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Leveraging Public-Private Blockchain Interoperability for Closed Consortium Interfacing

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Leveraging Public-Private Blockchain Interoperability for Closed Consortium Interfacing Leveraging Public-Private Blockchain Interoperability for Closed Consortium Interfacing Bishakh Chandra Ghosh, Tanay Bhartia, Sourav Kanti Addya, and Sandip Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—With the increasing adoption of private blockchain network having B2C operations [9]. For example, in a typ- platforms, consortia operating in various sectors such as trade, ical supply chain, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers finance, logistics, etc., are becoming common. Despite having form different closed business networks, and finally, the end- the benefits of a completely decentralized architecture which supports transparency and distributed control, existing private customers create an open consumer network. Another example blockchains limit the data, assets, and processes within its closed is cloud federation platforms like OnApp [10], where small boundary, which restricts secure and verifiable service provision- cloud service providers (CSPs) construct a closed consortium ing to the end-consumers. Thus, platforms such as e-commerce to provide cloud resources to customers. Depending on cus- with multiple sellers or cloud federation with a collection of tomer requests, the transactions flow from the open consumer cloud service providers cannot be decentralized with the exist- ing blockchain platforms. This paper proposes a decentralized network to various closed business networks, and the service gateway architecture interfacing private blockchain with end- is finally delivered back to the open consumer network. users by leveraging the unique combination of public and private Emerging blockchain networks such as IBM Food Trust blockchain platforms through interoperation. Through the use [11], TradeLens [12], Marcopolo [13], etc., use private (per- case of decentralized cloud federations, we have demonstrated missioned) distributed ledger-based systems like Hyperledger the viability of the solution. Our testbed implementation with Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, with three service providers, Fabric [14] and Corda [15] to form closed consortia of shows that such consortium can operate within an acceptable businesses. However, a key limitation of the existing private response latency while scaling up to 64 parallel requests per blockchain platforms is the restriction of their applicability second for cloud infrastructure provisioning. Further analysis within only closed consortia where data and assets are not over the Mininet emulation platform indicates that the platform required to be communicated outside the network boundary. can scale well with minimal impact over the latency as the number of participating service providers increases. Thus, Fabric, Corda, or other existing private blockchains do Index Terms—Blockchain; Interoperability; Multifaceted net- not support any interface or protocols for interacting with the works; Open interfacing open network outside, which is crucial for building consortia of service providers acting together to deliver services to the I. INTRODUCTION consumer network. However, there are challenges in designing such interfacing. Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer First, the businesses, as well as the consumers, can exhibit (B2C) online marketplaces have gained much attention nowa- byzantine behavior in the absence of a firm-controlled market- days within various sectors, including e-commerce, ride- place. Therefore they can collude to deceive and take control hailing, cloud service provisioning (e.g., cloud federations), over the consortium decisions. Second, the consumers’ service supply-chain management, etc.. However, there has been a requests need to be agreed upon by the businesses within the continuing debate about the market-monopoly and unfairness closed consortium along with their ordering, before they can be arXiv:2104.09801v1 [cs.DC] 20 Apr 2021 they created in the digital economy [1], [2]. Such platforms processed. Otherwise, any malicious business can take priority typically work as the central agent or broker to interconnect over a profitable service request, thus affecting the fairness of various businesses and consumers. In such a firm-controlled the system. Although private blockchain can ensure transaction marketplace, supporting trustworthiness and unbiased business execution order within the closed network, they do not support transactions is always a concern. Blockchain is a natural transactions from outside the closed network pertaining to extension to help trustworthy and bias-free business by allow- Sybil attacks from the open network participants [16]. Third, ing the stakeholders to interact over a decentralized market- the service responses from the closed consortium also need place. Therefore, various recent works advocate for developing to be transferred back to the consumer who requested the blockchain-based electronic marketplaces [3]–[8]. However, service. Such information must be verifiable by the consumers there is a fundamental limitation of the current blockchain against the valid consensus at the business network. Further, technologies to support this, as discussed next. the privacy of the information must be ensured. An electronic marketplace is typically a multifaceted net- Thus, towards developing a decentralized collaborative ar- work with one or more closed business networks collaborating chitecture for service providing consortia, we introduce Col- through B2B transactions and, finally, an open consumer labFed, which addresses the above challenges by building a novel decentralized interface between the private blockchain for complex business logic-based smart contracts since they networks and the open network of consumers. CollabFed have to be replicated and executed over the entire network, ensures multi-party consensus validation and considers threats thus hampering performance. such as Sybil attacks and byzantine behaviors of the par- Using private blockchain for such use cases will require ticipants. The decentralized interface is engineered through some mode of interoperability with the public blockchain. a unique combination of the public blockchain and private Several prior works focus on cross-chain communication [25] blockchain networks by enabling interoperability between for different applications such as cross-network asset exchange them to support trusted and secure data transfer in both the or asset transfer. Most of them such as, Tesseract [26], directions, that is (a) from the consumers to the businesses and Herlihy [27], Xclaim [28], AMHL [29], focus on public-public (b) from the businesses to the consumers (Contribution-1). blockchain interoperability for exchange of cryptocurrency, Our Consensus on Consensus mechanism handles the transfer asset transfer, and payment channel networks. On the other of data from the open network into the private blockchain in a hand, Omniledger’s Atomix [30], Chainspace [31], Fabric secured and verifiable manner (Contribution-2). We employ Channels [32] enable interoperability and transactions between a novel mechanism based on collective signing (CoSi) tech- different shards of the same blockchain platform. Abebe et nology [17] to generate verifiable results from the consortium, al. [33] proposed a protocol for trusted and verifiable data which is accessed securely by the consumers (Contribution- transfer across private blockchain networks using endorsement 3). Moreover, CollabFed facilitates the collaboration among collection. Cash et al. [34] proposed a two-tier public-private the participating businesses and enables fair scheduling of blockchain architecture for secure data sharing. However, none requests through a distributed consensus. Performance in terms of these existing works address the interoperability and data of latency is of utmost importance here, so we analyze the transfer between private and public blockchain platforms. effect of order-execute and execute-order transaction execution To the best of our knowledge, CollabFed is the first at- workflows on the performance of request scheduling. tempt to address the issue of communication of consumer re- Considering a use case of a decentralized brokerless cloud quests, and processed responses between a private blockchain- federation, we have done a proof-of-concept (PoC) implemen- based consortium and the open network through public-private tation of CollabFed using Ethereum as the public blockchain blockchain interoperability. platform and Hyperledger Fabric, and Burrow as the two different candidates for the private blockchain platform, and III. SYSTEM MODEL AND DESIGN CHALLENGES tested it with three emulated CSPs (Contribution-4). The We consider the interconnecting network between the con- experiments prove the viability of CollabFed as a platform sumers and the closed consortium to be partially synchronous for service provisioning consortia, which supports interaction where there is an upper bound ∆ on the time of message between a private blockchain network and the end-consumers. delivery [35], [36]. If a message is not received within the Evaluation of the performance shows acceptable overhead on time-bound ∆, then it is considered as a message fault. The the federation, and a Mininet-based emulation with 32 CSPs intuition is that in a realistic communication, the messages also validates its scalability over a large geo-distributed setup.
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