 127th, mit the memorandum of the World Federation of 156th, 157th, 171st and 172nd plenary meetings on Trade Unions to the Commission on the Status of February 3 and 4 and March 1 and 10, and at the Women for its consideration and for any sugges- 23rd to 30th and the 40th and 42nd meetings of tions it might wish to make to the Council, and invited non-governmental organizations in Cate- 96 See Status of Women, pp. 604-5. The Economic and Social Council 607 the Council's Social Committee from February 10 "(a) The proposed work programme of the Com- to 18 and on March 5. mission, arranged in an order of priority; "(b) A statement of those gaps and overlaps with re- The report of the third session (E/779 and spect to the proposed work programme of the Commis- Add.1) was considered during the seventh session sion and of other bodies to which the Council should of the Council at the 180th and 198th plenary give attention; meetings on July 21 and August 13, and at the 47th "(c) Such recommendations as the Commission deems to 54th meetings of the Council's Social Committee appropriate with respect to solutions concerning specific gaps and overlaps; from July 27 to 30 and on August 2 and 4. The "(d) An evaluation of the contribution to its work various decisions taken by the Council are given made by the above-mentioned Committee and the need below. for re-establishing it in the future." a. CO-ORDINATION AND WORK PROGRAM The Social Commission, at its third session in March 1948 considered the report (E/CN.5/46) The Social Commission at its second session ap- prepared by its Advisory Committee on Planning proved certain principles and procedures for co- and Co-ordination, and concluded that a study of ordination between the programs of the specialized the proposed work programs of the Commission agencies and the Social Commission and decided to and of other bodies operating in the social field set up an Advisory Committee on Planning and indicated little if any overlapping (E/779)- Co-ordination to consult with the Secretary-General In respect of gaps, the Commission concluded and the representatives of the specialized agencies, that there were no specialized agencies which had and to prepare recommendations on "practical ways been specifically entrusted with activities in the and means of achieving in the general field of social fields of social welfare services, including family policy, co-ordination of activities of the Secretariat and child welfare and prevention of crime and the and of the specialized agencies", in accordance with treatment of offenders. It concluded that the Sec- the principles it had approved and on "urgent retariat of the United Nations must assume primary activities in the social welfare field, particularly as responsibility for promoting effective interim regards family and child welfare", not falling within undertakings in these fields. the competence of any existing specialized agency The Commission therefore recommended the (E/578). following order of priorities for its work program The Council, at its 125th to 127th plenary meet- (E/779): ings on February 3 and 4, its 171st plenary meeting (1) Social welfare services, including family, youth and child welfare. on March 10 and the 23rd and 42nd meetings of its (2) Prevention of crime and treatment of offenders. Social Committee on February 10 and March 5, (3) Prostitution and traffic in women and children debated the advisability of setting up such a com- and in obscene publications. 98 mittee. Some representatives held that questions of (4) Migration. (5) Housing and town and country planning." co-ordination were the concern of the Council it- (6) Standards of living. self, that the tendency to create additional organs should be discouraged and that the proposed Ad- The Council at its seventh session (50th and visory Committee, being composed of only seven 51st meetings of the Social Committee on July 29 members of the Social Commission, was not rep- and 30) discussed the Social Commission's recom- resentative. Others maintained that the Social Com- mendations for its work program for 1948-49, and mission had acted quite properly in deciding to in its resolution 155(VII) B, adopted at its 198th set up the Advisory Committee, particularly in plenary meeting, by 15 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, approved the Commission's recommenda- view of the Commission's large field of activity, tions. It suggested, however, that the order of and emphasized that co-ordination at all levels was priorities be altered so far as required by the Coun- important. The Council at its 71st plenary meeting cil's resolution 155(VII)E of August 13, 1948 on March 10 adopted, by 12 votes to 2, with 2 (see below), relating to the draft Convention of abstentions, a resolution (122(VI)E) noting, the 1937 for Suppressing the Exploitation of the action of the Social Commission in setting up the Prostitution of Others. Action taken under these Advisory Committee and drawing the Commission's headings in the period under review (July 1, 1947, attention to the action with respect to co-ordination, to September 21, 1948) is summarized below. taken by the Council at its sixth session.97 The resolution requested the Commission to submit to the 97 See pp. 676-78. 98 See pp. 641-44. Council at its seventh session: 99 See pp. 654-56. 608 Yearbook of the United Nations b. ADVISORY SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTIONS (3) Consideration at the Council's Fifth Session of the Advisory Social Welfare Program The General Assembly on December 14, 1946, adopted a resolution (58(I))100 authorizing the The report was considered by the Council at its Secretary-General, in consultation with the Eco- 95th and 107th plenary meetings on July 25 and nomic and Social Council, to make provision, with August 6, and by its Social Committee at its fif- the co-operation of the specialized agencies where teenth and seventeenth meetings on July 30 and appropriate, for continuing the advisory social wel- August 4, 1947. fare functions of UNRRA, In particular, it author- In the discussions of the question in the Council ized him to make provisions for: expert assistance and Social Committee, various representatives, in- to governments on welfare services; fellowships for cluding those of China, the United States, France, training officials in social welfare; advice, demon- India and the Netherlands, felt that the social stration and instruction in connection with the welfare program should be continued. The repre- manufacture of prosthetic appliances and the voca- sentative of Norway expressed the view that the tional training of physically handicapped persons, program should be widened to benefit all Members and the furnishing of demonstration equipment; of the United Nations and not merely those which and the provision of technical publications. had been receiving assistance from UNRRA. The (1) Criteria for Receiving Requests for Services representatives of the U.S.S.R. and the Byelorussian The Temporary Social Welfare Committee, S.S.R., while recognizing that, if needed, such ad- established by the Social Commission at its first visory social welfare services should be continued session,101 as requested by the Social Commission, during 1948, nevertheless thought that the expenses recommended (E/CN.5/25) certain criteria as the of such services should be covered by the countries basis for receiving requests for services from gov- to which the services were extended. The repre- ernments: sentatives of the United Kingdom, the U.S.S.R. and "1. The basic consideration should be the established New Zealand considered that the report should be need of the applicant country for the services in question. studied by the Social Commission before any def- "2. Great weight should be given, in assessing the need of the applicant country, to the value of continuity inite action was taken on it. in the welfare services performed by UNRRA during the Proposals were submitted by China (E/AC.7/- last quarter of the calendar year 1946. W.16), Norway (E/AC.7/28) and verbally by "3. The bulk of the monies available should be used for States which received assistance from UNRRA. India and the United Kingdom. A drafting com- "4. Some of the monies available should also be mittee of the Social Committee composed of repre- used for those United Nations Member States which resentatives of these States, and of the U.S.S.R. and ceived no assistance from UNRRA, but which, being less developed areas, need social welfare services. the United States, evolved a joint resolution "5. Tentative allocation of the monies available should (E/AC.7/34), which with minor textual changes be made by the Secretariat to each of the foregoing was approved by 13 votes to 1, with 1 abstention, groups of countries, but keeping in reserve during the by the Social Committee of the Council (E/520). first few months an amount of $100,000 (out of the total amount of $670,000) for subsequent allocations to either The Council, however, decided by 8 votes to 7, or both groups mentioned in paragraphs 3 and 4." with 3 abstentions, to delete the second paragraph of this draft resolution, which read: (2) Progress Report Submitted to the Council's fifth Session "Recognizes that the Member nations of the United The Secretary-General submitted a progress Nations should, if interested, share the benefits of Ad- report (E/458) to the fifth session of the Eco- visory Social Welfare Services." nomic and Social Council on the implementation By varying votes the Council adopted the remain- of the General Assembly's resolution. The report ing paragraphs of the resolution. reviewed the measures taken by the Secretary-Gen- eral by which eleven countries were being provided The resolution as a whole (78(V)) was adopted by 16 votes to 1, with 1 abstention, at the 107th with social welfare experts, twelve with fellowships, nine with assistance in physical rehabilitation pro- plenary meeting on August 6. It took note of the grams and six with technical publications useful in Secretary-General's report; requested the Social training social welfare workers. Two seminars for Commission at its next session to review the report social welfare officials of Latin American countries and to make further recommendations concerning were being conducted, and films for the training of 100 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. social welfare workers in India were being pro- 161-62. duced. 101 See ibid., p. 515. The Economic and Social Council 609 it and concerning future programs and the best (6) Report on Services Rendered during 1947 and methods of financing them; and requested the Requested for 1948 Secretary-General to consult with the Social Com- The Social Commission at its third session re- mission and, in the light of its recommendations, to viewed the measures taken by the Secretary- review the budgetary provision which he had made General to implement resolution 58(I)—i.e., the for these services in 1948. requests for services which had been received for 1948; and the appraisals of services rendered which (4) Recommendations of the Commission at Its had been submitted by recipient governments Second Session (E/CN.5/48). The Social Commission at its second session During 1947, services were furnished as follows: recommended (E/578) that the program provided Number of by resolution 58(I) of the General Assembly be Services Countries 9102 continued during 1948, and that, as far as the future Consultants programs were concerned, the following considera- Fellowships 12 Prosthetics 8 tions be kept in mind: (a) the type of service to Literature 6 be rendered should be decided in consultation and Films 10 agreement with the government concerned; (b) Seminars 20103 there should be close co-operation with the special- The details of the services were as follows ized agencies (including the United Nations Inter- (E/779): national Children's Emergency Fund); (c) (a) Provision of Experts to Governments.—Ten continued service to individual countries, and the governments requested the services of experts to character of the program as a whole, should be furnish advisory services in such fields of social based upon reports to the United Nations by the welfare as: recipient countries and upon joint appraisal by the General welfare administration; United Nations and the recipient countries of the Training in social welfare; value of the services rendered; and (d) the possi- Public assistance; bility of financial participation by recipient coun- Community organization; tries should be constantly explored. Social rehabilitation of physically handicapped persons; Administration of institutions; ( 5 ) Consideration by the Council at Its Sixth Session Mass feeding; Social service to invalids and convalescents. The question was discussed at the 25th meeting of the Council's Social Committee on February 11, The United Nations was able to furnish 24 social 1948. Representatives felt that it was necessary to welfare consultants to meet such requests. These plan for a long-term program of advisory social consultants were secured from seven different coun- welfare services. The Australian and French repre- tries. They served varying periods of time, depend- sentatives stressed that the exchange of fellowships ing upon the wishes of the Government requesting should be as broadly international as possible, and the services and the nature of the assignment. the French and the U.S.S.R. representatives thought (b) Fellowships.—In the 1947 program, 124 that the technical consultants should be more care- Fellowships were awarded to twelve countries, and fully selected. The U.S.S.R. representative proposed the Fellows observed in ten different countries. The that the Secretary-General, in rendering advisory fields of observation were as follows: services, should be guided by the principle that Child welfare, including maternal and child care, child expenditure on advisory social welfare services guidance; Juvenile delinquency; should be refunded by the governments of countries Other aspects of social welfare with children; asking for such assistance. The Council at its 157th Community organization; plenary meeting on March 3, by 13 votes, with 1 Employment service; abstention, adopted a resolution which had been General welfare, including welfare administration; proposed by the United States (122(VI)B), Psychiatric social work; Public assistance; requesting Social aspects of health; "the Social Commission to submit to the Council at its Social aspects of housing; seventh session a recommendation as to whether the ad- Social insurance; visory social welfare services should be continued in 102 Ten countries requested consultants, but one request 1949; and, if continuation is recommended, to submit was received late, after all available funds had been al- further recommendations regarding the extent, administra- located. tion and methods of financing of these services, together 103 Twenty Latin American countries participated in two with supporting facts." seminars. 610 Yearbook of the United Nations

Social research; The Commission also recommended that the fol- Social welfare training; lowing considerations should be kept in mind in Vocational guidance; carrying out the advisory social welfare services: Vocational rehabilitation, including physical rehabilitation, vocational training, manufacture of prosthetics; "(a) The type of service to be rendered under Resolu- Welfare programs in industry; tion 58(I) of the General Assembly shall be decided in Welfare legislation. consultation and in agreement with the Government concerned; (c) Demonstration Equipment and Supplies for "(b) There shall be close co-operation with the spe- Training Purposes.—Demonstration supplies for cialized agencies107 in order to avoid overlapping in serv- the social rehabilitation of physically disabled per- ices rendered and to ensure that all related activities are mutually benefited; sons were provided to eight countries in 1947. "(c) Continued service to individual countries and the A film, First Steps, for use in training social wel- character of the programme as a whole should be based fare workers in the social rehabilitation of physically upon reports to the United Nations by the recipient disabled children, was produced by the United countries and upon joint appraisal by the United Nations Nations in the following languages: Chinese, Eng- and the recipient countries of the value of the services rendered; lish, French, Greek, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, "(d) The possibility of financial participation by Czech. recipient countries shall be constantly explored." Two films for training child welfare workers (8) Discussion at the Council's Seventh Session were produced in India for use in that country. The recommendations were considered at the Six governments of Member States, in the group 47th meeting of the Social Committee on July 27 of war-devastated countries, requested technical and the 198th plenary meeting of the Council on literature in various aspects of social welfare. August 13, 1948. Two seminars on social welfare were organized While the view was generally expressed that the and conducted in Latin America. On the invitation advisory social welfare services of the United Na- of the Governments of Colombia and Uruguay, the tions were important and also that it was desirable seminars were held in Medellin and in Monte- to increase the contributions from recipient coun- video, with all twenty Latin American countries tries, opinion was divided as to the scale on which participating. An international staff directed study the program should be continued during 1949, and groups in which welfare problems of common in- how far participating countries could contribute to terest to the Latin American countries were dis- it. The Chinese, Brazilian, Lebanese, Venezuelan, cussed. Australian and New Zealand representatives, while (d) Services Requested during 1948.—As of agreeing that recipient countries should pay as April 1, 1948, services had been requested as much as possible, emphasized the importance of follows: continued United Nations assistance in this pro- Number of gram, which they thought should be continued on Services Countries 104 at least the same scale as the 1948 program. The Consultants 13 Fellowships 18105 representatives of the Netherlands, Denmark, the Prosthetics 4 United States, France and Venezuela drew attention Literature 7 to the different financial situations of various coun- Films and/or Kf film catalogs 3 106 tries and thought that their capacity to pay should Seminars 27 be taken into account. The representatives of Can- (7) Consideration by the Social Commission at Its ada and the United Kingdom stressed the impor- Third Session tance of putting the program on a self-supporting The Commission, having noted the substantial basis and were in favor of a token reduction in the increase in requests for services, not only from gov- estimates for it. The representative of Poland ernments which had previously received such ser- thought that the program should be continued in vices, but also from other governments in need of 1949, but reserved his position concerning its con- such services, and the increased financial participa- 104 Possible requests for consultants from two additional tion on the part of receiving governments, recom- countries. mended to the Council a resolution (E/779) 105 Possible requests for fellowships from one additional requesting the General Assembly to approve con- country. 106 Latin American countries were to participate in two tinuance of the Advisory Social Welfare Services seminars, and seven Arab League countries were to par- during 1949, and to stipulate that the funds pro- ticipate in one seminar. 107 It was specified that for the purposes of this resolu- vided for the services in 1949 should be at least tion the term "specialized agencies" was to include the equal to those appropriated for 1948. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. The Economic and Social Council 611 tinuance in 1950. The representatives of the tinued, as adapted in accordance with recommendations U.S.S.R. and the Byelorussian S.S.R. stressed the made by the Social Commission at its third session; "(d) That the services provided in 1949 should be need for economy, and considered that the program approximately within the same scope as those provided had been extended beyond its original framework in 1948. of supplying aid to devastated and under-developed "Requests the Secretary-General: countries and that, if the program was continued "(a) To submit to all Member countries a complete report on the work of consultants in the various countries during 1949, recipient governments should bear from 1946 until the present time, in order that the Social the cost. A U.S.S.R. proposal to this effect was Commission at its fourth session may be able to study defeated in the Social Committee by 13 votes to 2, such a report and any comments thereon which may be with 2 abstentions. A Canadian proposal to delete made by Member countries of the United Nations; the paragraph referring to the financial provision "(b) To continue and intensify his efforts to bring about increased financial participation on the part of for the services, on the ground that this question recipient Governments, and to report from time to time should be left for consideration by the General to the Council on the success of his efforts." Assembly, was defeated in the Social Committee by 9 votes to 7, with 1 abstention. A United States c. FAMILY, CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE proposal to delete the words "at least" from the (1) Child Welfare Program clause providing that the funds should be at least The Social Commission at its second session equal to those appropriated for 1948, was rejected adopted a resolution (E/578) on a child welfare in the Social Committee by 8 votes to 6, with 3 program, recommending that the Secretary-Gen- abstentions. eral, in undertaking the functions formerly exer- The U.S.S.R. representative doubted the wisdom cised by the League of Nations in the field of child of continuing the consultant services, since these welfare, continue the regular publication of the functions were of a temporary character, and pro- legislative series on child welfare and of the sum- posed that the Secretary-General should be asked to mary of the annual reports submitted by govern- furnish Members with a report on the work of the ments, and that the Secretariat in carrying out the consultants from 1946 to date, so that the Social studies necessary for the implementation of the Commission might study the report and the com- program should give priority to the following sub- ments on it from Member Governments. This projects: posal was accepted in the Social Committee by 8 (1) The organization and administration of child votes to 4, with 5 abstentions. and youth welfare services; The Danish representative suggested that it (2) Preparation of documentation on the Declaration of Geneva, referring in particular to any change or ad- should not be left to individual countries to choose ditions which it might be considered necessary to make the country of destination for their nationals hold- with a view to its acceptance as the United Nations ing United Nations Fellowships, but that the Sec- Charter of the Rights of the Child; retariat, or a special committee, should make a (3) The principles underlying the treatment of family and child problems; the desirability of international con- study to determine which countries were most suit- ventions on certain aspects of these subjects; and the able and establish a priority among them. The status and protection of destitute and stateless children. French representative supported this suggestion At its sixth session the Council, after a discus- and thought that there should be an equitable sion largely concerned with the question of refugee sharing of the services from the point of view of children (see below), at its 156th plenary meeting the nationality of the consultants sent and the on March 1, 1948, adopted resolution 122(VI)A nationality of the Fellows nominated and of the approving the Social Commission's resolution on recipient countries. a child welfare program and requesting it to give The Council at its 198th plenary meeting on priority to questions of child welfare. The Coun- August 15, on the recommendation of the Social cil requested the Secretary-General: Committee, adopted by 11 votes to 0, with 7 ab- "to study the desirability of combining the Legislative stentions, resolution 155 (VII) A. In this resolution and Administrative Series on Child Welfare published by the Council: the League of Nations with the summary of the annual reports submitted to Governments, in a single compre- "'Recommends to the General Assembly: hensive annual report on legislative, administrative and "(a) That the advisory social welfare services be other developments in child welfare within Member continued during 1949; countries, and to report thereon to the Social Commis- "(b) That the programme should include the same sion at its third session." basic services as were carried on in 1948; "(c) That, in the administration of the programme, At its third session (E/779, p. 28) the Social the policies and procedures carried on in 1948 be con- Commission adopted the family, child and youth 612 Yearbook of the United Nations welfare work program set out by its Advisory on February 4 and March 1, and the 23rd, 24th Committee on Planning and Co-ordination (E/- and 29th meetings of the Social Committee on CN.5/46). This program provided for: February 10 and 17, 1948) were largely concerned "(1) Publication of an annual report on child and with the question of refugee children. youth welfare, based on information received from Gov- The U.S.S.R. representative stressed the im- ernments: publication of a social welfare legislative portance of the repatriation of homeless orphans series; who, as a result of enemy occupation of their coun- "(2) Note on the Declaration of the Rights of the Child (Declaration of Geneva); tries found themselves in Germany and Western "(3) Development of Information and Technical Ref- Europe. He proposed (E/AC.7/44) that the erence Centre in continuation of the League of Nations Council should recommend that urgent measures Child's Welfare Information Centre; be taken to return such children to their homeland "(4) Report on youth guidance and questionnaire to and requested the Secretary-General to report to be sent to youth organizations; "(5) Study on the welfare of child war-victims, in- the Council's seventh session on the fulfilment of cluding re-education of children physically, mentally or such measures. This proposal was supported by the morally handicapped; Polish and Byelorussian representatives. "(6) Study of preventive and rehabilitative family The Lebanese representative proposed (E/- social services; special social services for children and for handicapped groups; AC.7/45) that the Secretary-General should be "(7) Study of programmes of family assistance (other asked to report on the situation of such children to than family allowances proper) such as financial assistance the seventh session of the Council, so that the and other economic measures for improving the condi- Council could decide on the possibility, advisabil- tions of families, e.g., adjustment of taxation, housing facilities and priorities, reduced rents, reduced clothing ity or necessity for their urgent repatriation. The costs, community feeding places, food stamp systems." United Kingdom representative thought that any resolution on the question should refer to the Gen- To this program the Commission added two eral Assembly resolution 136 (II)108 dealing with projects, calling for the study of: (a) needs of the question of refugees and submitted an amend- homeless children in their native country, and (b) ment to the Lebanese proposal (E/AC.7/50) to methods of administering assistance and social the effect that, in order that this resolution might services for needy families. be implemented, the Secretary-General should ask It recommended that the Secretary-General pur- the International Refugee Organization to supply sue the study of the proposed Charter of the Rights a report for submission to the Council's seventh of the Child "in consultation with Governments session giving the steps taken or contemplated for and interested organizations, in such a way that, dealing with the problem and recommendations on whilst giving great weight to the principles of the what should be done to hasten a final solution. The Geneva Declaration, he should consider such ad- United States representative thought that a study ditional significant principles as would transform such as that proposed by the Lebanese representa- the document into a United Nations Charter of the tive should be undertaken in collaboration with Rights of the Child, embodying the main features IRO. He proposed a draft resolution (E/AC.7/51) of the newer conception of child welfare, and re- to the effect that the Secretary-General should in- port thereon to the fourth session of the Social clude in his report, under the General Assembly's Commission". The Commission also adopted the resolution 136(II) of November 17 on the prog- proposal to combine in a single publication the ress of repatriation and resettlement of refugees, a summary of the legislative series on child welfare specific account of the situation of children and the and the summary of annual reports submitted by measures taken or contemplated on their behalf. governments. After a sub-committee had failed to reconcile the At its seventh session, the Council, in resolution various points of view (E/AC.7/55), the Social 155 (VII) B, adopted by 15 votes to O at the 198th Committee and the Council at its 156th plenary plenary meeting on August 13, 1948, concurred meeting adopted by 15 votes, with 3 abstentions, a in the recommendation of the Social Commission joint United Kingdom-United States draft resolu- concerning the responsibility of the Social Com- tion (E/AC.7/57) with certain amendments. mission and the United Nations Secretariat in the The U.S.S.R., Byelorussian and Polish represent- field of family, youth and child welfare. atives opposed the resolution on the ground that a (2) Question of Refugee Children further study of the question was unnecessary and At its sixth session the Council's discussions on would further delay the repatriation of the chil- the report of the second session of the Social Com- dren, and that the question should be dealt with mission (at the 126th and 156th plenary meetings 108 See General Assembly, pp. 128-29. The Economic and Social Council 613

independently of the general problem of refugees. International Penal and Penitentiary Commission The first part of the resolution (122 (VI) A) re- (see below). ferred to the child welfare program proposed by The plan outlined by the Secretariat was sub- the Social Commission (see above). The second sequently submitted for comment to the leading part of the Council's resolution reads as follows: organizations working in this field. Collaboration "The Economic and Social Council, furthermore, was established with the interested specialized "Recognizing the urgent need for a speedy solution of agencies. The World Health Organization ap- the problem of children left in foreign countries as a pointed an expert to prepare a report on the result of the war, and "Taking note of the request of the General Assembly medical and psychiatric aspects of crime and the at its second session by resolution 136(II) of 17 Novem- treatment of offenders. ber 1947 that 'the Secretary-General submit, in collab- On the basis of the material collected, the Secre- oration with the Director-General of the International tariat drew up a list of topics which it suggested as Refugee Organization, or the Executive Secretary of its suitable for international inquiry. The revised plan Preparatory Commission, a report on the progress and prospect of repatriation, resettlement and immigration of of study was reviewed and adopted with certain the refugees and displaced persons, for consideration by modifications by the Social Commission during its the Economic and Social Council at its seventh session', third session. The list of topics enumerated in the "Requests that there be included in this report a resolution approved by the third session of the specific account of the situation of children removed from their country of origin during the course of the war, and Social Commission is as follows (E/779): on measures taken or contemplated on their behalf as (a) The problem of juvenile delinquency in all its provided by Annex I, Part I, paragraph 4 of the General phases, including the study of advanced legislation on Assembly resolution 62 (I),109 and recommendations on the subject; 110 what can be done to accelerate a final solution." (b) Medical, psychiatric and social examination of adult offenders before sentence is passed; d. PREVENTION OF CRIME AND TREATMENT OF (c) Probation; OFFENDERS (d) Fines, also in connection with short-term im- prisonment; (1) Topics Suitable for International Inquiry (e) Open penitentiary institutions; The Economic and Social Council, at its fourth (f) Habitual offenders; (g) A general inquiry into the functions of the med- session (resolution 43 (IV)), requested the Sec- ical, psychological and social sciences in dealing with the retary-General to submit, at a future session of the problems of delinquency and crime; Social Commission, a report on the prevention of (h) The training of staff for penal institutions; crime and treatment of offenders indicating pro- (i) Criminal statistics, with a view to a report on posals suitable for international action and how the state of crime. they could effectively be carried out. A question- Preliminary reports were undertaken on item naire on the state of crime and the treatment of (c) and on item (i), based on replies from gov- offenders during the last ten years was drawn up ernments. A preliminary study was also under- and distributed to all Member States in May 1947, taken relating to item (a). and a preliminary report, prepared on the basis At the seventh session of the Council the U.S.S.R. of the replies received, was approved in principle representative, supported by the Byelorussian rep- by the Social Commission at its second session resentative, criticized the items proposed for study (E/578). as being domestic rather than international ques- The Social Commission also asked the Secretary- tions. He proposed an amendment in the Social General, in making a study for a plan of action, Committee and in the Council (E/AC.7/W.33) to give priority to the development of a plan for to limit the range of study to (1) questions on the collection, analysis and distribution of infor- which relevant decisions by international organ- mation already available in Member nations re- izations already existed, such as "measures to be garding crime causation, prevention of crime and taken against propaganda and the inciters of a treatment of offenders, and urged him to call upon new war" and genocide (which had been dealt experts to assist the Secretariat on an ad hoc basis with in General Assembly resolutions), and (2) on specific aspects of the problem which could not questions on which relevant international conven- be referred to any existing specialized agency. tions existed, such as. slavery, narcotic drugs and The Economic and Social Council at its sixth the suppression of the traffic in women and chil- session decided that no action was required from it on this resolution of the Social Commission, but 109 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 816. engaged in a discussion on the question of co- 110 For consideration of the question of refugees at the operation between the Social Commission and the Council's seventh session, see pp. 645-46. 614 Yearbook of the United Nations

dren and of obscene publications. The United At its 198th plenary meeting on August 13 the Kingdom and French representatives felt that Council, by 15 votes to 3, adopted resolution these matters were already being dealt with and 155 (VII) C, as follows: that an international exchange of views on the pre- "The Economic and Social Council vention of crime and the treatment of offenders "Endorses the opinion of the Social Commission that, would be valuable. The U.S.S.R. proposal, after in view of the importance of the study, on an international basis, of the problem of the prevention of crime and being rejected in separate paragraph by paragraph treatment of offenders, the United Nations should as- votes in the Social Committee, was rejected by the sume leadership in promoting this activity, having re- Council at its 198th plenary meeting on August gard to international and national organizations which 13 by 14 votes to 3, with 1 abstention. have interests and competence in this field, and making the fullest use of their knowledge and experience; (2) Question of the Creation of a Committee of "Requests the Secretary-General, subject to budgetary Experts limitations, to convene in 1949 a group of international- The Council in its resolution 122 (VI) F, adopted ly recognized experts not to exceed seven in number and at its sixth session (172nd plenary meeting on selected by him in such a way that the constitution of the March 10, 1948), requested the Social Commission group maintains an international character, to act in an honorary capacity as an advisory body and to advise the to report to the Council's seventh session on how Secretary-General and the Social Commission in devising international activities in the field of prevention and formulating policies and programmes appropriate to: of crime and the treatment of offenders could best "(a) The study on an international basis of the be carried out. problem of prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders; and The Commission recommended to the Council "(b) International action in this field." that in order to carry out the suggested program and having regard to international and national or- (3) Question of the International Penal and ganizations with interests and competence in this Penitentiary Commission (IPPC) field, a group of experts should be convened not At its sixth session, at the 30th and 40th meet- more than once a year to advise the Secretary-Gen- ings of its Social Committee on February 18 and eral and the Social Commission in formulating March 3, and at its 172nd plenary meeting on policies and a program. March 10, 1948, the Council discussed the ques- The recommendations of the Social Commission tion of co-operation between the Social Commis- were considered at the seventh session, at the 47th, sion and the International Penal and Penitentiary 48th and 50th meetings of the Social Committee Commission. on July 27 and 29 and at the 198th plenary meet- The Commission had decided at its first session ing on August 13, 1948. that it could not give effect to the Council's re- The creation of a committee of experts was quest that it consult with the International Penal supported by the United Kingdom, United States, and Penitentiary Commission (IPPC) so long as Venezuelan and Lebanese representatives. The that Commission had not severed its relations with U.S.S.R., Polish and Byelorussian representatives the Franco Government and this action had been thought that it was not necessary to set up a spe- approved by the Economic and Social Council at cial advisory group, since the Secretariat could, if its fourth session in March 1947 (resolution 111 necessary, consult experts. The Australian repre- 43 (IV)). sentative thought that a yearly meeting might be The Commission had subsequently been in- too ambitious. He also thought that it was diffi- formed that Spain had withdrawn from the IPPC cult to create the committee until the organizations in order that the IPPC might collaborate with the concerned had been consulted concerning the work United Nations. The Polish, U.S.S.R., Byelorus- they were doing and whether the necessary ex- sian, French and Venezuelan representatives experts could in fact be assembled, a view shared by pressed the view that Spain was still a member of the French representative. the IPPC, since its withdrawal was conditional on The Canadian and Danish representatives sug- the IPPC entering into an agreement with the gested that the Committee should be convened in United Nations. It was pointed out that unless it 1949, after which it could be decided if it should amended its constitution the IPPC had no power be maintained. A Danish amendment to this ef- to expel Spain. A Polish proposal that the question fect was approved by the Social Committee at its should be referred back to the Social Commission 48th meeting by 9 votes to 3, with 5 abstentions. for consideration at its third session was rejected. The Social Committee rejected by 12 votes to Various representatives, including those of New 4, with 1 abstention, a U.S.S.R. proposal to delete 111See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. the operative part of the resolution. 521. The Economic and Social Council 615

Zealand, the United States and the United King- questionable policy with regard to Franco Spain. dom, felt that it was clear that Spain was no longer The United Kingdom amendment was rejected by a member of the IPPC. It was decided on the mo- 9 votes to 3, with 5 abstentions, in the Council's tion of the Australian representative to ask the Social Committee and the Council at its 198th Secretariat for a legal opinion on the question. plenary meeting adopted resolution 155(VII)C After taking into account the legal opinion of (see text of resolution above). the Secretariat that Spain was not now a member of the IPPC (E/AC.7/66), the Council at its e. PREVENTION OF PROSTITUTION AND THE sixth session at the 172nd plenary meeting on SUPPRESSION OF TRAFFIC IN WOMEN AND March 10, 1948, adopted by 11 votes to 5, with 1 CHILDREN abstention, an amended form of a resolution which (1) International Conventions on Traffic in Women had been proposed by New Zealand (E/AC.7/- and Children and on Obscene Publications 70). In its resolution (122(VI)F) the Council: (a) TRANSFER OF LEAGUE OF NATION'S FUNCTIONS "Requests the Social Commission to undertake con- The Economic and Social Council, in its resolu- sultations with the IPPC provided and so long as the tion 2/10 of June 21, 1946, directed the Social Franco Government is not readmitted to membership Commission to "consider the best way of carrying of the Commission; on the functions undertaken by the League with "Draws the attention of the Social Commission to the Secretary-General's recommendation that to acquire ef- reference to traffic in women and children and all fective control of admissions and of the right to expel measures designed to prevent such traffic". Acting members the IPPC should give consideration to the upon the Social Commission's report of February question of revising its constitutional regulations, and 11, 1947, the Council requested the Secretary-Gen- that the above-mentioned consultations should include consideration of such revision; eral, on March 29, 1947 (resolution 43(IV)), to "Requests the Social Commission to report to the Coun- take the necessary steps to transfer to the United cil at its seventh session on the result of these consulta- Nations the functions formerly exercised by the tions. . . ." League of Nations under the Conventions of Sep- At its third session the Social Commission noted tember 30, 1921, and October 11, 1933, relating that the question of amending the constitutional to the suppression of the traffic in women and chil- rules of the International Penal and Penitentiary dren, and the Convention of September 12, 1923, Commission to control the admission and expul- relating to the suppression of the circulation of sion of members had been placed on the agenda of and traffic in obscene publications. The Council its next meeting. Subsequently, the Director of recommended that the Secretary-General adopt the the Division of Social Affairs of the Secretariat in- procedure followed in regard to a similar transfer formed the Council's Social Committee that the of functions under the conventions on narcotic 112 Secretary-General of the IPPC had circularized its drugs. members concerning the proposed modifications of The Secretary-General submitted to the fifth its constitution, informing them that if a majority session of the Council a memorandum (E/444) signified their assent, the amendments would come to which were appended two draft resolutions and into force; 23 out of 26 members had signified two draft protocols intended to implement the their assent. transfer. The document had been communicated In the Council's discussions at the seventh ses- by the Secretary-General to the members of the sion a Danish proposal, supported by the Canadian Social Commission on June 16, 1947, with the re- and Venezuelan representatives, that discussion of quest that they comment on it, and a number of the question of the formation of a Committee of replies were before the Council at its fifth session. Experts should be adjourned until after the forth- The Secretary-General's report was discussed by coming meeting of the IPPC was rejected by the the Council at its 99th and 117th plenary meetings Social Committee by 10 votes to 3. The United on July 29 and August 14 and by the Council's Kingdom representative proposed an amendment Social Committee at its 19th and 22nd meetings on to mention the IPPC specifically in the Council's August 6 and 12, 1947. A drafting committee of resolution in view of the IPPC's work for the re- the Social Committee considered in detail the Sec- habilitation of prisoners. The French representa- retary-General's proposal and comments on these tive, supported by other representatives, thought proposals made by the United Kingdom (E/509) that this organization should not be singled out and the United States (E/482), and submitted a for special mention, since there were other im- draft protocol and resolution (E/540), which was portant inter-governmental organizations which 112 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. studied these questions and in view of the IPPC's 521. 616 Yearbook of the United Nations

approved by the Council's Social Committee at its port on the questions concerning the transfer to 22nd meeting on August 12 and by the Council the United Nations of the functions formerly ex- at its 117th plenary meeting on August 14. The ercised by the French Government under the rele- French representative stated that his delegation vant international agreements and conventions. It approved the draft protocol subject to the same requested the Social Commission to make recom- conditions as the Convention of 1933. The Byelo- mendations to the Economic and Social Council at russian and the U.S.S.R. representatives abstained a subsequent session as to whether such transfer from voting since their Governments were not par- was desirable and, if so, on the steps necessary to ties to the Conventions, but reserved the right to implement it. submit amendments at later stages, since not all At its seventh session, the Council discussed, at governments had communicated their observations. the 49th meeting of its Social Committee on July In its resolution (81(V)) the Council recom- 28 and its 198th plenary meeting on August 13, mended that the General Assembly approve the 1948, the best method of effecting the transfer of assumption by the United Nations of the functions the functions formerly exercised by the French and powers previously exercised by the League of Government. After considering the relative merits Nations under the Convention of September 30, of effecting the transfer by protocol or by the 1921, for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women "Hague method" and after rejecting by 13 votes and Children, the Convention of October 11, 1933, to 2, with 2 abstentions, a U.S.S.R. proposal that for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of the transfer should be effected in accordance with Full Age and the Convention of September 12, the procedure provided for by General Assembly 1923, for the Suppression of the Circulation of and resolution 126(II), which had provided for the Traffic in Obscene Publications. transfer of League of Nations functions in this The transfer to the United Nations of the func- field, the Council by 15 votes to 2, with 1 abstentions exercised by the League of Nations under the tion, adopted resolution 155(VII)D, in which it Conventions of 1921 and 1933 relating to the "Directs the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Chil- French Government, to prepare a protocol for the pur- dren, and the Convention of 1923 concerning the pose of effecting the transfer of the said functions to the Suppression of the Circulation of and Traffic in United Nations and with the agreement of the French Government, to submit the protocol to the General As- Obscene Publications, was completed by the Gen- 113 sembly for its approval at its next regular session; eral Assembly in resolution 126(II), adopted "Recommends that, at its next regular session, the on October 20, 1947. General Assembly approve the assumption by the United Nations of the functions exercised by the French Govern- (b) TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS FORMERLY EXERCISED ment under the aforesaid instruments, and recommends BY THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT that, at its next regular session, the General Assembly consider the protocol drawn up by the Secretary-General At the Council's fifth session the French repre- for this purpose." sentative proposed that transfer to the United Na- tions should be made of the functions conferred (c) UNIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS on the Government of the French Republic under AND CONVENTIONS AND STUDY OF THE 1937 the International Agreement of May 18, 1904, for DRAFT CONVENTION the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic, the A Norwegian draft resolution (E/AC.7/37) International Convention of May 4, 1910, for the concerning the unification of the international Suppression of the White Slave Traffic and the In- agreements and conventions for the suppression ternational Agreement of May 4, 1910, for the of traffic in women and children was considered Suppression of Obscene Publications. A draft by the Council at its fifth session. resolution to give effect to this proposal (E/- A resolution submitted by the drafting com- AC.7/36) was considered by the drafting committee of the Council's Social Committee was ap- mittee of the Council's Social Committee. proved by the Social Committee at its 22nd meet- A resolution proposed by the drafting commit- ing on August 12, and by the Council at its 117th tee (E/540) was approved by the Council's Social plenary meeting on August 14. Committee at its 22nd meeting on August 12 and The resolution adopted by the Council (83 (V)) by the Council at its 117th plenary meeting on requested the Secretary-General to present to the August 14, 1947. Social Commission at an early session a report con- In this resolution (82(V)), the Council re- cerning the unification of the following interna- quested the Secretary-General to present to the So- tional agreements and conventions: cial Commission at its first session in 1948 a re- 113See General Assembly, pp. 121-23. The Economic and Social Council 617

1. International Agreement of May 18, 1904, for the consider the possibility of the unification of the 1937 Suppression of the White Slave Traffic; draft Convention and the existing instruments for the 2. International Convention of May 4, 1910, for the suppression of the traffic in women and children, namely: Suppression of the White Slave Traffic; "1. International Agreement of 18 May 1904 for 3. International Convention of September 30, 1921, the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic; for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Chil- "2. International Convention of 4 May 1910 for dren; and the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic; 4. International Convention of October 11, 1933, for "3. International Convention of 30 September 1921 the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age. for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Chil- Resolution 43 (IV), adopted by the Council at dren; and 114 "4. International Convention of 11 October 1933 its fourth session, had instructed the Secretary- for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full General to resume the study of the 1937 draft Age; Convention regarding the Exploitation of the Pros- "Considering that developments in general conditions titution of Others, to make any necessary amend- since 1937 make feasible the immediate formulation and conclusion of a new and comprehensive convention for ments in order to bring it up to date and to take the suppression of the traffic in women and children and account of changes in the general situation. The the prevention of prostitution, and that such a convention modifications proposed by the Secretariat were should unify the above-mentioned instruments and also communicated to Member States and to a number embody the substance of the 1937 draft Convention as well as any desirable improvement therein, of international organizations for their observa- "Requests the Secretary-General to prepare a draft of tions. such a convention, to ascertain the views of Govern- The Council considered the question at the 48th ments and international organizations specialized in this and 49th meetings of its Social Committee on July field regarding this draft, and to submit the draft Con- 27 and 28, 1948. Two views were expressed— vention and any views expressed to the Social Commis- sion at its fourth session; first, that it was desirable to remodel the Conven- "Requests the Social Commission to give first priority tion and unify it with other international instru- to the examination of such a draft Convention and to ments dealing with the suppression of the white submit its views thereon to the Council not later than the slave traffic and of obscene publications; second, ninth session of the Council; "Suggests to the Social Commission that, in the event that this might cause undue delay, that the matter of it finding that it cannot complete its task in the time was urgent, and that it would be better to restrict at its disposal, it should submit for the consideration of changes to the necessary adaptation of the Con- the Council at its ninth session a revision of the text of vention to make it refer to the United Nations and the draft Convention of 1937, including therein any continue efforts to introduce desirable improve- necessary formal amendments and any additional amendments which the Commission may see fit to suggest, but ments. Those supporting the view that the Con- excluding amendments with regard to which there is not, vention should be remodelled felt that Members in the opinion of the Commission, likely to be a general would be discouraged from signing the Convention measure of agreement." as it stood if they knew that amendments to it (2) Annual Reports from Governments on Traffic in were under consideration. Women and Children and on Obscene Publications The Social Committee by 12 votes, with 4 absten- On the basis of replies received from govern- tions, adopted a Canadian compromise amendment ments to a questionnaire circulated by the Secre- (E/AC7/W.34), a French amendment (E/AC- tariat, the first summaries of annual reports to be 7/W.31), designed to minimize the delay, having issued by the United Nations on traffic in women been withdrawn in its favor. The Committee by and children115 and on obscene publications116 16 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, also adopted a were published. These reports refer to the year United States verbal amendment to provide for 1946/47; subsequent reports were also being pre- consultation with non-governmental organizations. pared covering the period 1947/48. The revised draft resolution (155(VII)E.I.) was unanimously approved by the Council at its 198th (3) Other Measures meeting on August 13, and reads as follows: The following preliminary steps were taken to "The Economic and Social Council, give effect to some of the recommendations con- "Considering that in resolution 43 (IV) of 29 March cerning the suppression of traffic in women and 1947 the Council instructed the Secretary-General, inter children contained in resolution 43 (IV), adopted alia, to resume the study of the 1937 draft Convention by the Economic and Social Council at its fourth regarding the exploitation of the prostitution of others, session: to make any necessary amendments in order to bring it up to date and to introduce any desirable improvement in 114 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. view of the changes in the general situation since 1937, 521. "Considering that in resolution 83 (V) of 14 August 115Doc. E/TWC.1946-1947/Summary. 1947 the Council requested the Social Commission to 116 Doc. E/TOP.1946-1947/Summary. 618 Yearbook of the United Nations

(i) A report was prepared by the Secretariat Secretary-General (E/CN.5/32) on the study of concerning the establishment of a bureau in the standards of living particularly in under-developed Far East, and steps were taken to seek the views countries and areas, noted that a statement on cer- of the interested governments and organizations in tain aspects of the question would be submitted to order that a plan might be outlined for considera- its third session and stressed the importance of tion by the Social Commission at its fourth session. speeding up the preparation of this material. The (ii) A revision of the League of Nations ques- Commission also suggested that the Secretariat tionnaire on traffic in women and children, which pay special attention to studies carried out by the forms the basis of the annual reports from gov- method of field survey, and particularly to material ernments on the traffic, was undertaken in the dealing with standards of living of the family unit light of postwar developments. compared with the standards of living of single (iii) The principal recommendations embodied persons (E/578, p. 25). in a comprehensive study undertaken by the The question was discussed at the sixth session League of Nations on the prevention of prostitu- of the Economic and Social Council (126th and tion, completed in 1939, relating to the more di- 127th plenary meetings on February 4, and 26th rect measure of prevention of prostitution, were and 29th meetings of the Social Committee on summarized and will be submitted to Member February 11 and 17). In both the Commission's States for their comments with a view to utiliza- and the Council's discussions of the question, the tion in the preparation of the comprehensive draft U.S.S.R. representative suggested that a special convention provided for by the Council in its reso- study should be made of standards in colonies and lution 155 (VII) E.I. (see above) and of the revised dependent territories. Other representatives stated text of the questionnaire. that Non-Self-Governing Territories, if they were The Social Commission at its third session, on under-developed, would be covered in any case the proposal of the South African representative, and no special mention of them was called for. had adopted a recommendation to governments to After some discussion the Council decided by 11 include in their public and voluntary social wel- votes to 3, with 4 abstentions, that it was not neces- fare services provisions for combatting prostitu- sary for the Council to adopt a special resolution tion, both from the angle of prevention and re- on the subject. habilitation, and for taking other approved meas- The Social Commission at its third session con- ures (E/779). In this connection the Council at sidered the report of its Advisory Committee on its seventh session, at the 48th meeting of the So- Planning and Co-ordination. This report (E/- cial Committee on July 27, heard a representative CN.5/46) emphasized the indivisibility of the of WHO state what that Organization was doing social and economic aspects of the problem of on this matter. At its 198th plenary meeting the standards of living and found that, in view of the Council unanimously adopted resolution responsibilities of various United Nations bodies 115(VII)E.II, as follows: such as the Social, Economic and Employment, "The Economic and Social Council Population and Statistical Commissions and the "Recommends that, in anticipation of, and as a pre- Trusteeship Council in interdependent aspects of paration for the conclusion of such convention as that 117 this problem, co-ordination in this respect ap- referred to under I above, Member Governments be asked, where they have not already done so, to include or peared to be a matter for the Economic and Social to encourage the inclusion in their public and voluntary Council. social welfare services of provisions for combating the The Commission recognized the close connection evil of prostitution both from the angle of prevention and rehabilitation, including free and confidential treat- between a social policy aiming at the promotion ment for venereal disease in so far as medical care is not of improved standards of living and economic provided for otherwise; and, in so far as children and planning for increased production. It requested young persons are concerned, to consider the introduction the Secretary-General to report to the next session of legislation, where such legislation does not already exist, which will empower the State to take re-educative of the Social Commission regarding a comprehen- and rehabilitative measures in regard to children and sive program of work in respect of equitable young persons who are in need of care and who threaten standards of living, both generally and with respect to become, or have already become, prostitutes." to under-developed areas and territories. It also pointed out the interests of specialized agencies f. STANDARDS OF LIVING and other United Nations organs in this field, and requested the Secretary-General to prepare a re- The Social Commission at its second session took cognizance of the preliminary note of the 117 See resolution 155(VII)E.I,, p. 617. The Economic and Social Council 619 port on establishment of methods of co-ordination the prevention and treatment of juvenile delin- in respect of work upon standards of living, di- quency. rected as much as possible to practical considera- The joint draft resolution would also request the tions upon which Member Governments may prof- Secretary-General to ask Member Governments to itably institute action (E/779). The question of advise him of any other social problems warranting standards of living was included in the work pro- special study. A redraft of the joint proposal (E/- gram of the Social Commission, as presented to AC.7/SR.27), proposed by the United States to the seventh session of the Council and approved reconcile the text with the Commission's recom- in resolution 155(VII)B (see above). mendations, was accepted by the movers of the joint resolution. It was approved by the Commit- g. SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN UNDER-DEVELOPED tee by 15 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, with draft- AREAS ing amendments introduced by France and Den- mark and a Polish amendment (adopted by 6 votes The Social Commission at its second session dis- to 2, with 7 abstentions) to replace the words "to cussed the special needs of under-developed areas initiate studies and reports" by the phrase "in order in the field of social welfare. It recommended to initiate action to promote social amelioration (E/578, p. 20) that the Economic and Social to initiate immediate studies and to collect and dis- Council request the Secretariat in conjunction with seminate information and reports". The Commit- the specialized agencies, and, where Trust Terri- tee rejected the U.S.S.R. amendment (E/AC.7/53) tories were concerned, with the concurrence of the by 14 votes to 2, with 1 abstention, and by the same Trusteeship Council, to initiate studies and reports vote rejected a Polish amendment to specify "Non- on social and related problems in under-developed Self-Governing Territories" as well as Trust Terri- and economically under-privileged areas with a tories. view to enabling both Councils to make recom- At its 157th plenary meeting, the Council de- mendations on the question. cided to delete a reference to "economically under- The Economic and Social Council discussed the privileged areas" as being ambiguous, but rejected question at its sixth session, in the general debate by 8 votes to 4, with 5 abstentions, a Chinese on the Social Commission's report at the 126th and amendment to delete the reference to the preven- 157th plenary meetings on February 6 and March tion and treatment of juvenile delinquency, sub- 1, and at the 26th and 27th meetings of the Social mitted on the ground that not all under-developed Committee on February 11 and 16. areas had the same problems. A U.S.S.R. amend- The U.S.S.R. representative had proposed in the ment to refer to Non-Self-Governing Territories Commission and again in the Council that a special was rejected by 13 votes to 3, with 2 abstentions. study should be made of the conditions in colonies The resolution (122(VI)C) adopted by the and Trust Territories. He submitted a draft reso- Council by 16 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, reads lution to that effect (E/AC.7/53). Other repre- as follows: sentatives, including those of the United Kingdom, "The Economic and Social Council "Approving of the resolution on social problems in France, the Netherlands and the United States, under-developed areas, contained in the report of the stated that Non-Self-Governing Territories, if un- second session of the Social Commission, der-developed, would automatically be included, "Requests the Secretary-General, in conjunction with the specialized agencies within their competence, and and should not be singled out for special mention. where Trust Territories are concerned, after consultation A resolution was submitted by New Zealand (E/- with and with the concurrence of the Trusteeship Coun- AC.7/52) to refer the matter back to the Social cil, in order to initiate action for the promotion of social Commission requesting it to list the particular amelioration, to initiate immediate studies and to collect and disseminate information and reports with respect to studies it wished to initiate. In order to avoid post- social welfare administration, social services in relation ponement of action on the question, a joint resolu- to rural welfare, training of social welfare personnel, tion was submitted by Chile, Lebanon and Vene- child welfare including prevention and treatment of zuela (E/AC.7/59) requesting the Secretary-Gen- juvenile delinquency in under-developed areas and territories, with a view to enabling both Councils to make eral to collect and disseminate information on such recommendations as may be within their respective social activities in connection with four questions jurisdictions to the General Assembly, to the Members which it stated were subjects of urgent priority. of the United Nations and to the specialized agencies These were: social welfare administration, social concerned, and "Requests the Social Commission to advise the Secre- services in relation to rural welfare, training of so- tary-General as to any other social problems which war- cial welfare personnel, and child welfare including rant special study and attention." 620 Yearbook of the United Nations

7. United Nations International with UNICEF until their ultimate consumption. Children's Emergency Fund It also contained certain major policy provisions to govern distribution operations: "aid will be The General Assembly by resolution 57(I), rendered without discrimination because of race, adopted on December 11, 1946, established the creed, nationality status, or political belief; Inter- United Nations International Children's Emergency national Children's Emergency Fund representa- Fund for the benefit of children and adolescents of tives will freely observe the distribution and use countries which were the victims of aggression or of the supplies of the Fund; supplies will bear the had been receiving help from UNRRA and for distinctive marking 'U.N. Children's Fund'; and child health purposes generally.118 complete and accurate records and accounts of sup- At its fourth session in March 1947, the Eco- plies of the Fund and of child-aid activities in each nomic and Social Council decided that reports sub- country will be maintained" (E/459, p. 15). mitted by the United Nations International Chil- The interim report also contained a provisional dren's Emergency Fund should include an annual table of allocations approved by the Fund's Execu- report and interim reports to each session of the tive Board on June 19 (E/459, p. 13).121 Council in 1947 and 1948 (resolution 44(IV)).119 The Economic and Social Council discussed the Accordingly, the Executive Board of the Fund Fund's report at its 88th plenary meeting on July submitted an interim report (E/459 and Add.l 22, 1947. The Council adopted without vote reso- and Corr.1) to the fifth session of the Council. The lution 79(V), recording its appreciation of the report reviewed the needs of children as reported work done by the Fund, and expressing the hope from first-hand observations by the European Mis- that governments and voluntary agencies would be sion of the Children's Fund and by the senior con- able to contribute to the Fund as much as possible. sultant on nutrition of the European Regional It also drew the attention of the Fund to the views Office of UNRRA in a statement on supplementary expressed by members of the Council. child-feeding programs. The report dealt with the Among the views expressed were the following. question of contributions from governments, from The French and Czechoslovak representatives UNRRA and from private sources. Contributions expressed the hope that the work of revising the al- had been made by the United States, France, Ca- locations would be undertaken shortly. The Byelo- nada and Australia, and statements on the amount russian representative thought that the relations of contributions were expected shortly from New between governments and the Fund's Executive Zealand and Norway. The initial plans of opera- Board, in the draft agreement, should be carefully tion of the Fund were reported, indicating eligi- studied; the functions of missions sent by the Fund bility for assistance and the priorities to meet the into different countries seemed too wide and en- most urgent needs, as well as allocations for the croached on the powers of governmental author- first six-months period of operation of the Fund. ities; and installation of Fund offices would cause The proposed initial distribution of the Fund was excessive expenditure on personnel. The Norwe- calculated to provide approximately 200 calories gian and Indian representatives emphasized the per day to 3,250,000 children in eleven countries: necessity of reducing administrative expenditures Austria, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hun- to a minimum. gary, China, France, Greece, Italy, Poland and At its sixth session, the Council had before it Yugoslavia.120 Formal agreements were to be made two reports of the Executive Board of the Fund with countries receiving assistance from the Fund. covering the period from the end of the fifth ses- A basic form of agreement (E/459, Annex IV) 118 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. was submitted by the Executive Board to give effect 163-64. to the principles for the operation of the Fund, 119 Ibid., pp. 519-20. 120Later, at a meeting of the Fund's Programme Com- adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its mittee, from August 18 to 23, 1947, the French repre- fourth session. sentative stated that his Government had offered a The basic form of agreement therefore contained reduction in the help offered to France, in the light of the tragic circumstances affecting children in certain provisions to ensure that all aid contributed by other countries. He asked permission to re-submit the the Fund would be with the consent of and through plan for France later (E/ICEF/23). France was included the national government concerned. The govern- later in the plan of operations. At the same meeting, the Committee recommended ment, or those voluntary agencies within the coun- allotments for Bulgaria and Roumania (E/ICEF/23), try mutually agreed upon between the Fund and which were approved, with an increased allocation for Roumania, by the Executive Board at its tenth to fif- the government, would act as trustees of supplies of teenth meetings, held from October 2-7, 1947 (E/590). the Fund, but title to these supplies would remain 121See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 521. The Economic and Social Council 621

sion of the Council to December 2, 1947 (E/590 which, in its report to the Council (E/779 and and Corr.1 and Add.1), and the progress report by Add.1), commented on those parts of the Execu- the Executive Director of the Fund covering the tive Board's report dealing with the programs of period from December 2, 1947, to February 12, the Fund in the medical field and with co-operation 1948 (E/658). These reports showed that on De- between the Fund and the World Health Organiza- cember 2, 1947, the resources of the Fund, together tion. with contributions or pledges from eight govern- After a third session, held at Geneva in July, the ments, amounted to $38,892,000, and on February Executive Board of the Fund submitted a compre- 12, 1948, to $40,000,000, including $25,500,000 hensive report to the seventh session of the Council contributed or pledged by seventeen governments. (E/901). They included accounts of the needs of the Fund, The Council considered the report at its 207th the ways in which its resources were being em- plenary meeting on August 20, 1948, and heard a ployed, the plans of operation submitted by various statement by the Chairman of the Executive Board countries aiming at the provision of supplementary of the Fund. Total contributions received or antic- feeding for expectant and nursing mothers and un- ipated as of July 30, 1948, amounted to $85,200,- dernourished children, the carrying out of a pro- 000, of which $63,000,000 had come from 21 gov- gram of allocations for food and for medical aid ernments, $18,000,000 from the United Nations to China and countries of the Far East, and meas- Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, and $4,- ures of collaboration with other organs of the 000,000 from the United Nations Appeal for Chil- United Nations. The policy of the Fund was char- dren and other private donations. Of this, $64,- acterized as to "utilize and strengthen the perma- 200,000 had been allocated for expenditure in nent child health and child welfare programs of the 1948, and in the anticipation of further contribu- countries receiving assistance". tions, $32,000,000 has been allocated for 1949 The Council, in the light of these reports, at its programs. In the expectation of further contribu- 152nd plenary meeting on February 25, 1948, tions, the Board established in the report a target unanimously adopted resolution 126 (VI) noting rate of expenditure for 1949 based on a budget of that a program of providing supplementary meals $78,000,000. This was calculated to include $42,- to about 3,715,000 children and expectant and 000,000 for programs in Europe, $12,000,000 for nursing mothers was now in effective operations in China, $4,100,000 for South Asia, and $1,100,000 twelve European countries, and that programs for for programs in India, Pakistan and Ceylon. This China and other countries in the Far East were estimate included assistance for Germany to the being developed; commending the United Nations amount of $1,000,000 for a four-months cod-liver International Children's Emergency Fund for its oil and clothing program. For the anti-tuberculosis concrete accomplishments on behalf of children; campaign in Europe, North Africa and the Far and drawing the attention of governments to the East, and for training programs, a total expendi- following facts: ture of $5,000,000 was envisaged. The remaining 1. That, with its present resources, the Fund $13,800,000 was calculated to include $8,500,000 was not able to satisfy more than a small portion for shipping costs and administration, leaving an of the urgent needs which it was created to meet; unallocated reserve of $5,300,000. 2. That the Fund did not have sufficient re- The Board pointed out that in making its alloca- sources to maintain its present limited program tions it had considered detailed information on for a full twelve-months period; children's needs in each of the UNICEF receiving 3. That seventeen governments had pledged countries as well as over-all data relating to popu- contributions; that the maintenance or enlarge- lation, birth rates, infant mortality rates, fats and ment of the activities of the Fund would depend oil production and on livestock, estimated caloric upon further contributions and an extension of intake, supplies of major foodstuffs per person, and the number of contributing governments. postwar imports, relief assistance and loans and The resolution then renewed the invitation to credits of various European countries. The Board all governments to examine the possibility of con- has also had reports from two survey missions sent tributing to the Fund's resources in the near future. out to the Far East (other than China) and to The Executive Board of the Fund held one ses- Germany. sion in March 1948 (E/ICEF/56), and another in The Board stated that it assumed it to be well April 1948 (E/ICEF/59). The report of the first known that the relief needs of children were still of these sessions was submitted to the third session large, and far beyond the resources of the Fund. of the Social Commission (April 3-23, 1948), The report stated that increased resources could be 622 Yearbook of the United Nations used to meet immediate needs, not only quickly spend some months in Latin America studying and but also without waste and in a practical and effec- giving advice on nutritional problems in that region. tive way, and that the Board would be anxious to The report contained a special section on medi- extend during 1949 the programs on which the cal projects. The Anti-Tuberculosis Program car- $78,000,000 budget of operations was based, and ried on as a Joint Enterprise with the Danish Red that most of these programs had been reduced in Cross and its Scandinavian Associates was, with order to be attainable within resources of $78,- the inclusion of China, Algeria, Morocco and Tu- 000,000. nisia, to be carried on in fifteen countries. It had The report also stated that a further matching also been decided to assist countries which had pro- contribution of $25,000,000 from the United States grams for combatting syphilis in children, adoles- had been authorized but not appropriated. If it cents and expectant mothers. The French and Swiss became available, and other governments contrib- Governments had organized special training courses uted the necessary $9,000,000 to enable it to be for senior pediatricians, social workers and nurses. drawn, the resulting $34,000,000 contributions Following a recommendation from the World would raise the Fund's total 1949 resources to Health Organization a joint UNICEF/WHO Com- $112,000,000. mittee on Health Policy had been created, com- The report surveyed the UNICEF program by posed of four representatives for each organization. the following geographical areas: Europe; China; This Committee was charged with regulating all South-East Asia, India, Pakistan and Ceylon; Asia health programs of the Fund. and the Far East (other than China); Latin Amer- The Chairman of the Executive Board pointed ica; North Africa. out in his statement to the Council that the Fund In the section on Europe, the report stated that had reached only six per cent of the eligible chil- there appeared to be sufficient powdered milk to dren in Europe and an infinitely smaller proportion assure continuation of the UNICEF milk supply in China. program at current levels through June 1949, at He reported to the Council that an urgent re- which time supplies should be available, but that quest had been received from the United Nations the current milk shortage did not permit plans to Mediator in Palestine for assistance to refugees increase the number of children receiving dried from the combat areas on both sides. The Execu- milk through the first half of 1949. Following a tive Board had met immediately, and had decided recommendation from the Conference on Increas- to allocate a sum not exceeding $411,000 over a ing Indigenous Milk Supplies for the Benefit of period of two months. Children held in Paris from May 31 to June 2, At the Council's 207th plenary meeting, satisfac- 1948 (E/ICEF/66), which was attended by tech- tion with the work of the Fund was expressed by nical experts from twelve countries and representa- the representatives of Australia, the United States, tives of FAO, the Board had allocated $2,000,000 New Zealand, Lebanon, Poland and France. Rep- for the purchase of machinery for the production resentatives also stressed the magnitude of the work of powdered milk and of dairy plant equipment as to be done, and welcomed the arrangements for a means of increasing the safe supply of milk. On collaboration made by the Fund with the World the basis of the report of the survey team, a plan Health Organization. The Lebanese representative of operations was being worked out for Germany. expressed the hope that it would be possible in The Board had also allocated $2,000,000 for sum- time for the Fund to extend its activities to a large mer camps or measures to provide special help to number of under-developed countries. The Polish the most seriously undernourished children. In the representative stressed the continuing difficulties section on South East Asia, the report stated that of milk supplies in devastated countries. on the recommendation of the Survey Team to the The Council, by 14 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, Far East (E/ICEF/72), $300,000 had been allo- adopted resolution 161 (VII), which had been pro- cated for regional malaria control demonstrations posed by Australia and amended by New Zealand. in Asia and the Far East other than China. The resolution reads as follows: On the initiative of the American International "The Economic and Social Council, Institute for the Protection of Childhood, arrange- "Having in mind that the report of the Executive ments had been made for three Uruguayan special- Board of the International Children's Emergency Fund ists to study anti-tuberculosis vaccination in Den- shows that there exist practical and effective means of bringing relief to the continuing needs of children, if mark. On the initiative of the Montevideo additional contributions are received, and that even these Institute it had been arranged that Dr. Passmore, a resources would meet the needs of only a small fraction nutritionist from Edinburgh University, would of those eligible for assistance from the Fund, The Economic and Social Council 623

"Expresses its satisfaction that twenty-one States thus the International Organization of Journalists and far have contributed to the Fund, some of them having the World Organization of the Teaching Profes- already made second contributions; "Approves the report of the Executive Board and trans- sion. In addition, the Secretary-General reported mits it to the General Assembly, drawing particular at- that there was growing evidence of interest and tention to the Board's request concerning the urgent support among the general public. The Secretary- necessity for contributions from Governments of twenty General also submitted to the fifth session of the million dollars for the work of the Fund in 1949; Council a special memorandum (E/464/Add.1) "Notes with approval the arrangements for co- operation which have been achieved between the World on the division of work between the Appeal and Health Organization and the International Children's the United Nations International Children's Emer- Emergency Fund." gency Fund. The Secretary-General proposed that in view of 8. United Nations Appeal for Children the months of preparation required, the collection should take place in 1948 rather than in 1947. The Economic and Social Council at its fourth session, on March 29, 1947, adopted resolution a. PRINCIPLES ADOPTED AT THE FIFTH SESSION 45 (IV), which, inter alia, approved in principle The Council discussed the question at its 89th, the proposal for 106th, 109th and 117th plenary meetings on July "a special world-wide appeal for non-governmental volun- 22 and August 5, 8 and 14. The matter was also tary contributions to meet emergency relief needs of discussed by a drafting committee of the Council children, adolescents, expectant and nursing mothers, composed of representatives of Canada, Chile, without discrimination because of race, creed, nationality status, or political belief, by way of a 'One Day's Pay' col- China, Czechoslovakia and New Zealand. Repre- lection or some alternative form of collection better sentatives of France, India and the United States adapted to each particular country."122 attended certain of the drafting committee's meet- The Council requested the Secretary-General to ings, and its meeting on August 1 was also attended continue his exploration of the most suitable pro- by the Acting Chairman of UNICEF and repre- cedures for developing the plan and also to make sentatives of the following category A organiza- the necessary arrangements. It authorized him tions: American Federation of Labor, International to fix a date for the appeal and requested him to Co-operative Alliance, International Federation of report to the next session of the Council. Christian Trade Unions and World Federation of Accordingly, the Secretary-General submitted a Trade Unions. report to the fifth session of the Council (E/464) Various representatives, including those of the on the progress made in the organization of the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and India, appeal and the program laid down. The report expressed concern lest the international commit- showed that consultations with international non- tee should prove too expensive and unwieldy, and governmental bodies, with representatives of Mem- the question was discussed at some length by the bers and with voluntary agencies were continued drafting committee, to which it was referred by and an organizational pattern for the world-wide the Council. The original report of the drafting appeal was developed. The projected pattern in- committee (E/516) for an international advisory cluded an international voluntary committee, with committee of eleven members appointed by the "representatives from a broad group of interna- Secretary-General was revised to take account of a tional non-governmental organizations, important United States proposal (E/519) for a committee religious groups, and a number of eminent indi- composed of representatives of National Commit- viduals to serve as members", and national volun- tees and the non-governmental organizations in tary committees in each participating country. The category A, with an independent chairman ap- rudiments of a headquarters organization had been pointed by the Secretary-General. The revised re- brought into being. Consultations had been held port of the drafting committee (E/516/Rev.1), with all the non-governmental organizations in which, with the exception of the provisions con- category A and a number of other international cerning the international committee, gave general non-governmental organizations had been kept in- approval to the program contained in the Secretary- formed of progress. A number of resolutions had General's report (E/464), was approved (res- been passed by international congresses of such olution 80 (V)) unanimously by the Council at organizations endorsing the objectives of the ap- its 109th meeting on August 8. The U.S.S.R. and peal. These included the World Federation of Trade 122 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. Unions, the International Co-operative Alliance, 491. 624 Yearbook of the United Nations

Indian representatives abstained from voting be- mon basic principles established by the international cause they felt that in view of the needs of their committee. "(ii) To adapt the 'One Day's Pay' principle to con- own children they would be unable to participate in ditions in their countries. the Appeal. "(iii) To enter into agreement with the Secretary- The resolution adopted by the Council (80(V)) General, particularly as regards the disposal of the funds took note of the Secretary-General's report, approved collected by the committee. "(iv) To put the Appeal into effect according to the the program for the prosecution of the Appeal, agreements with the Secretary-General." as amended, and decided to set up a special committee of seven of its members to assist the Sec- As regards the timing of the Appeal it was retary-General between sessions of the Council in agreed that a fairly broad period might be set, the practical application of the policies relating to within which each country could select the most the Appeal set forth in the Council's resolutions. suitable time for its campaign, but that the Secre- It welcomed the support of the Appeal already tary-General should consider selecting a central pledged by important non-governmental organiza- date in the early part of 1948 to symbolize the tions and urged the fullest participation by all peo- world-wide nature of the Appeal. ples in this world-wide effort. The Secretary-General would consult with each The program approved by the Council included government on the question of whether the agree- the following points: ment referred to in the Council's resolution 45- The Appeal should be a special world-wide cam- (IV) of March 29 should be concluded with that paign for non-governmental voluntary contribu- government or with the National Committee in tions, and was an appeal to all sections of the the country or with both jointly. The agreements population and not to wage-earners only. It was were to cover the purchase of supplies within the to be called "United Nations Appeal for Children". country for use elsewhere and the disposal of the This term was to cover the whole enterprise, and proceeds of the Appeal. On the latter point, it was wherever the Appeal was linked with appeals for emphasized that care should be taken to ensure that other purposes, the Secretary-General was to take any appeals with which the United Nations Appeal steps to ensure that its international character was for Children might be linked in any country should given due prominence. World-wide participation be consistent with the general purposes and objec- in the Appeal was agreed to be of the utmost im- tives of the Appeal and that in principle the major portance. Countries which considered that their part, at any rate, of the amounts raised by the own needs were too great to enable them to con- National Committees should go to the United Na- tribute to others, should be encouraged to partici- tions International Children's Emergency Fund or pate, and could respond by raising funds which be distributed in agreement with the Fund. would in fact, to the extent agreed with the Secre- As regards the question of an international com- tary-General, be used for their own children. mittee, it was felt that the objectives of publicity The actual fund-raising was to be undertaken and prestige could be met "if the Secretary-General through National Committees. The United Na- were to invite distinguished individuals represent- tions Appeal for Children would not lay down rules ing various racial, religious, cultural and geographi- as to the composition of these Committees or the cal groups to give inspiration and support to the manner in which their members were to be selected. Appeal". For more direct participation in the work However, since it was an appeal for non-govern- of the Appeal and to advise the Secretary-General, mental contributions, the National Committees the Council decided to establish two committees. should be composed of volunteers. It was assumed The first, an International Advisory Committee, was to consist of the Chairman, or one other mem- that they would include representatives of all the ber, of each of the non-governmental organizations leading organizations in the country which could in category A willing to take an active part in be helpful in prosecuting the Appeal. The ap- the campaign. The Secretary-General was to appointment of individuals associated with govern- point an independent chairman and might appoint ment was not, however, precluded, and it was, in up to three additional members so as to ensure its fact, recognized that governments would have an representative character. The expenses of those important part to play in facilitating the imple- members of the Committee appointed by National mentation of the Appeal in each country. The Committees and non-governmental organizations functions of the National Committees were to be: were not to be borne by the United Nations. The "(i) To decide the method and machinery for the functions of the International Advisory Committee Appeal in their countries, within the limits of the com- was to help in the co-ordination of the world-wide The Economic and Social Council 625

campaign and to advise the Secretary-General on gency relief needs of children. The Committee matters falling within his responsibility. agreed that the efforts of UNAC should be con- The second body was to be a committee set up centrated as far as possible towards assisting by the Council composed of seven of its members, UNICEF in amassing the greatest resources possi- to assist the Secretary-General between sessions of ble and that the emergency character of the Appeal the Council in the practical application of the poli- should be stressed. The second question was how cies laid down in the Council's resolution. At its far the Secretary-General should permit appeals 117th meeting on August 14 the Council elected as "under the aegis and title of the United Nations" members of this committee Canada, Chile, China, in which none or only a token share of the pro- Czechoslovakia, France, New Zealand and the ceeds would go to UNICEF and if such appeals United States. were permitted, what conditions and safeguards While the United Nations Appeal for Children should be required. The Committee established was considered mainly as an appeal for private con- the following principles as a guide to the Secretary- tributions in aid of the United Nations Interna- General: tional Children's Emergency Fund, it was to be "1. The collection in the name of the UNAC should conceived also as United Nations sponsorship of be made only in agreement between the Secretary-General contributions in favor of all effective non-govern- and the government or the national committee or both. "2. The Secretary-General should attempt to ensure mental efforts on behalf of child relief. If there that in principle a major part of the amounts raised by were to be beneficiaries other than UNICEF, the the national committees which use the United Nations agreements entered into by the Secretary-General title should go to the ICEF or be distributed in agree- with each country concerning the disposal of na- ment with the Fund. "3. To the extent that this is impossible, and taking tional collections should deal with the proportion into consideration the useful effect of such a drive or of the proceeds of the collection going to the Fund. such a campaign on the promotion of the welfare of Fund-raising activities and the publicity for this children, the Secretary-General should be satisfied that purpose would be the responsibility of the Appeal, funds will be distributed without discrimination in accordance with the purposes and objectives of the and the Fund would complement this by continu- UNAC as stated in the various United Nations docu- ing to produce information and reports of work in ments with particular emphasis on those stated in the the field. General Assembly Resolution 57 I (1), a, b, and c."123 Under the Director of the United Nations Ap- A resolution had been passed at the UNESCO peal for Children, the paid staff would be part of General Conference at Mexico City in 1947, which the office of the Secretary-General. It would be requested members to avoid duplication between kept as small as possible and maximum use would UNAC and the UNESCO appeal for reconstruction be made of other departments of the United Na- needs and recommended that wherever possible tions. A few highly qualified regional specialists there should be joint national appeals, the proceeds would be appointed to assist National Committees of which would be divided proportionately be- and maintain liaison with them, and certain special tween UNICEF and UNESCO. The Committee, representatives would be appointed to maintain while recognizing that duplication should be liaison with various specialized groups and organi- avoided, also felt that any action should be avoided zations. The help of individual specialists from which might divert resources from the purpose of outside the United Nations would be called on as meeting the critical food and health situation of required to deal with particular problems. millions of children. In his progress report the Secretary-General stated b. CONSIDERATION AT THE SIXTH SESSION that he had received communications officially announcing the formation of National Committees At its sixth session the Economic and Social from fifteen countries as follows: Council had before it reports from the Special "(1) . . . Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Cuba, Czecho- Committee of the Council on UNAC (E/629 slovakia, Dominican Republic, Finland, Greece, Hon- and Corr.1) and from the Secretary-General (E/- duras, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, 643). The Special Committee had held four meet- San Marino and the United States. Only three such communications had been received up to the end of ings, on December 17 and 22, 1947, and on Jan- December 1947. uary 14 and 23, 1948. In its report the Committee "(2) The Secretary-General has been advised by the emphasized two questions with which it had dealt. United Nations regional representatives that national The first was how far UNAC was justified in em- 123 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. phasizing that it was for the benefit of all under- 163; see also United Nations International Children's privileged children as against meeting the emer- Emergency Fund, pp. 620-23. 626 Yearbook of the United Nations committees have been formally constituted in six addi- ernments had, in the main, been confined to paving tional countries, namely: Chile, Hungary, Italy, Liech- the way for voluntary efforts and to the granting of tenstein, Turkey and the United Kingdom. facilities to the National Committees. The vol- "(3) Practical steps have been taken, and progress is being made, toward the formation of national committees untary nature of the Appeal had thus been ensured. in twenty-three other countries, as follows: Afghanistan, The desirability of concentrating the Appeal Australia, Austria, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, within as short a period as possible had constantly El Salvador, France, Guatemala, India, Luxembourg, been borne in mind, but practical considerations Mexico, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay and had made it necessary to extend the campaign pe- Venezuela." riod. In eight countries campaigns were launched between February 1, 1948, and UNAC Day, Feb- Five agreements had been negotiated or were ruary 29, 1948. In 26 other countries, campaigns in the final stage of negotiation with the United had been launched between March 1, 1948, and Kingdom, the Philippines, the United States, Fin- July 21, 1948. In eighteen others, campaigns were land and Switzerland. The campaigns would be being started in the near future. It was expected launched from February to June 1948 and the Sec- that all campaigns would be terminated by the end retary-General had selected February 29, 1948, to of November 1948. be United Nations Appeal for Children Day In conformity with the directions of the Council, throughout the world. A regional meeting was be- it had constantly been urged that the major part of ing held in Geneva on February 17 and 18 under the proceeds should be allocated to, or distributed the auspices of the International Advisory Com- in agreement with, the United Nations Inter- mittee attended by representatives of National national Children's Emergency Fund. All agree- Committees and observers from governments of ments concluded by the Secretary-General with European countries, representatives of category National Committees included a clause pledging A organizations and observers from a large num- distribution of proceeds without discrimination as ber of other non-governmental organizations sup- to "race, creed, nationality status, or political be- porting the Appeal. lief". The matter was discussed by the Council at its A final summary of the financial results of the 152nd and 153rd plenary meetings on February Appeal was not yet possible at the time of the 25 and 26. Supplementing the Secretary-General's seventh session of the Council, since a majority of report, the Director of the Central Office of UNAC campaigns were still under way and some had not announced that 32 National Committees had been yet been begun. But final results were available formed and that the regional conference at Geneva for seven countries and preliminary returns for had adopted resolutions pledging full co-operation seventeen others. Three indicated a collection in with the Appeal. various national currencies amounting to the equiv- The Council at its 153rd plenary meeting adopt- alent of 16.5 million U.S. dollars at the official rate ed by 16 votes, with 2 abstentions, resolution of exchange. Considerably more than half of this (127 (VI)), in which it noted the encouraging amount was being directly allocated to UNICEF response already given to the United Nations Ap- for foreign relief, to UNICEF for domestic relief, peal for Children, urged that governments which or to national agencies for foreign relief in agree- had not already done so should make arrangements ment with UNICEF. Twenty-eight countries, infor participating in the Appeal and for observing cluding some of the largest, had still to report. February 29, 1948, as UNAC Day and requested The headquarters and regional staffs were being the Secretary-General to continue to furnish assist- reduced to half-a-dozen officers and a few clerical ance in the prosecution of the Appeal, bearing in staff members by the end of August. mind the necessity of reducing the headquarters The Special Committee of the Council on UNAC staff by progressive steps. submitted a report to the seventh session of the The Secretary-General's report (E/861) to the Council (E/825), summarizing the action taken seventh session of the Council noted national cam- with regard to the practical application of the paigns in 52 countries, as well as a large number Council's policy. This summary was amplified by of Non-Self-Governing Territories, and indicated a statement by the Chairman of the Committee. that additional countries were contemplating cam- Between the sixth and seventh sessions, the Com- paigns. The Appeal, it was observed, had had the mittee held three meetings. Among the matters on strong support of non-governmental organizations which it had advised the Secretary-General were and the enthusiastic co-operation of individual men the following: that collections in the name of and women throughout the world. The role of gov- UNAC should be made only in agreement with the The Economic and Social Council 627

Secretary-General and/or the government and Na- Peru and Poland thought that the central role played tional Committee concerned; that the Secretary- by the United Nations in organizing the world- General should attempt to ensure in principle that wide Appeal should be continued. In this connec- the major parts of the amounts raised should go to tion reference was made to resolutions of ILO and UNICEF and that, where this was impossible, the WHO and also of non-governmental organizations Secretary-General should be satisfied that funds that UNAC should be continued (E/862/Rev.1). would be distributed without discrimination. The representative of Chile thought that a com- The Committee, furthermore, at the request of mon formula could be found to preserve the Ap- the Secretary-General, indicated a certain number peal's international significance, keep in sight the of criteria to which such private agencies as ex- world as a whole and keep administrative expenses pend proceeds of national campaigns not under as low as possible bearing in mind the need for im- any agreement with UNICEF should conform. It plementing the plan. The representative of Poland advised the Secretary-General to arrange for ob- thought it would be sufficient to give two directives taining from the National Committees detailed to the Secretariat, one stressing the need for econ- information on these agencies. omy and the other the need for administrative sim- The Council discussed the two reports at its 189th plicity. On the other hand, the representatives of and 197th plenary meetings on August 3 and 12, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom and with particular reference to the advisability of con- the United States expressed the view that while it tinuing the Appeal during 1949. Two resolutions, would still be necessary to raise funds, the ground- both of which bore on this subject, were proposed: work having been laid, the responsibility for or- the first, submitted by New Zealand (E/904), en- ganizing national campaigns should be left to the visaged the winding up of the existing Appeal individual countries. organization at the end of 1948, while leaving open The representatives of Denmark and France the question of any future United Nations action stressed the need for considering the problem as until a full report on the results of the existing a whole in the light of all the necessary informa- Appeal were available; the second, submitted by tion before deciding whether the Appeal should be Australia (E/953), envisaged an immediate de- terminated or continued. The Danish representa- cision by the Council that the Appeal should be tive stressed the importance of the needs of the repeated during 1949 and requested the Secretary- children, and the French representative stated that General to provide the necessary facilities. A New the results of the campaign should be compared Zealand revised resolution (E/904/Rev.1 and with those of similar campaigns so that full consid- Corr.1), designed to meet as far as possible the eration could be given to the question of present Australian point of view, by providing that Na- costs. tional Committees in agreement with the Secretary- The New Zealand draft resolution was adopted General could conduct fund-raising campaigns on by the Council at its 197th plenary meeting by 8 behalf of children under the name of "United Na- votes to 7, with 3 abstentions. The Australian rep- tions Appeal for Children", providing for the con- resentative protested that no part of his draft res- tinuation of the Advisory Committee and request- olution had been voted on and requested that since ing the Secretary-General to maintain facilities certain representatives had not interpreted the New after 1948 for maintaining liaison and negotiating Zealand resolution as excluding the continuation agreements with National Committees and report- of the Appeal during 1949, he should be allowed to ing on the results of national campaigns, was with- move as a separate resolution the relevant para- drawn in view of the lack of support for it. graphs of his resolution. The Chairman, however, In the course of the discussion general apprecia- stated that he interpreted the adoption of the New tion was expressed of the work which had been Zealand resolution as excluding the principle of accomplished and of the importance of the Appeal continuing the United Nations Appeal for Chil- in the general framework of the United Nations' dren, and ruled that the procedure suggested was activities and as a contribution to world solidarity. out of order. It was also generally recognized that the needs of The resolution adopted by the Council (162- the children were still great. Several representatives (VII)) reads as follows: indicated that renewed campaigns were contem- "The Economic and Social Council, plated in their respective countries. The desirabil- "Having considered the report of its Special Commit- ity of linking UNAC more closely to UNICEF tee on the United Nations Appeal for Children and the Secretary-General's report on the closing stages of the was also stressed by several representatives. Appeal, The representatives of Australia, Netherlands, "Noting with gratification the widespread nature of 628 Yearbook of the United Nations the response to the Appeal, the large number of countries Council that the major part of the proceeds of the which have co-operated in the establishment of national campaigns should be allotted to UNICEF or dis- committees for this purpose and the close co-operation and support for the Appeal by non-governmental organ- tributed in conjunction with UNICEF. It was also izations in every country, agreed that those committees which were still pro- "Noting further that, in a number of countries, the ceeding with or had not yet begun their campaigns national committees and the Governments concerned are should receive UNAC publicity material and that continuing the Appeal, all other publicity should be rapidly tapered off. "Invites the co-operation of Governments in giving every possible encouragement and assistance to national committees which are continuing to engage in activities concerning the Appeal; 9. Narcotic Drugs "Draws the attention of Governments and national committees to the desirability of continuing the policy The second session of the Commission on Nar- contained in General Assembly and Council decisions of cotic Drugs was held from July 24 to August 8, recognizing the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund as the main recipient of the proceeds 1947. An urgent recommendation of the Commis- of national appeals; sion concerning the drafting of a new international "Requests the Secretary-General: instrument for the control of synthetic drugs "1. To provide for a continuation of present adminis- (E/529/Add.1) was considered by the Council at trative arrangements for a further period not to extend beyond 31 December 1948, for the purpose of complet- its fifth session, at its 115th plenary meeting on ing and finally reporting on the results of the Appeal; August 25 (see below). The report of the session "2. To consult with the Special Committee of the as a whole (E/575) was considered by the Council Council on policy aspects concerning the completion of at its sixth session, at its 130th, 131st and 159th the Appeal; "3. To report to the eighth session of the Council on plenary meetings on February 6 and March 2 and the financial results of the Appeal, the distribution of the at the 35th and 36th meetings of its Social Com- proceeds by the various recipient agencies (inter-govern- mittee on February 20 and 21. mental and private), the distribution within the recipient The third session of the Commission was held countries, the groups receiving assistance and the type from May 3 to 22, 1948, and its report (E/799 and and amount of assistance received." Adds. 1 and 2, and Corr.1) was considered by the In a letter dated August 20, 1948 (E/AC.22/2), Council at its 189th and 193rd plenary meetings the Chairman of the Special Committee reported on August 3 and 10, 1948, and by its Social Com- that the Committee had held two meetings on mittee at its 43rd to 46th, 50th, 54th and 55th August 17 and 18, in which it had considered the meetings on July 22 to 24, 26, 29 and August 4 resolution (162(VII)) adopted by the Economic and 5, 1948. and Social Council on August 12, a report (E/- The questions dealt with by the Commission and AC.22/1) from the Secretariat on unfinished busi- the Council are reviewed below. ness and a note (E/904/Rev.1/Add.1) from the Secretariat on Financial Implications of Council a. APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL Action with respect to UNAC. He stated that the AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS Committee, among other things, had expressed con- ( 1 ) Re-establishment and Improvement of the cern that agreements still had to be signed with at International Control of Narcotic Drugs least 27 existing National Committees and with a At its second session the Commission examined number of National Committees which might be the annual reports received from governments, not formed. It had noted some campaigns had been only for 1946, but for earlier years, including 1942 completed without agreements having been signed to 1945. The Commission noted that a number of with the Secretary-General concerning the disposal governments, some of which were no doubt still of the proceeds and thought that such agreements suffering from wartime difficulties, had not sub- should be concluded as soon as possible. The Com- mitted their annual reports in accordance with their mittee had agreed that there should be no further obligations under the Conventions; for example, promotional work concerning the Appeal, that the for the calendar year 1945 only 28 reports had been latest date for the completion of the campaign received from countries and 38 territories, slightly should be November 30, 1948, and that for the more than one third of the possible total of 180. recognition of National Committees, September The Commission decided to ask the Council to 15. Agreements with countries which had not yet remind of their treaty obligations those govern- formed National Committees should be signed as ments which had not submitted reports. far as practicable by October 15, 1948. The Com- At its 159th plenary meeting on March 2 the mittee reaffirmed the policy laid down by the Council, by 14 votes to 0, adopted resolution The Economic and Social Council 629

123 (VI) A, in which it reiterated its appeal to (123(VI)B) requesting the Secretary-General to governments to submit their annual reports reg- invite governments to draw the attention of the ularly in accordance with the form drawn up and competent authorities adopted by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. "to the importance of observing the provisions of the Although this appeal, which was communicated to Geneva Convention of 1925 in regard to the issuance of governments on March 27, 1948, had not had time import and export certificates to cover narcotic drugs con- to bear fruit, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, tained in surplus military stores which are transferred from one country to another," in the report of its third session (E/799) noted that although the situation was not yet completely and approving the Commission's recommendation satisfactory there had been some improvement in that narcotic drugs not covered by import and ex- the number of annual reports rendered. By that port certificates which come to light from such time, a total of 72 reports for 1945 and 94 reports sources should be treated as seizures of illicit traffic. for 1946 had been received. The Commission at its third session noted with At its second session, the Commission on Nar- concern that, of 94 countries which had acknowl- cotic Drugs reconsidered the question of the control edged in their annual reports under the 1931 Con- of narcotic drugs in Japan and Germany. As a vention, the existence of illicit traffic only seventeen result of an approach made by the Secretary-General had submitted special reports during 1946 and in pursuance of the Commission's recommenda- 1947 on the illicit traffic. It reported to the seventh tions, annual reports for 1945 and 1946 were sub- session of the Council that the illicit traffic in mitted by the Occupying Authorities in respect of narcotics appeared to be developing on the danger- Japan. As regards Germany, the Secretary-General ous lines of the prewar years and recommended received reports on the position in the British Zone that the Council adopt a resolution to strengthen in the years 1945 and 1946 and on the position in the system of reports on the illicit traffic. The Coun- the four zones in respect of the latter year. These cil unanimously adopted at its 189th plenary meet- reports were studied by the Commission. ing on August 3, 1948, resolution 159(VII)IIA recommending "to all states parties to the 1931 (2) Illicit Traffic Convention to pay particular attention to all the The Commission also carefully examined the provisions of article 23 of the Convention and to summaries of seizure reports received from various the relevant recommendations of the Commission governments and decided on a simplified procedure on Narcotic Drugs in submitting the reports on the for the circulation of these reports. While studying illicit traffic . . ." and requesting the Secretary- the trends of the illicit traffic, the Commission General to bring to the attention of all parties to heard a number of statements on the situation in the international conventions on narcotics the various countries. It was noted in particular that in chapter of the Commission's report dealing with some areas narcotic drugs, forming part of surplus the illicit traffic. army stores, had escaped into the illicit traffic. In In the course of its study of the illicit traffic at its this connection, the Commission recalled that, in second session, the Commission's attention was 1939, drugs which could be traced back to army drawn to the clandestine production of opium in stocks left over from the First World War were Mexico and its smuggling abroad. The Commission still being found in the illicit traffic. This had led to recommended the Council to study suitable means a serious increase in drug addiction between the two which might be taken to remedy the situation. At world wars, and the Commission was therefore its sixth session the Council heard the representative anxious to avoid a repetition of this situation by of Mexico, who had been invited to participate in ensuring the earliest possible resumption of an its deliberations on that matter in conformity with effective national and international control of nar- Article 69 of the Charter; he explained the meas- cotic drugs, especially in countries affected by the ures taken in Mexico with respect to the illicit last war. cultivation of the raw materials for, and the traffic It pointed out that the provisions on import in, narcotic drugs. After taking note of the state- certificates and export authorizations, as contained ment made by the Mexican representative, who in the 1925 Convention, had not been respected in undertook to send a full account of such measures certain transfers from one country to another of as part of the annual report communicated under narcotic drugs originating from surplus military the provisions of the 1931 Convention, the Council stores. requested the Commission on Narcotic Drugs to At its 159th plenary meeting on March 2, 1948, study the Mexican report in the light of the dis- the Council by 16 votes to O adopted a resolution cussions in the Council. As the Government of 630 Yearbook of the United Nations

Mexico submitted its annual report in respect of The Commission at its second session approved 1946 (E/NR.1947/1) before the third session of a plan of study (E/399) to be undertaken by the the Commission, the Commission was able at that Secretariat in pursuance of this resolution. One of session to study the problem fully. The Chairman the first steps would be to request governments to of the Commission, in summing up the discussion, forward information concerning laws and regula- gave expression to the Commission's general satis- tions in force with a view to completing the faction with the measures taken by the Government material at the disposal of the Secretariat. The Com- of Mexico and to the hope that in 1949 successful mission thought it would be useful to be able to results of the measures adopted would become ap- determine whether and how far international parent. That statement was inserted in the Com- treaties on narcotics were self-executory or needed mission's report on its third session (E/799), implementing legislation according to the provi- which was noted by the Council. sions of the national constitutions. At its third session the Commission considered (3) Methods of Determining the Origin of Opium the Summary of Laws and Regulations prepared by Seizures the Secretariat (E/CN.7/118), which was based The Commission examined at its third session a on information communicated to the Secretary- report submitted by the representative of the General between June 30, 1946, and March 15, United States on methods of determining the origin 1948, and referred to 121 laws and regulations en- of opium by chemical and physical means (E/CN.- acted in 49 states and territories. The Summary was 7/117). Since these methods would be of assistance approved by the Commission. It was thought that in establishing the sources of illicit traffic, the it would be useful if certain basic information could Council, on the Commission's recommendation at be included, without which much of the significance its 189th plenary meeting on August 3, 1948, of the particular laws and regulations was lost, and unanimously adopted resolution 159(VII)IIC in it was suggested that the gist of the laws and regu- which it decided: lations to which reference was made should be "1. To instruct the Secretary-General to transmit to given. Governments all available documentation on this matter; "2. To invite Governments to send to the Secretary- General all pertinent information in their possession b. TRANSFER OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE and, in particular, those Governments which have the LEAGUE OF NATIONS necessary experts and laboratory facilities, to inform the Protocol of December 11, 1946 Secretary-General whether they are willing to participate in a joint programme of research and to submit proposals All the amendments made to international agree- concerning the methods of co-operation which they may ments, conventions and protocols on narcotic drugs recommend; by the Protocol of December 11, 1946 came into "3. To invite the Governments of the producing coun- force during the concluding months of 1947 and tries to furnish, subject to the provisions of chapter V of the Geneva Convention of 1925, samples of the opium the early months of 1948. As of August 15, 1948, produced in their countries, on the request of the Gov- the following 42 countries were parties to the ernments which are participating in the joint research Protocol: Afghanistan, Albania, Argentina, Au- programme". stralia, Belgium, Bolivia, Byelorussian S.S.R., Can- At the same meeting the Council unanimously ada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, decided (resolution 159(VII)III) to refer to the Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Honduras, Commission on Narcotic Drugs a communication India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, from the World Health Organization (E/799/- Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- Add.1) in which it expressed its wish to be asso- way, Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Siam, ciated with research work on methods of determin- Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Ukrainian ing the origin of opium. S.S.R., Union of South Africa, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia. (4) Digest of Laws and Regulations At its fourth session the Economic and Social c. NEW INTERNATIONAL DRAFT Council in resolution 49(IV) approved the deci- CONVENTIONS sion of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs at its Draft Protocol to Bring under Control Drugs outside first session to initiate the preparation of a digest of the Scope of the 1931 Convention laws giving an analytical survey of national legisla- At its second session the Commission considered tion in countries parties to the Conventions with a the development of new synthetic drugs of a habit- view to ascertaining if the legislation on narcotic 124 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. drugs was in accordance with the Conventions.124 533-34. The Economic and Social Council 631 forming character which were within the scope of The United Kingdom, French and Netherlands the existing conventions. Considering this to be a representatives, on the other hand, felt that the matter of urgency, the Commission put forward a inclusion of the draft article would hasten the entry recommendation to the Council at its fifth session, into force of the Protocol since administering coun- which was being held concurrently, that a new tries could accept it without waiting for the consent international instrument should be drafted and cir- of dependent territories, in cases where such con- culated to governments as soon as possible for their sent was constitutionally necessary. The Chinese early observations. The proposed instrument would and United States representatives thought that the apply to these new drugs the full international con- inclusion of the article should not be considered as trol of the 1931 Convention. The Commission con- a precedent, and that it should be placed on record cluded that unless effective measures on those lines that there was a moral obligation on all countries were taken as rapidly as possible, the satisfactory to sign the Protocol as soon as possible. results so far attained in the campaign against drug A redraft of Article 8 (E/AC.7/W.26) was addiction might be seriously jeopardized. submitted by the representatives of China, France, The Council at its fifth session, at its 115th the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the plenary meeting on August 25, studied the Com- United States, which would enable a state with mission's recommendation for a new international colonial possessions to declare, at the time of signa- instrument for the control of these drugs. It adopted ture or acceptance or later, that the Protocol shall without objection a resolution submitted by the be extended to any particular territory for the for- Secretary-General to give effect to the Commission's eign relations of which it is responsible. This was recommendations (E/529/Add.1) with amend- accepted (with an amendment introduced by China ments suggested by the United Kingdom repre- to provide that the declaration refer to all or any sentative. In this resolution (86(V)) the Council territory) by the Social Committee by a vote of 9 instructed the Secretary-General to draft a protocol to 3, with 5 abstentions, after the Committee by the and to circulate it to all governments concerned same vote had rejected a U.S.S.R. proposal to delete and to the Interim Commission of the World the draft article. Health Organization for their observations. The An amended version of Article 9 providing that Commission on Narcotic Drugs was to consider a state may denounce the Protocol on behalf of a these observations at its third session and submit dependent territory and an amended version of them to the Council at the latter's seventh session Article 10 under which the notification of accept- with a view to the protocol's being brought into ance on behalf of dependent territories must be force at the earliest possible moment. sent to all parties to the Protocol, submitted at the A draft Protocol was accordingly prepared by the same time by these five representatives (E/AC.7/- Secretariat and was considered together with the W.26), were also adopted. various observations of governments by the Com- On the proposal of the Lebanese representative, mission on Narcotic Drugs at its third session. The who had withdrawn an amendment for the inclu- Commission submitted a revised text (E/798) to sion of similar words in Article 8, an additional the Council at its seventh session. clause was added to the Preamble (by 13 votes to The Commission's report and the draft Protocol 0, with 4 abstentions) stating that the Council (E/798 and E/799) were considered by the Coun- realized the importance of the universal applica- cil's Social Committee at its 43rd to 45th meetings tion of the agreement and its earliest possible entry on July 22 to 24 and by the Council at its 189th into force. plenary meeting on August 3, 1948. Amendments The Committee also adopted with some changes to various articles were adopted by the Committee. an amendment presented by the representative of The main point of difference in the Social Com- China to the draft resolution of the Commission on mittee concerned the draft of Article 8, which Narcotic Drugs (E/798) to emphasize the urgency would have permitted a state to declare at the time of immediate action in applying the Protocol uni- of signature or acceptance that the Protocol would versally. not apply to a dependent territory. The U.S.S.R. The Council at its 189th plenary meeting, after representative, supported by the Polish representa- rejecting by 11 votes to 3, with 4 abstentions, a tive, thought that the article should be omitted U.S.S.R. proposal to delete Article 8, approved by since its inclusion would create conditions allowing 15 votes to 2, with 1 abstention, the resolution and the uncontrolled use of narcotics, particularly in draft Protocol proposed by its Social Committee. those countries where their unlawful use was most The resolution (159(VII)I) recommended to the widespread. He proposed the deletion of the article. General Assembly that it approve the draft Proto- 632 Yearbook of the United Nations

col, taking into account any further observations "The Opium Agreement, Protocol and Final Act which might be received from governments, and signed at Geneva on 11 February 1925, as amended by the Protocol of 11 December 1946; urged all states to adhere to the Protocol as soon as "The Convention, Protocol and Final Act signed at possible and to take the necessary steps with a view Geneva on 19 February 1925, as amended by the to extending its application to territories for whose Protocol of 11 December 1946; foreign relations they are responsible. "The Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, The Protocol will come into force 30 days after Protocol of Signature and Final Act signed at Geneva 25 states become parties to it, provided that such on 13 July 1931, as amended by the Protocol of 11 states shall include five of the following: China, December 1946; Czechoslovakia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Switz- "The Opium Agreement and Final Act signed at erland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United Bangkok on 27 November 1931, as amended by the Protocol of 11 December 1946; States and Yugoslavia. It will enlarge the field of "The Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit operations of international control of narcotic Traffic in Dangerous Drugs, Protocol of Signature and drugs. Whereas the Conventions of 1912 and 1925 Final Act, signed at Geneva on 26 June 1936, as defined drugs coming within their jurisdiction ac- amended by the Protocol of 11 December 1946; "The Protocol to bring under international control cording to their chemical formulae, and the 1931 drugs outside the scope of the 1931 Convention; Convention, while adopting the same system, addi- "Taking note of the complexity of these instruments tionally brought under control drugs derived from and the desirability of simplifying the organization of certain raw materials, the new draft Protocol will international co-operation for controlling the traffic in narcotic drugs, cover all drugs capable of producing addiction. "Requests the Secretary-General to begin work on the drafting of a new single convention in which provision d. AMENDMENTS TO THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF shall be made for a single body to perform all control INTERNATIONAL CONTROL OF NARCOTIC functions, excepting those which are now or may here- DRUGS after be entrusted to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. (1) Drafting of a Single Convention to Replace the This single convention shall replace the above-mentioned International Instruments relating to the Control of instruments relating to narcotic drugs and also include Narcotic Drugs provisions for the limitation of the production of narcotic The question of the limitation of the production raw materials." of raw materials used in the manufacture of nar- At the same meeting the Council unanimously cotic drugs was discussed at the third session of the decided (resolution 159(VII)III) to transmit to Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It appeared that the Commission on Narcotic Drugs the resolution an international convention to limit the production of the World Health Assembly (E/799/Add.1) of raw materials, whatever its immediate value, calling to the Council's attention the interest of would have the effect of adding one more element WHO in appointing a technical member or mem- to the present complicated mechanism of inter- bers to any narcotics-control body which might be national control of narcotic drugs. The Commission set up under the proposed new single convention to examined the draft resolution submitted by the replace the Supervisory Body and the Permanent United States representative, requesting the Sec- Central Opium Board. retariat to proceed with the drafting of a single convention to include the provisions of the existing ( 2 ) Interim Commodity Agreement on Raw Opium instruments and to simplify the organization of Since the drafting and the putting into force of international control. The convention would also a single general convention comprising a special include provisions for the limitation of the produc- chapter on the limitation of the production of raw tion of raw materials. The Commission recom- materials was bound to occupy a considerable time, mended the resolution to the Council, which at its the view was expressed at the third session of the 189th plenary meeting on August 3, 1948, unan- Commission oh Narcotic Drugs that important imously adopted it. The resolution (159(VII)IID) immediate results might be obtained with raw reads as follows: opium by the convening of a conference of opium- producing countries and of countries using opium "The Economic and Social Council, "Being advised by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in the manufacture of drugs for medical or scientific that the international instruments relating to the control needs. The purpose of this conference would be to of narcotic drugs are: reach an interim commodity agreement on raw "The International Opium Convention signed at The opium, limiting the production and exports of raw Hague on 23 January 1912 and Protocols of Cloture opium to the satisfaction of these medical or scien- signed at" The Hague on 23 January 1912, 9 July 1913 and 25 June 1914, respectively, as amended by tific needs. In its report on its third session the Protocol of 11 December 1946; (E/799), the Commission recommended the Coun- The Economic and Social Council 633 cil to request the Secretary-General to initiate proposal. Certain of the representatives outlined studies and inquiries on the desirability of conven- the steps taken by their Governments to deal with ing such a conference. the problem, and emphasized the international The Council discussed the question at the 45th character of such an inquiry. The U.S.S.R. repre- meeting of its Social Committee on July 24 and its sentative, while considering that it was the duty of 189th plenary meeting on August 3. the United Nations to assist any country which The Polish representative considered that a con- needed expert advice to better its social conditions, ference on the subject was premature as in the thought that any expenses involved should be borne present circumstances it was impossible to assemble by the country requiring the assistance. A U.S.S.R. sufficient data to decide whether or not it was proposal to this effect was rejected in the Social desirable. The Canadian representative wished to Committee by 12 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions. press forward with a general convention. Other The Social Committee by 14 votes to 2, with 2 representatives expressed support for the Commis- abstentions, and the Council by 15 votes, with 1 sion's recommendation for studies on the desirabil- abstention, adopted a resolution (123(VI)C) ity of calling a conference. A Polish amendment to approving in principle the dispatch of a commission remit the resolution back to the Commission was of inquiry to Peru, and requesting the Secretary- rejected in the Social Committee by 11 votes to 6. General to submit to its next session a detailed The Social Committee by 11 votes to 4, with 2 plan for it, taking into account any request which abstentions, and the Council by 13 votes to 1, with might be received from other countries concerned. 4 abstentions, adopted the resolution proposed by The Commission at its third session heard a the Commission. In this resolution (159(VII)IIE) statement from the Peruvian representative saying the Council requested the Secretary-General: that his Government continued to look upon the "1. To initiate studies and enquiries on the desirability problem as one needing an urgent solution. He of convening a conference of the opium-producing coun- pointed out that the controversial nature of the tries and of countries using opium in the manufacture of question as to whether the habit of the chewing of drugs for medical and scientific needs, for the purpose of reaching an interim commodity agreement limiting the the coca leaf is harmful or not was illustrated by production and export of opium to these needs, pending the conflicting views of the Government of Bolivia, the adoption of an international convention on the limita- which held that it was not, and of the Government tion of raw materials used in the manufacture of narcotic of Colombia, which held that it was. He referred drugs; to the steps already taken by the Peruvian Govern- "2. To submit the results of these studies and enquiries to the next session of the Commission on Nar- ment in setting up laboratories and by scientific cotic Drugs." institutions such as the University of San Marcos of Lima in sponsoring and financing studies on the e. OTHER SUBJECTS spot, and stressed the international character of the (1) Commission of Inquiry into the Effects of problem (E/799). Chewing the Coca Leaf At its seventh session the Economic and Social The request of the Peruvian Government for an Council considered a detailed plan submitted by inquiry into the effects of the chewing of the coca the Secretary-General (E/860) for the commission leaf on the population of certain regions in South of inquiry. The plan followed recommendations on America was considered by the Commission on the subject made by the Commission on Narcotic Narcotic Drugs at its second session. The Commis- Drugs at its second session (E/575, pp. 16-19). sion recommended (E/575) that a commission of The Commission had expressed the opinion that it inquiry should be sent to Peru and such others of would be advisable to combine the inquiry into the the countries concerned as might give their ap- effects of the chewing of the coca leaf with an proval, and expressed the opinion that the scope of inquiry on the spot "into the possibilities of limit- the inquiry might be broadened so as to cover the ing the production and regulating the distribution limitation of the production and the control of of coca leaves with a view to furthering the prep- distribution of the coca leaf. In the discussion of aration of an international conference on the limita- the matter at the Council's sixth session (130th tion of raw materials", and, in particular, the effects and 131st plenary meetings on February 6, 35th of the limitation of the production on industry, meeting of the Social Committee on February 20 agriculture and labor. It was of the opinion that the and 159th plenary meeting on March 2) the rep- commission should be composed of four members, resentatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, comprising two teams: a team of two medical ex- Ecuador, France, New Zealand, United Kingdom, perts and a team of two experts on international United States and Venezuela were in favor of the administration, with a possible fifth member as a 634 Yearbook of the United Nations chairman. It would require a secretariat of four or Assembly any request received from any country five members, according to whether a chairman concerned and revise the financial estimate sub- was or was not appointed. It was thought that the mitted in the light of any such request and to rec- inquiry in Peru would take not less than two ommend that the General Assembly appropriate months, and the estimated cost was $35,000. The the necessary funds. Secretary-General reported that so far no other Certain verbal amendments to the Peruvian requests had been received from any government draft resolution were proposed in the Social Com- and suggested that if the Council decided to mittee by the New Zealand, United States and recommend to the General Assembly the dispatch Venezuelan representatives and were accepted by of the commission to Peru he might be authorized the Peruvian representative and endorsed by to transmit to the Assembly any request which various other members of the Council. They pro- might be received from any country concerned and vided for: omitting an endorsement of the Secre- revise the financial estimate in the light of any such tary-General's plan, since this plan presented al- request. ternative schemes; omitting a reference to future The Council considered the plan at the 54th and commissions to be sent to any other country, or 55th meetings of its Social Committee on August financial provisions for such commissions, since it 4 and 5. Members expressed general support for was agreed that other requests could be studied and agreed on the importance of the proposed in- separately when they were received; including in quiry. The Danish representative suggested that if the terms of reference of the commission the ex- similar requests were received in the future it might amination of the problems of the production and be possible to achieve the same results at less cost distribution of the coca leaf in Peru; and stating by the loan of one or two experts. The United that it should be dispatched as soon as possible. States representative supported the inquiry into The Social Committee went on record as approving both the effects of chewing the coca leaf and the a commission of four rather than of five members. question of the possible limitation of production; The resolution, which was adopted by the Social he thought that in the case of future similar inquir- Committee at its 55th meeting and by the Council ies it might not be necessary to send scientific teams at its 193rd plenary meeting on August 10, in both but that it might be necessary to send teams to cases by 16 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions (resolu- consider the question of limitation of production, tion 159 (VII) IV), reads as follows: since administrative and industrial considerations "The Economic and Social Council, differed from country to country. The French rep- "Having taken note of the resolution adopted by the resentative thought that the task of the commission General Assembly on 17 November 1947 concerning the problem of the coca leaf, and of the 'Detailed Plan' should be strictly defined. He felt that the problem submitted by the Secretary-General, was a scientific one concerning the effects of chew- "Approves the despatch of a commission of enquiry ing the coca leaf and that the study of the limitation to Peru at the earliest possible date to investigate the ef- of production and of regulations for the distribution fects of chewing the coca leaf and the possibilities of of coca leaves in Peru was purely a national prob- limiting its production and controlling its distribution; and lem. It would be impossible for the commission to "Recommends that the General Assembly appropriate study in the short space of time at its disposal the the necessary funds for the Commission of Enquiry." international repercussions of the restriction of the (2) Indian Hemp cultivation of coca leaves, and this study might be At its third session, the Commission considered undertaken by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. the problem of the control of Indian hemp, using The U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian representatives as the basis for its discussions a study prepared by thought that the expense of the inquiry should be the Secretariat (E/CN.7/113). It was pointed out borne by the Peruvian Government. They con- in the Commission that the medical uses of Indian sidered that the problem was a purely local one. hemp were almost non-existent but that there were Other representatives felt that the proposed study many practical difficulties involved in a total sup- was one of international significance. pression of its cultivation. The representative of Peru proposed a draft reso- The Commission in its report on its third session lution (E/AC7/W.38) to approve the plan sub- (E/799) informed the Council that it had author- mitted by the Secretary-General and also the ized the Secretariat to continue its studies on Indian dispatch of a commission of inquiry to investigate hemp and to employ an expert if necessary. the effects of chewing the coca leaf to Peru "and any other country which may request it", to author- (3) Abolition of Opium-Smoking in the Far East ize the Secretary-General to transmit to the General At its third session, the Commission took cog- The Economic and Social Council 635 nizance of several reports on the situation in the tions periodical should be published on narcotic Far East with regard to the abolition of opium- drugs, the Secretariat prepared a program with this smoking, and noted that although a number of end in view. The program suggested (E/CN.7/- countries had declared their intention of sup- 139) was for a quarterly periodical in English and pressing opium-smoking in their territories in the French giving up-to-date information on the re- Far East the situation in some of these territories sults achieved by governments, the United Nations had shown little improvement. and the bodies created under the international On the Commission's recommendation, the conventions in controlling narcotics and in fight- Council at its 189th plenary meeting on August 3, ing drug addiction. It would include an account 1948, without discussion, unanimously adopted of the work of the United Nations organs, tech- resolution 159(VII)IIB, inviting all countries in nical and scientific articles on narcotic drugs from which opium-smoking has been at any time prev- a medical, chemical, legal or administrative view, alent to adopt the policy of suppression, and re- and articles on drug addiction, its prevention and questing those governments which have declared treatment. It would also include information and their intention to suppress opium-smoking to for- articles on national laws and regulations on the ward to the Secretary-General before March 31 of subject, on the state of ratifications and adherence each year a report on the progress achieved in this to the international instruments and on non-gov- respect. It further requested those governments to ernmental agencies interested in narcotics control, prohibit the import of raw opium into their ter- as well as reviews of scientific and popular articles ritories except for medical and scientific purposes and publications on narcotic drugs. and recommended that export authorizations The Commission approved the program and should not be issued for opium shipments to coun- recommended that the Council approve the pub- tries where opium-smoking was still prevalent, ex- lication of the periodical. cept for medical and scientific purposes. The Council discussed the question at the 45th and 46th meetings of its Social Committee on July (4) Drug Addiction 24 and 26 and at its 189th plenary meeting on At its second and third sessions the Commission August 3, 1948. The Chinese representative urged continued the study of the problem of drug ad- that the periodical should not be too technical so diction. It considered replies which had been re- that it might appeal to the average educated lay- ceived from governments (E/CN.7/114) to the man, and hoped that it might be published in circular letter and questionnaire which had been Chinese, even in abridged form. The Chilean rep- sent out by the Secretary-General (E/CN.7/64) resentative suggested that the bulletin should be in pursuance of the Council's resolution (49 (IV)) published in the five official languages, but if this of March 28, 1947, regarding the legal and prac- were not possible on grounds of expense, that it tical measures in effect for dealing with the problem should be published in English and French and an of drug addiction and drug addicts. analysis of the matters dealt with should be given The Commission asked the Secretariat to make in the other three official languages. The Lebanese an analytical study of the replies. representative emphasized the importance of giving the bulletin the widest possible circulation in (5) Narcotic Drugs and Genocide all the languages of Members of the United Na- A number of details of the factory for the manu- tions, if it were intended to educate the masses on facture of narcotic drugs built by the Japanese au- questions regarding narcotic drugs, and suggested thorities in Mukden during the Japanese occupa- that it might contain a summary in these various tion of Manchuria were submitted to the Commis- languages. On the proposal of the United States, sion on Narcotic Drugs at its third session. The it was agreed to issue the periodical in English and Commission recommended that the Council should French with summaries or reprints of special ar- ensure that the use of narcotics as an instrument for the purpose of undermining the physical and ticles in the other official languages. Accordingly, moral resistance of entire peoples be covered by the Social Committee at its 46th meeting by 15 the proposed Convention on the Prevention and votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, and the Council at Punishment of Genocide. its 189th plenary meeting by 17 votes to 0, with 1 abstention, adopted a resolution (159(VII)F) (6) Publication of a Periodical on Narcotic Drugs recognizing the value to international co-operation Several members of the Commission on Nar- in the control of narcotic drugs of a technical pub- cotic Drugs having emphasized that a United Na- lication and approving its issue. 636 Yearbook of the United Nations f. PERMANENT CENTRAL OPIUM BOARD mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions During its sixth session, the Council by 15 votes to examine that question and submit recommen- to 0, with 1 abstention, adopted at its 159th plenary dations thereon to the General Assembly. meeting on March 2 resolution 123(VI)D en- After discussing at the 36th meeting of the So- dorsing the opinion expressed by the Commission cial Committee on February 21 what privileges on Narcotic Drugs as to the interpretation to be and immunities should be granted to members of given to the provision in Article 19 of the 1925 the Central Board, the Council, at its 159th plenary Convention, which requires that members of the meeting on March 2, by 16 votes to 0, adopted Permanent Central Opium Board shall not hold resolution 123(VI)E recommending that govern- any office which puts them in a position of direct ments should extend to the members of the Per- dependence on their governments. manent Central Board privileges and immunities This opinion was as follows: on the lines laid down in the Convention on Priv- ileges and Immunities as approved by the General "The provision of article 19, paragraph 5 of the 1925 Convention is fulfilled if a candidate who, at the time of Assembly on February 13, 1946 (resolution 125 appointment to the Permanent Central Board, was in a 22(I)). The Council invited governments to position of direct dependence on his Government will, report as soon as possible what measures they have following his appointment, not hold such position for taken to carry out this recommendation. the duration of his membership of the Board. "In this way the clause in question would enable the By its resolution 124 (VI), adopted at the 159th Council to appoint to the Board a judge, a university plenary meeting on March 2, the Council took note professor, a medical practitioner, a lawyer, or specialists of the report of the Central Board for 1947 (E/- of other professions without requiring that the person OB/2). The Council decided to defer, until its appointed give up his position or cease to exercise his profession while serving on the Board. first session after the newly-constituted Board con- "In this way it would also be possible for the Council vened, the consideration of the Board's proposals to appoint to the Board an official in active service of on the administrative arrangements to be concluded his Government provided (i) that following his ap- with the Council under Article 20 of the Geneva pointment he ceases temporarily, i.e., for the duration of Convention of 1925. his membership of the Permanent Central Board, to exercise his functions as an official of the Government (by The entry into force of the amendments to the taking, for instance, leave of absence), and (ii) while ex- Geneva Convention of February 19, 1925, by the ercising his powers and functions as a member of the Protocol of December 11, 1946, permitted the Board he will not act under the instructions of his Gov- Council at its sixth session to renew the member- ernment." ship of the Central Board. In the Council's discussions of the question (at At its 151st plenary meeting on February 24, the 131st plenary meeting on February 6, the 36th 1948, the Council appointed a committee consist- meeting of the Social Committee on February 21 ing of the representatives of Australia, China, and the 159th plenary meeting on March 2) the France, Poland, Turkey and Venezuela to make U.S.S.R. representative expressed the view that proposals on appointments to the Permanent Cen- the interpretation did not basically change the sit- tral Opium Board. The Committee considered the uation and explained that in the U.S.S.R. all sci- names of 33 candidates proposed by 23 govern- entific experts were employees of the government ments and, by a majority of two thirds or more, and as such would be ineligible for election to the proposed eight candidates to the Council, two other Board. The United Kingdom representative also candidates receiving the support of less than two stressed the difficulty of making available experts thirds of the Committee (E/719). At its 159th who were not in government positions, but thought plenary meeting on March 2, the Council by secret that confidence in the impartiality of the Board's ballot elected the following eight members of the members might be shaken if they were not inde- Board, who had been proposed by the Committee: pendent of their governments; he was, however, Hans Fischer (Switzerland), Sir Harry Greenfield against any attempt to extend the meaning of (United Kingdom), Herbert L. May (United Article 19 of the 1925 Convention by an inter- States), Pedro Pernambuco Filho (Brazil), Paul pretation, without formally amending it, therefore Reuter (France), Milan Ristic (Yugoslavia), Sedat he abstained from voting on the resolution. Tavat (Turkey), Y. N. Yang (China). The question of remuneration of members of The members were appointed to hold office "un- the Central Board having been raised in the re- til such time as the membership of the Board be port of the second session of the Commission on renewed by the Council to take effect on or as Narcotic Drugs, the Council at its sixth session in 125 See Yearbook of the United Nations. 1946-47, pp. resolution 123 (VI) D requested the Advisory Com- 100-3. The Economic and Social Council 637

soon as possible after 2 March 1953" (resolution mittee on July 26 and August 5 and at the 189th and 125 (VI), adopted by 15 votes to 0, with 1 ab- 193rd plenary meetings on August 3 and 10. The stention). Social Committee at first recommended at its 46th meeting by 16 votes, with 3 abstentions, a resolu- g. SUPERVISORY BODY tion (E/910) adopting the Commission's first two recommendations, and including under the second As all the amendments to the international con- recommendation the terms of office of present ventions on narcotic drugs contained in the Pro- members. This resolution omitted, however, any tocol of December 11, 1946, had come into force reference to the recommendation (number (3) on February 13, 1948, the Commission was in a above) to governments concerning their appoint- position at its third session to proceed with the ment of representatives. Certain members felt that appointment of a member to the Supervisory such a recommendation would not be appropriate Body, and unanimously appointed Colonel C. H. L. since the appointment of representatives was an Sharman (Canada) to this position. affair for the governments themselves. A proposal The Commission recommended that the terms by the representative of the United Kingdom to of office of members of the Supervisory Body be retain this recommendation to governments was re- fixed at five years to be identical with the term of jected by 7 votes to 6, with 5 abstentions. office of members of the Permanent Central Opium At the 189th plenary meeting, however, the Ca- Board, and requested the Secretary-General to ap- nadian representative introduced verbally a resolu- proach the other appointing bodies (WHO and tion to provide that the Council confirm the terms the Opium Board) in this connection. of office of present members as extending to De- cember 31, 1949, and that in electing members to h. MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMISSION ON replace them it should follow the procedure adopt- NARCOTIC DRUGS ed in the case of other functional commissions of The question of the renewal of the Commission's the Economic and Social Council, electing five membership was considered by the Commission at members for one year, five for two and five for its third session. Taking into account the special three years. After discussing the appropriate pro- composition of the Commission, which consists of cedure for dealing with the resolution the Council representatives from producing or manufacturing decided to refer back to the Social Committee the countries and countries in which illicit traffic in draft resolution it had proposed and the Canadian narcotic drugs constitutes a serious problem, the draft. The question was discussed further at the Commission did not feel it practicable for it to be 55th meeting of the Social Committee and the view elected one third at a time as in the case of other was expressed that the question required further functional commissions. It emphasized, however, study. On the recommendation of the Committee the desirability of continuity and stated that its the Council at its 193rd plenary meeting by 14 experience had shown that a membership or votes to 0, with 4 abstentions, adopted resolution fifteen was suitable. 159(VII)IIG confirming the term of office of the It recommended (E/799) that the Council (1) present members of the Commission as extending renew the membership every three years at its first to December 31, 1949, and deferring to the next session in the year beginning in 1949; ( 2 ) fix the session the procedure to be followed in the election terms of office of the members to run for three of members of the Commission. years beginning with the opening day of its first meeting and ending on the eve of the first meeting 10. Population Questions (except of the session following the election of their succes- Migration)126 sors; and (3) take the necessary steps to ensure that there be no interval between the term of The Population Commission held its second office of the present members and their successors, and third sessions at Lake Success from August and draw the attention of governments when 18 to 27, 1947, and from May 10 to 25, 1948, appointing representatives to the Commission to respectively. The report of the Commission's "the particular character of the fundamental prob- second session (E/571) was considered by the lems of the international control of narcotic drugs Economic and Social Council at its sixth session which can be solved over a period of years". (129th and 157th plenary meetings on February These recommendations were considered by the 5 and March 1, and 31st and 32nd meetings of Economic and Social Council at its seventh session, at the 46th and 55th meetings of the Social Com- 126 For Migration, see pp. 641-44. 638 Yearbook of the United Nations the Social Committee on February 18 and 19). "(b) The interplay of demographic factors and eco- Members of the Council expressed approval of nomic and social factors; "(c) Policies designed to influence the size and the report, and the Council adopted a resolution structure of populations and the changes therein; (115(VI)) noting that "the report is devoted "(d) Any other demographic questions on which chiefly to the implementation of previous decisions either the principle or the subsidiary organs of the of the Council regarding work in the population United Nations or the specialized agencies may seek field". The Council decided not to agree to the advice." Commission's recommendation that its rules of procedure be amended by permitting the Chair- b. DEMOGRAPHIC YEAR-BOOK man to appoint an alternative representative, Pursuant to the recommendation of the Coun- members of the Council holding that it was per- cil that the Secretary-General should publish a fectly possible for the Chairman to state his coun- Demographic Year-Book (resolution 41 (IV)), 127 try's position. The report of the third session the Commission at its second session drew up a list (E/805) was considered by the Council at its of topics to be covered by the Year-Book (E/571, seventh session (51st meeting of the Social Com- Annex 1). These topics were: mittee on July 30, and 193rd plenary meeting on I. Area and Population—Area; Total Population; August 10). The Council unanimously adopted Population Density; Annual Percentage Rate of Popula- resolution 150 (VII) noting the Committee's tion Change; Population of Major Cities; Population by Age and Sex—Absolute Numbers and Proportions; Popu- report. lation by Age, Sex and Marital Condition—Absolute Numbers and Proportions; Population by Urban and a. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE COMMISSION Rural Divisions; Population by Race and Nationality (or Citizenship); Population by Age, Sex and Literacy; In response to a request made by the Council Households—Number and Distribution by Size; Women by Number of Children Ever Born and by Number of at the time when the Population Commission was Children Living. established, the Commission at its second session II. Economically Active Population—Active Popula- discussed possible modifications of its terms of tion (Labor Force) by Age and Sex; Active Population reference, and made proposals concerning its by Industry; Active Population by Industrial Status (Class of Worker). terms of reference to the sixth session of the Coun- III. International Migration—Emigrants by Country cil. The U.S.S.R. representative proposed at the of Destination; Immigrants by Country of Origin and Na- 31st meeting of the Council's Social Committee tionality; Emigrants and Immigrants by Age, Sex and that two of the items suggested by the Commission Occupation. IV. Natality—Total Number of Births; Crude Birth —namely, "(b) the influence of demographic Rates; Births by Month of Occurrence; Births by Age of factors, including migration, on economic and social Mother and Father; Fertility Rates by Age of Mother; conditions" and "(c) the influence of economic Births by Parity; Births by Legitimacy; Births by Dura- and social conditions on the size and structure tion of Marriage; Stillbirths; Gross and Net Reproduc- of populations, and on the changes therein"— tion Rates; Ratio of Children under 5 Years of Age to Women Aged 15 to 49 Years. should be combined as they were both aspects of V. Mortality—Total Deaths; Crude Death Rates; the same question. The Council unanimously Deaths by Month of Occurrence; Deaths by Age and decided at its 157th plenary meeting to accept Sex; Death Rates by Age and Sex; Infant Mortality the recommendation of its Social Committee to Rates; Deaths by Cause; Maternal (Puerperal) Mortality Rates; Life Table Death Rates; Life Table Survivors; refer this question back to the Population Com- Mean Expectation of Life. mission and that meantime it should continue to VI. Morbidity—General Morbidity. work according to its original terms of reference VII. Marriage and Divorce—Total Marriages; Crude (resolution 115(VI)). Marriage Rates; Marriage by Ages of Partners; Marriage Rates by Age and Sex; Total Divorces; Crude Divorce A revision of the terms of reference, designed Rates; Divorces by Duration of Marriage and Number to make them more specific, was formulated by of Children. the Commission at its third session and unanimously adopted by the Council in resolution 150 Emphasizing the importance of world-wide (VII) at its seventh session (193rd plenary coverage, the Commission urged the Secretary- meeting on August 10). This resolution provides General to make every effort to obtain the informa- that: tion listed for as many countries as possible, and expressed the hope that the publication of the "The Population Commission shall arrange for studies Year-Book itself would stimulate governments to and advise the Economic and Social Council on: "(a) The size and structure of populations and the 127 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. changes therein. 511-12. The Economic and Social Council 639 make available more detailed and more adequate acteristics of the population, trends of population data. In addition to population statistics, the growth and the relation of population to economic Commission asked the Secretary-General to con- resources in each of the Territories, for the use sider the advisability of publishing data on closely of the United Nations and of the Administering related economic and social subjects, and digests Authorities in stimulating the economic, social and of legislation in the field of population. political advancement of the people under the In the discussion of the Population Commission's Trusteeship System. report at the sixth session of the Economic and Social Council (129th plenary meeting), the d. STUDIES OF INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF U.S.S.R. representative suggested that the Demo- DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL graphic Year-Book should also contain data on FACTORS unemployment and occupational diseases. The The Commission gave considerable attention French representative, however, thought that these were dealt with by the International Labour Or- at its second session to the implementation of the resolutions adopted by the Council at its fourth ganisation. The U.S.S.R. representative also asked session (41(IV)),130 which were designed to en- that the method of obtaining population data for the Demographic Year-Book should be in accord- courage analyses by Member Governments of the inter-relationships between demographic changes ance with the previous recommendation of the in various economic and social circumstances. Council—i.e., that it should be data supplied by The Commission (E/571) expressed the opinion governments or obtained as the result of in- that the best way to encourage Member Gov- quiries carried out in agreement with the governments to undertake such studies would be to ernments. draw up study plans illustrating the technical At its third session, the Commission (E/805) problems and the kinds of results that might be noted with satisfaction the progress which had obtained under various economic, social and demo- been made in compiling the first issue of the graphic conditions. The Commission felt that such Year-Book and considered various proposals for study plans should also provide, by carefully adding to the list of the topics previously recom- chosen examples, a preliminary insight into the mended. It endorsed the inclusion of data on un- nature of the demographic problems to be met in employment, detailed classification of infant mor- raising standards of living and improving the health tality, and social and occupational diseases, provided and cultural development of populations in varying that this would not cause undue duplication in economic and social situations. Accordingly, the international publications or delay the publication Commission requested the Secretary-General to of the first issue of the Demographic Year-Book. prepare, for consideration at a subsequent session, proposals regarding the selection of major demo- c. STUDIES OF THE POPULATION OF TRUST graphic situations in typical economic and social TERRITORIES settings for which study plans could be constructed, At the second session, the Commission noted and a proposed plan of study for one or two types the progress made by the Secretariat in the studies of situations in varied economic and social frame- of the population of Trust Territories which were works. recommended by the Council at its fourth session (41(IV)),128 and suggested that the Secretary- e. DEVELOPMENT OF POPULATION DATA General distribute the studies, as they were com- (1) Recommendations regarding Censuses of pleted, to Member Governments. At the third Population to be Taken during or about 1950 session, the Commission urged that this work The Commission made recommendations to the be carried forward as quickly as possible and with Secretary-General at both its second and third due regard to other projects, and requested the sessions regarding the manner of carrying out the Secretary-General to prepare, for consideration at program outlined by the Council at its fourth its next session, a statement of further progress session, in relation to the censuses of population to and a discussion of the methods of study used. be taken by various Governments during or about The Population of Western Samoa, the first in 128 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. a series of reports prepared by the Secretariat on 512-13. the population of Trust Territories, was issued in 129 United Nations Publications, Sales No.: 1948. 129 XIII. 1. January 1948. The purpose of the reports is 130 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. to summarize existing knowledge regarding char- 513. 640 Yearbook of the United Nations

1950 (41(IV)).131 The purpose of this program inter-governmental organizations and to all coun- is to render advice and technical assistance to Mem- tries planning population censuses about 1950. ber Governments and interested international The Commission further requested the Secretary- agencies, with a view to improving the quality General, in collaboration with the specialized and international comparability of results. agencies, to study and report at the next session At the second session, the Commission drew up on (a) the possibility of including data on the tentative lists of subjects for which comparability physically and mentally handicapped in the list was desirable in population censuses of various of recommended subjects, and (b) the develop- countries (E/571) and requested the Secretary- ment of standard definitions of employees, em- General to submit these lists to Member Govern- ployers, workers on own account and unpaid family ments and to invite their comments. These lists workers for census classifications of industrial included a suggested minimum list of subjects status (E/805). (E/571, Annex II) and a suggested supplementary (2) Program of Work on Population Estimates list of topics (E/571, Annex III) on which the As requested by the Council in a resolution Commission believed it desirable to obtain com- adopted at the fourth session (resolution 41 (IV)), parable information, so far as practicable at the the Secretary-General submitted to the second forthcoming censuses. session of the Population Commission a report At the third session, the Commission studied on the progress achieved in providing the popula- the comments received from Member Govern- tion estimates and forecasts needed by the United ments, together with a series of reports on census Nations and the specialized agencies. Noting that methods in various countries which had been pre- the requirements for such estimates and forecasts 132 pared by the Secretariat, the recommendations were extremely large, the Commission (E/571) of the Statistical Commission regarding the con- adopted a scheme of priorities designed to make tent of population censuses to be taken about available as soon as possible the estimates and 1950133 and certain recommendations on this forecasts which were most essential for the work subject proposed at the third session of the Social of the various organs of the United Nations. The Commission (E/CN.5/62). The Population Com- Commission considered that the first object should mission thereupon prepared a detailed set of be to compile current estimates of the total popu- recommendations as to subjects for inclusion in lation, as of a uniform, recent date, for all countries population censuses, types of data to be obtained of the world. Other data which it recommended on each subject, and techniques for improving should have a high priority were estimates of the comparability of results. population by sex and age groups for recent dates, The recommended list of subjects (without regard to forecasts of total population and sex and age groups relative importance) was as follows (E/805, Annex A): for dates in the near future (1948, 1949 and 1950), 1. Total population and longer-range forecasts. 2. Sex (3) Infant Mortality Data 3. Age 4. Marital status At its second session, the Commission requested 5. Place of birth (E/571) that the Secretary-General examine, in 6. Citizenship (legal nationality) consultation with WHO and other interested 7. Mother tongue agencies, the possibilities of improving the inter- 8. Educational characteristics 9. Fertility data national comparability of data on infant mortality. 10. Economic characteristics At the third session the Secretary-General submit- (a) Total economically active and inactive popu- ted a preliminary report on this problem (E/- lation CN.9/17). The report listed the following prin- (b) Occupation, industry and industrial status (c) Population dependent on various types of cipal reasons for the inadequacy and lack of com- economic activities parability of infant mortality data: (d) Agricultural population "1. Lack of the application of a universal definition of 11. Urban and rural population a stillbirth and of an infant death. 12. Households (including relationship to household's "2. Incompleteness in the registration of births and head) infant deaths. "3. Failure to refer the infant deaths to the actual The Commission requested that its recommenda- group of births from which the infant deaths come. tions, together with those of the Statistical Com- 131 Ibid., p. 511. mission, be communicated by the Secretary-Gen- 132 Studies of Census Methods, Nos. 1-6. eral to the interested specialized agencies and 133See p. 567. The Economic and Social Council 641

"4. Failure to relate the statistics of births and deaths In compliance with the latter request, the Secre- to the social-economic conditions of families." tary-General, after having consulted the interested The report, furthermore, recommended pro- specialized agencies, prepared a report which was cedures for overcoming these difficulties. The Com- submitted to the two Commissions and, in a re- mission recommended that this work be continued vised form (E/806), to the Council. and that another report be submitted at a later The Secretary-General's report contained three session. chapters and two annexes. Chapter I described functions in the field of migration which require (4) Vital Registration a large measure of international co-operation. The Commission requested, at its third session These functions are: (a) information, comprising (E/805), that the Secretary-General initiate, in data for the guidance of migrants, migration sta- collaboration with WHO, studies of vital registra- tistics for general use and analytical reports and tion systems in various countries, and of their compilations necessary for understanding the so- effectiveness in providing the information regard- cial, economic and demographic causes and effects ing the dynamics of population needed for national of migratory movements; (b) advising on migra- and international purposes. tion schemes and the financing necessary for achieving the best possible results from migratory move- f. RECOVERY OF THE BIRTH RATE ments of recognized utility; (c) international Referring to the importance of realistic assump- placement of manpower; (d) simplification of tions regarding future trends of fertility as a basis formalities and reduction of costs involved in mi- for future population estimates, as well as for other gration; (e) protection of economic and social work in the field of population, the Commission rights of migrant workers in connection with their recommended, at its third session (E/805), that recruitment, placing, selection, professional train- the Secretary-General initiate an analysis of the ing, travel, working conditions, social insurance, recent rise of the birth rate, which has been evident admission to employment, enforcement of labor in many countries, and present a report on that regulations, and repatriation; and (f) protection subject for consideration by the Commission at a of the rights of migrants as citizens and aliens in future session. connection with freedom of migration and with such problems as discrimination in matters of g. DEMOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY taxation, property rights, residence and assistance In connection with its work of improving the in case of indigency. comparability of population data and furthering Chapter II of the report dealt with the existing international understanding of demographic proc- international machinery, describing bilateral and esses, the Commission requested, at its third ses- plurilateral arrangements, the competence of the sion (E/805), that the Secretary-General prepare respective Commissions and departments of the a dictionary of demographic terms in various lan- United Nations and of ILO as well as the com- guages. It recommended that this work be based petence of and interest taken in these matters by on the contributions of Member Governments, the other specialized agencies (IRO, UNESCO, FAO, results to be submitted to the Commission for con- WHO and the Bank) and by non-governmental sideration at its next session. organizations engaged in developing or promoting international policies in the field of migration or providing assistance to migrants. The report stated 11. Migration Questions that from the survey of existing international machinery, it was apparent that the constitutional a. ALLOCATION OF FUNCTIONS AMONG competence of many specialized agencies was like- VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ly to lead to duplication of functions; this made it The Economic and Social Council at its fourth essential for there to be co-ordination through the session adopted resolution 42 (IV)134 inviting its existing United Nations machinery for this pur- Population and Social Commissions to consider pose. and report to it on a practical plan for the alloca- Chapter III of the report described the action tion of functions, without duplication of work, taken by the Social and Population Commissions among the various organs concerned in the field with respect to the allocation of functions in of migration, and requesting the Secretary-General matters of migration. to make such preliminary studies as would facili- 134 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. tate and expedite the work of the Commissions. 513. 642 Yearbook of the United Nations

Annex I of the report contained some remarks General and the recommendations of the Social on the development and significance of the prob- and Population Commissions at its 180th and lems arising in connection with migration, while 193rd plenary meetings, on July 21 and August 10, Annex II gave the text of the working arrange- and at the 51st, 52nd and 53rd meetings of its So- ment regarding the principles for a division of cial Committee on July 30 and 31, and August 2, responsibilities and co-ordination of activities in 1948. the field of migration, concluded on November 22, Draft resolutions were proposed by New Zea- 1947, between the United Nations Secretariat and land (E/AC.7/W.27) and by the U.S.S.R. (E/- the International Labour Office. AC.7/W.37). The first proposed a text consoli- The Social and Population Commissions, at their dating the respective resolutions of the Social and respective third sessions, considered the Secretary- Population Commissions. The second would have General's report. The Social Commission adopted the Council consider that: (1) the Governments a resolution (E/779, p.19) which, inter alia, re- of all States Members of the United Nations have solved that the Commission's responsibilities in the the task of creating a higher standard of living field of migration were to arrange for studies and for all inhabitants of their countries; (2) migra- to advise the Economic and Social Council on the tory movements of workers from one country to social aspects of migration with a view, particular- another may be conceded by way of exception in ly, to ensuring to the migrants social and economic individual cases; and (3) the problem of refugees rights equal to those of local populations. The and displaced persons should be considered sepa- resolution stated that such studies and advice were rately from questions of migration. to have reference especially to the following topics: After adopting the first paragraph of the U.S.S.R. (a) the social position, rights and benefits of im- proposal by 10 votes to 4, with 4 abstentions, the migrants including their rights and benefits when Committee rejected the other paragraphs by vary- they happen to be indigent; (b) family and coming votes and rejected the resolution as a whole by munity relationships of immigrants; and (c) ad- 10 votes to 6, with 2 abstentions. vance planning by government authorities with a The New Zealand proposal was voted on as two view to the provision of social services, and fa- separate resolutions, to the second of which was cilities for health and education. The Commission added a preamble proposed by the United States. also requested the Secretary-General to consult Both resolutions were approved by the Social Com- with those non-governmental organizations which mittee and were adopted by the Council at its are interested in migration problems and particu- 193rd plenary meeting by 14 votes to 2, with 2 larly with trade union organizations, and to seek abstentions (resolution 156(VII)A), and by 13 their advice in order to ascertain whether these votes to 2, with 2 abstentions (resolution 156- organizations could make arrangements for co- (VII)B), respectively. ordinating their respective activities. The U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian S.S.R. representa- The Population Commission approved a resolu- tives, in voting against the two resolutions, stated, tion (E/805, p. 6) which, among other things, inter alia, that they limited the rights of immigrants. stated that the Commission should arrange for They also objected to the agreement between the studies and should advise the Economic and Social Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Council on the demographic aspects of migration, Director-General of the International Labour Office on the relationships between demographic, econom- regarding the allocation of functions, and stated ic and social factors in migration and on the over- that the second resolution was an attempt to make all co-ordination of international research and mandatory on governments a decision on questions study in this field by the United Nations and the affecting the sovereign rights of states. specialized agencies. The resolution stated that The representatives of Brazil, Chile, Peru and these studies should cover the trends, causes and Venezuela objected to the inclusion of paragraph consequences of migration, and should take into 5 in the first resolution (see below). They felt account in this connection the influence of econom- that the paragraph sought to define the responsibil- ic and social factors, legislative and administra- ities of governments, and that if they were bound tive measures, the social and economic conditions by it, they might find themselves compelled to set of migrants, and such other factors as are im- up for displaced persons a special regime outside portant determinants in, or consequences of, the framework of their general immigration laws, migration. an obligation which their Governments could not The Economic and Social Council at its seventh accept. session considered the report of the Secretary- The representatives of the Byelorussian S.S.R., The Economic and Social Council 643

Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States, jointly by the Economic and Social Council and the on the other hand, supported the retention of the Trusteeship Council; "7. Decides that the Population Commission shall paragraph, stating that it was merely a statement arrange for studies and advise the Council on the demo- of fact and did not imply the establishment of a graphic aspects of migration, on the relationships special regime for migrating refugees. They de- between demographic, economic and social factors in clared that it was necessary to point out the differ- migration and on the overall co-ordination of international research and study in this field by the United ence between the problems of displaced persons Nations and the specialized agencies. These studies shall and refugees and those of migration in general, cover the trends, causes and consequences of migration since the organizational treatment would differ in and shall take into account in this connexion the influence the two cases. of economic and social factors, legislative and administra- On putting the question to a vote, the Council tive measures, the social and economic conditions of migrants, and such other factors as are important de- decided by 14 votes to 4 to retain paragraph 5. terminants in or consequences of migration; The representatives of France and Turkey de- "8. Resolves that the Social Commission's responsi- clared that in their opinion the principle that bilities in this field are to arrange for studies and advise equal treatment should be granted to both national the Council on the social aspects of migration with a view, particularly, to ensuring to the migrants equal and foreign workers meant that a foreign worker social and economic rights with those of local popula- and a national worker who did the same kind of tions, such studies and advice to have reference especially work would enjoy the same wages and benefit to the following topics: from the same social legislation, but did not mean "(a) The social position, rights and benefits of than an immigrant worker arriving in a country immigrants, including their rights and benefits when they happen to be indigent; had the right to exercise any profession he chose. "(b) Family and community relationships of im- The texts of the two resolutions approved are migrants; as follows: "(c) Advance planning by Government authorities "A. ALLOCATION OF FUNCTIONS with a view to the provision of social services and facilities for health and education, which are neces- "The Economic and Social Council, sary for immigrants and their families arriving in a "Having considered the report and recommendations new community; of the Population Commission and the Social Commis- "9. Recalls that, in addition to the Population and sion outlining their proposals for a practical plan for the Social Commissions, all the other functional commissions allocation of functions, without duplication of work, of the Council may have to deal with aspects of migra- among the various organs concerned in the field of tion which fall within their respective assignments, the migration, submitted in accordance with the Council's co-ordination of the activities of the commissions being resolutions of 29 March 1947, 13 August 1947 and 3 the task of the Council; March 1948, and "10. Invites the regional economic commissions and "Taking into account the Secretary-General's report on the functional commissions of the Council to consult to- that question, gether, when desirable, through the Secretary-General, on "1. Notes that the Secretary-General has consulted migration problems which may be put to them, and to the relevant specialized agencies on the respective func- keep the Population and Social Commissions informed of tions of these agencies in the field of migration and on such consultations; their interests in this field; "11. Requests the Secretary-General to consult with "2. Notes with satisfaction the working arrangement those non-governmental organizations which are inter- concluded between the Secretary-General and the Director- ested in migration problems and particularly with trade General of the International Labour Office on their re- union organizations, and to seek their advice in order to spective responsibilities in matters of migration; ascertain whether these organizations can make arrange- "3. Endorses the opinion of the Social Commission ments for co-ordinating their respective activities; that the conclusion of the above working arrangement "12. Invites the specialized agencies and the Secretary- provides a favourable opportunity to define responsibility General to submit to the Administrative Committee on for the various matters of migration among the various Co-ordination set up under the resolution of 21 Septem- organs of the Council; ber 1946 any migration problems which may arise in "4. Notes the opinion of the Social Commission that such circumstances or in such a form that overlapping migration includes aspects beyond those covered in the might occur or that important aspects of these questions arrangement between the Secretary-General and the might be neglected. Director-General of the International Labour Office and that the problem of migration is broader than the labour "B. PROTECTION OF MIGRANT AND IMMIGRANT LABOUR problem, which is only one aspect of it; "The Economic and Social Council, "5. Notes that the problem of refugees and displaced "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General persons must be distinguished from the general question on the allocation of functions among the various organs of migration as a special question which is to be settled concerned in the field of migration, and the report and separately in connexion with General Assembly resolu- recommendations of the Social Commission relating to tion 136(II); migration, and taking into account the memorandum on "6. Notes that, for the solution of questions of com- migration submitted by the International Labour Organ- mon interest, it is desirable for the economic aspects of isation in accordance with Council resolution 85(V) of migration involving Trust Territories to be considered 13 August 1947, 644 Yearbook of the United Nations

"Notes with satisfaction that the Governing Body of latter problem could best be settled by repatria- the International Labour Office, conscious of the impor- tion, to which no reference had been made by the tance and the urgency of the problem, has placed revision of the Migration for Employment Convention, 1939, and American Federation of Labor. He therefore urged its related recommendations on the agenda of the thirty- the rejection of the proposal. second session of the International Labour Conference; The resolution 85(V), adopted by the Council "Expresses the wish that, pending the adoption and on August 13, by 15 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, ratification of an international convention providing adequate protection of migrant and immigrant labour, Mem- reads as follows: ber Governments, in determining their respective policies "The Economic and Social Council, in this field, should be guided by the principle of equality "Having taken note of the item regarding the protec- of treatment in social and economic matters of national tion of migrant and immigrant labour placed on its and foreign workers; agenda at the request of the American Federation of "Expresses also the wish that international arrange- Labor, and the memorandum submitted by the Federa- ments in matters of migration include as soon as possible: tion, "(a) Broadening of the present system of interna- "Noting also that the International Labour Organisa- tional information in matters of migration so as to tion is now considering the revision of its existing con- assure the immediate availability of knowledge on vention and recommendations on migration, migration possibilities and conditions for use by gov- "Resolves to transmit this memorandum to the Inter- ernment and voluntary organizations and by migrants national Labour Organisation as the competent special- or prospective migrants; ized agency concerned and, in view of the urgency of the "(b) Means for the improvement of statistics on problem, international migration so as to increase their adequacy "Requests the International Labour Organisation ac- and comparability." tively to pursue its consideration of the subject and to inform the Economic and Social Council as soon as possible of the progress made, and b. PROTECTION OF MIGRANT AND IMMIGRANT "Calls the attention of the Social and Population Com- LABOR missions to this memorandum in their consideration of The American Federation of Labor proposed the problems assigned to them by the Council by its that an item dealing with the protection of migrant resolution on migration of 29 March 1947." and immigrant labor be included on the agenda of With reference to that decision, the Council, at the fifth session of the Economic and Social Coun- its sixth session, considered two sections of the cil and submitted a memorandum on the subject resolution of the United Nations Conference on (E/454 and Add.1 and 2) . The American Feder- Trade and Employment which dealt with popula- ation of Labor urged the adoption of a resolution tion and migration problems (E/635). The Coun- by the Council which would (1) recommend that cil transmitted these sections to ILO, the Social the Economic Commissions for Europe and for Commission and the Population Commission and Asia and the Far East promote the use of standards invited them to take these sections into account in recommended by the International Labour Organ- the action on those aspects of population and migration which fall within their respective fields isation in expediting efficient mobilization of man- 135 power in the reconstruction of countries; and (2) (resolution 104 (VI)). urge the International Labour Organisation to ex- The question of the protection of migrant labor pedite the reconsideration of its Convention and was considered by the Social Commission and the recommendations on migrant workers. Population Commission at their third sessions The Council considered the question at its 113th simultaneously with their study of the question of and 114th plenary meetings on August 12 and the allocation of responsibilities in the field of mi- 13, 1947. It adopted a resolution jointly submitted gration. The Social Commission (E/779) recom- by the delegations of Norway and the United mended that the Council take note of the steps Kingdom (E/546), as amended by the representa- which had already been initiated in this matter by tives of Czechoslovakia and the United States. The ILO and expressed the wish that interim steps be amendments provided for calling the matter to taken by governments pending the adoption and the attention of the Council's Social and Popula- ratification of an international convention. tion Commissions. The majority of representatives The Economic and Social Council at its seventh agreed on the importance of the problem and ex- session, in connection with its general discussion pressed support of the proposed resolution and on migration problems (51st to 53rd meetings of amendments. The U.S.S.R. representative, how- its Social Committee on July 30 to August 2, and ever, thought that the separate problems of im- 193rd plenary meeting on August 10), considered migration and of refugees and displaced persons this recommendation as well as a memorandum had been merged in the document submitted by submitted by the ILO (E/888). the American Federation of Labor, and that the 135 See pp. 135-36. The Economic and Social Council 645

The latter explained the measures taken by ILO were in the camps and assembly centres of PC- in considering the question of the protection of IRO. migrant and immigrant labor. The report observed that, if the forecasts of The recommendation of the Social Commis- PC-IRO as to resettlement and repatriation were sion was approved by the Council at its 193rd realized, there would still remain some 600,000 plenary meeting on August 10 (see resolution 156- refugees eligible for the Organization's assistance, (VII)B). whether as to repatriation or resettlement, on c. PROGRAM OF WORK ON DEMOGRAPHIC July 1, 1948. While noting the efforts made by ASPECTS OF MIGRATION a number of countries to give assistance in solving the problem, the report emphasized the un- The Population Commission, in accordance with fortunate consequences that followed the tendency its recommendation that it should be respon- of certain governments, members of the PC-IRO, sible for studies and advice to the Economic and to exclude from resettlement in their countries any Social Council on the demographic aspects of mi- but the most able-bodied refugees and displaced gration, established at its third session (E/805) a persons applying for immigration. This would program of work regarding this aspect of the inevitably leave the organization with the prob- problem of migration. The program was to be lem of what to do with a relatively large "hard carried out by the Secretary-General in consultation core" of older, handicapped or disabled refugees. and collaboration with the specialized agencies. The report condemned this policy, and called upon It consisted of five items: (1) improvement of all States Members of the United Nations to migration statistics; (2) analysis of change in the open their doors to family groups which would in- size and structure of populations in the countries clude the old, the maimed and the chronically ill. of origin and destination, resulting from migra- The report also urged Member States which tion; (3) analysis of the influence of migration on had not yet joined IRO to ratify its Constitution the size and characteristics of the labor force in with the least possible delay, so as to bring the countries of immigration and emigration; (4) Organization into legal operation at the earliest analysis of the influence of economic and social possible moment. factors on migration; and (5) influence of legis- Finally, as requested by a resolution adopted at lation on migration. the sixth session of the Economic and Social Coun- cil,137 the Secretary-General's report submitted in- 12. Refugees and Displaced Persons formation as to the situation of children removed from their countries of origin during the course of The General Assembly, at its second regular the Second World War, and on measures taken session, adopted resolution 136(II)136 which, inter or contemplated on their behalf, and recommenda- alia, requested the Secretary-General to submit, in tions on what could be done to accelerate a final collaboration with the Director-General of the In- solution of this tragic problem. ternational Refugee Organization or the Execu- The report of the Secretary-General was con- tive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission, a sidered by the Social Committee of the Economic report on the progress and prospect of repatriation, and Social Council at its 57th to 60th meetings resettlement and immigration of refugees and dis- from August 12 to 19, and by the Council at its placed persons. The report in question (E/816 212th and 214th plenary meetings on August 24, and Add.1), dated June 10, 1948, was circulated 1948. among Member Governments prior to the con- The representative of the U.S.S.R., supported by vening of the seventh session of the Economic the representatives of the Byelorussian S.S.R. and and Social Council. Poland, charged that displaced persons camps in The report noted, inter alia, that, although dur- the Western Zones of Germany and Austria were ing the first year of PC-IRO operations some frequently hotbeds of propaganda and terrorism 51,000 persons who had been in receipt of care directed against the present governments of cer- and maintenance had been repatriated to their tain Eastern European states, including the U.S.S.R.; countries of origin, and another 157,000 persons that known quislings and war criminals were fre- eligible for help had departed for resettlement, quently found in positions of authority in the ad- there still remained on June 30, 1948, approxi- ministration or leadership of such camps; that mately one million refugees and displaced per- children were being prevented from returning to sons believed to be eligible for the Organization's 136 See General Assembly, pp.128-29. assistance. Of this number, approximately 600,000 137See p. 613. 646 Yearbook of the United Nations

their countries of origin; that representatives of "Having in mind the recommendation of General the Eastern European governments involved were Assembly resolution 136 (II) to 'each Member of the United Nations to adopt urgent measures for the early frequently prevented from freely consulting their return of the repatriable refugees and displaced persons nationals who were inmates of the displaced per- to their countries of origin, having regard to the General sons camps; and that several states were seeking Assembly resolution of 12 February 1946, and for to exploit the displaced persons as a supply of settling a fair share of the non-repatriable refugees and cheap manpower. It was further charged that, de- displaced persons in its country', "Recognizing that the Preparatory Commission for the spite previous Assembly resolutions, the emphasis International Refugee Organization, by means of the had been shifted from repatriation to resettlement machinery it has developed during its first year of activity, of the refugees and displaced persons. can substantially accomplish its purpose of repatriating The representative of the U.S.S.R. submitted a or re-establishing all the refugees and displaced persons who are its concern within a period of, at most, two draft resolution (E/AC.7/W.39) designed to curb years, provided that it is assured of the effective co-opera- the alleged tendencies and practices which he had tion of Governments, outlined in his criticism of the manner in which "Considers that, to accomplish this objective, a sub- the problem was being handled. stantial number of Governments which have not already done so should take early action for membership in the Several representatives declared that, while they International Refugee Organization; would abstain during the voting on some individual "Urges the Preparatory Commission for the Inter- paragraphs of the Soviet proposal since they re- national Refugee Organization to continue its efforts for garded these as unobjectionable, they would vote the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons to their against the proposal as a whole because it implied countries of origin in accordance with the constitution of the International Refugee Organization; criticism of PC-IRO and also because a construc- "Stresses the need for accelerated resettlement of non- tive alternative was available in the joint draft repatriable refugees and displaced persons and urges all resolution (see below). States to admit them to the maximum limit of their capacity; The Soviet resolution, after paragraph by para- "Expresses its view that the policy which should be graph votes, was rejected as a whole by the Social followed with regard to unaccompanied children is: Committee by 13 votes to 4, with 1 abstention, "(a) To unite children with their parents wherever and when re-submitted at the plenary meeting was the latter may be; and "(b) In the case of orphan or unaccompanied rejected by the Council by 14 votes to 3, with 1 children whose nationality has been established beyond abstention. doubt, to return them to their country, always provid- A majority of Committee members, while agreeing that the best interests of the individual child shall ing with a number of principles put forward by be the determining factor; "Recommends to the Preparatory Commission for the the U.S.S.R. representative, denied the general International Refugee Organization: validity of the charges levelled at the displaced "(a) That it consult immediately with Members persons camp administration and the validity of the of the United Nations concerning resettlement of all charge of systematic exploitation of displaced per- non-repatriable refugees and displaced persons on the basis already approved by the General Assembly in sons as reservoirs of cheap manpower. The major- resolutions 62(I) and 136(II), including recognition ity expressed their support of a draft resolution of the importance of resettling refugees and displaced submitted jointly by the representatives of Brazil, persons in family units as recommended by the report the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the submitted by the Secretary-General; and "(b) that it report thereon to the Council at its United States (E/946) which, they felt, represent- eighth session; ed a well-balanced organic whole and a construc- "Requests the Secretary-General to transmit the report, tive approach to the entire problem. This resolu- together with this resolution and such additional relevant tion was adopted, with minor drafting changes, data as may be available from the Preparatory Commis- by the Social Committee by a vote of 14 to 3, and sion for the International Refugee Organization, to the General Assembly at its third regular session for its by the Economic and Social Council at its 214th information, sympathetic consideration and such further plenary meeting by a vote of 15 to 3. It (157- action as it may deem appropriate." (VII)) reads as follows:

"The Economic and Social Council, 13. Action for the Solution of Legal "Noting with appreciation the report on the progress Difficulties Arising from the Absence, due and prospect of repatriation, resettlement and immigra- to War Events or Persecution, of Persons tion of refugees and displaced persons submitted by the Secretary-General in collaboration with the Executive Whose Death Cannot Be Conclusively Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Inter- Established national Refugee Organization pursuant to General Assembly resolution 136 (II) of 17 November 1947 In a communication to the Secretary-General and Council resolution 122 (VI) A. dated June 3, 1948, the Executive Secretary of the The Economic and Social Council 647

Preparatory Commission for the International Ref- take definitive action on the matter at its fourth ugee Organization requested that the item "Action regular session. for the solution of legal difficulties arising from The representatives of the Netherlands, New the absence, due to war events or persecution, of Zealand, Venezuela and Turkey supported the persons whose death cannot be conclusively es- joint draft resolution. The representative of Aus- tablished" be placed on the agenda of the seventh tralia wondered whether a committee of the Eco- session of the Economic and Social Council. This nomic and Social Council was competent to deal request, he declared, was in accordance with a res- with the proposed convention. He thought that olution adopted by the Preparatory Commission there should be some provision made for consulta- for IRO, at the sixth part of its first session. At tion with a more technical body. the same time a memorandum (E/824) on the The representative of Canada submitted an oral necessity of co-ordinating procedures for declara- amendment to the joint draft resolution, provid- tions of death was submitted. ing for the participation of other organizations The memorandum stated that, as a result of mass which might be interested in, and competent to deportations and the technique of modern war- deal with, the matter. The amendment, supported fare, thousands of human beings had disappeared by the representative of Denmark, was accepted by and it had not been possible in the ordinary way the representatives of the United Kingdom and the formally to establish the fact of their death. It United States. stated that the legal consequences of death (cessa- The representatives of the U.S.S.R. and the tion of legal personality, succession to the estate, Byelorussian S.S.R. opposed the joint draft resolu- dissolution of marriage, termination of paternal tion. The representative of the U.S.S.R. maintained that the question was not sufficiently ad- authority) were so important that a death certifi- vanced for a final decision. Both representatives cate was normally required in order to establish declared that the problem was closely linked with rights resulting from death. Failure to furnish the question of the conclusion of peace treaties such evidence of death gave rise to such serious with Germany and Japan. Until positive steps had difficulties as the following: heirs cannot establish been taken towards the signature of those treaties, title and so obtain possession of the property of action on the matter was premature, they main- missing persons; a surviving husband or wife can- tained, and the measures proposed by the Prepara- not remarry; and the guardianship of orphan chil- tory Commission for IRO were doomed to failure. dren cannot be definitely established. The representative of the Byelorussian S.S.R. The memorandum went on to state that the laws doubted whether international action was neces- of the various countries relating to missing persons sary. The representative of the U.S.S.R. proposed did not in general provide for a simple and rapid that the whole question be deferred to the next procedure in cases when proof of death of a mis- session of the Council. sing person could not be established under normal The Social Committee at its 61st meeting by certification procedures. 12 votes to 2 rejected the U.S.S.R. proposal to The memorandum concluded by stating that an defer the item to the next session of the Council international convention appeared to be the ap- and adopted by 12 votes to 2, with 1 abstention, propriate means of eliminating the present difficul- the United Kingdom—United States draft reso- ties within a reasonable time. lution as amended. The Economic and Social Council, at its 180th The report of the Social Committee (E/995) plenary meeting on July 21, 1948, referred the was considered by the Economic and Social Council item to its Social Committee, which considered it at its 214th plenary meeting on August 24. at its 60th and 61st meetings on August 19 and The representative of the United States, speak- 20, 1948. ing in favor of the Social Committee's draft reso- The representatives of the United States and the lution, declared that the problem was not limited United Kingdom submitted to the Social Commit- to refugees, but affected the relatives of all who tee a joint draft resolution (E/933) requesting had disappeared during the war, including those the Secretary-General to prepare, in collabora- of some six million Jews who had disappeared tion with IRO, a preliminary draft convention on as a result of Nazi persecution. the subject; and to submit the draft convention, The representative of the Byelorussian S.S.R. not later than October 20, 1948, to Members of argued that a draft convention should await the the United Nations for their comment. The Gen- conclusion of peace treaties with Germany and eral Assembly, the draft resolution stated, was to Japan. He thought the Council should limit its 648 Yearbook of the United Nations action to transmitting to the governments con- than 20 October 1948, to Members of the United cerned the records of the discussion that had taken Nations for comment by them; "(c) To submit the draft convention to the Coun- place. cil at its eighth session, together with such comments The representative of Poland thought that there as may have been received from Members of the was general agreement on the urgency and import- United Nations, in order to enable the Council to take ance of the problem, and that international action such action as may be appropriate, with a view to was needed. The main difference among Council definitive action on this matter by the General Assem- bly at its fourth regular session." members, he held, concerned the proper method of coping with the problem. He himself doubted that there was a need for the preparation of a 14. Cultural Activities draft convention, as envisaged in the Committee's draft resolution, and thought that a suitable recom- a. UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH mendation to the Members by the General Assem- LABORATORIES bly might be sufficient. Accordingly, he proposed The Economic and Social Council during its to delete from the preamble of the draft resolu- third session, on October 3, 1946, adopted resolution the third paragraph, which read "[the Eco- tion 22 (III), which invited the Secretary-General nomic and Social Council] considering that these to consult UNESCO and the other specialized difficulties might best be solved by an international agencies concerned and to submit to the Council convention", and to substitute in the operational a general report on the problem of establishing part of the draft resolution the expression "a pro- United Nations research laboratories.138 posal for an international regulation of the subject" In accordance with that resolution, the Secretary- for "a preliminary draft convention". General prepared a comprehensive report (E/620 The Polish amendments were rejected by sepa- and Add. 2) which contained studies, views and rate but identical votes of 15 to 3. suggestions submitted by various specialized The representative of the U.S.S.R. regarded the agencies, particularly UNESCO, and by inter- draft resolution submitted by the Social Committee national governmental and non-governmental as premature. The entire problem was, he said, scientific organizations, national research institu- linked with that of refugees and displaced persons, tions and outstanding scientists. The report stated and would probably cease to exist once the latter that the inquiry opened by the Secretary-General question had been properly settled by the repatria- endeavored to cover two aspects of scientific re- tion of all displaced persons desiring repatriation. search problems. It attempted in the first place The Committee's draft resolution was strongly to ascertain the state of mind existing in the scien- supported by the representatives of China, Aus- tific world on the question of international action tralia, Chile, United Kingdom and France, who for the improved organization of research. Second- regarded it as offering an adequate program for ly, it was deemed necessary to seek out those fields dealing with the problem. not yet covered by existing or projected instru- The Social Committee's draft resolution was ments of co-ordination; and to define the fields adopted by the Council at its 214th plenary meet- in which international co-operation would appear ing on August 24 by a vote of 15 to 2, with 1 to offer the greatest promise and to be most im- abstention. The text of the resolution (158(VII)) mediately desirable. is as follows: In the report submitted by UNESCO (UNES- CO/Nat.Sci.24/1947) and reproduced in the Sec- "The Economic and Social Council, retary-General's report to the Council (E/620, pp. "Taking note of the memorandum on the necessity of co-ordinating procedures for declarations of death, 49-145), seventeen subjects were recommended "Recognizing that the solution of the legal difficulties for first priority, as follows: arising from the absence, because of war events or per- "1. An Institute for the study of the Chemistry and secution, of persons whose death cannot be conclusively Biology of the Self-Reproducing Substances, including established, is an urgent and important problem, Cancer Research. "Considering that these difficulties might best be "2. A chain of Laboratories and Field Teams in solved by an international convention, Nutritional Science and Food Technology, (a) in China, "Requests the Secretary-General: (b) in the arid and arid-tropical zone, (c) in the humid "(a) To prepare, in collaboration with the Pre- equatorial zone. paratory Commission for the International Refugee "3. The Study of the Life and Resources of the Humid Organization or the International Refugee Organiza- Equatorial Zone, beginning with an Institute of the tion and with other competent organizations, a preliminary draft convention on the subject; 138 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. "(b) To submit the draft convention, not later 541. The Economic and Social Council 649

Amazon (Hylea), and expanding into a chain of equa- Fluid and soil mechanics torial zone Stations. Applied mathematics and physics "4. One or more Institutes of Oceanography and Photogrammetric research Fisheries in Asia, their work to be correlated with that Synthesis based on chemical elements of the Nutritional Laboratories. Arctic regions "In addition to these proposals, and owing to the urgent Nutritional research need for correlation of activities already begun by in- Biotypology dependent organizations, the Secretariat recommends: Biological vegetable and animal resources "5. An Antarctic Research Institute, including a Standardization of biological substances of pharmaco- Meteorological Institute for the Southern Hemisphere if logical activity sufficient support is forthcoming from ICAO. Industrial hygiene "And in view of the very small cost involved: Urban hygiene "6. A United Nations Ornithological Observatory on The improvement of agriculture and standards of life Heligoland. in tropical regions "In the opinion of the Secretariat [of UNESCO], Second The adaptation of man to his environment Priority is indicated for the following: Impact of war and its disorganizing effect on children "7. An Astronomical Observatory in the Southern and the development of therapies Hemisphere. Typhus "8. An Institute for Research on Tuberculosis. Onchocercosis "9. Computing Laboratories in Asia. Malta Fever "10. An Institute or a series of Laboratories for Malarial disease Human Biological and Genetical Analysis. "11. A High Altitude Station in the Himalayas. It was pointed out in the report that many of the "12. An Institute of Human Evolution in Africa. institutions and persons consulted signified their "13. An Arctic Research Institute. warm approval of the idea itself, and in many "14. Institutes and Stations for the Study of the Arid Zone (Desert and Arid Tropical Zones). cases they expressed their gratification at the "15. An Institute of Individual and Social Psychology. fact that the United Nations was examining the "In the meantime, UNESCO will be actively concerning problem. Generally speaking, it appeared that all itself with: countries wished to see certain scientific problems "16. The Creation of International Pool Facilities for Scientific Standards and Type Collections. studied on the international plane, and that im- "17. Improvement in Scientific Documentation Ser- proved unification or co-ordination of effort was vices." desired by specialists in every field. The report also revealed that the Secretary-Gen- Some of the persons consulted expressed the eral had received numerous suggestions from view that multiplicity of research centres is a sine scientific organizations and individual scientists. qua non for maintaining freedom of research, the Specific proposals were made for the establishment spirit of competition and therefore scientific prog- of the following research institutions: ress, and that the international laboratory should therefore deal only with the type of problem International Astronomical Observatories International High Altitude Stations which, in present conditions, is not satisfactorily International Meteorological Observatories covered by the existing national laboratories. International Geophysical Observatories The report stated that, on the basis of the results International Floating Laboratories of the inquiry, it would be easy to make a list of International Marine Biological Station International Cartographic Centre fourteen or fifteen scientific problems for which International Institute of Human Science international research laboratories seem desirable, International Health Institute and likely to promote the peaceful activities of International Research Institute for the Middle East modern societies. It added, however, that the de- International Institute for New Food Plants International Brain Institute gree of urgency and the allocation of priorities International Research Centre on Tuberculosis demand detailed analysis and debate by competent International Institute of Nuclear Research persons. The report suggested the desirability of International Centre for Pure Products conferences or study groups examining the prelimi- International Construction Materials Laboratory nary data which had been assembled before any Other suggestions concerned questions that might final decisions were made. be studied at the international laboratories if they The Economic and Social Council examined the were established. In brief, these were as follows: report of the Secretary-General during its seventh Oceanography session, at its 193rd and 194th plenary meetings Seismology on August 10, 1948. The French representative Vulcanology submitted a draft resolution (E/858) which, after Solar and terrestrial relationship Cosmic rays taking account of the work done, and affirming the Soil erosion importance of pursuing the studies, would have 650 Yearbook of the United Nations invited the Secretary-General (1) to communicate scientists. The U.S.S.R. representative thought that to governments, specialized agencies and leading it was not practical to consider the question at international scientific organizations the Council's present, since the financial expenditure would be desire to have the problem of establishing inter- high and there was already a great shortage in na- national United Nations research laboratories dis- tional research organizations of the highly qualified cussed and (2) to form a small committee of staff necessary. He therefore opposed the resolu- experts to examine the advisability and appropriate tion. The Australian representative considered that procedure for convening an international confer- it would be preferable to embark on a small num- ence of scientists to report on the possible estab- ber of top priority projects rather than consider lishment of international research laboratories. The an elaborate program, and referred in this con- Secretary-General was to submit to the Council this nection to the items suggested by UNESCO. preparatory committee's report and the result of The Council was addressed by the Director- consultations with governments, specialized agencies General of UNESCO, who gave an account of UN- and scientific organizations. ESCO's activities for promoting scientific research, This proposal was supported by the representa- and by a representative of WHO, who urged the tives of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Nether- fuller utilization of existing research laboratories. lands, Denmark, Peru, Poland, Brazil, Chile, The French draft resolution, with amendments Lebanon, and Turkey. Those of the United introduced verbally by Chile, the United States and States, Canada, Poland, Chile and Lebanon thought the United Kingdom and accepted by the French that more emphasis should be placed on the role representative, was adopted by the Council at its of UNESCO. The Canadian representative sug- 194th plenary meeting by 14 votes to 2, with 2 gested that the expert committee should be con- abstentions. The principal changes introduced pro- vened under UNESCO's auspices. The Australian vided for the co-operation of UNESCO in the representative pointed out that other specialized formation of the committee, the consultation of the agencies, such as ICAO and WHO, might also be committee with the specialized agencies and the interested in some of the projects. The United examination by the committee of the question of States representative thought that the function of the possible establishment of international re- the United Nations was to stimulate research, search laboratories. which could be better done by co-ordinating the In its resolution (160 (VII)) the Council noted work of existing national agencies through inter- the Secretary-General's report, conveyed its thanks changes of scientific personnel and the dissemina- to the specialized agencies, organizations and scien- tion of scientific knowledge than by the creation tists for their co-operation in its preparation and of international agencies; the Polish representative, affirmed its interest in furthering the development of research. It invited the Secretary-General: however, thought that the establishment of new "1. To communicate to all Governments the Council's research laboratories under United Nations aus- desire to have the problem of establishing international pices would fulfil a definite need, as many small United Nations research laboratories discussed by the countries for financial reasons found it difficult to governing bodies of all the important national scientific carry out research. The Netherlands representative institutions for higher education and research, and to be apprised of their findings through the intermediary of hoped that the committee would be guided by the the Secretary-General of the United Nations; following considerations: (1) that only work "2. To send a like communication to the United which, because of expense, could not be carried out Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization by national laboratories should be assigned to in- and the other specialized agencies concerned and to the leading international scientific organizations; ternational research laboratories; (2) that work "3. To form, during next year, in co-operation with done by certain national laboratories should be the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural taken into account and measures adopted to trans- Organization, a small committee of experts in the basic form national laboratories into international labo- sciences (exact, natural and social) to examine, in con- ratories with a view to avoiding expense and dupli- sultation with the specialized agencies, the question of the possible establishment of international research labo- cation of work; and (3) that the work of existing ratories, including the advisability of, and appropriate national laboratories should not be duplicated, and procedure for, convening an international conference of that effective co-operation with interested agencies scientists with instructions to submit a general report to should be developed. The Danish representative the Council on this subject; "4. To submit to the Council in due course this felt that the committee should include experts in preparatory committee's report and the result of the the field of scientific organization, and that it should further consultations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 be in a position to draw upon the voluntary help of above." The Economic and Social Council 651 b. TRANSLATION OF THE CLASSICS c. TEACHING OF THE PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES, STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES OF In pursuance of General Assembly resolution 139 THE UNITED NATIONS IN SCHOOLS OF 60(I) on the translation of the classics, the MEMBER STATES Council decided at its fourth session to request In implementation of General Assembly resolu- UNESCO to submit by June 1, 1948, to the Eco- 141 nomic and Social Council a report giving recom- tion 137(II) on the teaching of the purposes mendations for needed action including particular- and principles, structure and activities of the Unit- ly data on objective methods of selection of great ed Nations in the schools of Member States, the books, the needs of various cultural regions, and Secretary-General of the United Nations, in co- suggestions for general assistance in translation, operation with UNESCO, submitted to the seventh publication and distribution.140 session of the Council an interim report (E/837 The second General Conference of UNESCO and Adds. 1 and 2) on the activities and results ac- held at Mexico City in November 1947 adopted complished by the United Nations, UNESCO and a scheme of work on this subject, prepared by the a number of non-governmental organizations. UNESCO Secretariat, forming part of a wider proj- This interim report was divided into two parts. ect conceived as extending to the translation of The first, prepared by the Secretary-General, in- contemporary works not only in the fields of liter- cluded information on the steps they had taken to ature and philosophy but also in those of the natur- implement the Assembly's resolution transmitted al and social sciences. On the basis of this scheme, to the Secretary-General or to UNESCO by Aus- UNESCO addressed a questionnaire to the bodies tria, Belgium, Bolivia, Byelorussian S.S.R., Canada, designated by Member Governments for the pur- China, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, France, Greece, pose, and at the same time consulted various inter- India, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, national organizations. UNESCO then convened Philippines, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Union of a conference of experts, which met in Paris in May South Africa, U.S.S.R. and United States; an analy- 1948 and which examined the material which had sis of the experience of the League of Nations in been collected. The report of UNESCO to the the promotion of teaching about international Council (E/823), prepared on the basis of the co-operation; and an enumeration of the programs consultations mentioned, and on the work of the and activities of non-governmental organizations Committee of Experts, examined the following in this field. The second part was prepared by groups of problems: UNESCO and dealt with its own functions and activities in regard to teaching about the United (i) Problems concerning the selection of classics; the Nations. definition of a classic, the public for which they are intended, the methods of choosing classics; The Council's discussions, in the 198th plenary (ii) Problems of translation; meeting on August 13, centred around a draft (iii) Problems of publication and dissemination. resolution proposed by China (E/944) (see below). The report concluded that the help of govern- It was generally agreed that the importance of ments and of international professional and ex- teaching about the United Nations was universally pert bodies would make it possible to produce in recognized. the fairly near future lists of works regarded as The representative of the U.S.S.R. stated that classics; that UNESCO would take responsibility while his Government had supported and imple- for this plan; that the special problems, however, mented the Assembly resolution, he could not sup- of publication and distribution in the many coun- port the Chinese draft resolution, which, by ex- tries suffering from economic handicaps could not tending the scope of the resolution to teaching be solved by UNESCO alone; and that a satis- about the specialized agencies, would take the factory solution worthy of the importance of the United Nations further than had been intended by project lay in the effective collaboration between the Assembly resolution. the governments concerned and the competent The Council adopted by 15 votes, with 1 ab- agencies of the United Nations. stention,041 the Chinese draft resolution with amend- The report (E/823) was presented to the Coun- ments suggested by France and China respectively, cil at its seventh session. At its 203rd plenary which would have the Council recommend Mem- meeting on August 18 the Council decided by a vote of 9 to 6, with 2 abstentions, to defer con- 139See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 184. sideration of it, along with other items, to the next 140 Ibid., p. 541. session. 141See General Assembly, p. 137. 652 Yearbook of the United Nations ber States to intensify their efforts in this direction, that account should be taken of the studies already and would include teaching about the specialized begun by UNESCO and the existence of the In- agencies as well as about the United Nations. stitut, which was doing similar work in Belgium. In its resolution (170(VII)) the Council com- He introduced amendments, which were accepted mended the program developed by the United Na- by the Brazilian representative, providing for con- tions and UNESCO on the subject; requested the sultations with appropriate public and private in- Secretary-General and UNESCO to continue in ternational organizations and providing that the close collaboration their efforts in this direction study should be concerned with the "means for and to report jointly and regularly to the Council; promoting the science of administration on the and recommended Member States to make full use international plane" instead of "the establishment of the information and advice which the United of an international centre especially devoted to the Nations and UNESCO can provide on the sub- science of administration" as proposed by Brazil. ject, and to intensify efforts to promote in their By 12 votes to 2, with 3 abstentions, the Council respective territories the teaching of the purposes, adopted the Brazilian draft resolution with amend- the principles, structure and activities of the United ments introduced by the United States, the United Nations and the specialized agencies. Kingdom and Denmark. This resolution (123(VI)) recommended that d. INTERNATIONAL FACILITIES FOR THE the Secretary-General, in consultation with the PROMOTION OF TRAINING IN PUBLIC Advisory Committee on Administrative and Bud- ADMINISTRATION getary Questions, the International Civil Service The Council at its sixth session had before it Advisory Board and appropriate public and pri- an item proposed by the representative of Brazil vate international organizations, should prepare a on international facilities for the promotion of study concerning the development of international training in public administration (E/610 and facilities for the promotion of the science of ad- Rev.1 and Add.1). ministration, so as to provide adequate training The Council discussed the proposal at its 151st for an increasing number of candidates of proved plenary meeting on February 24, 1948. The ability recruited on the widest possible geographi- U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian representatives opposed cal basis, but mainly from the countries in greatest the idea of establishing an international institute, need of access to the principles, procedures and on the grounds that the economic and social struc- methods of modern administration. tures of different countries were so dissimilar as to The Secretary-General presented to the seventh make it impossible to draw up general principles session of the Council a report (E/849) in which of administration. The Canadian representative he stated that study of available documentary ma- felt that it was inadvisable to ask the Secretariat terials had been initiated, contact established with to undertake further special studies before substan- various authorities in the field of public adminis- tial results had been achieved on other subjects tration, and discussions begun with representatives initiated by the Council a long time ago. The Bel- of the specialized agencies to ascertain what facili- gian representative, on the suggestion of the ties they might offer within the broad field covered Netherlands representative, was invited to explain by the Council's resolution. to the Council the work of the Institut de Bruxelles. The report stated that the question was to be He suggested that the purpose of the Institut was the same as that envisaged in the Brazilian pro- discussed also by the Advisory Committee on Ad- posal, and that its activities might be extended to ministrative and Budgetary Questions during its carry out the program proposed by Brazil. The meeting in the autumn. The Secretary-General United Kingdom and French representatives felt pointed out, however, that the scope of the study that there were sufficient points in common be- and the desirability of consulting the International tween different national administrative systems for Civil Service Advisory Board made it probable an international survey to be valuable; the Polish that the Secretary-General's complete report could representative, while recognizing that notable dif- not be made before the spring of 1949. ferences did exist between the administrative sys- The subject was also on the agenda of the tems of different countries, accepted the idea of a seventh session, but in view of the pressure of busi- survey. ness in the Council and the situation described in The United States representative supported in the progress report, the representative of Brazil principle the Brazilian proposal, and suggested withdrew the item from the agenda of that session. The Economic and Social Council 653

e. CO-ORDINATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC SERVICES field of cartography, taking account of the work in this OF SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND field of the various inter-governmental and non-gov- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ernmental organizations and to report on these matters to a subsequent session of the Council; During its sixth session (at the 149th meeting "(c) To develop close co-operation with cartographic services of interested Member Governments." on February 19) the Council considered a Brazil- ian proposal (E/695) for the co-ordination of cartographic services of specialized agencies and f. WORLD CALENDAR international organizations. The proposal con- At the fourth session of the Economic and So- tained a reference to communications which had cial Council, the representative of Peru submitted been received during 1947 from the United States a draft resolution on the appointment of an ad hoc delegation (E/257), the French delegation (E/- committee to study the question of a "World Cal- 258) and the Danish delegation (E/483, for- endar" (E/291). After a preliminary study of the warding a communication from the International problem, the Council postponed further discussion Council for the Exploration of the Sea). The of the proposal until its next session, and invited U.S.S.R. representative suggested that the proposal the Secretary-General to prepare whatever material should be deferred in view of more urgent tasks. was readily available for the consideration of the The Council, however, adopted by 12 votes to 1, Council on the subject of revision of the calendar, with 3 abstentions, the Brazilian proposal, with and to communicate to Member Governments of the addition of clauses providing that the action the United Nations the proposed resolution (res- recommended to the Secretary-General should be olution 54(IV)). taken within the limits of budgetary availabilities At the fifth session of the Council, the Secre- and that in co-ordinating the plans and programs tary-General submitted a note (E/465 and Adds. of the United Nations and specialized agencies in 1, 2 and 3) on the work done in the field of calen- the field of cartography he should take into ac- dar reform by international organizations, especial- count the work of the various governmental and ly by the League of Nations. Relevant documents non-governmental organizations, and that he and an extensive bibliography on this question should report to a subsequent session of the Coun- which had been compiled by the Secretariat, were cil. The resolution (131(VI)) adopted by the submitted to the Council. On July 21, 1947, at its Council reads as follows: 86th plenary meeting, the Council adopted a res- "Whereas accurate maps are a prerequisite to the olution proposed by the United States and sup- proper development of the world resources which in ported by India, the U.S.S.R. and the United many cases lie in relatively unexplored regions; Kingdom, to postpone the consideration of the "Whereas such maps facilitate international trade, promote safety of navigation, by air and sea, and provide question of universal adoption of a World Calen- information required for the study of measures of peace- dar (resolution 97 (V)). ful adjustment under Chapter VI of the Charter, and for the application of security measures contemplated in g. METRIC SYSTEM Chapter VII of the Charter; "Whereas the co-ordination of the cartographic ser- The Economic and Social Council, at its 86th vices of the United Nations and specialized agencies, as plenary meeting on July 21, 1947, considered a well as those of the Member nations, will result in significant economies in cost, time and personnel, and will Norwegian proposal (E/472) for the examination contribute to the improvement of cartographic techniques of the question of the universal adoption of the and standards; International Metric System of Measures and "Whereas several Member Governments have already Weights and of the Decimal System of Currencies indicated their interest in a co-ordinated programme of and Coinage. The representative of Norway argued international cartography, "The Economic and Social Council therefore that the universal adoption of one system would "Recommends: further world trade and speed reconstruction. He "(i) That the Member Governments stimulate the proposed that the Secretariat be asked to study the accurate survey and mapping of their national territories; question in preparation for the next or a later "(ii) That the Secretary-General take appropriate action within the limits of budgetary availabilities: session of the Council, so that a report could be "(a) To further such efforts by promoting the presented to the governments for their decision. exchange of technical information and other means, The representatives of the United Kingdom, including the preparation of a study on modern carto- India and New Zealand suggested postponement graphic methods and development of uniform international standards; of the study in view of the pressure of work on "(b) To co-ordinate the plans and programmes the Secretariat. The United Kingdom representa- of the United Nations and specialized agencies in the tive suggested that the item should be dropped 654 Yearbook of the United Nations from the agenda for the time being; it could be not accept the French amendment, stating that his brought up again by a member of the Council at original stand for postponement was not prompted a later session. The French representative suggest- by financial considerations alone but by the fact ed that the Secretariat be asked to make a pre- that he felt that the proposal should be made at a liminary study, for example, on costs and distribu- more propitious time. tion of work in order to give the Council a basis By a vote of 8 to 4, with 6 abstentions, the on which to take action during the next session. Council decided to drop the item from the agenda The representative of the United Kingdom could for the time being.

H. OTHER ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL QUESTIONS

1. Implementation of Recommenda- 28, on the basis of a draft resolution presented tions on Economic and Social Matters by the President (E/1021), adopted resolution 177 (VII), which stated that the great importance In its resolution 119(II) of October 31, 1947, of this question warranted a more extensive ex- the General Assembly amination than the Council had been able to give to it in 1948. The Council also decided to forward "Calls upon all Member States to carry out all recommendations of the General Assembly passed on economic to the General Assembly for its information the and social matters; report of the Secretary-General and the statements "Recommends, furthermore, that in fulfilment of by Member States, and to consider this matter at Article 64 of the Charter of the United Nations, the its eighth session. Secretary-General report annually to the Economic and Social Council and that the latter report to the General Assembly on steps taken by the Member Governments to give effect to the recommendations of the Economic and 2. Housing and Town and Country Social Council as well as to the recommendations made Planning by the General Assembly on matters falling within the Council's competence." The Social Commission, at its second session The Secretary-General brought the General (E/578/Rev.1, resolution No. 8), endorsed the Assembly's resolution to the attention of the Secretary-General's proposals (E/CN.5/31) as to members of the Council on January 22, 1948. the program of its future activities in the field of This matter was also on the agenda of the Council housing and town and country planning. At the at its sixth session, but it was decided on Feb- same time it noted the interests of some other ruary 27, 1948, to defer consideration of this sub- commissions, notably of the Economic and Em- ject to the seventh session. Subsequently, on May ployment Commission, of the Population Com- 17 and 27, the Secretary-General requested Mem- mission, of the Statistical Commission and of the bers of the United Nations to notify him of Economic Commission for Europe, as well as of action which they had taken to implement the several specialized agencies, inter-governmental recommendations referred to in General Assembly and non-governmental organizations, in certain resolution 119(II). aspects of the problem of housing and town and This question was on the agenda of the Council country planning. It requested the Secretary-Gen- at its seventh session. The Council had before eral to study the problems of housing and town it a report from the Secretary-General (E/963) and country planning, to co-ordinate the activities and the information received from Member Gov- of the various bodies interested in these prob- ernments up to August 28, 1948, the date on lems and to report the results of these studies and which this question was considered (E/963/Adds. co-ordination efforts to the third session of the 1-19). In view of the fact that in the time avail- Social Commission. It also requested the Secretary- able it had not been practicable to ensure that General to proceed with the preparations for a the information was full and up to date, and that publication of an international housing review the Council had not time to discuss the question and of information concerning housing legislation in sufficient detail, the Council after a short dis- in various countries; and approved the Secretary- cussion at its 128th plenary meeting on August General's proposals concerning the calling of small The Economic and Social Council 655 meetings of experts on particular technical matters eral activities of the specialized agencies, inter- in the housing field. governmental and non-governmental organizations The question was discussed by the Council and subsidiary organs of the Council in this field, at its sixth session at the 28th meeting of the and the measures taken toward their co-ordination. Social Committee on February 17 and the 157th It also suggested to the Secretary-General that plenary meeting on March 1. The representative he include in his budgetary estimates for 1949 of Venezuela expressed gratification at the satis- provision for not more than two small meetings factory results of a meeting of a small group of of experts on particular technical matters in the experts held at Caracas, Venezuela, in December housing field, and draw the attention of the then 1947 to discuss tropical housing, and hoped that existing regional economic commissions to the similar meetings would be held elsewhere. The importance of giving further consideration to the United Kingdom representative also felt that problems of housing in the war-devastated coun- small meetings of experts could be useful. The tries. Danish representative questioned the value of At its third session the Social Commission dis- holding international conferences on the subject, cussed the report of the fifth session of the Inter- and felt that other forms of collaboration, such as departmental (Technical ad hoc) Committee on establishing liaison between building research Housing and Town and Country Planning, a institutions in the various countries, might be use- body consisting of the officers working on the ful. He questioned the necessity for an inter- subject in the Secretariat of the United Nations national review of housing and town and country and the various specialized agencies, inter-govern- planning problems in view of the number of mental and non-governmental organizations con- private publications on the subject. This view was cerned (E/CN.5/51). It also discussed an outline shared by the Australian representative. of the Secretary-General's report to the seventh The United States representative felt that the session of the Council on the several activities first step in implementing the program on housing of these organizations. The Commission consid- should be a detailed report by the Secretariat ered the form of the report and requested the indicating what was being done by the many inter- Secretariat, when completing it, to take into governmental organizations interested in the prob- account the opinions that had been advanced by lem. members of the Commission. During the dis- The United States and United Kingdom pro- cussion, particular emphasis was laid on the de- posed two draft resolutions (E/AC.7/56 and 58). sirability of hastening the publication of the review Both resolutions called for a report from the Sec- on housing and town and country planning, de- retary-General, but the United Kingdom resolu- signed to disseminate technical information on tion in addition would have authorized the Sec- housing legislation as well as on the results of retary-General to call small meetings of experts research into constructional methods and the avail- within the limits of budgetary possibilities and ability of building materials (E/779). would have approved the decision of the Com- The Social Commission also emphasized that mission to turn its attention first to housing in the two meetings of experts authorized by the tropical areas. Council at its sixth session would require long The Polish representative proposed (see and careful preparation. E/AC.7/SR.28, p. 6) that priority should be The Secretary-General's report (E/802) was given to "studies of the problem of housing and presented to the seventh session of the Council. town and country planning in war-devastated areas It dealt with the activities and interests in the where immediate action in co-ordination with the field of these specialized agencies: Food and regional economic commissions can be taken". Agriculture Organization, International Bank for The United States resolution was accepted by Reconstruction and Development, International 15 votes to 1 by the Council, with certain amend- Labour Organisation, International Refugee Or- ments suggested by the United States representa- ganization, United National Educational, Scien- tive to take account of points put forward in the tific and Cultural Organization and World Health Polish and United Kingdom proposals. In its reso- Organization; of these subsidiary organs of the lution 122(VI)D, adopted on March 1, 1948, Council: Social, Population, Human Rights, the Council approved the principles set forth in Status of Women, Statistical and Economic and the Social Commission's resolution, and requested Employment Commissions, the Economic Com- that the Secretary-General submit to the seventh missions for Europe, for Asia and the Far East, session of the Council a report outlining the sev- and for Latin America and the forthcoming Scien- 656 Yearbook of the United Nations tific Conference on Conservation and Utilization of commissions. The United Kingdom and Danish Resources; of the Trusteeship Council and the representatives also raised the question of the Special Committee to Examine Information trans- costs of the proposed program. After various mitted under Article 73 e of the Charter; of these amendments had been adopted in the Social Com- non-governmental organizations: American Fed- mittee with the object of clarifying the text, the eration of Labor, International Co-operative Alli- Council at its 198th plenary meeting on August ance, International Federation for Housing and 13 adopted by 15 votes to 0, with 3 abstentions, Town Planning, International Union of Local resolution 155(VII)F, which reads as follows: Authorities and World Federation of Trade "The Economic and Social Council, Unions; and of these inter-governmental organiza- "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on tions: Caribbean Commission, Pan American activities in the field of housing and town and country Union and South Pacific Commission. It also planning, "Considering that a programme in this field should be showed what steps had been taken to co-ordinate initiated at the earliest possible opportunity, these activities. "Requests the Secretary-General: The questions being studied included: housing "(a) To continue the activities regarding the field standards, housing needs, health and welfare, of housing and town and country planning previously authorized by Council resolution 122 (VI) D; housing in special areas including problems of "(b) To begin as soon as possible the publication reconstruction, housing of special groups, land of a bulletin on housing and town and country plan- planning, finance, building materials, methods of ning, the establishment of which had already been construction, housing costs, organization of the decided by Council resolution 50 (IV) of 28 March 1947; and building industry, training, employment and in- "(c) To develop and submit to the Council at its dustrial relations, collection and dissemination of next session suggestions for an effective and integrated information, and research, advice and conferences. programme of study and activity in this field, which The Council discussed the question at the 51st should reflect the interests and activities of the inter- meeting of the Social Committee on July 30 on ested commissions, specialized agencies, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations." the basis of a joint draft resolution submitted by the United States, Venezuela, Chile and Brazil (E/AC.7/W.32). This provided that the Coun- 3. Technical Assistance to Member cil should request the Secretary-General to con- Governments tinue the activities in the field of housing and town and country planning previously authorized and On December 14, 1946, the General Assembly submit to the Council's next session an "effective adopted resolution 52(I)142 referring to the Eco- and integrated" program of study and activity in nomic and Social Council for study this field reflecting the interests and activities of "the question of providing effective ways and means for the specialized agencies, inter-governmental and furnishing, in co-operation with the specialized agencies, non-governmental organizations, and to take into expert advice in the economic, social and cultural fields consideration any advice from interested com- to Member nations who desire this assistance." missions. The Economic and Social Council at its fourth The French representative, stressing the im- session, on March 29, 1947, adopted resolution portance of the publication of the review on 51 (IV),143 instructing the Secretary-General to housing and town and country planning, proposed establish machinery within the Secretariat to render a verbal amendment which was accepted by the assistance to Member Governments in obtaining authors of the resolution, to add a provision that information on expert personnel, research facili- this should be undertaken as soon as possible. ties and other resources that could be made avail- The French and Venezuelan representatives able to them by the United Nations and the also stressed the importance of the meetings of specialized agencies, and on the elaboration of experts on housing in tropical areas. The Danish plans and programs for utilizing such personnel, representative, however, expressed concern at facilities and resources. The Secretary-General was the large number of international organizations also to assist Members in securing expert ad- active in this field, and the U.S.S.R. representative vice, particularly in the form of teams of experts thought that an excessive number of commissions who would study specific problems and recom- was dealing with the subject. The Danish and mend solutions to the Governments concerned. Australian representatives expressed the view 142 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. that on the international plane the question could 183. more appropriately be handled by the regional 143 Ibid., p. 540. The Economic and Social Council 657

The Secretary-General was instructed to work in might follow in providing expert advice, the close co-operation with the specialized agencies Secretary-General reported that to provide a basis and to obtain a report on the subject from the for the preparation of a working paper for sub- Co-ordination Committee for submission to the mission to the Co-ordination Committee, he had Council's fifth session if possible. He was further requested the specialized agencies to transmit state- instructed to study, in co-operation with the Co- ments of their experience to date and descriptive ordination Committee, the general procedures and analyses of their handling of certain general prob- terms, including financial arrangements, that might lems. be followed by the United Nations and specialized In his report the Secretary-General listed certain agencies with respect to such technical assistance. fields in which the Secretariat of the United Na- Accordingly the Secretary-General submitted to tions was equipped to provide expert assistance the fifth session of the Economic and Social Coun- or arrange for its provision. These were as follows: cil an Interim Report on Expert Assistance to Economic: including among others the fields of eco- Member Governments (E/471 and Adds. 1, 2 and nomic development, reconstruction, stability, employment, 3). international trade, currency, balances of payments and international investments. Social: including among others the fields of social wel- a. INTERIM REPORT ON EXPERT ASSISTANCE fare (social welfare administration, child welfare, physical rehabilitation, fellowship programs, prevention of In his report the Secretary-General pointed out crime and treatment of offenders, standards of living, that expert assistance was a normal service which housing, etc.). the United Nations and the specialized agencies Statistical: including such fields as social, population and vital statistics, the statistics of national income and performed for their Member States; in the case expenditure, industry, agriculture, trade, transport and of some of the specialized agencies this was an finance; the development of adequate national statistical important and basic function. As the provision of programs; the organization of national statistical systems advice by correspondence or personal contact en- and offices, including survey and data collection methods, questionnaire and form design, census and registration tailed no separable costs or special administrative procedures, processing and tabulation methods; and the arrangements, the report related more particularly application of statistical methods, including sampling to types of requests involving special arrangements theory and practice. or costs, such as the provision of experts for a Human Rights: including freedom of information, substantial period of time. freedom of discussion, status of women, freedom of minorities. The Secretary-General reported that he had Narcotic Drugs: including control of traffic in drugs, made provision within the Secretariat for handling production of raw materials, and measures to combat requests from Member Governments, as requested drug addiction. in the Economic and Social Council's resolution Fiscal: including, among other fields, standards of public finance organization and management, relations of March 28, 1947, and that the specialized agencies between public spending and financing; structure and had also established channels for the prompt administration of tax systems, international double taxa- handling of such requests. tion, fiscal evasion and other international tax problems. With regard to the general report from the Transport and Communications: including the fields of telecommunications, aviation, maritime navigation, in- Co-ordination Committee requested by the Coun- land transport (railways, roads, waterways, pipelines, cil, consultations were taking place with a view power), passport and frontier formalities, postal matters. to preparing a paper with regard to problems Legal Affairs: including projects relating to the devel- and procedures for submission to the Co-ordination opment and codification of international law in public, Committee which it was expected would meet in private or penal fields, and projects of a legal character involving comparative law studies in private and public September or October 1947. Meanwhile the law. Secretariat was continuing consultation with ap- Non-Self-Governing Territories: particularly as regards propriate technical representatives of the special- economic and social conditions subject, in the case of ized agencies on the requests received in addition Trust Territories, to the control of the Trusteeship Council. to those made under the General Assembly resolu- Public Administration: including civil service systems, tion 58(I) transferring to the United Nations the accounting methods, and budgetary and financial practices. advisory social welfare functions of UNRRA.144 As regards the third part of the Council's Under the General Assembly's resolution 58(I) resolution instructing the Secretary-General, in assistance had been extended in the fields of social co-operation with the Co-ordination Committee, welfare administration, child welfare, physical re- to study the general procedure and terms which 144See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. the United Nations and the specialized agencies 161-62. 658 Yearbook of the United Nations habilitation and fellowships to the following coun- August 12, 1947. The representative of Ven- tries: Albania, Austria, China, Czechoslovakia, ezuela felt that the Secretary-General's note de- Finland, Greece, Italy, Philippines, Poland and parted in substance from the intention of the Yugoslavia. The Secretariat had made available Council's resolution; he believed that some an expert on fiscal matters to Venezuela and was machinery should have been created for rendering considering a request from Peru for technical expert assistance. This view was shared by the assistance in connection with that Government's Chilean representative. The U.S.S.R. representa- narcotic drug control system. At the request of the tive could not see how, with limited personnel, the Canadian Government, advice was given to a spe- Secretariat could implement the provisions con- cial joint parliamentary committee of the Canadian cerning expert assistance outlined in the report. Legislature concerned with the preparation of an He also felt that it would be more appropriate international bill of rights. if arrangements for advances by the United Nations During the period under review, the following to Member Governments to facilitate the render- arrangements for financing the cost of technical ing of expert assistance were made in each par- assistance were in effect. ticular case rather than that a general policy Where the assistance provided through the governing the whole question should be laid down. United Nations Secretariat was limited to docu- The Acting President pointed out that in view mentation or correspondence, no separable costs of budgetary and other problems it would be dif- were envisaged. The costs for expert assistance ficult to create special machinery in the Secretariat in the social welfare field provided for in the at the present time. He also pointed out that the General Assembly resolution 58(I) were provided views of the U.S.S.R. representative would be for in the 1947 budget of the United Nations. In brought to the attention of the Secretary-General, other instances where experts were assigned from since the report submitted by the Secretariat was the staff of the United" Nations Secretariat, the only an interim one. The Indian representative sug- Secretary-General proposed (E/471/Add.1) gested that one or more officials be designated "to follow the general policy that the United Nations within the Secretariat to handle requests for ex- will pay the salaries of such staff so long as replacement pert assistance so as to achieve co-ordination; some is not required and to request Governments to reimburse reference might be made to that aspect of the the United Nations for other costs. Where provision of experts from the staff of the United Nations necessitates matter in the Secretary-General's final report. temporary replacement of personnel, the Secretary-Gen- The Council decided without a vote to take note eral proposes to request the Governments seeking assist- of the Secretary-General's interim report (reso- ance to pay for the cost involved in making such lution 96(V)). replacements." Sums for advances to be made to Member Gov- c. SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ernments for expenses other than salaries would AVAILABLE OR CONTEMPLATED IN THE be made available either from normal budgetary FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT, MID-1948 appropriations, if expenses were small, or from The United Nations Secretariat at the request of the Working Capital Fund, through the revolving the Sub-Commission on Economic Development— fund created to finance self-liquidating activities. a Sub-Commission of the Economic and Employ- Statements on expert assistance from the follow- ment Commission—prepared in the middle of ing specialized agencies were also presented: Food 1948 a summary of the technical assistance then and Agriculture Organization; United Nations available or contemplated in the field of develop- Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; ment through the United Nations and the special- International Civil Aviation Organization; Interim ized agencies (E/CN.1/61, pp. 22-28).146 This Commission of the World Health Organization; summary, based on information supplied by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- United Nations and by the specialized agencies, ment; International Monetary Fund; International listed the following forms of technical assistance Labour Organisation. These statements outlined the available at the end of June 1948. functions of these agencies in regard to providing expert assistance, and reviewed their activities in (1) Technical and Educational Missions this field.145 Experts had been sent out by the United Na- b. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORT AT THE tions and most of the specialized agencies to COUNCIL'S FIFTH SESSION 145For the functions of the specialized agencies and their activities in the period under review, see pp. 817-983. The Secretary-General's report was considered 146See also Part Two: The Specialized Agencies, pp. by the Council at its 113th plenary meeting on 817-983. The Economic and Social Council 659 provide, upon the request of Member Govern- (4) International Conferences ments, technical assistance in economic develop- In addition to the regular conferences of the ment. The fields of activity, origins and destina- deliberative bodies of the international organizations of individuals and groups sent out for this tions, a number of the agencies—particularly FAO, purpose are indicated in the table on page 661. WHO, ILO and the Fund—had established international panels of experts to consult on particular (2) Fellowships and Technical Training problems in their respective fields. A number of Fellowships for study abroad were provided agencies, as well as the United Nations, had con- by WHO and UNICEF in public health, by vened or were planning special international con- UNESCO in various branches of education and ferences of experts. Among these may be men- by the United Nations in the field of social wel- tioned, for example, the United Nations Scientific fare administration. Opportunities for training in Conference on the Conservation and Utilization their home countries or nearby countries had been of Resources, the World Statistical Congress and made available by the United Nations and a num- the 30-country conference on balance of payments ber of the specialized agencies, among them FAO, statistics. which had conducted regional seminars on cer- Regional conferences played an important part tain aspects of agriculture and which had set up in in the programs of FAO, ILO and the regional Baghdad a school for training in agricultural economic commissions of the United Nations, but statistics; WHO, which had offered to students were not limited to these agencies. from Member countries opportunities for study at research centres operated by the Organization; (5) Regional Economic Commissions and the United Nations, which had conducted Machinery for technical assistance in certain regional seminars in Latin America for social wel- regions of the world is available in the Economic fare. These studies result in publication, from Commissions for Europe, for Asia and the Far time to time, of special technical reports and East, and for Latin America. These Commissions sometimes special texts or methodological guides are empowered, inter alia, to initiate and partici- on selected aspects of development. pate in measures for facilitating concerted action In addition to such occasional publications by for raising the level of economic activity within each of the agencies, FAO produces periodical the respective areas, and to make or sponsor such publications in the fields of agriculture, forestry, investigations and studies of economic and tech- and fisheries; the United Nations in the field of nological problems of and development within transportation; ITU in the field of communica- member countries and territories as they may tions; ILO in the field of labor and employment; deem appropriate. The Economic Commission for and WHO in the field of public health. Bibliog- Europe had created a number of committees, sub- raphies of current literature in their respective committees and other bodies to consider particular fields are published by FAO, ICAO and ITU, and problems of reconstruction and development, and the United Nations was proposing the publication through them had provided information and of a periodical to include current bibliographies in analyses on such subjects as coal, electric power, the field of housing. UNESCO was preparing industry, inland transport and housing. various technical bibliographies including, for The Economic Commission for Asia and the example, bibliographies of films for technical train- Far East had undertaken studies of more pressing ing in various fields. problems in the region with which it is concerned, including, for example, the problem of technical (3) National Committees and Regional training and technical assistance to member coun- Dissemination Centres tries of the region. Facilities for the internal dissemination of technical advice had been organized by two agencies: (6) International Laboratories FAO, in the fields of agriculture, forestry and In connection with the administration of bio- fisheries; and UNESCO, in the field of education logical standards, WHO was continuing the agree- in general. For this purpose, FAO now has national ment established by the League of Nations Health committees operating in a large number of Mem- Organization whereby the State Serum Institute ber countries. UNESCO had set up Field Science at Copenhagen and the laboratory of the Medical Co-operation Offices in Rio de Janeiro, Nanking, Research Council at Hampstead (London) actually Cairo and New Delhi to serve, among other things, prepare and distribute standard medical substances, as reception and distribution offices for scientific as well as engage in experimental work incident information. to the establishment of biological standards. WHO 660 Yearbook of the United Nations had also enlisted the co-operation of established Council at its seventh session, after adopting at laboratories in various parts of the world for the 50th meeting of the Social Committee on July experimental research in connection with its pro- 29 an amendment proposed by the United States gram on biological standardization. representative that the request should be made (7) Provision of Equipment and Supplies to the Secretary-General in view of his over-all UNESCO had provided certain types of essential responsibilities, at its 198th plenary meeting on supplies and equipment to Members, chiefly in August 13, 1948, adopted by 16 votes to 0, with the form of laboratory equipment and technical 2 abstentions, resolution 155(VII)G. In this publications. WHO had provided medicines and resolution the Council requested the Secretary- medical literature, largely in connection with General to keep the Social Commission informed its technical missions. FAO had distributed hybrid of such matters considered by the regional eco- corn seed in connection with the promotion of nomic commissions as should, in the judgment of improved agriculture in certain of its Member such commissions or of the Secretary-General, be countries. The United Nations, in the closely re- brought to the attention of the Social Commission. lated field of social welfare, had made available demonstration equipment, chiefly for the rehabilita- 5. Provisional Questionnaire of the tion of the disabled. Trusteeship Council (8) Fields and Countries Receiving Technical Assistance In resolution 7(I), adopted during its first session, on April 28, 1947, the Trusteeship Coun- The summary (E/CN.1/61) prepared by the cil had decided to transmit its Provisional Trustee- United Nations Secretariat contained a table show- ship Questionnaire (T/44) to the Economic and ing the fields and countries in which technical Social Council and to the specialized agencies for assistance for the promotion of economic develop- their advice and comments on those sections which ment had been or was soon to be rendered by dealt with subjects of special concern to them. experts sent out by the United Nations and the During its fifth session, on August 16, 1947 specialized agencies. (This table is reproduced in (resolution 88(V)), the Economic and Social substance on p. 661.) Council resolved to transmit the pertinent parts d. ACTION OF THE COUNCIL AT ITS SEVENTH of the Provisional Trusteeship Questionnaire to its SESSION various functional commissions for their considera- The question of technical assistance was again tion and recommendations. considered by the Economic and Social Council The Council's Economic and Employment Com- at its seventh session in conjunction with the mission considered the Questionnaire at its third report of its Economic and Employment Com- session (April 19 to May 6, 1948) (E/790) but mission.147 In addition to the resolutions adopted felt that it did not have sufficient time to make a by the Council on the basis of this report, the thorough examination. The task of thoroughly Council also adopted resolution 149(VII)C148 examining the document in question was entrusted inviting the Statistical Commission to consider to a committee composed of the representatives of how statistically under-developed countries re- Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, Poland, quiring assistance in remedying deficiencies of U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and United States, which statistical data could be helped to improve their was instructed to formulate definite suggestions on basic statistical services. the Questionnaire for the consideration of the Economic and Employment Commission at the 4. Social Aspects of the Activities of the latter's fourth session, to be held between the Regional Economic Commissions Economic and Social Council's first and second sessions in 1949. The Social Commission, at its third session, At its third session, the Statistical Commission discussed the close relationship between social informed (E/795) the Economic and Social Coun- problems and the economic problems falling with- cil on May 26, 1948, that the present status of in the scope of the regional economic commissions. experience in the use of the statistical aspects of the It recommended (E/779) to the Council that it Provisional Trusteeship Questionnaire did not yet request these commissions to communicate with permit the formulation of definitive proposals for the Social Commission questions of this kind for revisions. It suggested that the matter be deferred the purpose of obtaining its opinion. 147 See Economic and Employment Matters, pp. 518-20. In accordance with this recommendation, the 148 See Statistical Activities, p. 564. The Economic and Social Council 661

TABLE OF COUNTRIES AND REGIONS RECEIVING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND OF FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

FIELDS e i COUNTRY h b d

OR and

REGION c Technical a f Currency a b b a Employment and h 8 and Nutrition Transport Administration and Transport Training Safety Public Health, Finance Agriculture Forestry Air Communications Housing Education Statistics Labor Fisheries Industry Surface

Austria* Bolivia X 2 4 Brazil X X 5 X 3 Canada X Chile X X 3 China X 6 X 6 X X X 1 Colombia X Costa Rica Czechoslovakia Ecuador X Egypt X X 2 El Salvador Ethiopia X 1 France X 7 Greece X X 7 X 7 X X X Haiti X X X 5 Hungary* X 1 Iceland X India X X Iran X Italy* X 1 Mexico X X 3 Peru X 5 X 3 Philippines Poland X X 1 Siam X X 7 Turkey X 5 8 Venezuela X X X 8 X Mediterranean X Near East X 9 X Latin America X British East Africa X

* Non-members of the United Nations, but Members of one 1 Supported largely by residual UNRRA funds. or another of the specialized agencies. 2 By ILO. a By FAO, except as indicated. 3 Study group. b No specialized agency has specific responsibility in this 4 Experts sent out to conduct field research, in conjunction field. with Hylean Amazon Institute. c By ICAO. dBy ITU. 5 Proposed. e By ILO; including only missions sent since 1939. 6 UNRRA activities continued by FAO. f By UNESCO; Pilot Projects in Fundamental Education. 7 Incidental to broad agricultural missions. g By WHO, except as indicated. 8 By the United Nations. h By the United Nations. 9 Experts sent out to conduct field research. i By the Bank, the Fund and the United Nations. Approxi- mately 25 cases in which the Fund has sent expert advisers NOTE: In addition to the missions noted in the table, one to Member countries are not indicated. Study groups sent mission was sent to Algeria by the International by the Bank to devastated European countries are excluded. Labour Organisation. 662 Yearbook of the United Nations until such a formulation might prove possible sentative of the U.S.S.R. had suggested a number and that the Secretariat continue its examination of specific questions for inclusion, as addenda, in of replies to the Provisional Questionnaire, with a the Provisional Questionnaire. (The questions sug- view to suggesting modifications. gested by the representative of the U.S.S.R. were The Transport and Communications Commis- contained in the Commission's report to the Eco- sion, during its second session, held from April 12 nomic and Social Council, (E/600, p. 14)). to 20, 1948, adopted a resolution (E/789, p.18) Consideration of these recommendations and recommending certain modifications in the sections observations of the Commissions by the Economic of the Provisional Questionnaire dealing with and Social Council at the latter's seventh session transport and communications. was brief and did not involve any major differences Similarly, the Commission on the Status of of opinion, nor was there in most cases prolonged Women, at its second session held from January debate in the Economic, Social and Human Rights 5 to 19, 1948, suggested certain modifications in Committees, to which the Council referred all but those parts of the Trusteeship Questionnaire which one of the observations of the functional com- dealt with the status of women in Trust Territories. missions. The exception was the relevant section The Commission's report to the Economic and of the report of the Commission on Human Rights Social Council (E/615) also noted that some (E/600), which was transmitted to the Trustee- members of the Commission had expressed the ship Council without reference to committee. wish that a Commission representative be per- At its 225th plenary meeting, on August 28 to mitted to participate, without vote, in Trusteeship 29, 1948, the Council had before it a draft resolu- Council discussions involving the rights of women, tion (E/1037) presented by the President, which and, if this were not possible, that some other would have the Council adopt the relevant obser- appropriate means of participation be found. vations and suggestions of the functional com- The Social Commission reported (E/779, p.14) missions and transmit them to the Trusteeship to the Economic and Social Council that at the Council. The representatives of the United King- Commission's third session, held from April 5 dom, France, the United States and Canada felt to 23, 1948, it had been decided to refer to the that the word "adopts" was not altogether justified Council for consideration a series of recommenda- since there had been little or no discussion by tions regarding changes in questions relating to the Council of the observations on, and proposed the social sphere of the Provisional Trusteeship modifications of, the Provisional Trusteeship Ques- Questionnaire. These recommendations had been tionnaire, although they stressed that they had proposed by the representatives of Czechoslovakia, few if any objections regarding the substance of the Netherlands, Poland and the United States, the proposed modifications. The representative of respectively, and had been collated in a single the U.S.S.R. favored retention of the President's document (E/CN.5/80). draft, saying that the Council could, if it wished, Modifications in the parts of the Provisional discuss the substance of the recommendations. Questionnaire dealing with demographic topics He also proposed the addition of the report of were suggested (E/805) by the Population Com- the second session of the Commission on Human mission during the latter's third session, held from Rights to the list of documents to be forwarded May 10 to 25, 1948. to the Trusteeship Council, a proposal which was The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, at its third adopted unanimously. session, held from May 3 to 22, 1948, suggested The Council, by a vote of 14 to 3, with 1 ab- (E/799) that a section of the Provisional Ques- stention, adopted a United States amendment, as tionnaire be headed "Narcotic Drugs" and that it revised by Canada, to make the pertinent passage should include a number of specific questions as of the draft resolution omit the word "adopts", drafted by the Commission. making it read "decides to transmit their obser- The Commission on Human Rights, at its second vations thereon". The amended resolution was session, held from December 2 to 17, 1947, sug- adopted unanimously. gested (E/600) a draft resolution in which the In its operative part, the resolution (163(VII)) Economic and Social Council would request the recorded the Council's decision to transmit to the Trusteeship Council to consider the Human Rights Trusteeship Council the observation and recom- section of its Questionnaire as provisional "until mendations of the eight functional commissions the Commission on Human Rights is able to re- mentioned above, together with copies of the view it in the light of an approved Bill of Human summary records of the Council's various com- Rights". The Commission noted that the repre- mittees at which they were considered. The Economic and Social Council 663

6. Draft Rules for the Calling of discussion a resolution (135(VI)) instructing International Conferences the Secretary-General to prepare in accordance with the General Assembly's resolution 173(II) The General Assembly at its second session of November 17 draft rules for the calling of invited the Secretary-General "to prepare, in con- international conferences. sultation with the Economic and Social Council, The Secretary-General prepared a paper on the draft rules for the calling of international con- subject (E/836) to serve as a basis for discussion ferences, as provided in paragraph 4 of Article 62 in the Council, The Council during its seventh of the Charter, for consideration at the third session session (178th plenary meeting on July 20) de- of the General Assembly" (resolution 173(II)).149 cided by 9 votes to 8 to defer the consideration During its sixth session (125th plenary meet- of the draft Rules for the Calling of International ing on February 3) the Council adopted without Conferences.

I. CO-ORDINATION OF SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

1. Agreements between the United a. AGREEMENTS WITH THE WHO, UPU, Nations and the Specialized Agencies ITU, INTERNATIONAL BANK AND INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Under Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter, the (1) Draft Agreement with the World Health Economic and Social Council, through its Commit- Organization (WHO) tee on Negotiations with Inter-Governmental At its third session, the Council adopted a reso- Agencies, had, as of September 21, 1948, nego- lution (14(III)) directing the Secretary-General tiated agreements with eleven agencies. Four of to initiate as soon as possible conversations with these agreements—with the International Labour the Interim Commission of WHO for the purpose Organisation (ILO), the Food and Agriculture of preparing an agreement to be negotiated at an Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the early session of the Council. During the fifth United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- session, on August 4, 1947, the Committee met tural Organization (UNESCO) and the Inter- with the Negotiating Committee of the Interim national Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)— Commission of WHO and negotiated a draft were concluded and entered into force before the agreement. second session of the General Assembly in Sep- The Committee submitted a report and a draft tember 1947. Four further agreements subse- agreement (E/541) to the Council at its fifth quently came into force—with the International session. The Council at its 114th plenary meeting Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the on August 13 without discussion approved the International Monetary Fund, the Universal Postal draft agreement for submission to the General Union (UPU) and the World Health Organiza- Assembly (resolution 91(V)).150 tion (WHO). A fifth, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), was to come (2) Draft Agreement with the Universal Postal Union (UPU) into force on January 1, 1949, at the same time as the revised International Telecommunication Con- In accordance with a decision of the second vention. Agreements with two other agencies— session of the Council, the Secretary-General con- the International Refugee Organization (IRO) vened a meeting of postal experts in December and the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consulta- 1946, at which the text of a draft agreement be- tive Organization (IMCO)—were negotiated dur- tween the United Nations and UPU was adopted ing the period between the second and third (E/CONF/POST/PC/W.17) and recommended regular sessions of the General Assembly, and to Member Governments. At its fourth session, negotiations had been authorized with the Inter- the Council (resolution 35 (IV)) authorized the national Trade Organization (ITO) (or its In- Committee on Negotiations with Inter-Govern- terim Commission) and the World Meteorological 149 See General Assembly, p. 37. Organization (WMO). 150 For text of agreement, see pp. 919-23. 664 Yearbook of the United Nations mental Agencies to enter into negotiations at the the best that could be reached after negotiations appropriate time with the UPU with the purpose with UPU and that it should be accepted with- of bringing it into relation with the United Na- out reservations. It might be possible to revise it tions. The Committee met in Paris from June in the light of experience but not until the next 17 to 20, 1947, with the Negotiating Committee Universal Postal Congress, which would not meet of the Universal Postal Congress and negotiated for five years. The United Kingdom representative a draft agreement, which was submitted to the suggested the deletion of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 fifth session of the Council (E/488). of the Norwegian draft resolution. At the sug- The Committee's report and the draft agree- gestion of the United States representative the ment were considered by the Council at its 104th Norwegian representative agreed to deleting the plenary meeting on August 4. The Norwegian words "with the above-mentioned reservations" delegation proposed a resolution (E/498) as from the last paragraph of the draft resolution. The follows: Cuban representative felt that it would be re- grettable if agreements were concluded with inter- "The Economic and Social Council, governmental agencies which varied in their text "Having examined the agreement entered into between its Committee on Negotiations with Specialized Agencies and spirit from those already entered into. and the Universal Postal Union, and At the suggestion of the Canadian representa- "Bearing in mind that the General Assembly in its tive the Norwegian draft resolution was voted on resolution No. 50 (I) of 14 December 1946, considered paragraph by paragraph, and all the paragraphs it essential that the policies and the activities of the Specialized Agencies and of the organs of the United with the exception of the fourth were approved. Nations should be co-ordinated, The U.S.S.R. representative recorded an abstention "Takes note of the special circumstances which made on the sixth paragraph on the ground that the it impossible for the time being to reach an agreement references in Article IV, paragraph 1, of the with the Union in more close conformity with other agreements with Specialized Agencies, already approved agreement to recommendations to Members of by the General Assembly, and UPU were contrary to the Charter provisions, and "Considers that the agreement should be reviewed and that Article VI, paragraph 2 (providing that "no revised at the earliest opportunity, provision in the Universal Postal Convention or "States that the agreement with the Union should not related agreements shall be construed as prevent- be regarded as a precedent for future agreements with Specialized Agencies, and ing or limiting any State in complying with its "Recommends to the General Assembly that the agree- obligations to the United Nations"), was un- ment with the Universal Postal Union be approved with necessary.151 the above-mentioned reservations." The Council at its 104th plenary meeting on The Norwegian representative stated that the August 4, 1947 by 16 votes to 0, with 1 abstention, leading principle in concluding agreements with adopted resolution 89(V), which reads as follows: specialized agencies must be the co-ordination of "The Economic and Social Council, the policies of the agencies, so that the agreements "Having examined the draft agreement entered into should be drawn up in such a way that the rights between its Committee on Negotiations with Specialized Agencies and the Universal Postal Union, and of the United Nations, as the supreme policy- "Bearing in mind that the General Assembly in its making authority in the international field, should resolution No. 50 (I) of 14 December 1946, considered be clearly recognized. He also stressed that the it essential that the policies and the activities of the agreements should make it possible for the Gen- specialized agencies and of the organs of the United Nations should be co-ordinated, eral Assembly to co-ordinate the budgets of the "Takes note of the special circumstances which have various specialized agencies. The agreement with made it impossible for the time being to reach an agree- UPU was considerably weaker and less compre- ment with the Union in closer conformity with other hensive than those concluded with ILO, FAO and agreements with specialized agencies, already approved UNESCO, and he hoped that co-operation between by the General Assembly, "States that the agreement with the Union should not the two organizations would prove that a revision be regarded as a precedent for future agreements with of the agreement was desirable and possible for specialized agencies, and both of them. He recommended that the agree- "Recommends to the General Assembly that the draft ment be approved, but that it should be made agreement with the Universal Postal Union be approved." clear that the approval was given because of the (3) Draft Agreement with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) special position of the UPU and should not be A decision of the second session of the Coun- regarded as a precedent. cil provided for the calling of a preparatory con- The French, United Kingdom and United States representatives emphasized that the agreement was 151 For text of agreement, see pp. 906-8. The Economic and Social Council 665

ference of experts on telecommunications. This of their operations and the confidential char- meeting was later cancelled, by agreement with acter of some of their transactions, and to the fact the members of the Committee on Negotiations that their budgets are financed from their general with Inter-Governmental Agencies. Particular re- operating funds and not from annual contributions gard was given to the fact that concurrent meetings from Member Governments. The draft agreements of the Council during its fifth session and of the were drawn up in a form that differed in a number Plenipotentiary Conference of the ITU would take of respects from that of previous agreements and place in July and August 1947. By resolution 35- refer specifically to the responsibilities of the two (IV), adopted at its fourth session, the Council organizations. A number of other provisions were authorized its Committee to enter into negotia- modified as compared with previous agreements. tions at the proper time for the purpose of bring- In the case of the draft agreement with the Bank, ing ITU into relationship with the United Na- the United Nations recognized that the action to tions. The Committee on Negotiations with In- be taken by the Bank on any loan is a matter to ter-Governmental Agencies met with the Nego- be determined by the independent exercise of the tiating Committee of ITU on August 12, 13 and Bank's own judgment in accordance with its 14, during the fifth session of the Council, and Articles of Agreement; and that it would therefore negotiated a draft agreement. be sound policy to refrain from making recom- The Committee's report and draft agreement mendations to the Bank with respect to particular (E/551/Rev.1) were considered by the Council loans. at its 120th plenary meeting on August 16. The The reports of the Committee on Negotiations Council adopted without objection a resolution with Inter-Governmental Agencies on these ne- which had been proposed by Norway (resolution gotiations (E/558 and Corr.1 and E/559) were 90(V)), similar to that previously adopted in the considered jointly by the Economic and Social case of the draft agreement with the UPU.152 Council at its 120th plenary meeting on August 16. The Norwegian and U.S.S.R. representatives (4) Draft Agreements with the International Bank strongly criticized the proposed agreements, in par- for Reconstruction and Development and with the International Monetary Fund ticular the draft agreement with the Bank. Both During the third session of the Council, the representatives criticized as being contrary to the Committee on Negotiations with Inter-Govern- relevant article of the Charter the provision (Ar- mental Agencies recommended (E/205) that ticle II, paragraph 1) which states that in addition every possible effort should be made to negotiate to attending meetings of the Bank's Board of with the Bank and with the Fund, at an early ses- Governors, representatives of the United Nations sion of the Council, draft agreements which would may participate without vote "in meetings special- take into account the special characteristics of ly called by the Bank for the particular purpose of these organizations, and to submit these draft considering the United Nations point of view in agreements to the second regular session of the matters of concern to the United Nations". Both General Assembly in 1947. At its third session, also criticized as being contrary to the Charter the the Council (resolution 14(III)) directed the Sec- provision (Article X, paragraph 3) that the retary-General to strengthen and extend working United Nations would agree in interpreting Ar- relationships between the United Nations and the ticle 17, paragraph 3, of the Charter (approval of two organizations and to continue consultations budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies with them with a view to initiating formal ne- and examination of their administrative budgets) gotiations as soon as practicable. Relations with "to take into consideration that the Bank does not these organizations were developed during the rely for its annual budget upon contributions from year in accordance with these instructions. In July, its Members, and that the appropriate authorities the Bank and the Fund proposed a tripartite of the Bank enjoy full autonomy in deciding the negotiation and transmitted drafts of agreements form and content of such budget". The Norwegian at the same time. During the fifth session, the representative also criticized the provisions of Ar- Committee on Negotiations with the Inter- ticle VI (Security Council). The U.S.S.R. repre- Governmental Agencies met with the Negotiating sentative criticized the provisions in Article IV to Committees of the Bank and the Fund, and ne- the effect that the United Nations would not make gotiated draft agreements. recommendations to the Bank in respect of loans, The Committee had regard to the responsibilities and also the provision in this article and the com- placed upon the two organizations by their Articles parable article in the draft agreement with the of Agreement in regard to the nature and method 152 For text of agreement, see pp. 952-54. 666 Yearbook of the United Nations

Fund that the United Nations could not make ments to the Member Governments in order to recommendations to these two organizations if enable them to present their comments thereon at they did not wish to receive recommendations. the next session of the General Assembly" and The Norwegian representative recognized the recommending that the General Assembly draw special position of the Bank, but felt that it could up "general directives concerning the principles have friendly relations with the Council without which should govern the relations with specialized becoming a specialized agency. agencies" in the light of which the Economic and The Chilean and Venezuelan representatives Social Council would review the two draft agree- stated that they would vote in favor of the agreements in detail at its next session; ments, but expressed some criticisms. The Chilean (3) rejected by 8 votes to 2, with 8 abstentions, representative feared lest the practically independ- a Norwegian proposal similar to that adopted in ent status which the Bank would obtain under the the case of UPU and ITU, taking note of the agreement might result in some loss of its capacity special circumstances which made it impossible to to pursue purposes differing widely from those of reach agreements with the Bank and Fund in more private trade institutions. The Venezuelan repre- close conformity with other agreements with spe- sentative thought that it was unnecessary for the cialized agencies, and stating that the agreements Bank to state its independence as categorically as should not be regarded as precedents for the fu- it had in Article I and also took exception to the ture; clause in Article IV reading "The United Nations (4) adopted by 13 votes to 3, with 2 absten- recognized, therefore, that it would be sound policy tions, a resolution which had been proposed by to refrain from making recommendations to the the United States (92(V)) stating that the Coun- Bank with respect to particular loans or with re- cil, having considered the draft agreements, recom- spect to the terms and conditions of financing by mends to the General Assembly that it approve the Bank". 153 them. The United States, Netherlands, United King- dom and Canadian representatives stressed the im- (5) Approval and Entry into Force portance of concluding agreements with the two The General Assembly, in resolution 124 (II) organizations and the necessity for allowing them of November 15, 1947, approved the agreements the necessary amount of independence with which with the World Health Organization (WHO), the to carry on their work, in view of their special Universal Postal Union (UPU), the International character, and held that relationship agreements Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Interna- must vary according to the type of agency. The tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development United States representative pointed out that the and the International Monetary Fund. Charter only provided for recommendations to specialized agencies; it did not transfer to the The agreements with the two latter agencies, United Nations budgetary control over any of having already been approved by their Boards of them. The Norwegian representative, however, Governors on September 16 and 17, 1947, re- stated that Article 17, paragraph 3, of the Charter spectively, came into force immediately. The agree- constituted a very clear recommendation regard- ment with WHO was approved subsequently by ing budgetary control, and indicated the discrepan- the first World Health Assembly on July 10, 1948, cies between Article X of the draft agreement and and accordingly came into force on that date; the conditions laid down in the Charter; his dele- while the agreement with UPU came into force at gation reserved the right to raise the question be- the same date as the Universal Postal Convention fore the General Assembly as to whether the Coun- of Paris, July 1, 1948. cil was entitled so to depart from the provisions The agreement between the United Nations and of the Charter. ITU was to enter formally into force when the Voting by roll call, the Council: ITU Convention entered into force on January 1, (1) rejected by 14 votes to 3, with 1 absten- 1949. However, it came into force provisionally tion, a U.S.S.R. proposal that the draft agreements (in accordance with its Article XVIII) on No- be sent back to the Committee on Negotiations vember 15, 1947, when it was approved by the with Inter-Governmental Agencies; General Assembly, having previously been ap- (2) rejected by 12 votes to 4, with 2 absten- proved by the Plenipotentiary Conference of ITU tions, a Norwegian proposal (E/563) requesting at Atlantic City. the Secretary-General "to transmit the draft agree- 153 For texts of agreements, see pp. 873-74, 885-87. The Economic and Social Council 667 b. NEGOTIATIONS WITH IRO, WMO, ITO and relationship between the two organizations. The IMCO United States representative also maintained that During its sixth session (172nd plenary meet- the agreement was perfectly constitutional. ing on March 10) the Council considered the re- The Byelorussian representative suggested that port of its Committee on Negotiations with Inter- if, in spite of objection, the Council approved the Governmental Agencies (E/C.1/36) and ap- agreement, it should be with the provision that it proved (resolution 130(VI)) by the following would be valid for one year only. votes its recommendations that negotiations should As formulated, the Byelorussian proposal, that be entered into with the following agencies: the Council request its Negotiating Committee to (1) International Refugee Organization or its reopen negotiations with PC-IRO with a view Preparatory Commission, 15 votes to 2. (The to attaching a time limit of one year to the validity U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian representatives felt that of the draft agreement, was rejected by 15 votes the Council should not enter into relationships to 3. with a temporary organization, and also criticized The Council adopted by 15 votes to 3 resolution the Organization's activities.) 164(VII), recommending to the General Assem- (2) World Meteorological Organization, 15 bly that it approve without change the draft agree- votes with 2 abstentions. (The Australian repre- ment entered into between the Committee on sentative wanted further information about this Negotiations with Inter-Governmental Agencies organization, and the Netherlands representative and the Negotiation Committee of the PC-IRO. wondered if it fulfilled the condition of "having A similar negotiating session was held at Geneva wide international responsibilities".) on August 10, 1948, between the representatives (3) International Trade Organization or its of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consulta- Interim Commission, if established, 14 votes with tive Organization and the Negotiating Committee, 3 abstentions. (The Polish representative expressed and a draft agreement was prepared. At its 222nd the view that the Council should only negotiate plenary meeting on August 27 the Economic and with fully constituted organizations.) Social Council adopted without discussion by 12 (4) Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative votes to 0, with 6 abstentions, resolution 165(VII) Organization, 14 votes with 4 abstentions. recommending the General Assembly to approve without change the draft agreement between the ( 1 ) Draft Agreements with IRO and IMCO United Nations and the Inter-Governmental Mari- On July 21, 1948, the Committee held a nego- time Consultative Organization. tiating session at Geneva with representatives of (2) WMO and ITO PC-IRO, as a result of which a draft agreement The Interim Commission of the International was proposed and considered by the Economic Trade Organization (IC-ITO) and the World and Social Council at its 214th plenary meeting Meteorological Organization (WMO) were the on August 24, 1948. remaining two agencies with which negotiations The representatives of the U.S.S.R., Poland and had been authorized by the Council. IC-ITO and the Byelorussian S.S.R. opposed accepting the the International Meteorological Organization on agreement. They thought that it was unwise, as behalf of WMO expressed the hope that they well as unconstitutional, to conclude an agreement would shortly be in a position to enter into nego- with an organization which was entirely temporary tiations with the United Nations. in character and that, additionally, the Organiza- tion had failed in its purpose since it was more in- c. SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENTS REGARDING terested in resettlement than repatriation. The rep- THE USE OF THE UN Laissez-Passer resentative of the U.S.S.R. further claimed that the Organization was not an authoritative body, The Council at its sixth session (127th and 153rd since its Constitution had only been ratified by plenary meetings on February 4 and 25) consid- fifteen states. ered the request of ICAO for the extension to its The President stated that to conclude the agree- officials of the right to use the United Nations ment was proper and constitutional, in fact ob- laissez-passer. The Council appointed an ad hoc ligatory, since the General Assembly had approved committee, consisting of representatives of Aus- Article 3 of the Constitution of the Organization, tralia, Denmark, the U.S.S.R. and the United which provided for an agreement to establish the States, which met on February 17 and 18 and con- 668 Yearbook of the United Nations sidered various suggestions, including a U.S.S.R. 2. Reports of Specialized Agencies proposal (E/680) to postpone the matter until the Council's next session (on the ground that a. REPORTS CONSIDERED AT THE SIXTH AND ICAO had not yet expelled Franco Spain), a United SEVENTH SESSIONS States draft resolution (E/AC.23/W.1) and At its sixth session, the Council held a special amendments proposed by the representatives of debate in which it discussed together all the re- Australia and Denmark (E/AC.23/W.2). The ports of the specialized agencies of which it had ad hoc Committee proposed a resolution (E/683) deferred consideration at its fifth session. The fol- which was adopted by the Council at its 153rd lowing reports had been submitted: plenary meeting by 13 votes to 3, with 2 absten- International Labour Organisation: report covering tions. Before adopting the resolution the Council period from establishment of the United Nations to July rejected by 9 votes to 4, with 5 abstentions, a 15, 1947 (E/586), with appendices (E/586/Add.1), U.S.S.R. proposal to add in paragraph (a) of the and supplementary note (E/586/Add.2) completing an operative part of the resolution (see below) the account of its activities up to the end of 1947, and giving words "with the exception of such organizations an indication of the main activities of ILO for 1948. Food and Agriculture Organization: second annual as include Franco Spain as a member". report to the Conference of FAO covering the period In its resolution (136(VI)) the Council re- July 1, 1946, to June 30, 1947 (E/597), and supple- quested the Secretary-General mentary report (E/597/Add.1) dated January 8, 1948, dealing with current work program and relations with "(a) To conclude with any specialized agency which other specialized agencies. may so desire a supplementary agreement to extend to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural the officials of that agency the provisions of article VII Organization: report covering period November 4, 1946, of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the to June 30, 1947 (E/461), and supplementary note United Nations,154 and to submit such supplementary completing account of activities up to end of 1947 agreement to the General Assembly for approval, and (E/461/Add.1), attached to which was work program "(b) Pending the entry into force of such agreement, for 1948 as adopted by General Conference of UNESCO. to make arrangements for the use of the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization: second an- laissez-passer by officials of the specialized agency con- nual report of its Interim Council to the first Assembly cerned, such laissez-passer to be issued on a provisional of ICAO covering period June 8, 1946, to March 31, basis for use only in those countries which have pre- 1947, and resolutions adopted by the first Assembly of viously undertaken to recognize the validity of laissez- ICAO, May 1947 (E/456), a supplementary report cov- passer so issued." ering ICAO's activities until the end of 1947 (E/456/- Add.1/Rev.1), and a supplementary report on activities The supplementary agreement requested by from March 1 to May 31, 1948. ICAO, and a similar agreement requested by UPU, World Health Organization: Interim Commission—re- were accordingly drawn up for submission to the port of its activities in 1947 (E/593). General Assembly at its third session. In its general debate on the co-ordination of The agreements with WHO, ITU, the Bank specialized agencies, at its 141st and 144th plenary and the Fund had included articles concerning the meetings on February 13 and 17, 1948, the Coun- laissez-passer; while the most recent agreements cil included consideration of the reports of the negotiated—those with PC-IRO and IMCO— specialized agencies, but most of the views ex- also include provision for the use of the United pressed referred to matters of co-ordination, and Nations laissez-passer by officials of the agencies the Council at its 163rd and 165th meetings on concerned. March 4 and 5 considered the reports in detail (see below). (The debates in question have been d. ELECTION OF MEMBERS TO THE COMMITTEE reproduced in extenso in documents E/784 and ON NEGOTIATIONS WITH E/785.) Representatives of the five agencies were INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES present and addressed the Council. At its 165th meeting, after a U.S.S.R. proposal to At its 172nd meeting on March 10, 1948, the delete the reference to ICAO had been rejected by Council elected Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland 11 votes to 4, with 1 abstention, the Council and Venezuela to fill the vacancies in the Commit- adopted by 14 votes, with 3 abstentions, a resolu- tee on Negotiations with Inter-Governmental tion (129(VI)A), which had been proposed by Agencies (E/SR.172), since of the original mem- the United States, expressing appreciation of the bers appointed at the Council's first session, Bel- reports submitted by ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ICAO gium and Colombia had ceased to be members of 154 the Council in 1947, and Czechoslovakia and Nor- See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 155 103. way in 1948. 155F o r list of members of the Committee, see p. 705. The Economic and Social Council 669

and the Interim Commission of WHO, and re- b. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION questing the Secretary-General to transmit to these specialized agencies summaries of the Council's In the Council's discussions of the ILO reports discussion of the reports. at its sixth session (163rd and 165th plenary At its seventh session the Council had before it meetings), the United States representative sug- the following reports from the specialized agencies: gested that future ILO reports should emphasize current and future projects and that an evaluation International Labour Organisation: second report to the United Nations (E/810), covering the period from of the experience of ILO's industrial committees July 1947 to March 1948. should be furnished. Food and Agriculture Organization: supplementary Various representatives congratulated ILO on report of FAO (E/797), covering the principal activities the work it had accomplished. The U.S.S.R. repre- of the period from January 1 to May 1, 1948. sentative criticized the Organisation as responding United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural to the interests of the employers rather than of Organization: supplementary report to that considered by the Council at its sixth session, covering the activities of the workers. The Polish representative suggested UNESCO during the first four months of 1948 (E/804) that the Organisation should deal more with cer- and a General Organization Chart (E/804/Add.1/- tain basic questions, such as raising the standard of Rev.1). living of the working classes particularly in under- International Civil Aviation Organization: report of developed areas and in Non-Self-Governing Ter- the Council of ICAO to the second Assembly of the Organization, covering the activities of ICAO for the ritories. period from June 1, 1947, to March 1, 1948, the budget The report of ILO was discussed during the estimates for the period from July 1, 1948, to December seventh session at the 199th, 203rd and 205th 31, 1949, submitted by the ICAO Council to the Assem- plenary meetings on August 14, 18 and 19, 1948. bly (E/808), an addendum covering the proceedings of Members expressed appreciation of the work of the second Assembly of ICAO (E/808/Add.1), and a supplementary report on activities from March 1 to May the Organisation, with particular reference to the 31, 1948. extension of its regional activities. The Brazilian International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- representative thought that the Organisation ment: second annual report of the Bank to the Board of should give more attention to the geographical Governors for the year ending June 30, 1947, a memo- distribution of its staff. randum relating to its financial statements as of March 31, 1948, and a statement on "Activities and Organiza- The main discussion in the Council centred tion, 31 March 1948" (E/803). round a draft resolution proposed by the U.S.S.R. International Monetary Fund: annual report of the (E/973), and supported by the Polish and Byelo- Executive Directors of the Fund, dated June 30, 1947, russian representatives, calling upon the Council and quarterly financial statements for November 28, to recommend to the Members of the United Na- 1947, and February 29, 1948 (E/801), and a memorandum giving information on the Fund and its activities tions which were also Members of ILO to take for the period from its last report until the end of March the necessary steps to increase the representation 1948 (E/801/Add.1 and Corr.1). of the workers to half in the Conferences and the Universal Postal Union: administrative report, 1947 Governing Body of the Organisation, the other (E/811). half to consist of the representatives of the govern- World Health Organization: Interim Commission re- ments and the employers. port of its activities (E/786 and Corr.1). It was argued by representatives supporting the International Telecommunication Union: descriptive resolution that the present structure of ILO—which report of the organization and its historical background (E/812). had been established at the close of the First World War—rendered it unable to deal with the social The Council decided to allocate the reports to problems arising at a time of vast economic and its committees as follows: the reports of FAO, the social changes. The Organisation, as at present Bank, the Fund, ICAO, UPU and ITU to the constituted, it was argued, did not, in view of the Economic Committee, and the reports of ILO, predominant representation of employers and capi- UNESCO and WHO to the Social Committee. It talist governments, pay adequate attention to the was later decided to discuss the report of ILO in interests of labor. This had been shown by the plenary meeting since it touched on the work of action of ILO when the question of trade union different committees, and also to consider the work rights was referred to it, and it had considered in- of ICAO in plenary session simultaneously with stead the question of freedom of association. The the question of ICAO's implementation of the Organisation, it was said, had shown too little in- General Assembly resolutions concerning Franco terest in the great economic and social changes in Spain. Eastern Europe. It was further pointed out that 670 Yearbook of the United Nations many of the conventions adopted by ILO had not the Conference of all nations; and the obligation of been ratified, which, it was argued, showed that Members to submit to their constitutional authori- the Organisation as at present constituted was in- ties the decisions of the Conference. effective. The Danish, Peruvian and Venezuelan repre- The Brazilian, New Zealand, United Kingdom, sentatives pointed out that they were without United States, Canadian, Danish and Chilean rep- sufficient instructions to adopt a resolution mak- resentatives opposed the resolution. Among the ing recommendations for change in the structure arguments against it were: that the present tripar- of ILO, and the Danish representative inquired tite character of ILO was one of the sources of its whether the U.S.S.R. had made its proposal with strength and helped to make social understanding a view to joining ILO if its structure was altered. possible; that the Organisation had recently re- The U.S.S.R. representative stated that he would viewed its structure which had been approved by be in a position to reply if members of the Council large majorities; that in any case it was for ILO had shown any willingness in favor of the Soviet itself to change its structure if it thought this de- draft resolution. sirable; that it was incorrect to assume that govern- The U.S.S.R. draft resolution was rejected by ment representatives favored the interests of em- 11 votes to 3, with 3 abstentions. ployers over those of employees, since they repre- The Council, at its 205th plenary meeting on sented the interests of their countries as a whole— August 19, adopted by 14 votes to 0, with 4 absten- frequently, for example in the case of labor govern- tions, resolution 167 (VII) A expressing its appre- ments, the interests of the government and workers ciation of the second report of ILO. representatives were the same; that if ILO was predominantly an instrument of the employers it c. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF would not be receiving, as it was, the overwhelm- THE UNITED NATIONS ing support of trade unionists and the WFTU would not recently have entered into an agreement The following are among the views expressed with it. during the Council's sixth session with regard to With regard to the small number of ratifica- the FAO reports, at its 163rd and 165th plenary tions, it was pointed out that the responsibility in meetings, on March 4 and 5. The United States this respect lay with governments and not with representative suggested that the FAO reports ILO itself, and it was argued that this showed that should give more information on priorities of the the Organisation's policy was in advance of that of various projects undertaken, regular statistical national governments, that in some instances lack material and continuity of technical publications, of ratification was due to constitutional reasons or and on the relations between the regional activities to certain points of detail and that in any case of FAO and the activities of the United Nations national legislation was influenced by the ILO regional commissions. Conventions even if they were not ratified. Various The Brazilian representative felt that while representatives approved the Organisation's work FAO's report showed a welcome expansion of ac- on freedom of association. It was further main- tivities, attention was focussed on Europe, China tained that the U.S.S.R. resolution did not merely and the Near East and the Organization was slow involve a suggestion for a change in the structure to act in Latin America. He also stressed the im- of ILO, but was based on a different concept of portance of co-operation between FAO and ITO society which envisaged a class struggle; the struc- on commodity agreements. The Chilean and Peru- ture of ILO, on the other hand, was based on the vian representatives also felt that a greater share principle of co-operation between governments, of FAO's technical assistance be extended to Latin workers and employers in discussing labor prob- America and suggested that the Economic Com- lems. mission for Latin America might co-operate with The representative of ILO quoted the principles FAO. The French representative felt that the of the work of the Organisation as reaffirmed by problems dealt with by FAO were of sufficient im- its Conference: the responsibility of the Govern- portance to justify wider publication of the results ments of the Members of the Organisation to their of its work, and suggested that steps should be peoples as a whole; the selection of employers' and taken to ensure better co-ordination between FAO workers' representatives on the principle of major- and the United Nations International Children's ity rule; the freedom of employers' and workers' Emergency Fund. The Polish representative sug- representatives to represent their constituents with- gested that the work of FAO should be on a wider out government instructions; the equal rights in basis. The Economic and Social Council 671

During the Council's seventh session, the sup- of the United Nations which were not Members plementary report of FAO was discussed at the of UNESCO on a different footing from other 34th meeting of the Economic Committee on non-members. August 16. The Brazilian representative welcomed During the seventh session of the Council, the the expansion of the regional activity of FAO and report of UNESCO was considered at the 56th the development of related technical services and meeting of the Council's Social Committee on emphasized the importance of dealing with the August 9. Several representatives expressed ap- question of rural welfare. On the recommendation proval of the concentration of the Organization's of the Committee, the Council, at its 222nd plenary activities and the granting of priority to certain meeting on August 27, adopted by 16 votes to 0, projects. It was felt that lack of progress had with 2 abstentions, resolution 167 (VII) B express- resulted from the width of scope of UNESCO. ing appreciation of the supplementary report and The United States representative felt that there requesting the Secretary-General to transmit to had been insufficient co-operation with other spe- FAO the record of the Council's discussions. cialized agencies at the planning stage. The Peru- vian and Brazilian representatives emphasized the d. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC importance of the Hylean Amazon project, and AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION the Lebanese, French and Polish representatives stressed the importance of dealing with the ques- During the sixth session of the Council (163rd tion of illiteracy. The Polish representative thought and 165th plenary meetings) certain representa- that first consideration should be given to the tives expressed fear that there was a danger of educational and cultural reconstruction of war- overlapping between some of UNESCO's activities devastated countries. and those of the other specialized agencies and of The Committee heard a statement by the repre- the United Nations, as, for instance, between the sentative of UNESCO on the matters raised and Hylean Amazon project, which included an expert particularly on recent organizational progress. on tropical diseases, and the work of the World The Council at its 212th plenary meeting on Health Organization; the work of UNESCO on August 24 adopted by 16 votes to 0, with 2 ab- mass communication and on education about the stentions (the U.S.S.R. and Byelorussian repre- United Nations and the work of the United Na- sentatives abstaining on the ground that their tions Department of Public Information; and the countries were not members of UNESCO), resolu- inquiry, held under UNESCO's guidance, into the tion 167(VII)C expressing its appreciation of the philosophical principles underlying human rights report and requesting the Secretary-General to and the work of the Commission on Human transmit to UNESCO the records of the Council's Rights. Some representatives also felt that there discussions. was too great a dispersion of UNESCO's efforts, others praised the Organization for its activity and e. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION for not having neglected any continent, and still ORGANIZATION others felt that the multiplicity of its program was inevitable at the existing stage of its develop- The reports of ICAO were considered during ment. The New Zealand representative suggested the Council's sixth session, at the 163rd and 165th that stress might be laid on the primary object of plenary meetings on March 4 and 5. The United the furtherance of peace through educational, States representative suggested that future ICAO scientific and cultural objectives for their own reports might cover the relationship between air sake. The Polish representative criticized UNES- navigation and new problems being created, such CO's budget on the ground that the amount allotted as frontier restrictions, trade barriers, and the ex- for general information and communication was tent to which joint action might be taken by much larger than the appropriation for reconstruc- governments on technical aspects of air navigation. tion and general education. He stated that recon- While ICAO had established relations with the struction in war-devastated and under-developed Universal Postal Union and the International countries should now constitute UNESCO's main Meteorological Organization, co-operation with activity. He also stated that UNESCO should not the International Telecommunication Union, the contemplate any work in Germany until the peace World Health Organization and other agencies treaty had been signed and until assured of the should also be considered. The Brazilian represen- consent of the Allied Control Commission. He tative drew attention to a possible duplication of suggested that UNESCO should treat Members work on international double taxation (Fiscal 672 Yearbook of the United Nations

Commission), maps and charts (Economic and situation which will exist by the time the seventh session Social Council), standardization of units and meas- of the Council opens." urements (World Meteorological Organization) As requested by this resolution the Secretary- and insurance requirements (Inter-Governmental General submitted to the Council's seventh session Maritime Consultative Organization). a report (E/831/Rev.1) on the compliance of The U.S.S.R. representative pointed out that the the International Civil Aviation Organization with agreement with ICAO was conditional on the ex- a resolution of the General Assembly calling for clusion of Franco Spain from membership, and the debarment of Franco Spain from ICAO mem- stated that according to the Organization's report, bership. Spain was still a Member. He proposed (E/680) The report showed that ICAO, at its Assembly that the Council should therefore take no decision in Montreal in May 1947, had approved a pro- on the report, warn ICAO that it had not so far posed amendment to its constitution—the Con- complied with the stipulation of the General vention on International Civil Aviation—calling Assembly, and request the Secretary-General to for the automatic cessation of the membership in submit to the Council's seventh session a report ICAO of a State whose Government the General on the implementation by ICAO of the General Assembly of the United Nations has recommended for debarment from membership in international Assembly resolutions and the measures arising out agencies established by, or brought into relation- of the situation. Voting paragraph by paragraph, ship with, the United Nations. The report further the Council adopted the preamble (by 4 votes to showed that immediately following the approval 0, with 14 abstentions) and the third paragraph, of this amendment, the Spanish delegation with- which requested the report from the Secretary- drew from further participation in the Montreal General (by 11 votes to 0, with 7 abstentions). Assembly of ICAO. The first paragraph was rejected by 14 votes to The report also stated that, in accordance with 4, and the second by 10 votes to 3, with 5 absten- Article 94 of the ICAO Convention, the proposed tions. The resolution adopted by the Council amendment will come into force upon ratification (129(VI)B) read as follows: by not less than two thirds of the total number of "Whereas the General Assembly in its resolution 39- contracting states. As of June 8, 1948, out of (I) of 12 December 1946156 recommended that the ICAO's 51 contracting states, nine—Pakistan, Franco Government of Spain be debarred from member- Canada, New Zealand, Dominican Republic, India, ship in international agencies established by or brought into relationship with the United Nations; United Kingdom, Afghanistan, China and Czecho- "Whereas the General Assembly in its resolution 50- slovakia—had ratified the proposed amendment. (I) of 14 December 1946157 resolved to approve the The Secretary-General further reported that he Agreement with the International Civil Aviation Or- had been informed that, following the adoption ganization, provided that that Organization complied with any decision of the General Assembly regarding of the amendment at the Montreal Assembly of Franco Spain; ICAO, no invitation had been extended to Spain "Whereas the resolution of the Assembly of the Inter- to participate in conferences or other activities national Civil Aviation Organization of May 1947 con- arranged by ICAO, and no representative of Spain cerning an amendment to be made in the Convention of had attended any meetings of the Organization or that Organization providing for the automatic cessation of membership in the said Organization of the Govern- had otherwise participated in ICAO activities. ments of countries whose expulsion is recommended by When the Economic and Social Council consid- the General Assembly has not yet been ratified and ered this report at its 213th plenary meeting, on come into force; August 24, 1948, during its seventh session, two "Whereas the report of the International Civil Avia- tion Organization on its work during the second half of draft resolutions on the subject were placed before 1947, which has been submitted to the Secretary-General it reflecting the trend of the discussion. One of the United Nations for consideration by the Economic (E/1013), submitted by the representative of the and Social Council (document E/456/Add.1/Rev.1 of U.S.S.R., and supported by the representatives of 26 January 1948), admits that Franco Spain was one of Poland and of the Ukranian S.S.R., would have the forty-six members of that Organization as at 15 December 1947, placed the Council on record as considering: that "The Economic and Social Council, having considered ICAO "is proceeding exceedingly slowly" with the the report of the Organization, exclusion of Franco Spain; that "through this re- "Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations luctance . . . Franco Spain continues for an appre- to submit to the seventh session of the Council a report on the implementation by the International Civil Avia- 156See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. tion Organization of the General Assembly resolutions 129-30. 39(I) and 50(I) and on the measures arising out of the 157Ibid., p. 153. The Economic and Social Council 673

ciable and indeterminate period to remain a legal in Eastern Europe had received a loan, although member" of the ICAO; and that the General As- Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia had been sembly had decided to approve the agreement with among the first to apply; the Bank, he stated, was the ICAO on condition that the Organization com- being used in support of the Marshall Plan as an plied with all decisions of the General Assembly re- instrument of United States foreign policy, a con- lating to Franco Spain. In its operative paragraph, tention denied by the United States representative. the draft resolution proposed by the U.S.S.R. would The Polish representative emphasized that the pur- have the Economic and Social Council decide tem- pose of the Bank was to help the reconstruction of porarily to suspend the validity of the agreement devastated countries, promote sound industry and with the ICAO pending the actual exclusion by increase industrial and agricultural production. that body of Franco Spain from membership. The Bank had not followed the policy of granting The U.S.S.R. proposal was rejected by the Coun- loans to the countries most devastated by the war, cil by a vote of 14 to 3, with 1 abstention. Then, although their progress in reconstruction and their by a vote of 13 to 3, with 2 abstentions, the Coun- possibilities of further development offered good cil approved a Canadian draft resolution (E/1014) returns for investment and would contribute to with one or two drafting changes verbally pro- general European reconstruction and the restora- posed by the representative of Venezuela. The tion of the equilibrium in international trade and resolution as adopted (169(VII)) reads as fol- the balance of payments. He submitted a draft lows: resolution (E/AC.6/W.28) referring to the pur- "The Economic and Social Council, poses of the Bank as expressed in its Articles of "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General Agreement and calling the Bank's attention to the on the implementation by the International Civil Avia- tion Organization of General Assembly resolution 39(I) fact that reconstruction and general world econom- of 12 December 1946 and 50(I) of 14 December 1946 ic progress was retarded by inadequate production concerning Franco Spain, facilities. The resolution stated that the measures "Notes with satisfaction the measures taken by the taken to remedy the situation should be such as Organization to amend the Convention on International to guarantee the best effects for world economy Civil Aviation at the first session of the International Civil Aviation Organization Assembly, and not to extend and in particular "investment goods and credits to Spain invitations to participate in any conferences or should be allocated according to the criterion of other activities arranged by the Organization so as to their greatest economic productivity", and request- comply fully with the foregoing resolutions of the Gen- ed the Bank to consider ways and means appropri- eral Assembly; and "Recommends that those Member States which are ate for the increase of facilities for producing the members of the International Civil Aviation Organization commodities crucial to international reconstruc- and which have not as yet ratified the Protocol of Amend- tion and development. ment of the Convention on International Civil Aviation In the discussion on this draft resolution certain (article 93 bis) should deposit their instruments of ratification as soon as possible." representatives expressed the view that it was not necessary to restate the principles on which the At its 217th plenary meeting on August 26, Bank was already acting and thought that the the Council adopted without discussion resolution phrase "greatest economic productivity" was some- 167(VII)D, expressing appreciation of the ICAO what ambiguous. The United States representative report. thought that there were other criteria to be taken into account such as the "greatest need"; the Cana- f. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR dian representative thought that the formula used RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT in the draft resolution might favor the highly- industrialized countries; the Chilean representative The first report of the Bank was considered pointed out that it might be used to classify during the Council's seventh session, at the 34th to countries according to their natural resources; the 37th meetings of the Council's Economic Commit- Brazilian and Chinese representatives thought that tee from August 16 to 23, and the 224th plenary it did not take sufficient account of the question of meeting on August 28. Several representatives both short- and long-term productivity. The Cana- expressed appreciation of the report. The U.S.S.R., dian representative proposed (E/AC.6/W.29) that Polish and Byelorussian representatives alleged the Council should merely note the report and that the Bank was showing political discrimination transmit the records of its discussions to the Bank. in paying undue attention to the countries of While agreeing that the Bank from many points Western Europe at the expense of other countries. of view had made a good start, the Chinese repre- The U.S.S.R. representative stated that no country sentative thought that too much stress was being 674 Yearbook of the United Nations laid on its functions as a commercial bank and too the Council in performing its duties of co-ordina- little on its character as an international organization of the activities of specialized agencies should tion for constructive and development projects. discuss the policy of the Bank and embody its Too much emphasis, he thought, had also been views in a resolution, though agreeing that before placed on reconstruction as against development, a formal recommendation was made consultations the only loan hitherto granted for development should take place. Various representatives criti- projects being to Chile. He proposed an amend- cized the provisions of the agreement. ment (E/AC.6/W.30) to the Canadian proposal, The Polish draft resolution, incorporating the welcoming the statement of the Bank that it was Canadian proposal to refer the records of the Coun- contemplating paying more attention to develop- cil's discussion to the Bank, was voted on para- ment projects, and expressing the hope that it graph by paragraph, certain paragraphs being ac- would take measures to overcome the obstacles to cepted, but the resolution as a whole defeated international investment so that development loans by 8 votes to 3, with 6 abstentions. In varying might be granted as soon as possible, particularly paragraph by paragraph votes, the Economic Com- to under-developed countries. He also proposed mittee of the Council adopted the Canadian draft that, after consultation with the Bank, the Sec- proposal as amended by China with other amend- retary-General should recommend to the Bank ments accepted by the Chinese representative. that it review its principle of using its funds for At its 224th plenary meeting on August 28, "the greatest possible increase in the shortest pos- the Council by 12 votes to 2, with 4 abstentions, sible time". The representative of Venezuela also adopted resolution 167(VII)E as follows: expressed the hope that loans would be granted "The Economic and Social Council, to under-developed countries, and he and the Aus- "Taking note of the report submitted by the Interna- tralian representative hoped that they would be tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development, "Appreciating the statements made by high officials of granted to parts of the world other than Europe. the Bank on recent occasions to the effect that, other In this connection the representative of the Bank sources of financing now being available for a substantial informed the Economic Committee of the Coun- part of reconstruction needs, the Bank is contemplating cil that in the last few months it had sent nine paying more attention to the problems of development missions to under-developed areas to discuss plans hereafter, "Expresses its hope that the Bank will take immediate with the governments concerned; that one of the steps to expedite the examination of these problems and Bank's senior economists had been placed at the to adopt all reasonable measures to facilitate the early service of the Economic Commission for Asia realization of development loans, particularly those in and the Far East and that the dispatch of a further areas economically under-developed; and "Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the six or seven missions in the near future was con- Bank the records of the discussions which took place at templated. the seventh session of the Council on the report." The Netherlands representative pointed out that as the Bank's funds came from private in- g. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND vestors, the interests of the investors had to be borne in mind, and expressed the hope that the The first report of the Fund was discussed dur- Bank should become a truly international or- ing the Council's seventh session, at the 38th meet- ganization, not only one lending American dollars. ing of the Economic Committee on August 24. It The Chilean representative pointed out, in addi- was generally regretted that the report was not tion, that the Bank must, in assessing the plans of sufficiently detailed or up to date. The Byelorussian countries which applied for loans, pay attention and U.S.S.R. representatives criticized the policy not only to their needs and its own resources but of the Fund as benefitting almost exclusively coun- also to the co-ordination of the general effort tries participating in the Marshall Plan, as giving towards reconstruction and development. too much prominence to the German economy, Certain members of the Council felt the Coun- and as being too restrictive. The Polish represent- cil could not adopt a recommendation to the ative explained that the reason certain countries, Bank in view of the article in the Bank's agree- including his own, had not declared their parities ment with the United Nations which precluded was because they considered that in the present either party from making recommendations to disturbed state of international trade such a declara- the other without prior consultation. On these tion would be artificial. Those countries which had grounds, the Netherlands, French and United established their eligibility to buy currencies Kingdom representatives abstained from voting through the Fund by declaring their parities had on the final resolution. Other members held that used the currencies solely to fill in the gaps in The Economic and Social Council 675

their balance of payments, which had done nothing and although it had later cancelled this statement, to restore the equilibrium in foreign balances. The the majority of the Congress of UPU had not representative of Denmark, explaining that his considered the States sovereign in the full sense Government had felt concern about declaring par of the word. values, thought that countries should not be The Council rejected the draft resolution by a apprehensive at declaring par values since, he vote of 14 to 3, and adopted by 14 votes to 0, understood, the Fund would change them when with 3 abstentions, resolution 167(VII)G taking the situation made a change necessary. He agreed note of the report and requesting the Secretary- that it was necessary to take German economic General to transmit to the UPU the records of conditions into account. the Council's discussions. The representative of the Fund, in answer to certain points raised, stated, inter alia, that no i. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION state outside the Marshall Plan had applied for and been refused assistance, even on technical The Council considered the report of the WHO grounds; the fate of the Fund was not bound up Interim Commission during its sixth session, at with that of the Marshall Plan although the Fund its 163rd and 165th meetings on March 4 and 5. had to take account of that as of all important Representatives congratulated the Interim Com- financial plans; similarly it had to take into account mission of the World Health Organization on the the fact that German economy was an integral work it had so far accomplished. The Brazilian part of European economy. and New Zealand representatives suggested that The Council, at its 224th meeting on August the World Health Organization might appro- 28, adopted by 15 votes to 2, resolution 16(VII)F, priately take over the anti-tuberculosis campaign taking note of the Fund's report and requesting at present being carried on in collaboration with the Secretary-General to transmit to the Fund the United Nations International Children's the records of the Council's discussions. Emergency Fund. The U.S.S.R. representative considered that the Pan American Sanitary Or- ganization should be included in WHO, that the h. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION Interim Commission of WHO should augment its The first report of UPU was considered during publications and increase the work of its expert the seventh session of the Council, at the 39th committees, that the costs of missions of lecturers meeting of the Economic Committee on August and inspectors sent to various countries by WHO 25, and at the 220th and 222nd plenary meetings should be defrayed by those countries and that of the Council on August 27. The U.S.S.R. and the offices of WHO should be concentrated in Byelorussian representatives criticized the Bureau Geneva. He proposed a draft resolution (E/711) of the Union for circulating technical documents incorporating these points, but agreed to with- to the postal administration of Franco Spain, al- draw it after the Council had heard explanations leging that this was against the terms of the Gen- from a representative of the Interim Commission eral Assembly's resolution 39(I) urging that of WHO on the measures to be taken or con- Franco Spain be debarred from agencies brought templated along these lines when WHO should into relationship with the United Nations. They come into existence. also criticized the refusal of the Postal Congress During the seventh session of the Council to admit the Baltic Republics—Latvia, Lithuania the report of the World Health Organization was and Estonia—which had been signatories of the discussed at the 55th and 56th meetings of the 1939 Convention. The U.S.S.R. representative, Social Committee on August 5 and 9. supported by the Byelorussian representative, The representative of the World Health Organ- submitted a draft resolution (E/1030) recom- ization made a statement supplementing the report to note the action taken at the first World Health mending that UPU review the question of mem- 158 bership with the object of eliminating discrimi- Assembly held in June 1948 at Geneva. Mem- nation in relation to these three countries. bers expressed their appreciation of the work of the The representative of the Union made a state- Interim Commission and their gratification at ment inter alia explaining that technical literature the ratification of the Constitution of the World was distributed by the Bureau to all postal ad- Health Organization by a sufficient number of ministrations in the course of its duties. He also Members bringing the Organization into existence. stated that the U.S.S.R. had notified the Union Attention was specially directed, in the discussion, in 1940 that the Baltic States had ceased to exist 158 See pp. 911-18. 676 Yearbook of the United Nations to collaboration between the World Health Or- munication was no longer valid, the Atlantic City ganization and the United Nations International Conference after a full discussion had decided Children's Emergency Fund, to regional arrange- against inviting the Baltic Republics, and the ments planned by the World Health Organiza- conditions of membership had been altered so tion, to the health needs of war-devasted countries, that adherence to the Madrid Convention did not and to the connection between health and eco- automatically entitle a state to membership under nomic problems. the new Convention. Representatives also stressed the importance of The Council at its 222nd plenary meeting on collaboration between WHO and other specialized August 27 rejected the U.S.S.R. draft resolution agencies, the importance of malaria control and by 14 votes to 3, and adopted by 15 votes to 0, prevention, and the importance of scientific re- with 3 abstentions, resolution 167 (VII) I, taking search. note of the report of ITU and requesting the At the 212th plenary meeting on August 24 Secretary-General to transmit to the Union the the Council unanimously adopted resolution records of the Council's discussions. 167 (VII) H, in which it expressed its appreciation of the report submitted by the World Health Or- ganization and requested the Secretary-General to 3. Co-ordination by the Council of transmit to the Organization the records of the Activities of the Agencies discussion which took place at the seventh session of the Council. a. DECISIONS OF THE COUNCIL'S SIXTH SESSION j. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION At its sixth session the Council had before it UNION two reports (E/614 and E/625) of the Adminis- The first report of ITU was discussed during trative Committee on Co-ordination (previously the Council's seventh session, at the 38th meeting called the Co-ordination Committee and the Sec- of the Economic Committee on August 24, and the retary-General's Committee on Co-ordination) which had been established pursuant to the Coun- 222nd plenary meeting of the Council on August 159 27. The U.S.S.R. representative objected that cil's resolution 13(III). The reports covered Spain was still de jure a Member of the Union the second and third sessions of the Committee since the revised convention did not come into from October 1 to 3, 1947, and January 15 to 17, effect until January 1, 1949, and that certain organs 1948. They dealt with organizational matters, of the Union still maintained relations with Spain. implementation of agreements, co-operation on He also objected to the exclusion of the Baltic substantive questions, co-operation on administra- Republics — Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia — and the tive matters and budgetary and program co-ordina- Mongolian People's Republic, which had partici- tion. pated in the Madrid Convention. He submitted a The Council also had before it a note by the draft resolution (E/1031) recommending ITU to Secretary-General (E/602/Rev.1) listing reports review its statutory provisions with the object of and work programs of Commissions of the Coun- eliminating discrimination against these four cil and specialized agencies which were available, countries. and draft proposals submitted by the United The representative of ITU, in explanation, States (E/647). After a general discussion at its stated that the Atlantic City Convention was fol- 141st and 144th plenary meetings on February lowed by a protocol debarring Spain from mem- 13 and 17, during which all representatives stressed bership, but that pending the full entry into force the necessity for co-ordination but in which some of this Convention on January 1, 1949, routine difference of opinion was expressed as to whether notices were sent to Spain as an adherent to the the machinery being established for co-ordination Madrid Convention. The Provisional Frequency purposes was not too cumbersome, the Council at Board of the Union had to obtain data from all its 145th plenary meeting on February 17 estab- countries including Spain. With regard to the Baltic lished a Committee on Matters relating to Co- Republics he stated that the U.S.S.R. had notified ordination, to sit during the session. It was the Union in 1940 that the Republics had ceased composed of the representatives of Australia, to be Members of ITU on the date they were in- Brazil, Canada, China, France, Netherlands, New corporated in the U.S.S.R. Although the U.S.S.R. 159 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. had notified the ITU in 1947 that its previous com- 546; see also pp. 682-83. The Economic and Social Council 677

Zealand, Peru, Poland, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom mendations to the Council (E/740) based on the and United States. The Council referred to this United States proposals, amendments suggested by Committee the note by the Secretary-General, Australia (E/AC.24/1 and Rev.1 and Rev.- the reports of the Administrative Committee on 1/Add.1) and proposals submitted by the United Co-ordination and the proposals of the United Kingdom (E/AC.24/2 and Rev.1 and E/AC- States, and also requested it to suggest methods 24/3). On the Committee's recommendation of considering the reports from specialized agencies. (E/740), the Council at its 171st plenary meet- The Committee held eight meetings, on February ing on March 10 took the following decisions: 18, 20, 21, 25, 26 and 27 and on March 3 and 4. It requested the specialized agencies (resolution On the recommendation of the Committee 128(VI)A) to submit to the Council, not later (E/681) the Council decided at its 157th plenary than May 15 of each year, reports on the organiza- meeting on March 1 to consider the reports of the tion of the agency; the activities of the past year; specialized agencies in a committee of the whole. the activities and work program of the current These reports were later recalled to the plenary calendar year, with an indication of the priorities meeting, and, during the consideration of the re- applied to these programs; and the proposed activi- ports (see above) at the 163rd and 165th plenary ties and work programs for the following year. meetings, views were expressed by members of the This resolution was adopted by 17 votes with 1 Council on the general process of co-ordination. abstention. Among these were that the reports showed the It requested the Secretary-General (resolution multiplicity and value of the work performed by 128(VI)B) to prepare, in consultation with the the agencies, but that there were dangers of over- specialized agencies, reports on the action taken in lapping between the work of some of the agencies pursuance of the agreements between the United and the various organs of the United Nations Nations and the various agencies; on the facilities and between the agencies themselves. The posi- which would be available for these agencies at the tive task of the Economic and Social Council in seat and regional offices of the United Nations, giving a lead to and not merely co-ordinating the and existing and future liaison arrangements; and activities of the agencies was stressed. It was on inter-governmental organizations with respon- suggested by the United States representative that sibilities similar to those of the United Nations the agencies should report on the implementation and the specialized agencies in economic, social, of United Nations resolutions and recommenda- cultural, educational, health and related fields. The tions; by the U.S.S.R. representative that the Sec- Secretary-General was also requested to submit retariat might be asked to report on the activities from time to time to the Council, after consulta- of the agencies; and by the French representative tion with the Administrative Committee on Co- that the Council's Committee on Matters relating ordination, a catalogue of studies or investigations to Co-ordination might be asked to draw the in the economic and social fields by the United Council's attention to the way in which each agency Nations and specialized agencies; and, finally, to fulfilled its task. submit to the Council, not later than June 1 of The Brazilian representative suggested that the each year, a report including information on the four principal types of recommendations that organization and allocation of personnel in the could profitably be made by the Council were on Economic and Social Departments of the Sec- allocations between the various agencies, to pre- retariat and an account of the current work pro- vent overlapping, on priorities and on the initiation grams of the Economic and Social Departments of activities. and the commissions of the Council. This reso- The proposal submitted by the United States lution was adopted by 14 votes, with 4 absten- (E/647) formed the basis for much of the dis- tions. cussion in the Council's Committee on Matters re- It requested (resolution 128(VI)C) the Ad- lating to Co-ordination. This proposal contained ministrative Committee on Co-ordination to trans- three resolutions, the first stressing the need for mit to the Council, at its seventh session, obser- the fullest possible implementation of the agree- vations on the form and content of the reports of ments between the United Nations and the the specialized agencies; to examine the possibility agencies, the second dealing with the nature of of including in these reports such budgetary in- the reports that the Council wished to receive formation as would enable the Council to appraise from the agencies, and the third giving certain the relative scope of current and prospective work directives to the Administrative Committee on programs; to draw the Council's attention to any Co-ordination. The Committee made recom- overlapping or duplication in the activities of the 678 Yearbook of the United Nations

United Nations and the specialized agencies; and, The Committee held meetings on August 4, finally, to report on its work to each session of the 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, Council. This resolution was adopted unanimously. and 27. Owing to the wide nature of the field It requested (resolution 128(VI)D) the com- under review, and the close inter-relation in sub- missions of the Council to establish priorities of ject-matter between the various reports, the Com- work based on the importance of the various mittee decided to conduct discussions along the projects in implementing Article 55 of the Charter, following lines: (1) processes of co-ordination; and to indicate these priorities in their reports. (2) administrative and budgetary co-ordination; The Secretary-General was also requested to sub- and (3) program co-ordination. mit to the seventh session of the Council his sug- In the Council's discussion of the Committee's gestions on the form and character of the reports report (E/1038) at its 225th plenary meeting, of commissions and other subsidiary bodies. This various representatives raised the question of resolution was adopted by 15 votes, with 3 ab- how matters relating to co-ordination should be stentions. considered in the future. The representative of It decided (resolution 128(VI)E) to appoint Australia thought that in future the problem of a committee to sit during the seventh session to co-ordination of policies should be carried out by consider questions relating to the co-ordination the Council's two main committees of the whole, of the activities of the specialized agencies and the Social Committee and the Economic Commit- the United Nations raised by members of the tee, and not by the Committee on Matters relating Council, the Secretary-General or the Administra- to Co-ordination. The Canadian representative tive Committee on Co-ordination. This resolution suggested that the Council should consider the was adopted by 14 votes, with 3 abstentions. possibility of combining the functions of the Com- mittee on Matters relating to Co-ordination with b. DISCUSSIONS AT THE COUNCIL'S SEVENTH those of the Agenda Committee, which would then SESSION have two tasks to fulfil before the next session: The decision to establish a Committee on the drafting of a report on the agenda, and the re- Matters relating to Co-ordination was confirmed view of material submitted by the Secretary- by the Council during its seventh session, at its General and the specialized agencies on co-ordi- 180th plenary meeting on July 21, 1948. At its nation. He declared that substantive questions 181st meeting on July 23, the Council decided that concerning the co-ordination of work with spe- the Committee should consist of the representatives cialized agencies should be referred directly to the of the following thirteen countries: Australia, main committees of the Council. The representa- Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, tive of the U.S.S.R. deplored the tendency to New Zealand, Poland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., United multiply organs dealing with matters of co- Kingdom and United States. ordination and considered that the Council should This Committee, at meetings as listed below, request the Secretary-General to report on the and the Council, at its 225th plenary meeting on possibilities of a reduction in their number. August 28, considered the reports submitted in The Committee's recommendations were ap- accordance with the resolutions adopted by the proved by the Council at its 225th plenary meet- Council at its sixth session. In particular the Com- ing. The matters dealt with are reviewed below. mittee considered (1) relations with and co-or- ( 1 ) Processes of Co-ordination dination of specialized agencies (E/813, E/818 and Add.1, E/842, E/843/Rev.1, E/846, E/847, (a) ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS E/848 and Corr.1 and Add.1, E/AC.24/4 or The Council's Committee on Matters relating E/AC.7/74); (2) a list of reports of specialized to Co-ordination first gave consideration to organ- agencies (E/815/Rev.1); (3) report of the Sec- izational matters raised in the report of the Ad- retary-General on the organization of the Economic ministrative Committee on Co-ordination (E/846). and Social Departments of the Secretariat and This report dealt with the general scope and on the work programs of commissions of the nature of the Committee's work, program co- Council (E/844 and Add.1) and a report of the ordination, administrative and budgetary ques- Secretary-General concerning the form and char- tions, the International Civil Service Advisory acter of the reports of commissions and other Board, regional activities, co-ordination of ad- subsidiary organs (E/845); and (4) draft calendar ministrative services in different centres, calendar of meetings and conferences in 1949 (E/906, of conferences, non-statistical questionnaires and E/AC.24/5 or E/AC.7/75). fellowship programs. The Economic and Social Council 679

The Council's Committee on Matters relating to Committee further pointed out that any repre- Co-ordination reviewed the various types of sentative had the right to request that a specific machinery which had been set up either by the reservation made by him be mentioned in a foot- Administrative Committee on Co-ordination or in note to the report. The Australian representative pursuance of resolutions of the General Assembly agreed with this recommendation. The repre- (e.g., concerning an International Civil Service sentative of the U.S.S.R. regretted that only the Advisory Board). The need for keeping such views of individual representatives of the Com- machinery to the minimum consistent with effi- mission, rather than minority views, would be ciency was emphasized, and the Secretary-General included in the reports. He stated that his delega- was requested to keep the Council informed of tion could not accept that recommendation of the steps taken to achieve this. It was recognized, Committee. The representative of Canada pointed however, that the wide scope of activities would out, as Chairman of the Committee on Matters in future involve a considerable volume of addi- relating to Co-ordination, that it was for the com- tional work. The magnitude and complexity of the missions to decide themselves whether minority Committee's task had made it increasingly difficult views should be included in the reports. for the administrative officers to deal with more (d) FORM AND CHARACTER OF "COMPARATIVE than the major issue of policy and program in- REVIEW" volved. The representative of the U.S.S.R. ex- The Committee considered whether changes pressed the view that there was no necessity to should be made in the form and character of the establish the International Civil Service Advisory Comparative Review of the Activities and Work Board. Programmes of the United Nations and the Spe- (b) FORM AND CHARACTER OF REPORTS BY AGENCIES cialized Agencies in the Economic and Social Fields, The Council's Committee noted the view of the as suggested by the Secretary-General (E/843/Rev. agencies as expressed in the report of the Ad- 1, E/848 and Add.1). It agreed that the Secretary- ministrative Committee that, owing to differing General should prepare next year's Comparative circumstances and limitations of both staff and Review in a similar form as a reference document, resources, it might be difficult for some agencies with an indication of priorities wherever possible, to give detailed information under all the items and with specific questions requiring the special requested. It recognized that a greater degree of attention of the Council treated in separate docu- uniformity and comparability in the reports, for ments. The Comparative Review contains analytical purposes of co-ordination, would be attained pro- lists of the principal questions in the economic gressively with further experience, and that, in and social fields and the work of the United Na- time, the adaptation of agency budgets to the tions and specialized agencies related to each; standard budget summaries worked out by the lists of documents used in its preparation; out- Consultative Committee on Administrative Ques- lines of the organizational structure of the spe- tions would yield information which would be use- cialized agencies; inter-agency agreements; and lists ful to the Council in its task of program co- of principal committees and other bodies concerned ordination. with problems of co-ordination. (e) DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF ECONOMIC AND (c) FORM AND CHARACTER OF REPORTS OF SOCIAL STUDIES COMMISSIONS The Council considered the report of the Sec- The Committee noted with approval the Sec- retary-General on the form and character of com- retary-General's report (E/813) on the progress mission reports (E/845). It approved, with made in the plans to publish the descriptive cata- certain modifications, a standard form suggested logue of economic and social studies, which had been requested in the Council's resolution for normal use, from which deviations might, 160 however, be made in exceptional cases. 128 (VI) B. The catalogue, it was planned, would In the Council's discussions of the Committee's describe studies, investigations and other projects report (E/1038), certain representatives, includ- in the economic and social fields undertaken by ing those of Australia, the U.S.S.R. and Canada, the United Nations and the specialized agencies referred to the question raised in the report of and would include a brief description of the the inclusion of minority views in reports of nature, scope, origin and purpose of each project commissions. The Committee had recommended and publication details concerning resulting mem- that at the present stage the appropriate place for oranda or reports. It would include lists of de- such views was in the summary records. The 160 See p. 677. 680 Yearbook of the United Nations partments and officers concerned with the listed consultation in advance, through the latter Com- projects, and would be issued annually. mittee, before the establishment of regional offices. It endorsed this action as the procedure which ( f ) CALENDAR OF CONFERENCES OF SPECIALIZED AGENCIES should be followed by specialized agencies in con- The Committee took note of the reports of the formity with the principles stated in the agree- Secretary-General (E/843/Rev.1, E/847) on the ments between such agencies and the United progress which had been made in drawing up Nations. It also expressed the hope that agencies a balanced calendar of agency conferences, with not yet in relationship with the United Nations the principal aim of assisting in ensuring that but represented on the Administrative Committee agencies would be able to time the submission of on Co-ordination would adopt a similar procedure work programs and budgets before the pre-As- if the question of establishing regional offices sembly session of the Council. should arise. Attention was drawn to the fact that UNESCO (h) LIST OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS and FAO were holding their conferences during The Committee considered the report of the the second half of the year. The Council took note Secretary-General (E/818 and Add.1) listing 70 of the various technical and procedural reasons inter-governmental organizations in the economic, for this, and also noted the consideration that had social, cultural, educational, health and related fields been given by these organizations to the possi- having responsibilities similar to those of the bility of changing the date of future conferences United Nations and specialized agencies. The re- to the first half of the year; and it expressed the port had been requested in the Council's resolution hope that they would be able, in the near future, 128 (VI) B. The Committee recommended a draft to conform to the plan recommended for achieving resolution, which was adopted by the Council by a balanced calendar. 16 votes to 0, with 2 abstentions, and reads as follows (resolution 171 (VII)): (g) CO-ORDINATION OF PROGRAMS, FACILITIES AND LIAISON ARRANGEMENTS "The Economic and Social Council, The Committee took note of the report (E/842), "Believing that the establishment of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies having wide responsi- prepared by the Secretary-General in accordance bilities in the economic, social, cultural, educational, with the Council's resolution 124 (VI) B, on the health and related fields makes desirable re-examination action taken in pursuance of the agreements with by Member Governments of possible duplication or dis- the specialized agencies to develop effective co- persion of effort between these organizations and other existing inter-governmental organizations, ordination of the economic and social programs "Recognizing that any action to simplify the structure of the United Nations and the specialized agencies, of inter-governmental organizations could be taken only on the facilities which will be available for spe- by Governments members of such organizations, cialized agencies at the seat and regional offices "Requests the Secretary-General to transmit, not later of the United Nations, and on existing or con- than 15 October 1948, to Member States and the specialized agencies a list of inter-governmental organizations, templated liaison arrangements among the United to include those in documents E/818 and E/818/Add.1, Nations and specialized agencies. prepared in response to Council resolution 128(VI), and The Committee agreed that the Secretary-Gen- any other organizations established by inter-governmental eral should be requested to undertake a study in agreement which he may consider should be added; "Recommends that Member States and the specialized greater detail than in this report with a view to agencies submit by 1 February 1949 their views enabling the Council to report to the Assembly. regarding: The Committee considered the possibility of "1. The possible termination absorption or integra- formulating policies on the location—in relation tion of any of these organizations into the United Na- tions or the specialized agencies; to the various offices of the United Nations—of "2. Relationships which might be established be- the headquarters of those agencies that have not tween any of the listed organizations and the United yet selected a permanent seat, but it was not found Nations or the specialized agencies; and possible to formulate policies that would be gen- "Requests the Secretary-General to submit by 1 May erally applicable at this stage. It was therefore 1949 a consolidated report, based on the replies received, for consideration by the Council at its ninth session." agreed that each case of an agency seeking prior consultation on this matter should be treated on (2) Administrative and Budgetary Co-ordination its merits. The Committee took note of the Secretary- Regarding the location of the regional offices General's report on administrative and budgetary of agencies, the Committee noted that the Admin- co-ordination of the United Nations and the spe- istrative Committee on Co-ordination favored full cialized agencies (E/847). This report had been The Economic and Social Council 681

prepared in accordance with the General Assembly's A survey was first made of the social field, dur- 161 resolution 125 (II) for submission to the Eco- ing which the Committee agreed that while there nomic and Social Council and the third regular were overlapping fields of interest, there was not session of the Assembly. This resolution requested in fact at the present time actual overlapping in recommendations concerning: (a) measures for the work programs of the specialized agencies. achieving greater uniformity in presentation of Periodic review of work programs was, however, the budgets of the United Nations and of the considered to be required, since the broad terms specialized agencies, with a view to providing a of reference of these agencies made overlapping basis for comparison of the several budgets; (b) possible. It was also agreed that co-ordination in the fiscal year and schedule of meetings of the the social field could best be achieved by concentrat- specialized agencies with a view to setting priori- ing on individual projects and problems and by ties and developing effective co-ordination of pro- developing joint plans of action on these subjects. grams; and (c) the feasibility of improved budget- It was further agreed, on a proposal of the New ary co-ordination between the United Nations Zealand representative (E/AC.7/W.35), that it and the specialized agencies. was desirable for organs of the United Nations The Committee recognized that the report would and specialized agencies to set down, in their work be discussed in detail by the General Assembly at programs for any specific period, only those items its third session. However, it felt that the report on which they would be actively engaged during might suitably be supplemented as far as possible that period. It was emphasized that the Economic with the following additional information: (a) and Social Council might rely on the Secretary- practices of agencies with regard to presentation General (in consultation with the Administrative of their budget estimates on a project basis; (b) Committee on Co-ordination, and after taking into the practical experience of the League of Nations consideration the views expressed by members of and the International Labour Office in the presenta- the Council) to select and prepare studies on spe- tion and approval of budgets; and (c) possible cific topics for the Committee's consideration, from measures for timing the Council's review of agency the co-ordination aspect, at future sessions. programs and the review of agency budgets by In surveying the economic field, the Commit- the Advisory Committee on Administrative and tee agreed that, since the Administrative Commit- Budgetary Questions, so that recommendations of tee on Co-ordination had already arranged to keep the General Assembly with respect to budgets the subject of economic development under review, might be related to recommendations of the Coun- and since the question could in any case be more cil with respect to programs. suitably studied when the program of the future The Committee noted with approval that prog- ITO and the future status of the Economic and ress was being made towards working out a joint Employment Commission and its sub-commissions system of external audit for the United Nations were better known, no further action would be and the specialized agencies. taken for the time being. It was considered desirable, however, to have for the Economic and (3) Program Co-ordination Social Council's information at the next session a In considering problems of program co-or- report on the existing arrangements for co-ordi- dination covering economic and social co-operation nated action between the regional commissions and between the United Nations and the special- specialized agencies. ized agencies, the Committee had before it the The Committee submitted a draft resolution on Comparative Review prepared by the Secretary- program co-ordination, which was adopted by General (E/848 and Corr.1 and Add.1). This the Council at its 225th plenary meeting by 15 Comparative Review was based, inter alia, on the votes to 2, with 1 abstention (resolution 166- following documents: reports of the specialized (VII)), and reads as follows: agencies as listed in document E/815/Rev.1; re- "The Economic and Social Council, ports of commissions of the Council as summarized "Having examined the report of its Committee on in the Secretary-General's report on work pro- Matters relating to Co-ordination regarding the processes grams of the Economic and Social Departments and of co-ordination, the progress made in administrative and budgetary co-ordination and questions of programme co- of commissions of the Council for 1948-49 ordination reported to it by the specialized agencies, (E/844); report by the Secretary-General on the the subsidiary organs of the Council and the Secretary- organization of the Economic and Social Depart- General, ments of the Secretariat for 1948-49 (E/844/- "Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Ad- Add.1). 161 See General Assembly, pp. 113-14. 682 Yearbook of the United Nations ministrative Committee on Co-ordination and to the up to September 1948, of their right to participate specialized agencies the report of the Council's Committee in the discussions of the General Assembly and on Matters relating to Co-ordination and the records of the proceedings at the seventh session of the Council the Economic and Social Council and its commis- relating to these matters; sions on matters of interest to them. "Requests the specialized agencies, the Commissions Similarly, the United Nations had been repre- and the other subsidiary organs of the Council and the sented at the main conferences and committee Secretary-General to continue their work in pursuance 162 meetings of the agencies. Exchange arrangements of General Assembly resolutions 125(II) and 165 (II) and Council resolution 128(VI)163 in the light of that ex- had been put into effect whereby principal docu- amination; and ments and technical materials issued by the United "Decides that an account of the action taken to imple- Nations and the agencies are made reciprocally ment Article 63 of the Charter and of related matters be available to their secretariats. included in its report to the third regular session of the General Assembly." Permanent liaison officers were being maintained as of September 1948 at the United Nations by ILO, UNESCO and WHO, each of which had small 4. Co-operation between the United liaison offices in the New York area. As of the Nations and the Agencies same date, FAO, the Bank and the Fund, which are located in Washington, and ICAO, located in a. INTER-AGENCY AGREEMENTS Montreal, had not considered it necessary to assign permanent liaison personnel at the United Nations Under the provisions of their respective agree- headquarters. ments with the United Nations, the specialized The Secretary-General had undertaken to assure agencies have agreed to inform the Council of any special liaison with the agencies located in Europe agreements negotiated with other specialized agen- through officers concerned with Social Affairs and cies. Trusteeship attached to the Geneva office. As of September 21, 1948, formal agreements had been concluded between ILO and FAO, ILO and UNESCO, ILO and WHO, and UNESCO and c. CO-ORDINATION MACHINERY WHO. The Executive Board of UNESCO and the In addition, formal machinery exists for inter- World Health Assembly, respectively, had approved secretariat collaboration on broad policy matters. formal agreements between FAO and UNESCO The Administrative Committee on Co-ordination and between FAO and WHO, and the FAO Coun- (formerly known as the "Co-ordination Commit- cil had recommended them for approval to the tee"), established in pursuance of a resolution fourth session of the FAO Conference convening (13(III)) of the Economic and Social Council at in November 1948. These two agreements were its third session, consists of the Secretary-General to come into force with their approval by the FAO and the corresponding officers of the specialized Conference. agencies brought into relationship with the United In addition to these general agreements, a num- Nations. Other agencies with which agreements ber of inter-agency agreements relating to special are contemplated may send observers to the meet- questions had been made, comparable to the agree- ings of the Administrative Committee. The Ad- ment of November 22, 1947, between the United ministrative Committee held four sessions during Nations and ILO defining their respective spheres the period under review: its second, from October of competence in migration. 1 to 3, 1947; its third, from January 15 to 17, 1948; its fourth, from May 27 to 29; and its fifth, on b. LIAISON July 15. Informal working arrangements between two Further progress was made during the period or more specialized agencies and between agencies under review in consolidating the machinery for and the United Nations had evolved in order to co-ordination between the United Nations and the avoid overlapping and assure adequate consultation specialized agencies. A Preparatory Committee, on matters of common concern. The day-to-day composed of representatives of the chief adminis- secretariat consultations in the preparation and de- trative officers of the agencies, was established in velopment of work programs had resulted in the February 1948 for the purpose of relieving the allocation of specific tasks or in the co-ordinated chief administrative officers of lesser matters of co- handling of problems among the international or- ordination, so that the latter could devote more ganizations. 162 See General Assembly, pp. 113-18. Most of the specialized agencies had made use, 163 See pp. 677-78. The Economic and Social Council 683

attention to questions of higher policy. Subsidiary In dealing with the question of prevention of dis- groups reporting to the Administrative Commit- crimination and the protection of minorities, the tee included, as of September 21, 1948, consultative Council made a number of requests (116(VI)B) committees on administrative questions, statistical to UNESCO in connection with programs of matters, and public information, the United Na- education, disseminating scientific facts designed to tions Film Board and the Inter-Library Committee. remove racial prejudice, and other measures to Two regional bodies, the Geneva Consultative combat intolerance or hostility between nations Committee on Administrative Matters and the Paris and groups.168 Central Administrative Services Unit, were also responsible to the Administrative Committee, as well ( 2 ) Submission of Questions by Agencies as four ad hoc technical working groups, on fellow- A number of specialized agencies have also sub- ship programs, housing and town and country mitted problems to the Council or its commissions. planning, migration and publications. Pursuant to The Preparatory Committee of the United Na- a resolution of the General Assembly (13(I)), the tions Conference on Trade and Employment sug- Committee, at its fourth session, agreed that an gested that a committee be set up to keep informed International Civil Service Advisory Board should of and facilitate inter-governmental consultation be established at an early date "to contribute to and action on commodity problems. This recom- the improvement of recruitment and related phases mendation was seconded by the FAO Preparatory of personnel administration in all of the interna- Commission on World Food Proposals. The In- tional organizations" (E/846), and decided on the terim Co-ordinating Committee for International terms of reference of the Board. Commodity Arrangements, set up pursuant to resolution 30(IV) of the Economic and Social d. CO-OPERATION ON SUBSTANTIVE MATTERS Council, is composed of a representative of the Interim Commission of ITO, a representative of ( 1 ) Resolutions of Organs of the United Nations FAO, and a representative chosen by the Secretary- Various decisions involving co-operative action General. by the United Nations and the specialized agencies ITU in November 1947 requested (E/572/Rev.- have been taken by the General Assembly, the Eco- 1) the United Nations to draw the attention of its nomic and Social Council and its commissions. For competent organs to the urgency of the problem example, during the period under review the Gen- of rehabilitating the telecommunication systems of Members of the Union devastated by the war. eral Assembly requested (resolution 128(II)) The International Timber Conference held by ILO to pursue its study of the practical application FAO recommended the immediate establishment of machinery to ensure trade union rights and of a European Timber Committee within the freedom of association.164 The Assembly requested framework of the Economic Commission for Eu- (136(II)) the Secretary-General, in collaboration rope. This recommendation was communicated with IRO, to report to the seventh session of the to the United Nations in June 1947 (E/455). Council on the progress and prospect of repatria- ILO in February 1948 referred to the United tion, resettlement and immigration of refugees Nations a resolution (E/781) of its Regional and displaced persons. The report was accordingly Meeting for the Near and Middle East concerning prepared (E/816 and Add.1) and considered at the economic policies necessary to raise the stand- the Council's seventh session.165 UNESCO was ard of living in the area. The resolution had been invited by the Assembly (137(II)) to assist Mem- brought before the Administrative Committee on bers of the United Nations at their request in Co-ordination in January 1948, and it was decided implementing a program of teaching the purposes to allocate work in this connection between the and principles of the United Nations in schools United Nations and the appropriate international of Member States. UNESCO, as requested, re- agencies, including FAO and WHO. ported on this subject to the seventh session of 166 In May 1948, UNESCO suggested (E/CN.9/26) the Economic and Social Council (E/823). to the Population Commission the desirability of Similarly, the Economic and Social Council requested FAO (103(VI)) to report on the measures calling a World Population Conference. taken by Member States, regional commissions and 164 See pp. 132-33. the specialized agencies to alleviate the world food 165 See pp. 128-29, 645-46. 166 See pp. 137, 651-52. crisis, and to recommend further action which 167 167 See p. 553. might be taken to improve the situation. 168 See p. 582. 684 Yearbook of the United Nations

(3) Collaboration on Economic and Social Questions with FAO were initiated to clarify responsibilities The following are other examples of collabora- for the collection and publication of statistics on tion between the United Nations and the special- the production, consumption and distribution of ized agencies, and between the agencies them- agricultural products. Similar arrangements were selves on economic and social questions. made whereby the Statistical Office of the United In the preparation of the survey of world eco- Nations supplies to the specialized agencies sta- nomic conditions and trends presented to the sixth tistics on population, national income, industrial session of the Council, ICAO, the Bank and the production, trade and prices. Fund rendered considerable assistance, and ILO and Other arrangements assure a close liaison in FAO contributed to the survey whole sections on fiscal matters between the specialized agencies and world manpower problems and the world food the Fiscal Division of the United Nations both as situation. regards planning of research on public finance and ILO, FAO, UNESCO and WHO assisted the Sec- the exchange of available information and com- retary-General, as members of his Advisory Com- pleted studies in this field. The International mittee, in preparing for the United Nations Scien- Labour Office informally offered to make available tific Conference on the Conservation and Utiliza- to the Fiscal Division factual information and tion of Resources. analyses on aspects of social security systems that The United Nations, ILO, ICAO, ITU and the might be of use to the Division. On the other hand, International Meteorological Organization (the it expressed a desire to obtain information on cer- predecessor of the proposed World Meteorological tain technical phases of taxation and methods of Organization) co-operated in the field of transport financing public works. FAO suggested the study and communications. The Joint Maritime Com- of fiscal systems and policies as they affect pur- mission of ILO had, prior to the United Nations chasing, consumption, agriculture, economic de- Maritime Conference, expressed the hope that there velopment and social progress; material for use in would be no overlapping between the work of ILO such studies has been collected by the Fiscal Di- and IMCO and that there would be full co-opera- vision in the course of its general work. Provision tion between the two organizations on all matters has been made between the Fiscal Division, the of common interest. The Maritime Conference, Fund, and the Bank for the exchange of studies after noting the maritime work of ILO, drafted relating to public finance, except insofar as certain the Convention establishing IMCO, and in par- studies by the Fund and the Bank contain con- ticular IMCO's functions, in such a manner as to fidential information. ensure the avoidance of duplication. Co-operative action at the regional level is il- Representatives of ICAO, ITU, the International lustrated by the combined efforts of the Economic Meteorological Organization, and the Provisional Commission for Europe and FAO in the field of Maritime Consultative Council composed the pre- timber; FAO supplies the secretariat for the ECE paratory committee of experts which met prior to Timber Committee, thereby ensuring the closest the Conference on Safety and Life at Sea. The integration of policies. ECE was also assisted by preparatory committee prepared a report on exist- FAO in dealing with problems of fertilizers and ing measures for the co-ordination of activities agriculture and by ILO with regard to European in the fields of aviation, shipping and telecom- manpower problems. Decisions of the Economic munications. Commission for Asia and the Far East also provided In order to avoid unnecessary requests for sta- for close co-operation with specialized agencies, tistics to governments and to promote a well co- particularly with FAO in the field of agriculture, ordinated program of statistics, procedures have and with ILO in technical training. The Economic been established for the exchange of draft statistical Commission for Latin America proposed a study, questionnaires in advance of issuance. Arrange- to be made jointly with the specialized agencies, ments were made for the International Labour of the relationship between the economic rehabili- Office to provide the United Nations with sta- tation of non-American countries and the develop- tistics on employment, unemployment, cost-of- ment of economic and commercial activities in living, wage rates and similar matters within the Latin America. labor field. The International Monetary Fund pro- A Directory of Economic and Statistical Projects, vides statistics on balances of payments, exchange No. 1, published during 1947-48, served to reveal rates, gold and foreign exchange reserves and other at the earliest possible stage any danger of over- subjects of special concern to the Fund. ICAO lapping in work projects. The Directory, by set- provides all figures on civil aviation. Negotiations ting out the nature of projects in hand, provided The Economic and Social Council 685

a continuous guide to the United Nations and the more detail in other sections of this volume. Among specialized agencies in avoiding duplication. The these are the following: the allocation of functions preliminary issue of the Directory, published in in the field of migration; co-ordinated action to July 1947, contained information from FAO, meet the world food crisis; problems concerning ICAO, ILO, WHO, the Bank and Fund, as well as refugees; narcotics control; the activities of the from the United Nations. The second issue, pub- specialized agencies and subsidiary organs of the lished in January 1948, contained information Council in the field of housing and town and coun- from the above agencies and from IRO, ITU, try planning and the measures taken towards their UNESCO, and UPU. To comply with the resolu- co-ordination; the shortage of newsprint; equal pay tion (128(VI)) of the Council, the Directory was for equal work; United Nations postal services; to be replaced by a Catalogue of Economic and the question of establishing United Nations re- Social Studies, to include studies in the social as well search laboratories; the co-ordination of carto- as the economic field. The Catalogue is to be pub- graphic services; and the co-ordination of the fel- lished annually in June, the first issue to appear lowship programs of the United Nations and the in 1949 (see above). specialized agencies.170 The assistance received by UNICEF, particularly from FAO and WHO, illustrates the co-operation 5. Membership in UNESCO between the United Nations and the specialized agencies in the social field. A survey of the milk In accordance with Article 2 of the agreement supply position in different European countries between UNESCO and the United Nations, the was made by UNICEF and FAO in the summer of Director-General of UNESCO forwarded for con- 1947. UNICEF has been assisted by an FAO nutri- sideration by the Economic and Social Council an tion consultant and a WHO liaison officer and application from Hungary for admission to pediatrician in carrying out its supplementary UNESCO (E/261/Add.1). child-feeding programs. UNICEF has also been At its 86th plenary meeting on July 21, the assisted to a considerable extent by WHO in de- Council decided by 10 votes to 1, with 7 absten- veloping programs for the control of tuberculosis, tions, that UNESCO should be informed that the malaria and venereal diseases among children and Council had no objection to the admission of Hun- 169 nursing and expectant mothers. gary to the Organization. The representative of Both FAO and WHO agreed to co-operate with Cuba explaining his negative vote stated that his UNESCO in the Haitian pilot project for funda- delegation felt that the present government of mental education; FAO was to study and work Hungary, as distinct from the Hungarian popula- toward improving agricultural methods in the area, tion, was not democratic and should be treated on while WHO was to advise on sanitary and health the same basis as Franco Spain. conditions. Likewise, these two agencies as well The Council at its sixth session considered the as the United Nations were participating in the application of the Principality of Monaco for UNESCO-sponsored research project in the Hylean membership in UNESCO, consideration of which Amazon region of Latin America. had been postponed from the fifth session (E/568). UNESCO and WHO jointly arranged for the The matter was discussed at the 125th and 129th calling of a conference in early 1949 to establish plenary meetings of the Council on February 3 a Permanent Council for co-ordination of Inter- and 5. Certain representatives, including those of national Congresses of the Medical Sciences. the United States, Canada and New Zealand, All the interested specialized agencies partici- thought that this raised the problem of the posi- pated with the Trusteeship Council in the develop- tion of other small states from the point of view ment of a questionnaire on Trust Territories. of their practical independence and importance, In connection with the work of the Commission and considered that UNESCO should take into on Human Rights on an International Bill of account what contribution Monaco could make in Rights, UNESCO transmitted to the United Na- furthering the program of the Organization. The tions the results of a study of the philosophical French representative supported the application of bases of a declaration of human rights. Material Monaco, stating (1) that it was a sovereign state on human rights was also prepared by IRO. and (2) that its standing in the cultural and scien- In addition to the examples of co-operative tific field, owing in particular to the activities of action listed above, many activities and problems 169 See United Nations International Children's Emerg- with which the United Nations and the specialized ency Fund, p. 622. agencies were jointly concerned are described in 170 For details, see under appropriate headings. 686 Yearbook of the United Nations its Oceanographic Institute, entitled it to a place vantages of concentrating their headquarters at the in UNESCO. seat of the United Nations, and (2) that action by The Council adopted a Canadian draft resolution WHO was more badly needed in under-developed as amended by France (resolution 137(VI)) in countries than in Europe, and, he therefore main- which it stated that it had no objection to the ad- tained, the decision should not be too rigid. mission of Monaco to UNESCO, but recommended A French amendment to make clear that the that in considering the request UNESCO take into decision of the World Health Assembly had been account the contribution which Monaco could make a provisional one was adopted by 14 votes to 3. in furthering the program of the Organization The amended resolution (168(VII)) was and also consider "the general problem of the ad- adopted by 13 votes to 0, with 4 abstentions, as mission of similar diminutive states". follows: "The Economic and Social Council, 6. Location of the World Health "Having taken note of the provisional decision unani- Organization Headquarters mously adopted by the World Health Assembly on 2 The Council at its 181st plenary meeting on July 1948 that Geneva be made the permanent head- July 23, 1948, considered the report of the Com- quarters of the World Health Organization, "Considers that the establishment of the headquarters mittee on Negotiations with Inter-Governmental of the World Health Organization at Geneva is in the Agencies on the headquarters of the World Health best interests of the United Nations and of the World Organization (E/C.1/39). The Committee had Health Organization." agreed that since consultations had taken place at the secretariat level (E/852) on questions arising 7. Use of the Central Library at Geneva out of the location of the headquarters of WHO by the United Nations and Specialized and since the decision of the World Health As- Agencies sembly on July 2 had been unanimous, no further At its fifth session (88th meeting) on July 22, formal consultations were necessary. A majority 1947, the Economic and Social Council considered of the Committee had gone on record in declaring a request from the Interim Commission of WHO that this procedure should not be regarded as a for the transfer of certain assets of the League of precedent. The Committee recommended to the Nations, in particular medical and health material Council a draft resolution taking note of the de- in the League of Nations Library. The Council rec- cision of the World Health Assembly to make ommended a resolution to the General Assembly, Geneva the headquarters of WHO, and stating that the terms of which it adopted (129(II)) on the Council considered the establishment of its 171 headquarters there "at this time" in the best in- November 17, 1947. It instructed the Secretary-General "to consider terests of the United Nations and WHO. The Director-General of WHO pointed out to the different aspects of the problem of the transfer of the medical and health material of the League the Council that it had been necessary to make a of Nations Library and to submit to the Economic provisional decision on headquarters pending for- and Social Council a draft plan within the frame- mal consultation with the United Nations, in order work of a general policy relating to the use of the that the World Health Assembly might consider Central Library by the United Nations and by the budgeting and other problems. It was intended to 171 hold a meeting of the Assembly on the following specialized agencies". day to take the final decision. He also expressed the The Secretary-General therefore submitted to feeling that the words "at this time" in the draft the Council at its seventh session a note (E/835) resolution were unwise since they might be in- informing the Council that the general policy de- terpreted to mean that the location chosen was termining the future role of the Geneva Library only temporary. was the subject of extensive informal consultations. On the proposal of the U.S.S.R. representative In particular, it would be discussed at a meeting the Council decided by 16 votes to 1 to amend the of an International Advisory Committee of Library resolution by referring to the "permanent" head- Experts to which librarians of all the specialized agencies had been invited. The Secretary-General, quarters of WHO. Certain representatives expressed some misgivings at the use of the word therefore, suggested that the final decision on the "permanent", and the Chinese representative op- question might be postponed. posed it on the grounds (1) that it had been laid The special requirements of WHO would be down by the General Assembly that specialized considered with the representatives of that agency. agencies should take into consideration the ad- 171 See General Assembly, pp. 119-20. The Economic and Social Council 687

The guiding principle would be to make the quests for the transfer of specific portions of the Geneva Library as useful as possible to all the spe- League of Nations Library should not be granted cialized agencies. and that the function of the Library would be seri- The Secretary-General also submitted to the ously impaired if portions of it were detached. Council a communication from WHO (E/958) The representative of WHO stated that his calling attention to a resolution on the League of Organization had felt that the best way to secure Nations Library adopted by the first World Health access to the books it needed was by transfer of title Assembly. The resolution requested the Council but that it would be satisfied by a long-term loan. to arrange without delay for the transfer to WHO If transferred, the books would be readily available of title to the health documents, medical and health to the United Nations or any of the specialized books and other materials in the League of Nations agencies. Library relating to the work of the League of Na- The representatives of New Zealand, Poland, and tions Health Organization. the United Kingdom supported the view that the The Council considered the question at the 198th Library should not be split up. The representative plenary meeting on August 13. The French rep- of New Zealand felt that the United States draft resentative thought that a decision should be post- resolution did not specifically exclude this principle poned until the general study of the use of the and therefore proposed to delete from this resolu- Library had been completed, since WHO in the tion the paragraphs referring the considerations to meantime would be able to consult any documents be borne in mind by the Secretary-General in form- it wished. His proposal to defer consideration of ulating his plan. the question to the eighth session of the Council The Council unanimously adopted the amended was rejected by 9 votes to 7. draft resolution (172(VII)) as follows: The United States representative submitted a "The Economic and Social Council, resolution (E/945) requesting the Secretary-Gen- "Considering General Assembly resolution 129(II) of eral to formulate a draft plan for submission to 17 November 1947, the resolution of the first World the Council at its eighth session, bearing in mind Health Assembly of 17 July 1948, and the note by the Secretary-General on the use of United Nations library that the operating requirements of WHO made facilities at Geneva, it desirable to locate in WHO headquarters certain "Considering that the Geneva Library should be made medical and health materials from the Geneva as useful as possible to the United Nations and all the Library and that these requirements could be met specialized agencies, by long-term loans without transfer of title. "Requests the Secretary-General promptly to formulate The representative of the Secretary-General read the draft plan, within the framework of a general policy relating to the use of the Central Library by the United to the Council the text of a telegram stating that Nations and the specialized agencies, as requested by the the Committee of Library Experts which was then General Assembly, for submission to the Council if meeting had unanimously recommended that re- possible at its eighth session."

J. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

1. Granting of Consultative Status by the Council's fifth session at the 107th, 114th and 115th plenary meetings on August 6 and 13, a. ORGANIZATIONS ADMITTED AT THE FIFTH 1947, and by a meeting of the Council's Committee AND SIXTH SESSIONS OF THE COUNCIL of the Whole on August 7. The Council decided The Committee on Arrangements for Con- (resolution 94(V)I.2) to admit 21 international sultation with Non-Governmental Organizations organizations and, on the recommendation of (Council NGO Committee), established by the the Members of the United Nations concerned, Council on June 21, 1946, to review and make it also decided (95(V)II) to admit four national non-governmental organizations to consultative recommendations on applications for consultative 172 status submitted by non-governmental organiza- status in category B. tions, met on July 18, 24, 28 and 29, 1947, to 172 For list of organizations with consultative status, see consider the applications received up to the meet- p. 694. Certain organizations were admitted at the fifth session subject to the exclusion of their Spanish affiliates, ing of the NGO Working Party on June 2, 1947. and as the condition was not fulfilled, they are not in- The Committee's report (E/500) was considered cluded in the list. 688 Yearbook of the United Nations

At its sixth session the Council considered at following organizations at the present time either because its 161st, 162nd and 164th plenary meetings on they have been recently organized or because further in- March 3, 4 and 5 the reports of the Council NGO formation is desired, Committee (E/706) and, on the basis of the re- "Decides that the applications of the following organizations will be reconsidered at a later date: port, decided at its 161st plenary meeting on "European Union of Federalists (postponed until March 3 to admit seven organizations to consulta- organizations having a similar interest enter into suf- tive status in category B and two in category C. ficiently close relations with each other to permit joint representation) "International Council of Christians and Jews (post- b. RECLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIZATIONS poned for one year) "International Institute of Public Law (postponed The Council NGO Committee had recom- for one year) mended to the fifth session of the Council (E/500) "International Union of Socialist Youth (postponed that the request of the following organizations in for one year) "Pax Romana—International Catholic Movement for category B to be placed in category A should not Intellectual and Cultural Affairs (postponed until in- be granted: Inter-American Council of Commerce formation and clarification to be requested is received) and Production, International Organization of In- "Pax Romana—International Movement of Catholic dustrial Employers, Women's International Demo- Students (postponed until information and clarification to be requested is received) cratic Federation, World Federation of Democratic "World Movement for World Federal Government Youth. In the case of the International Organiza- (postponed until organizations having a similar inter- tion of Industrial Employers it had recommended est enter into sufficiently close relations with each other that consideration of the request should be post- to permit joint representation). . . ." poned for one year. The Council decided at its 114th plenary meet- d. ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH ing on August 13, by 14 votes to 1, with 3 absten- TRANSPORT tions (resolution 95(V)I.1), to place the Inter- national Organization of Industrial Employers in At the Council's fifth session, acting on the category A. It, however, rejected by 7 votes to recommendation of the Council NGO Committee, 3, with 8 abstentions, a U.S.S.R. proposal to re- the Committee of the Whole recommended the classify the Women's International Democratic following resolution to the Council (E/543): Federation and the World Federation of Demo- "The Economic and Social Council cratic Youth. "Decides to request the Transport and Communications At its sixth session the Council decided on the Commission to advise the Council on the applications of basis of the Council NGO Committee's report the organizations noted below, it being understood that (E/706), in resolution 133(VI)A, that the World the question of Spanish membership will be taken into Federation of United Nations Associations for- consideration when the Council acts upon these applications, some of which appear to fall within the terms of merly placed in category B should be placed in the Council's resolution 57(IV) of 28 March 1947 pro- category A. At its 164th plenary meeting on viding that 'in the case of certain organizations consulta- March 5 it adopted by 14 votes to 1, with 2 absten- tive arrangements should not be made, since their work tions, the recommendation of the Committee that would appear to fall entirely within the field of activity the Women's International Democratic Federation of one of the specialized agencies or other inter- governmental organizations'; and and the World Federation of Democratic Youth, "Decides to request the Council NGO Committee to which had requested to be placed in category A, consider the report of the Transport and Communications should remain in category B. A Polish proposal, Commission and forward its recommendations to the supported by the U.S.S.R. representative, that they Council: should be placed in category A was rejected by "Central Council of International Touring "International Air Transport Association 12 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions. "International Shipping Conference "International Union of Public Transport "International Union of Railways c. POSTPONEMENT OF GRANT OF STATUS "Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses." On the recommendation of the Council NGO Committee the Council at its sixth session passed, The Council discussed this draft resolution at without discussion, resolution 133(VI)A, which its 114th and 115th plenary meetings on August provided, inter alia, that the Council, 13. After a tie vote, the Council decided by 8 "2. Considering that the Council NGO Committee votes to 7, with 3 abstentions, on the proposal feels unable to make recommendations concerning the of the Venezuelan representative, to delete the The Economic and Social Council 689 name of the International Shipping Conference At its sixth session, on the basis of the Council from this list. NGO Committee's report (E/706) the Council in The reasons given by the Venezuelan repre- resolution 133 (VI) A adopted the following pro- sentative for his proposal were: that the Inter- visions: national Shipping Conference had affiliations in "The Economic and Social Council. . . Franco Spain; that the Council already had rela- "Decides to request the Transport and Communications Commission to advise the Council on the applications of tions with the Provisional Maritime Council, an the organizations noted below, it being understood that inter-governmental organization dealing with the the question of Spanish membership is not referred to the same questions as the International Shipping Con- Commission but will be taken into consideration when ference, and it had been decided that if an inter- the Council acts upon these applications, and "Requests the Council NGO Committee to consider the governmental organization was dealing with a report of the Transport and Communications Commission subject, a non-governmental organization dealing and forward its recommendations to the Council re- with the same subject should not receive con- garding: sultative status; that the International Shipping "Central Council of International Touring "International Air Transport Association Conference indulged in unfair competitive prac- "International Shipping Federation tices the prevention of which was one of the aims "International Union of Railways of the proposed maritime conference. "Permanent International Association of Navigation The Venezuelan proposal was supported by the Congresses." U.S.S.R. representative. It was opposed by the e. ORGANIZATIONS WITH SPANISH AFFILIATES United Kingdom representative on the grounds that: the subjects dealt with by the International In its resolution 95 (V) of August 13, 1947, the Shipping Conference and the Provisional Maritime Council had granted consultative status to the Council were not identical; the question of partici- International Organization for Standardization (on condition that the Spanish affiliate be expelled pation of organizations which had Spanish affilia- from the International Electro-technical Commis- tions should only be considered when the Council sion which had become a part of it), and also the was called upon to take decisions regarding such International Automobile Federation and the Inter- applications; it was not for the Council to decide national Touring Alliance (to be jointly repre- whether or not it was in agreement with the views sented), the International Bar Association and the of the organizations on which it conferred con- International Federation for Housing and Town sultative status. The Norwegian representative Planning subject to the exclusion of their Spanish thought that the Transport Commission should affiliates. decide whether the International Shipping Con- The Council NGO Committee and the Council ference covered exactly the same ground as the noted that the Spanish affiliate of the International Provisional Maritime Council and proposed that, Organization for Standardization had resigned and as in the case of other organizations which that this Organization, having met the Council's held a similar position with regard to the Spanish requirements, therefore had consultative status in question, the International Shipping Conference category B. could be invited on condition that its Spanish With regard to the other organizations the branches were excluded. Council NGO Committee suggested that the other After some further discussion on a United four organizations should be given a period of Kingdom proposal that the other five organizations twelve months in which to comply with the on the list should be accorded the same treatment Council's condition regarding the exclusion of their as the International Shipping Conference if they Spanish affiliates. had Spanish affiliations, and an Indian proposal that At the sixth session of the Council (162nd the Transport and Communications Commission plenary meeting on March 4) certain representa- should only consider the organizations which had tives expressed the view that the extension of severed all connection with Franco Spain before twelve months granted to the four organizations its next session, the Council decided at its 115th was unjustified. Others felt that a distinction should plenary meeting on August 13 without objections be drawn between the International Automobile (resolution 95(V)II) to refer the paragraph in Federation and the International Touring Alliance, the report of its Committee of the Whole to the which had taken certain steps to comply with the Council NGO Committee with the request that Council's decision, and the International Bar Asso- it reconsider the paragraph and report to the ciation and the International Federation for Council. Housing and Town Planning, which appeared to 690 Yearbook of the United Nations have taken no action. A U.S.S.R. proposal provid- on which such applications or requests were considered ing that the part of the Economic and Social by the Council, unless otherwise decided at the time of Council's resolution of August 13, 1947, referring such consideration." to the two latter organizations should be revoked since they had not complied with the conditions 2. Arrangements for Consultative laid down by the Council, was rejected at the same Status meeting by a vote of 6 to 3, with 7 abstentions. The Council at its 162nd plenary meeting a. REQUEST OF THE WORLD FEDERATION OF adopted, by 11 votes to 0, with 5 abstentions, reso- TRADE UNIONS FOR ADDITIONAL PRIVILEGES lution 133 (VI) B, stating that the International The General Assembly adopted on December Automobile Federation and the International 15, 1946, a resolution (49(I)B and C)173 rec- Touring Alliance should be given twelve months in ommending that the Council give the World Fed- which to comply with the Council's decisions eration of Trade Unions the right to submit items concerning the exclusion of their Spanish affiliates, for insertion on the Council's provisional agenda and that the International Bar Association and the in accordance with the procedure applicable to International Federation for Housing and Town specialized agencies, and expressed agreement with Planning should not be granted consultative status the general principle that all organizations in with the Council unless the required action was category A should receive equal treatment in taken by the Council's next session. respect of consultative arrangements with the At the suggestion of the Council NGO Com- Council. The Council accordingly at its fourth mittee, the Council at its 164th plenary meeting session in March 1947 provided that organizations on March 5 unanimously requested (133(VI)F) in category A might submit items for the Coun- the Committee to study the Council's resolution cil's provisional agenda; set up an Agenda Com- (57(IV)) on international non-governmental mittee to consider and make recommendations on organizations having members in Spain, which the the provisional agenda; provided that category A Committee had thought required clarification. organizations could present their views at any f. RECONSIDERATION OF APPLICATIONS meeting of the Agenda Committee at which the inclusion of items submitted by them was dis- At its sixth session, at the 162nd plenary meet- cussed.174 ing on March 4, the Council by 10 votes to 3, with The World Federation of Trade Unions, by a 2 abstentions, adopted in a slightly amended form letter (E/C.2/48) dated July 3, 1947, addressed a resolution proposed by the Council NGO Com- to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, mittee concerning the reconsideration of the requested that the Council should give it: Council's decisions on non-governmental organiza- "1. The right to request the convocation of the Coun- tions. The U.S.S.R. representative was against a cil in special session under the same conditions as those general ruling on this matter and felt that, when provided in Rule 4 of the rules of procedure of the Eco- there was a question of revising decisions concern- nomic and Social Council for specialized agencies; ing applications from non-governmental organiza- "2. The right to participate, in conformity with the tions, each case should be treated on its merits. procedure at present applied to specialized agencies, in the Council's deliberations concerning: The United States and Chinese representatives "(a) the adoption of the agenda whenever the thought that a limitation was advisable in order to removal from or retention on the agenda of a question save time and ensure efficiency. The resolution proposed by the World Federation of Trade Unions is adopted by the Council (133(VI)C.1) reads as discussed; follows: "(b) the examination of all questions placed on the agenda on the proposal of the World Federation of "The Economic and Social Council, Trade Unions." "Considering that several non-governmental organizations, whose applications for consultative status under At the same time it submitted a resolution, laying Article 71 or for reclassification were not granted by the down that the Council, Council, immediately re-applied, and "Considering that paragraph 2 of section HI of the "to fulfil entirely its task of co-ordination and direction, Council's resolution of 21 June 1946, states, in part, that should, prior to any reference of a question to a commis- It should also be recognized as a basic principle that the sion or a specialized agency, give directives to the body arrangements should not be such as to overburden the concerned on the sense and scope of the studies to be Council, . . .' undertaken and the solution to be worked out." "Decides that any re-application for consultative status 173 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. or requests for reclassification should be considered by the 150. Council NGO Committee, for recommendation to the 174 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. Council, at earliest eighteen months after the last occasion The Economic and Social Council 691

The Federation requested that its note should be to be heard by the Council on any item of the agenda of brought to the attention of the General Assembly the Council should be made to the Council NGO Com- mittee not later than forty-eight hours after the adoption at its next session. of the agenda by the Council." The Council NGO Committee, which met concurrently with the fifth session of the Economic The Council voted separately on the three para- and Social Council, considered the question on graphs of the second resolution and adopted them August 16 and submitted a report (E/566) con- by varying votes. The resolution as a whole was taining two resolutions which were considered adopted at the same meeting by 14 votes to 3, and adopted by the Council at its 121st plenary with 1 abstention. meeting on August 16. By 8 votes to 7, with 3 In this resolution (95(V)III.2) the Council abstentions, the Council voted to hear a representa- stated that considering the differences established tive of the WFTU, who explained, inter alia, that in the Charter between specialized agencies and if the Agenda Committee of the Council decided non-governmental organizations and the arrange- against putting an item proposed by the WFTU ments worked out for giving effect to the Assem- on the Council's agenda, the WFTU wished to be bly's resolution, it could not "accede to the request permitted to state its views on that item to the that non-governmental organizations be granted the full Council, and stated that proposals made by the right to demand the convocation of special sessions WFTU to the Council should be considered by of the Council". On the question of the right to that body and not referred to an organ outside the participate in Council discussions it believed that Council. the separate resolution adopted (see above) was The U.S.S.R. representative supported the adequate to ensure close co-operation between WFTU views and criticized the report of the the Council and non-governmental organizations in NGO Committee as mechanically placing all non- category A. On the question of the proposed governmental organizations in the same category. resolution submitted by the WFTU it pointed The United Kingdom, United States and French out that the way in which the Council dealt with representatives felt that the distinction between any question on its agenda was in each case specialized agencies and non-governmental organi- entirely within its competence. zations should be maintained and that the NGO Committee's report provided adequate machinery b. ALTERATIONS IN PROCEDURAL for fruitful collaboration. ARRANGEMENTS The first of the two resolutions (95(V)III.1) The Council at its sixth session unanimously adopted by the Council at its 121st plenary meet- decided at its 164th plenary meeting on March 5 ing on August 16 by 14 votes to 3, with 1 (resolution 133(VI)D) to draw the attention abstention, reads as follows: of the Economic Commission for Asia and the "1. The Economic and Social Council Decides, Far East to the arrangements approved by the "With a view to the further implementation of the Council for consultation with non-governmental General Assembly resolution of 15 December 1946 and organizations and to request the Commission to the Council resolutions of 21 June 1946 and of 28 March consider the formulation of rules of procedure 1947, "That whenever the Council discusses the substance of providing for consultation with non-governmental an item proposed by a non-governmental organization in organizations. A similar recommendation had category A and included on the agenda of the Council, been suggested by the Council NGO Committee such an organization shall be entitled to present orally to with regard to the Economic Commission for the Council an introductory statement of an expository Latin America (E/706), but in view of a proposal nature, "That such an organization may be invited by the made by the President (E/735) to change the President of the Council, with the consent of the Council, wording of the rules of this Commission to meet to make, in the course of the discussion of the item before the point in question, the Council decided not the Council, an additional statement for purposes of clar- to cover it specifically. In this connection the ification, U.S.S.R. representative put forward the view that "That non-governmental organizations in category A will be expected to follow the procedure already estab- the regional economic commissions should consult lished, of presenting their views, in the first instance, to only with regional non-governmental organizations. the Council NGO Committee on all items which they The Council also decided unanimously at its have not proposed, it being understood that the Com- 164th plenary meeting (133(VI)E) to amend mittee may recommend that the Council invite the organization to present an oral statement to it, and rules 5 and 44 of the rules of procedure of its "That any request on the part of non-governmental functional commissions to provide that the pro- organizations in category A, referred to in paragraph 2, visional agenda of each session of the commis- 692 Yearbook of the United Nations

sions and, as far as possible, the text of all reports, and French representatives denied that there had resolutions, recommendations and other formal been any such agreement. The French representa- decisions adopted by the commissions and their tive explained that different members of the subsidiary bodies should be communicated to the Council had suggested various ways of handling non-governmental organizations in category A and the question. He thought that a number of mem- to appropriate non-governmental organizations in bers had not realized that the document was before categories B and C. the Council for discussion and that it might appear At its 159th plenary meeting on March 2, 1948, that the Council had refused to examine the ques- the Council discussed a United States proposal tion. The United States representative stated that (E/692) to amend the final paragraph of its the matter had been referred to the Council with- resolution 95 (V) III.1. This paragraph (see above) out recommendation by the Council NGO Com- provided that a request of a non-governmental mittee and would only be discussed by the organization in category A "referred to in para- Council on the specific request of a member of graph 2" to speak on an item of the agenda of the the Council. The Polish representative, however, Council should be made not later than 48 hours felt that the item on the agenda was "Reports of after the adoption of the agenda. Paragraph 2 the Council NGO Committee", and one of these referred to additional statements by the organiza- reports was document E/710; the Council had tions on items proposed by them for inclusion simply overlooked the document in question. He in the agenda. The United States maintained that asked for a review of the whole question from the this reference was in error, since the Council had procedural point of view. obviously intended that the 48-hour limit should The Council adopted a resolution (133(VI)H) apply to organizations wishing to make statements proposed by the representative of France transmit- on items they had not proposed for inclusion in ting the record of its discussion to the Council the agenda (i.e., paragraph 4 of resolution NGO Committee and requesting that Committee 95(V)III.1). The Council adopted the United to submit to the Council at its next session "what- States proposal (resolution 133(VI)G) that the ever recommendations it may deem useful". reference in question should be made to "the pre- The Council NGO Committee—which had ceding paragraph". originally heard a representative of the World In view of this misunderstanding, the Council, Jewish Congress on February 16, 1948—held after some discussion, decided at the same meet- meetings on June 21 and 22, 1948, at which repre- ing by 13 votes to 3, with 2 abstentions, on the sentatives of Egypt, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey recommendation of the NGO Committee, to hear were heard on the question, as well as the repre- a representative of the American Federation of sentative of the World Jewish Congress. The Labor on the question of equal pay for equal Committee reported to the Council at the seventh work, despite the fact that the request of the session (E/940). Federation had not been submitted within 48 The report by the NGO Committee was de- hours after the Council had adopted its agenda. ferred with other items until the eighth session. In connection with the above question, the NGO Committee concluded that, with regard to con- 3. Communication from the World sultation with non-governmental organizations in Jewish Congress categories B and C, it should not make specific The Council at its sixth session (174th plenary recommendations regarding the substance of the meeting on March 11) on a point of order raised consultation unless specifically requested by the by the Polish representative discussed the question Council. At the same time the Committee agreed of a report of the Council NGO Committee that its reports should be sufficiently detailed and (E/710) on the memoranda of the World Jewish explicit to permit the members of the Council to Congress in regard to the situation of the Jewish form their own judgments regarding the importance populations in Arab countries. This report had of the subject under consideration and any action been placed before the Council at the same time to be taken thereon. as the report of the Council NGO Committee (E/706) and the Polish representative alleged 4. Items Submitted by Non-Govern- that an informal agreement had been reached mental Organizations in Category A among the five Great Powers not to discuss document E/710 on the ground that it would unduly During the period under review, the following prolong the Council's deliberations. The U.S.S.R. items were submitted by non-governmental organi- The Economic and Social Council 693 zations in category A to the Economic and Social Name of Organization Subject Council for consideration: American Federation Trade Union rights of Labor Protection of migrant and immi- 1. Principle of equal pay for equal work for men and grant labor women workers. (Item proposed by the World Federa- tion of Trade Unions.) International Co-opera- International control of oil re- tive Alliance sources 2. Trade Union Rights (freedom of association). (Item proposed by the World Federation of Trade International Federation Trade Union rights Unions.) of Christian Trade Unions 3. Infringement of Trade Union Rights. (Item proposed by the World Federation of Trade Unions.) World Federation of Trade Union rights Trade Unions 4. Protection of migrant and immigrant labor. (Item proposed by the American Federation of Labor.) The following organizations were heard by the 5. Survey of forced labor and measures for its aboli- Economic and Social Council in plenary meetings tion. (Item proposed by the American Federation of at the sixth session: Labor.) Name of Organization Subject 6. International control of oil resources. (Item proposed by the International Co-operative Alliance.) American Federation Equal pay for equal work for of Labor men and women workers World Federation of Equal pay for equal work for 5. Communications from Consultative Trade Unions men and women workers Non-Governmental Organizations The following organizations were heard by the NGO Committee during the seventh session: In the period covered by this Yearbook, 83 Name of Organization Subject communications were received from 22 consultative American Federation Report of the Secretary-General non-governmental organizations (E/C.2/46- of Labor on progress and prospects of E/C.2/125, excluding documents E/C.2/56, 87, repatriation, resettlement, and immigration of refugees and 97, 98, 119/Rev.1, 120 and 121). These com- displaced persons munications, though sometimes directed primarily Report of the third session of to Commissions of the Economic and Social Council the Commission on Human (in particular the Human Rights, Social, Status Rights of Women and the Transport and Communica- Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Freedom of tions Commissions), and sometimes calling par- Information ticular matters to the attention of the members Report of the Special Committee of the Council, were generally related to items on the United Nations Appeal on the Council's agenda. for Children During the seventh session of the Council, the International Co-opera- Report of the Special Committee question of the listing of documents received from tive Alliance on UNAC organizations in relation to the Council's agenda Report of the Secretary-Gen- eral, and of UNESCO, on the was considered by the NGO Committee. The teaching of the purposes and Committee requested the Secretary-General to pre- of the principles, structures pare for the current and each future session of and activities of the United the Council, for distribution immediately after the Nations in the schools of adoption of the agenda, a list by categories A, B Member States Reports of the FAO on the prog- and C of communications from non-govern- ress in co-ordination of studies mental organizations received since the previous of suitable measures to bring list was issued, indicating their titles and document about an increase of food pro- numbers and which of them are specifically duction addressed to items on the agenda as adopted by International Federation Report of the third session of of Christian Trade the Commission on Human the Council (E/940/Add.1). Unions Rights International Organiza- Report of the third session of tion of Industrial the Social Commission 6. Hearings of Non-Governmental Employers Report of the Special Committee Organizations on UNAC World Federation of Report of the Special Committee The following organizations were heard by the United Nations on UNAC Associations Draft Convention on the Pre- Economic and Social Council in plenary meetings vention and the Repression at the fifth session; of the Crime of Genocide 694 Yearbook of the United Nations

Name of Organization Subject International Committee of Schools for Social Work World Federation of Machinery of hearings by the International Conference of Social Work* Trade Unions Council and listing of docu- International Co-operative Women's Guild* ments submitted by non-gov- International Council of Women ernmental organizations International Federation of Business and Professional International Council of Report of the third session of Women Women the Commission on Human International Federation of Friends of Young Women Rights International Federation of University Women In addition, a number of non-governmental International Institute of Administrative Sciences* organizations were heard by the Commissions of International Law Association the Council, in particular by the Commissions on International League for the Rights of Man Human Rights and the Status of Women, and the International Organization for Standardization* Social, Transport and Communications and Statisti- International Organization of Journalists cal Commissions. International Social Service International Statistical Institute* International Student Service 7. List of Non-Governmental Organi- International Transport Workers' Federation zations with Consultative Status (as of International Union for Child Welfare International Union of Catholic Women's Leagues* September 1948) International Union of Family Organizations† CATEGORY A International Union of Local Authorities* International Union of Official Travel Organizations† American Federation of Labor (United States) International Union of Producers and Distributors of International Chamber of Commerce Electric Power* International Co-operative Alliance International Voluntary Service for Peace* International Federation of Agricultural Producers Liaison Committee of Women's International International Federation of Christian Trade Unions Organizations International Organization of Industrial Employers (trans- National Association of Manufacturers (United States) * ferred from category B at the fifth session) Salvation Army Inter-Parliamentary Union Women's International Democratic Federation World Federation of Trade Unions Women's International League for Peace and Freedom† World Federation of United Nations Associations (trans- World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts* ferred from category B at the sixth session) * World Federation of Democratic Youth World Jewish Congress CATEGORY B World Power Conference Agudas Israel World Organization† World Women's Christian Temperance Union All-India Women's Conference (India) * World Young Women's Christian Association Associated Country Women of the World World's Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations Boy Scouts' International Bureau* Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (United States)* CATEGORY C175 Catholic International Union for Social Service* Commission of the Churches on International Affairs* International Association of Lions Clubs Consultative Council of Jewish Organizations International Federation of Secondary Teachers† Co-ordinating Board of Jewish Organizations for Con- Rotary International sultation with the Economic and Social Council of the World Organization of the Teaching Profession† United Nations* Econometric Society The total number of organizations listed above Friends World Committee for Consultation† is 69; of these, nine are in category A, 56 in Howard League for Penal Reform (United Kingdom)* category B and four in category C. All of these Inter-American Council of Commerce and Production organizations are international organizations, ex- International Abolitionist Federation* International African Institute cept the four organizations that are followed by International Alliance of Women—Equal Rights, Equal the name of a state. Responsibilities International Association of Democratic Lawyers* *Admitted to consultative status at the Council's fifth session. International Association of Penal Law† †Admitted to consultative status at the Council's sixth International Bureau for the Suppression of Traffic in session. Women and Children* 175 The World Alliance for International Friendship International Bureau for the Unification of Penal Law† through the Churches also had consultative status in cate- International Committee of the Red Cross gory C but ceased to function on June 30, 1948. The Economic and Social Council 695

ANNEX I OTHER MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS176 BELGIUM: DELEGATIONS TO THE ECONOMIC AND Observers Roland Lebeau SOCIAL COUNCIL Jules Woulbroun BRAZIL: A. Fifth Session Observer Roberto de Oliveira Campos MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Representative L. Kaminsky (ILO): CANADA: Representatives David A. Morse Representative Paul Martin Leon Jouhaux Alternate George F. Davidson Substitute: Paul Finet CHILE: H. W. MacDonnell Representative Hernan Santa Cruz Substitute: James David Zellerbach Alternate Joaquin Larrain Jef Rens Substitute: E. J. Riches CHINA: Representative FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF P. C. Chang THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO): CUBA: Representatives F. L. McDougall Representative Guillermo Belt Karl Olsen Alternate Enrique Perez-Cisneros UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC CZECHOSLOVAKIA: AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): Representative Jan Papanek Representatives Solomon V. Arnaldo Alternate Ladislav Radimsky Gerald Carnes FRANCE: Joan Maass Representative Pierre Mendès-France INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION Alternate Georges Boris ORGANIZATION (ICAO): INDIA: Representative Albert Roper Representative Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION Alternates P. P. Pillai AND DEVELOPMENT: R. K. Nehru Observers John J. McCloy LEBANON: Enrique Lopez-Herrarte Representative Charles Malik Richard H. Demuth Alternate Georges Hakim INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND: NETHERLANDS: Observers Camille Gutt Representative J. W. Beyen Robert J. Rolin Alternate J. W. M. Snouck Hurgronje Gordon Williams NEW ZEALAND: UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU): Representative James Thorn Observer John J. Gillen Alternate A. R. Perry INTERIM COMMISSION OF THE WORLD HEALTH NORWAY: ORGANIZATION (WHO-IC): Representative Finn Moe Observers Frank A. Calderone Alternate Ole Colbjoernsen William P. Forrest PERU: Miss Kathryn Fenn Representative Juvenal Monge NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS— Alternate Carlos Holguin de Lavalle CATEGORY A TURKEY: WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS Representative Ali Rana Tarhan (WFTU): Alternate Bulent Yazici Consultants Frank Rosenblum U.S.S.R.: Elmer F. Cope Representative Alexander P. Morozov Georges Fischer UNITED KINGDOM: Michael Ross Representative Hector McNeil Miss Lena Spiegel Alternate H. M. Phillips AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR: UNITED STATES: Consultants Matthew Woll Representative Willard L. Thorp David Dubinsky Alternate Leroy D. Stinebower Miss Toni Sender VENEZUELA: 170 In accordance with the Charter, the Council invites Representative Carlos A. D'Ascoli any Member of the United Nations to participate, without Alternates Victor M. Perez Perozo vote, in its deliberations on any matter of particular con- Carlos Rodriguez Jimenez cern to that Member. 696 Yearbook of the United Nations

INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE UNITED KINGDOM: (ICC): Representative Maj. C. P. Mayhew Consultants John R. Minter Alternate H. M. Phillips R. P. Meiklejohn UNITED STATES: Miss E. Sansom Representative Willard L. Thorp Alternate Leroy D. Stinebower B. Sixth Session VENEZUELA: MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Representative Carlos Eduardo Stolk AUSTRALIA: Alternates Lorenzo Mendoza Fleury Representatives John Johnstone Dedman Victor M. Perez Perozo Norman J. O. Makin Carlos Rodriguez Jimenez Alternates and John Douglas Lloyd Hood Advisers William Douglass Forsyth OTHER MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS176 Arthur Harold Tange Eric John Richard Heyward ARGENTINA: Ralph Lindsay Harry Observer Guillermo R. Spangenberg Gordon Albert Jockel BELGIUM: BRAZIL: Observers Roland Lebeau Representative Joao Carlos Muniz Luc Steyaert Alternate Henrique de Souza Gomes CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Observer Ladislav Radimsky BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: INDIA: Representative L. Kaminsky Observers P. P. Pillai CANADA: S. Sen Representative Paul Martin SYRIA: Alternates George F. Davidson Observers Rafik Asha R. G. Riddell Zeki Djabi CHILE: Representative Hernan Santa Cruz SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL Alternate Joaquin Larrain ORGANIZATIONS CHINA: Representative P. C. Chang INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Alternate C. Hsiao (ILO): DENMARK: Representative C. Wilfred Jenks Representative William Borberg Alternates E. J. Riches Alternates Jorgen S. Dich Miss M. Fairchild Carl L. Iversen R. A. Metall FRANCE: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF Representative Pierre Mendès-France THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO): Alternates Georges Boris Representative F. L. McDougall Albert Lamarle Alternates Paul Yates Louis Bugnard Karl Olsen LEBANON: David Lusher Representative Charles Malik Alternate Karim Azkoul UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): NETHERLANDS: Representative Jean Thomas Representative - H. C. J. Gelissen Alternate Solomon Arnaldo Alternates J. W. M. Snouck Hurgronje S. Binol INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION NEW ZEALAND: AND DEVELOPMENT: Representative James Thorn Representatives Richard H. Demuth Alternate W. B. Sutch Enrique Lopez-Herrarte PERU: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND: Representative Juvenal Monge Representative Camille Gutt Alternate Rear-Admiral Enrique A. Labarthe POLAND: INTERIM COMMISSION OF THE WORLD HEALTH Representative Oscar Lange ORGANIZATION (WHO-IC): Alternates Juliusz Katz-Suchy Observer C. K. Chu Jacek Rudzinski Alternate George Hill TURKEY: PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE Representative Selim Sarper INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION Alternates Kemal Suleyman Vaner (PC-IRO): Bulent Yazici Observer. General Walter Hood U.S.S.R.: Alternate Miss Martha Biehle Representative A. A. Arutiunian Alternate Alexander P. Morozov 176 See footnote, p. 695. The Economic and Social Council 697

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS— FRANCE: CATEGORY A Representative Pierre Mendès-France Alternates Mrs. G. Peyrolles WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS Rene Cassin (WFTU): Henri Ponsot Consultants Georges Fischer Georges Boris Michael Ross Louis Bugnard Miss Lena Spiegel Albert Lamarle LEBANON: INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE Representative Charles Malik (ICA): Alternates Charles Helou Consultants Thorsten Odhe Jamil Mikaoui Murray Lincoln NETHERLANDS: Wallace J. Campbell Representative H. C. J. Gelissen AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR: Alternate C. L. Patijn Consultants Miss Toni Sender NEW ZEALAND: Representative Peter Garvan James Thorn Alternates W. B. Sutch INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION: C. C. Aikman Consultant Alben Barkley PERU: Representative Juvenal Monge INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF Alternate Carlos Mackehenie AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS: POLAND: Consultants Andrew Cairns Representative Oscar Lange Earl Benjamin Alternates Juliusz Katz-Suchy Jacek Rudzinski INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF Henryk Altman INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYERS: Tadeusz Lychowski Consultant Charles E. Shaw TURKEY: Representative Ali Rana Tarhan Alternates Sait Rauf Sarper C. Seventh Session Hassan Nurelgin Nuri Eren MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL U.S.S.R.: AUSTRALIA: Representative A. A. Arutiunian Representative Herbert V. Evatt Alternates A. P. Pavlov Alternates and Lt.-Colonel W. R. Hodgson A. H. Kulagenkov Alexander P. Morozov Advisers E. R. Walker Eric John Richard Heyward UNITED KINGDOM: J. Plimsoll Representative Hector McNeil T. Swan Alternate H. M. Phillips Gordon Albert Jockel UNITED STATES: H. Gilchrist Representative Willard L. Thorp S. Atyeo Alternates Leroy D. Stinebower BRAZIL: Walter M. Kotschnig Representative Joao Carlos Muniz VENEZUELA: Alternate Gilberto Amado Representative Carlos A. D'Ascoli Alternates Victor M. Perez Perozo BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: José Coriat Representative L. Kaminsky Alternates Vasili P. Smoliar OTHER MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS176 V. P. Marytko CANADA: ARGENTINA: Representative L. D. Wilgress Observers Julio C. Rodriguez Arias Alternate George F. Davidson Cesar S. Mazzetti CHILE: BELGIUM: Representative Hernan Santa Cruz Observer Baron Fernand de Kerchove Alternates Osvaldo Sagues d'Exaerde Carlos Valenzuela CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Fernando Maquieira Observers Zdenek Augenthaler CHINA: Mrs. Gertruda Sekaninova Representative P. C. Chang EGYPT: Observer Abdel Kerim Safwat DENMARK: INDIA: Representative William Borberg Observer D. B. Desai Alternates Carl L. Iversen Jorgen S. Dich 176 See footnote, p. 695. 698 Yearbook of the United Nations

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS— ORGANIZATIONS CATEGORY A INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (ILO): (WFTU): Representative Edward J. Phelan Consultants Louis Saillant Alternates Jef Rens Elmer F. Cope Marius Viple Michel Faline C. Wilfred Jenks Walter Schevenels FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION Georges Fischer OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO): Miss Lena Spiegel Representative F. L. McDougall INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE Alternate Karl Olsen (ICA): UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC Consultants Max Weber AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): Ch. Barbier W.Ruf Representatives Julian Huxley Edgar Milhard Walter H. C. Laves Marcel Boson Andre de Blonay Nessim Shalom AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR: Alternates Walter R. Sharp Consultants Irving J. Brown Rene Maheu Nelson H. Cruikshank Jacques Havet H. M. Barnes INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC): INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION Consultants Arthur Guinness ORGANIZATION (ICAO): Pierre Vasseur Representative E. R. Marlin Robert Julliard INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AND DEVELOPMENT: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS: Representative Enrique Lopez-Herrarte Consultant Roger Savary INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND: INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CHRISTIAN Representatives Ahmed Zaki Saad TRADE UNIONS: Ervin P. Hexner Consultant A. J. Vanistendael UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU): INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION: Representative Alois Muri Consultants Leopold Boissier WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Professor B. Mirkine-Guetzevitch Adrien Robinet de Clery Representative Frank A. Calderone Georges Preihs INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF UNION (ITU): INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYERS: Observers F. von Ernst Consultants M. Dubois L. Mulatier Charles Kuntschen PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE Jules Lecocq INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION (PC-IRO): WORLD FEDERATION OF UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATIONS (WFUNA): Observers William Hallam Tuck Sir Arthur Rucker Consultants John A. F. Ennals Myer Cohen Miss Edina Lewis Pierre Jacobsen Leonard St. Clair Ploeser P. N. M. Koolen William Van Vliet Miss Selene Gifford Martin A. F. Ennals G. G. Kullman Mrs. Winifrede Quarzell Albert Cohen PREPARATORY COMMITTEE OF THE INTER- NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS— GOVERNMENTAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE CATEGORY B ORGANIZATION (IMCO): B. Lukac, Acting Executive-Secretary AGUDAS ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION: INTERIM COMMISSION FOR THE Consultants H. A. Goodman INTERNATIONAL TRADE S. Ehrman ORGANIZATION (IC-ITO): ASSOCIATED COUNTRY WOMEN OF THE Representatives Eric Wyndham White WORLD: Jean Roger Consultant Miss Marie Zwahlen The Economic and Social Council 699

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL LIAISON COMMITTEE OF WOMEN'S PEACE: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Consultant Howard E. Wilson Consultants Miss Marion Royce CATHOLIC INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR Mrs. L. Dreyfus-Barney SOCIAL SERVICE: Mrs. Elisabeth Abbott Dame Rachel Crowdy Consultant Miss E. de Romer NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COMMISSION OF THE CHURCHES ON MANUFACTURERS: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: Consultant Noel G. Sargent Consultants O. Frederick Nolde Herbert W. Newell WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION: CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH Consultant Mrs. Gabrielle Duchêne ORGANIZATIONS: Consultants Eugene Weill WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE Andre Chouraqui AND FREEDOM: Dr. Monneray Consultants Mrs. Gertrude Baer Norman Bentwich Mrs. Dorothy Medders Robinson Sefton Temkin WORLD'S ALLIANCE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- Joel Wolfsohn TIAN ASSOCIATIONS: CO-ORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH Consultants Wesley F. Rennie ORGANIZATIONS: J. J. Favre Consultants A. G. Brotman WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS: C. D. Rappaport Consultants A. L. Easterman FRIENDS WORLD COMMITTEE FOR Gerhart M. Riegner CONSULTATION: Jiri Liban Consultant Algie I. Newlin F. R. Bienenfeld INTERNATIONAL ABOLITIONIST FEDERATION: WORLD'S YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN Consultants Th. de Felice ASSOCIATION: Miss de Felice Consultants Miss Marion Royce Mrs. C. Beresford Fox INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF WOMEN: Miss Winifred Galbraith Consultants Mrs. M. Prince-Koire Mrs. J. Karmin Mrs. Legrand Falco ANNEX II INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PENAL LAW: Consultant Max Habicht MEMBERS OF THE SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF INTERNATIONAL BUREAU FOR THE THE COUNCIL UNIFICATION OF PENAL LAW: Economic and Employment Commission Consultant Jean Graven AUSTRALIA: INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE Representative Roland Wilson (Chairman) RED CROSS: BELGIUM: Consultants J. P. Pradervand Representative Fernand van Langenhove Melchior Borsinger Alternates Ernest de Selliers Jules Woulbroun INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN: BRAZIL: Consultants Mrs. L. Dreyfus-Barney Representative Jose Nunez Guimaraes Dr. Renée Girod Alternate Jose Garrido Torres INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF FRIENDS OF BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: YOUNG WOMEN: Representative S. N. Malinine Consultant Mrs. Paul Berthoud Alternate V. A. Bakounov CANADA: INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE RIGHTS OF Representative John Deutsch MAN: Alternate Sidney Pollock Consultants Basil J. Vlavianos CHINA: Mrs. Gertrude Baer Representative Franklin L. Ho (Second Vice-Chair- INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CHILD WELFARE: man) Consultants Georges Thelin CUBA: Miss Mary Dingman Representatives Enrique Perez-Cisneros (resigned April L 1948) INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CATHOLIC Nicasio Silverio WOMEN'S LEAGUES: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Consultant Miss E. de Romer Representative Rudolf Bystricky 700 Yearbook of the United Nations

FRANCE: NORWAY: Representative Jacques Rueff Representative Fredrik Odfjell Alternate M. T. de Clermont-Tonnerre Alternate Erling Foien INDIA: POLAND: Representative R. K. Nehru Representative Stanislaw Kuczborski Alternate D. P. Karmarkar UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: NORWAY: Representative E. C Smith Representative Gunnar Boe U.S.S.R.: POLAND: Representative N. Y. Bezrukov (Vice-Chairman) Representative Jacek Rudzinski UNITED KINGDOM: Alternate George Lutoslawski Representative Brig.-Gen. Sir H. Osborne Mance U.S.S.R.: UNITED STATES: Representative Alexander P. Morozov (First Vice- Representative George P. Baker Chairman) YUGOSLAVIA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Slavko Pezelj Representative Robert Lowe Hall Alternate Nikodije Jovanovic Alternates Marcus Fleming H. M. Phillips UNITED STATES: Statistical Commission Representative Isador Lubin (Rapporteur) CANADA: Representative Herbert Marshall (Chairman) SUB-COMMISSION ON EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC STABILITY CHINA: Representative D. K. Lieu J. Belin (France) FRANCE: Alexander Danilov (U.S.S.R.) Representative G. Darmois Ragnar Frisch (Norway) (Rapporteur) R. F. Harrod (United Kingdom) INDIA: Oscar Lange (Poland) (Vice-Chairman) Representative P. C. Mahalanobis (Vice-Chairman) Leslie G. Melville (Australia) (Chairman) MEXICO: Winfield W. Riefler (United States) Representatives Josue Saenz (resigned on April 30, 1948) SUB-COMMISSION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Gilberto Loyo Alternate A. Ochoa Mayo Jose Nunez Guimaraes (Brazil) Manuel Brazo Jimenez (Mexico) (elected Vice-Chair- NETHERLANDS: man and Rapporteur at second session) Representative P. J. Idenburg D. K. Lieu (China) NORWAY: Alexander P. Morozov (U.S.S.R.) Representative Gunnar Jahn V. K. R. V. Rao (India) (Chairman at first and second Alternate E. Petersen sessions) TURKEY: Beardsley Ruml (United States) Representatives Sefik Inan (resigned on March 17, Emanuel Slechta (Czechoslovakia) (Vice-Chairman and 1948) Rapporteur at first session) Sefik Bilkur UKRAINIAN S.S.R.: Transport and Communications Commission Representative V. A. Rabichko BRAZIL: U.S.S.R.: Representative Renato de Azevedo Feio Representatives I. S. Malyshev CHILE: Timon V. Riabushkin Representative Alfonso Grez UNITED KINGDOM: Alternate Carlos Valenzuela Representatives R. G. D. Alien CHINA: Harry Campion Representative Ching-yuen Hsiao UNITED STATES: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Representative Stuart A. Rice (Rapporteur) Representative Pavel Baracek-Jacquier Alternate Vratislav Trcka SUB-COMMISSION ON STATISTICAL SAMPLING EGYPT: G. Darmois (France) Representative Shoukry Abaza W. E. Deming (United States) FRANCE: P. C. Mahalanobis (India) (Chairman) F. Yates (United Kingdom) Representative J. Goursat (place vacant for the U.S.S.R.) INDIA: Representatives Nur Mohamed Chinoy (resigned on COMMITTEE ON STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION April 5, 1948) R. G. D. Alien (United Kingdom) V. K. R. Menon G. Darmois (France) NETHERLANDS: P. J. Idenburg (Netherlands) Representative Jan J. Oyevaar (Chairman) Gunnar Jahn (Norway) The Economic and Social Council 701

D. K. Lieu (China) George V. Ferguson (Canada) I. S. Malyshev (U.S.S.R.) Roberto Fontaina (Uruguay) Herbert Marshall (Canada) (Chairman) Andre Geraud (France) Stuart A. Rice (United States) G. J. van Heuven Goedhart (Netherlands) (Chairman) J. M. Lomakin (U.S.S.R.) Commission on Human Rights Salvador Lopez (Philippines) Lev Sychrava (Czechoslovakia) (Vice-Chairman) AUSTRALIA: Representatives Lt.-Col. W. R. Hodgson (resigned SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PREVENTION OF on April 29, 1948) DISCRIMINATION AND THE PROTECTION OF J. D. L. Hood MINORITIES BELGIUM: A. P. Borisov (U.S.S.R.) Representative Fernand Dehousse Chang Chung-fu (China) Alternate R. Lebeau Jonathan Daniels (United States) BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: Eric Einar Ekstrand (Sweden) (Chairman) Representative A. S. Stepanenko M. R. Masani (India) CHILE: W. M. J. McNamara (Australia) Representative Hernan Santa Cruz Miss Elizabeth Monroe (United Kingdom) Alternate E. Cruz-Coke Joseph Nisot (Belgium) (Rapporteur) CHINA: Arturo Meneses Pallares (Ecuador) Representative P. C. Chang (Vice-Chairman) Herard Roy (Haiti) (Vice-Chairman) Alternate C. H. Wu Rezazada Shafaz (Iran) Samuel Spanien (France) EGYPT: Representative Omar Loutfi DRAFTING COMMITTEE ON THE BILL OF FRANCE: HUMAN RIGHTS Representative Rene Cassin (elected Second Vice- Representatives of Australia, Chile, China, France, Chairman at third session) Lebanon, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and United States. INDIA: Representative Mrs. Hansa Mehta IRAN: Social Commission Representative Abol-Ghassem Pourevaly CANADA: LEBANON: Representative George F. Davidson (Rapporteur at Representative Charles Malik (Rapporteur) second session) PANAMA: Alternate R. B. Curry Representative Ricardo J. Alfaro CHINA: Alternates M. Amado Representative Yang Yung-Ching (Vice-Chairman M. de J. Quijano at second session and elected First PHILIPPINES: Vice-Chairman at third session) Representative Brig.-Gen. Carlos P. Romulo Alternate T. Y. Wu Alternate Salvador Lopez COLOMBIA: UKRAINIAN S.S.R.: Representative Diego Mejia Representative Michael Klekovkin Alternate J. Ortiz-Rodríguez U.S.S.R.: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Representative Alexander E. Bogomolov Representative Frantisek Kraus (Chairman at first Alternate A. P. Pavlov and second sessions) UNITED KINGDOM: DENMARK: Representative Lord Dukeston Representative Miss Alice Bruun Alternate Geoffrey Wilson ECUADOR: UNITED STATES: Representative Jose Antonio Correa Representative Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Chair- Alternate Valencia Vascónez man) FRANCE: URUGUAY: Representative Henry Hauck (Rapporteur at first Representative Jose A. Mora session) Alternate Juan J. Carbajal Victorica Alternate G. Pernot YUGOSLAVIA: GREECE: Representative Vladislav Ribnikar Representatives C. J. Christides Alternate Joza Vilfan A. Kyrou SUB-COMMISSION ON FREEDOM OF INFORMATION Alternate B. Theodoropoulos AND OF THE PRESS IRAQ: Zechariah Chafee (United States) Representative Awni Khalidy P. H. Chang (China) (Rapporteur) NETHERLANDS: Christen A. R. Christensen (Norway) Representative Johannes Cornelis van Heuven R. J. Cruikshank (United Kingdom) (elected Rapporteur at third ses- Jose Isaac Fabrega (Panama) sion) 702 Yearbook of the United Nations

NEW ZEALAND: Commission on Narcotic Drugs Representatives J. Thorn (replaced D. Wilson as CANADA: Vice-Chairman at first session) Representative Colonel C. H. L. Sharman (Chairman W. B. Sutch (elected Chairman at at first and second sessions) third session) CHINA: PERU: Representatives C. L. Hsia (elected Vice-Chairman at Representative Ismael Bielich third session) Alternate F. Schwalb Szeming Sze (Rapporteur at first and POLAND: second sessions) Representatives Henryk Altman Alternate Ernest P. J. Tu J. Katz-Suchy EGYPT: Alternate Jerzy Panski Representatives Mahmoud Labib UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Mohamed Amin Zaky Representative Major Louis van Schalkwijk FRANCE: Representative Gaston Bourgois U.S.S.R.: Alternate Gabriel Stern Representative Alexander P. Borisov INDIA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representatives A. Sattanathan Representative O. C. Alien M. Gopala Menon UNITED STATES: Alternate H. N. Tandon Representative Arthur J. Altmeyer IRAN: YUGOSLAVIA: Representatives Abbass Gholi Ardalan Representative Mrs. Krista Djordjevic (elected Sec- A. G. Panahy ond Vice-Chairman at third ses- MEXICO: sion) Representatives Secundino Ramos y Ramos Saturnino Guzman, Jr. NETHERLANDS: Commission on the Status of Women Representatives J. H. Delgorge A. Kruysse (elected Rapporteur at 177 AUSTRALIA: third session) Representative Mrs. Jessie Mary Grey Street PERU: Representative Jorge A. Lazarte (elected Rapporteur BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: 177 Representative Mrs. Evdokia Uralova at third session) Alternate Albert Soto de la Jara CHINA: POLAND: Representative Miss Cecilia Sieu-ling Zung Representatives Stanislaw Tubiasz (Vice-Chairman at COSTA RICA: first and second sessions) Representative Mrs. Graciela Morales F. de Eche- J. Katz-Suchy verria Alternate Joseph A. Stawski DENMARK: TURKEY: Representative Mrs. Bodil Begtrup Representative Cemal Kiper FRANCE: Alternate Fuat Eren Representative Mrs. Marie Hélène Lefaucheux U.S.S.R.: (Chairman) Representative V. V. Zakusov Alternate Ivan Kamenev GUATEMALA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Mrs. Sara B. de Monzon Representatives Major W. H. Coles INDIA: T. Hutson Representative Begum Shareefah Hamid Ali UNITED STATES: MEXICO: Representative Harry J. Anslinger Representative Mrs. Amalia C. de Castillo Ledon YUGOSLAVIA: (First Vice-Chairman) Representative Stane Krasovec (elected Chairman at SYRIA: third session) Representative Mrs. Alice Kandalft Cosma (Rappor- teur) Fiscal Commission BELGIUM: TURKEY: Representative Rodolphe Putman (Chairman) Representative Mrs. Mihri Pektas CHINA: U.S.S.R.: Representative S. K. Fong Representative Mrs. Elizavieta Alekseevna Popova COLOMBIA: (Second Vice-Chairman) Representative Valerio Botero UNITED KINGDOM: Alternate Jorge Ortiz-Rodríguez (Vice-Chair- Representative Miss Mary Sutherland man) UNITED STATES: 177 Jorge A. Lazarte was first elected Rapporteur at the Representative Miss Dorothy Kenyon third session, but as he was unable to attend the meetings VENEZUELA: of the Commission during the first week of the session, Representative Mrs. Isabel de Urdaneta the Commission elected A. Kruysse in his place. The Economic and Social Council 703

CUBA: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Representative José M. Perez Cubillas Representative Zdenek Augenthaler CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Alternates Josef Deyl Representative Karel Czesany Antonin Kratochville FRANCE: Joseph Fuxa Francis Hendl Representative Jacques Certeux DENMARK: INDIA: Representative E. Waerum (Chairman at second ses- Representative N. Sundaresan sion) LEBANON: Alternates Anthon Vestbirk Representative Georges Hakim M. K. Skat-Rordam Alternate Edouard Ghorra Mrs. Karen Bech NEW ZEALAND: M. O. Preben Winge Representative A. R. F. Mackay (Rapporteur) M. E. Bartels POLAND: FRANCE: Representative S. Trampczynski Representative Andre Philip Alternate Jan Drewnowski Alternates Herve Alphand Georges Boris UKRAINIAN S.S.R.: Gaston Cusin Representative I. Tolkhunov GREECE: U.S.S.R.: Representative Alexandre Verdelis Representative Pavel M. Chernyshev (Vice-Chair- man) ICELAND: UNITED KINGDOM: Representatives J. Gudmundsson Representative R. G. Hawtrey M. B. Groendal Peter Eggerz UNITED STATES: LUXEMBOURG: Representative Edward F. Bartelt Representative Lambert Schaus Alternate Jean-Pierre Kremer Population Commission AUSTRALIA: NETHERLANDS: Representative William Douglass Forsyth Representatives H. M. Hirschfeld BRAZIL: A. B. Speekenbrink Representative Germano Jardim NORWAY: CANADA: Representatives R. I. B. Skylstad Anders Frihagen (elected Chairman Representative J. T. Marshall at third session) Alternate H. Luken Robinson Alternate Knut Getz Wold CHINA: Representative Franklin L. Ho POLAND: Representatives J. Rudzinski (Vice-Chairman) FRANCE: Tadeusz Lychowski Representative Alfred Sauvy SWEDEN: NETHERLANDS Representative Mrs. Karin Kock Representative N. L. J. van Buttingha Wichers Alternates Stig Sahlin PERU: Richard Sterner Representative Alberto Arca Parró (Chairman) TURKEY: UKRAINIAN S.S.R.: Representatives Faik Hozar Representative V. A. Rabichko (Vice-Chairman) Y. K. Karaosmanoglu U.S.S.R.: Alternate F. R. Zorlu Representatives I. S. Malyshev UKRAINIAN S.S.R.: Timon V. Riabushkin Representative Vasily Garbusov UNITED KINGDOM: U.S.S.R.: Representative David V. Glass (Rapporteur) Representatives Valerian Zorin UNITED STATES: Vladimir Gerashchenko Representative Philip M. Hauser Anatoly Koulazhenkov YUGOSLAVIA: Sergey Pozharsky Representative Dolfe Vogelnik A. A. Arutiunian Economic Commission for Europe UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Hector McNeil BELGIUM: Alternate Sir David Waley Representatives Baron F. X. van der Straten-Waillet Max Suetens UNITED STATES: Alternate R. van de Kerchove Representatives W. L. Clayton BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R.: Henry Labouisse Representatives Alexandre Chizhov Alternate Paul R. Porter Alexandre A. Tchijov YUGOSLAVIA: Alternate Ivan Beresine Representative Miro Anastasov 704 Yearbook of the United Nations

Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East CEYLON: AUSTRALIA: Representatives H. Amarasuriya Representatives D. B. Copland K. Vaithianathan E. E. Ward Alternate B. B. Das Gupta Alternate A. Taysom HONGKONG: BURMA: Representatives M. K. Lo Representative Sao Hkum Hkio (elected Vice-Chair- S. N. Chau man at third session) Alternate I. M. Lightbody Alternate U Tin LAOS: CHINA: Representatives Outhong Souvannavong Representatives T. F. Tsiang (Chairman at first and Bong Souvannavong second sessions) Alternate Kou Voravong C. M. Li MALAYA AND BRITISH BORNEO: Alternate Kan Lee Representative Haji Mohamed Eusoff FRANCE: Alternate F. C. Benham Representative H. C. Maux Alternate F. Rosenfeld Economic Commission for Latin America INDIA: Representatives R. R. Saksena ARGENTINA: J. Matthai (elected Chairman at third Representative Coronel Julio Argentino Lopez Muniz session) Alternates Ovidio Schiopetto Alternates Syama Prasad Mukerjee Bernardo Mayantz H. S. Reddy Ismael F. Alchourron NETHERLANDS: Angel E. Hernandez Ferreira Representative H. C. J. H. Gelissen Julio M. Juncosa Sere Alternates J. Tahya Juan Carlos Dardalla Wisaksono Wirjoedihardjo Eusebio Campos NEW ZEALAND: BOLIVIA: Representative Brigadier F. L. Hunt Representative Julio Alvarado Alternate R. R. Cunninghame Alternates Gustavo Medeiros Q. René Candia N. PAKISTAN: Representatives Major Ibne Hassan BRAZIL: L. K. Hyder Representative Carlos Celso de Ouro Preto Alternate H. S. M. Ishaque Alternate Octavio Gouvéa de Bulhoes PHILIPPINES: CHILE: Representative Miguel Cuaderno (Vice-Chairman at Representatives Alberto Baltra Cortes (Chairman} first and second sessions) Angel Faivovich H. Alternates José Yulo Alternates Walter Muller H. L. Virata Hernan Santa Cruz A. V. Castillo COLOMBIA: SIAM: Representative Luis Guillermo Echeverry Representative Phra Nararaj-Chamnong Alternate Jose Restrepo Restrepo Alternate Boonma Wongswan COSTA RICA: U.S.S.R.: Representative Alejandro Oreamuno Representatives Alexander Stetsenko Alternate Alejandro Oreamuno, Jr. K. V. Novikov CUBA: Alternate Leon Semenas Representative Antonio Valdes Rodriguez UNITED KINGDOM: Alternate Ramiro Hernández Portela Representatives P. J. Stent Sir Andrew Clow DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Alternate Lt.-Colonel K. C. Christofas Representative Tulio M. Cestero Alternates Alfredo Fernandez Simó UNITED STATES: Mrs. Luz Maria Castillo de Bosch Representatives Monnett Davis Pearson H. F. Grady Alternates R. R. Ely ECUADOR: S. H. Day Representative Teodoro Alvarado Olea Alternates Benjamin Carrion ASSOCIATE MEMBERS OF ECONOMIC COMMISSION Francisco Yllescas Barreiro FOR ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Angel F. Rojas BURMA (Associate Member second session): EL SALVADOR: Representative U Ka Si Representative José Avilés CAMBODIA: Alternate Luis Irigoyen Representatives Son Sann FRANCE: Sonn Voeunsai Representative Pierre Denis Alternate Thonn Ouk Alternate Thierry de Clermont-Tonnerre The Economic and Social Council 705

GUATEMALA: at each session of the Council to hold office until replaced Representative Julio Gomez Robles (Vice-Chair- at the next session. man) At the fifth session the two other members were HAITI: Canada and Norway; at the sixth session, the Byelo- Representative Pierre L. Hudicourt russian S.S.R. and Canada; at the seventh session, New HONDURAS: Zealand and the Netherlands. Representative Alejandro Rivera Hernandez Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings MEXICO: The Council at its fifth session established an Interim Representative Gilberto Loyo Committee on Programme of Meetings. The Committee Alternates Octavio Barreda is composed of the following members: China, France, Raul Ortiz Mena the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom and the United States. Gabriel Lucio NETHERLANDS: Permanent Central Opium Board Representative A. Methöfer Pedro Pernambuco Filho (Brazil) Alternates P. F. G. H. Van der Brugh Hans Fischer (Switzerland) S. A. Senior Sir Harry Greenfield (United Kingdom) J. G. de Castro Herbert L. May (United States) (President) J. R. Huijso Paul Reuter (France) T. A. Meurs Milan Ristic (Yugoslavia) NICARAGUA: Sedat Tavat (Turkey) Representative Max Romero Y. N. Yang (China) PANAMA: Supervisory Body Representative Pablo Abad Sir Malcolm Delevingne (United Kingdom) (President) Alternates Miguel Angel Brandao Herbert L. May (United States) Gilberto Orillac J. Bougault (France) PARAGUAY: G. Timbal (Belgium) Representative Natalio Pangrazio Ciancio PERU: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Representative Juvenal Monge (Rapporteur) Alternates German Morales Macedo The Executive Board of UNICEF is composed of rep- Emilio G. Barreto resentatives of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Byelorussian S.S.R., Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Den- UNITED KINGDOM: mark, Ecuador, France, Greece, Iraq, Netherlands, New Representative H. M. Phillips Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Alternates James Currie Ukrainian S.S.R., Union of South Africa, U.S.S.R., United Charles W. Arning Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia. UNITED STATES: Representative Claude G. Bowers Special Committee on United Nations Appeal for Alternate William A. Fowler Children URUGUAY: The Council at its fifth session established a Special Representative Ariosto D. González Committee on the United Nations Appeal for Children to Alternate Juan F. Yriart assist the Secretary-General between sessions of the Coun- cil in the practical application of the policies relating to VENEZUELA: the United Nations Appeal for Children. Representative Carlos A. D'Ascoli (Vice-Chairman) The members were: Canada, Chile, China, France, New Alternate Luis Miguel Tamayo Zealand, Poland and United States. Committee on Negotiations with Inter-Governmental Ad hoc Committee to Study the Factors bearing Agencies upon the Establishment of an Economic Commission This Committee was appointed at the first session of for the Middle East the Council. At its sixth session the Council decided to This Committee was established at the sixth session add Denmark, Netherlands, Poland and Venezuela to its with the following membership: China, France, Lebanon, membership. For 1948, the Committee consisted, there- Turkey, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States and fore, of Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Nether- Venezuela. lands, Poland, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States Egypt, Iran and Iraq were also invited by the Council and Venezuela and the President of the Council. to participate as full members of the ad hoc Committee. Committee on Arrangements for Consultation with Ad hoc Committee on Genocide Non-Governmental Organizations The Council at its sixth session established an ad hoc This Committee, under the Chairmanship of the Presi- Committee on Genocide composed of the following mem- dent of the Council, is composed of representatives from bers of the Council: China, France, Lebanon, Poland, the following countries elected by the Council for an U.S.S.R., United States and Venezuela. indeterminate period: China, France, the U.S.S.R., the United Kingdom and the United States. Interim Co-ordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements Agenda Committee J. R. C. Helmore (United Kingdom) (Chairman) The Agenda Committee is composed of the President, L. A. Wheeler (United States) the two Vice-Presidents, and two other members elected G. Peter (France) 706 Yearbook of the United Nations

Preparatory Committee of the United Nations statement of the urgency, including the reasons which Scientific Conference on the Conservation and precluded its submission under rule 10(c), which the 178 Utilization of Resources Secretary-General shall transmit to the Agenda Commit- Carter Goodrich Herbert Greene tee. The Agenda Committee shall include in its report (Chairman) J. D. B. Harrison to the Council a recommendation with regard to the in- Karim Azkoul P. C. Mahalanobis clusion on the grounds of urgency of any such item. Daniel Camejo Fairfield Osborn Rale 65 Joseph D. Coppock Stephen Raushenbush Each commission shall elect its own officers. Axel Ekwall E. J. Riches William P. Forrest Fernando Salas Rule 66 Rene Garnett Lehmann R. M. Tychanowicz The rules of procedure of the commissions, as approved Arthur E. Goldschmidt F. N. Woodward by the Council and amended from time to time by the Council, shall apply to the proceedings of the commis- ANNEX III sions and the subsidiary bodies unless otherwise decided by the Council. MODIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE COUNCIL179 Amended rules adopted at the Council's seventh session on August 28, 1948 (E/1068): Amended rules adopted at the Council's fifth session Rule 13 on August 12, 1947 (resolution 99(V)): The Council shall set up an Agenda Committee com- Rale 10 posed of the President, the two Vice-Presidents and two The provisional agenda shall include all items pro- other members who shall be elected at each session of posed by: the Council to hold office until replaced at the next ses- (a) The Council at a previous session; sion. The President shall be the Chairman of the Agenda (b) The General Assembly, the Security Council, Committee subject to the provisions of rules 20 and 21. or the Trusteeship Council; Rule 30 (c) Members of the United Nations, specialized agencies, and non-governmental organizations in cate- (a) A summary estimate of the financial implications gory A, if submitted in sufficient time to reach the of all proposals coming before the Council shall be pre- Secretary-General not less than twenty-eight days be- pared by the Secretary-General and circulated to members fore the first meeting of each session. as soon as possible after the issue of the provisional agenda. This summary estimate shall be revised as nec- Rule 14 essary during the session in the light of the Council's The Agenda Committee shall prior to each session con- discussions and a final summary shall be considered by sider items submitted (under rule 10) for the pro- the Council in plenary meeting before the close of each visional agenda and make recommendations thereon to session. the Council at the first meeting of the session, including (b) Before a proposal which involves expenditure suggestions as to the inclusion or deferment of items and from United Nations funds is approved by the Council the order in which they shall be considered. or by any of its committees, the Secretary-General shall A Member of the United Nations, a specialized agency, prepare and circulate to members, as early as possible, or a non-governmental organization in category A, which a separate estimate of the cost involved in each proposal. has requested the inclusion of an item in the provisional It shall be the duty of the President of the Council and agenda, shall be entitled to present its views through its chairmen of committees to draw this estimate to the atten- representative at any meeting of the Agenda Committee tion of members and invite discussions on it when the at which the question of the inclusion of the item is proposal is considered by the Council or by a committee. discussed. 178 Appointed by the Secretary-General under authority If, owing to the urgency of the subject, an item is of the Council. proposed for inclusion on the provisional agenda under 179 For complete text of rules of procedure before these rule 10(c) less than twenty-eight days before the first amendments, see Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946- meeting of the session, it shall be accompanied by a 47, pp. 564-68.