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______Review Article

Therapeutic Uses of Alphanamixix polystachya: A Review

Ashish Mathew*, Mahammad Shakheel and B. Karunakar Hedge Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil Post, parangipet, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, . ______ABSTRACT polystachya (wall.) parker belonging to family, a large evergreen tree found to grow in most of the hotter parts of India, as well as the lowlands and hill forests of , Malay and Ceylon. These herbal have the phyto constituents such as phenyl compounds, coumarins, essential oils, terpenoids, monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and other nitrogenous compounds. Ayurveda approves (A. polystachya) in liver and spleen disorders, tumors, ulcer, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, skin diseases, leprosy, diabetes, eye diseases, jaundice, hemorrhoids, burning sensation, arthritis and leucorrhoea.

INTRODUCTION Distribution The importance of medicinal plants in health It is distributed in the sub-himalayan tract from care is not new1. Plants have provided the gonda (uttar pradesh) eastwards to bengal, basis of thousand years old sophisticated sikkim and assam up to 6000ft and in western traditional medicine systems and are ghats, chota nagpur, konkarn, andaman and supporting mankind with new remedies2. adjoining hill ranges from the poona district Ayurveda, whose history goes back to 5000 southwards to tinnevelly up to 3500ft. a B.C., is one of the ancient health care of this tree is also found in the indo-malaysian systems. The Ayurveda was developed region3. It is also common to West Sepik, East through daily life experiences with the mutual Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Western Highlands, relationship between mankind and nature. The Eastern Highlands, Southern Highlands, ancient text of Ayurveda reports more than Western, Gulf, Central, Northern, Milne Bay, 2000 species for their therapeutic New Britain, New Ireland & Manus., from Asia potentials.3 and Oceania, China, , India, , Indochina, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, and Aphanamixis Polystachya Malaysia. Within India, Goa, Nagpur. China, Aphanamixis polystachya of the Meliaceae Malaysia, Vietnam and Laos5. family is a traditional plant with potential medicinal uses. Aphanamixis polystachya Botanical Classification also known as Amoora rohituka is a valuable The botanical classification of the plant is as medicinal plant of meliaceae family which is follows: abundantly found in India. A. polystachya bark is a strong astringent, antimicrobial, used for Kingdom : Plantae the treatment of liver and spleen diseases, Phylum : Magnoliophyta rheumatism and tumors1. Fruits are globular, Class : Magnoliatae smooth, yellow when ripe, seeds with scarlet. Sub class : Rosidae The seed has rich oil content which is non Order : edible but a future source for biodiesel4,8. Family : Meliaceae Genus : Aphanamixis Description Species : Polystachya 6 Aphanamixis Polystachya (wall) parker is the large handsome evergreen tree, with a dense The traditional classification of the plant is as spreading crown and a straight cylindrical bole follows : Reign: Plantae, Under-reign: up to 15m in height and 1.5-1.8m in width. The Tracheobiont, Division: Magnoliophyta, plant aphanamixis polystachya belonging from Classify: Magnoliopsida, Subclass: Rosidae, meliaceae family is also listed as aphanamixis Family: Meliaceae, Kind: Aphanamixis.7 polystachya (wall) parker syn5. The plant has been reported to posses several medicinal properties, the stem bark is

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2017 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 145 astringent, bitter, vulnery, digestive, anthelmentic, depurative, urinary astringent, opthalmic and refrigerant.9 Cell growth inhibition In vivo cell growth inhibition was carried out.10 CNS depressant activity was carried out by Hole crosses test and Open field test.11 Evaluation of Aphanamixis polystachya as a Source of Repellents, Antifeedants, Toxicants and Protectants in Storage against Tribolium castaneum is also done.12 Invitro membrane stabilizing activity was done on the plant.13

Active Constituents A number of glycosides have been reported from the seeds and bark. The fatty acid composition of the seeds has also been worked out. The seed oil was found to be comprised of the fatty acids: stearic, palmitic, oleic, α-linoleic, isomeric linoleic and α- linolenic acids. Three new glycosides have been obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of the seeds, viz., 3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyflavonone-7- O-β-Dxylopyranosyl-β-D-arabinopyranoside25; dihydrorobinetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-O-α- L-rhamnopyranoside;stigmasta-5,24(28)dien-

3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-O-α- Lrhamnopyranoside. The petroleum ether The plant pacifies vitiated vata, and pitta extract of the leaves yielded a neutral splenomegaly, liver disorders, tumor, ulcer, compound designated aphanamixol which was dyspepsia, intestinal worms, skin diseases, characterized as eperu-13-en-8 β, 15-diol. The diabetes, eye diseases, jaundice, different extract of the bark yielded a high hemorrhoids, burning sensation, rheumatoid number of constituents. These were identified arthritis and leucorrhoea.14 as aphanamixinin. From the ethanolic extract of powdered stem bark a new saponin, THERAPEUTIC USES poriferasterol-3-rhamnoside has been isolated Different parts of Aphanamixis polystachya are and characterized. known to possess various medicinal The Isolation and Characterization of roots properties, as known by rural and mainly tribal ethanolic extract of Aphanamixis polystachya peoples of India (Assam, Uttar Pradesh and yields three new compounds: limonoid and Uttarakhand). The plant pacifies vitiated vata, flavonoids along with aphanamixinin. A and pitta splenomegaly, liver disorders, tumor, lignan polystachyol, two lignan glycosides, ulcer, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, skin lyoniside and nudiposide, and a sterol, diseases, diabetes, eye diseases, jaundice, ergosta-4, hemorrhoids, burning sensation, rheumatoid 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one with stigmasterol, arthritis and leucorrhoea.14 The bark is acrid, have been isolated from a MeOH extract of the astringent, bitter, vulnerary, digestive, dried bark of Aphanamixis polystachya. Two anathematic, depurative, urinary astringent, apo-tirucallane triterpenoids with six ophthalmic and refrigerant. It is useful in membered hemiketal, polystanins A and B and treating ulcers, beneficial in abdominal two new tirucallane triterpenoids, polystanins problems, liver and spleen diseases and in C and D were isolated from the fruits of 6 tumors. Pounded bark is made into poultice in Aphanamixis polystachya. treating rheumatism. The Seeds are anathematic, laxative and refrigerant. They are also useful in treating ulcers. The seed oil is used as liniments in muscular problems.15

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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES THROMBOLYTIC ACTIVITY ANTI OXIDANT Atherothrombotic diseases occur as serious The comparative antioxidant activity of impacts of the thrombus formed in blood various A. polystachya extracts in comparison vessels. Various thrombolytic agents are used to Vitamin C. Methanol and aqueous methanol to dissolve the clots that have already formed extracts exhibited up to 3 fold better efficacy in in the blood vessels; but these drugs have various in vitro antioxidant assays. These in limitations and can lead to serious and vitro results are supported by in vivo data. sometimes fatal consequences. In the study Rats supplemented with 50 and 100 mg kg−1 all the plant extracts showed moderate of AP 110/82C resulted in dose dependent and thrombolytic activitycompared to negative significant improvement in oxidative status, as control This activity may be due to the fact that indicated by significant reduction in hepatic the extracts are rich sources of alkaloids, lipid peroxidation with simultaneous elevation flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids which are in hepatic glutathione and catalase levels. said to exert clot lysis activity.18,19 Maximum These antioxidant studies proved superior clot lysis was visually observed when efficacy of A. polystachya extracts and the streptokinase (100 µl) was added to the clots potent fraction AP 110/82C. As AP 110/82C is The clot lysis data are shown in Figure 1. With of natural origin, it is a safe and effective normal saline, 4.58 % clot lysis was seen, intervention for free radical mediated while n-hexane (APHE), ethyl acetate (APEA) diseases.16 and methanol (APME) extracts produced 12.4, 13.69 and 12.95 % clot lysis, respectively (p < ANTI CANCER 0.001, compared with negative control).1 Amooranin, its methyl ester and monoacetate derivatives were tested at 1,2,4,6,8, and ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY 10g/mL dose levels on MCF-7, HeLa, HEp-2, The antibacterial effect of Aphanamixis L-929 and Chang liver cells. Amooranin and its polystachya (wall.) Parker leaf extract. methyl ester exhibited maximum cytotoxicity at Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of a 8g/mL dose level and there was a Aphanamixis polystachya (wall.) Parker leaf plateau from 6 to 8g/mL with MCF-7 cells. The was evaluated using Kanamycin (30μg /disc) greatest activity for the methyl ester was as standard by measuring the zone of against MCF-7 and HeLa cells, having an IC50 inhibition in mm. Table-1 exhibits that the of 1.8 and 3.2g/mL, respectively. HEp-2 and L- ethanolic extract at a dose of 500μg/disc 929 cells had intermediate sensitivities with an showed moderate to good Antibacterial activity IC50 of 5.3 and 5.8g/mL, respectively. in comparison with standard Kanamycin (30μg amooranin methyl ester demonstrated broad /disc) against Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcous cytotoxic activity against a five cell line panel, aureus, Pseudomonas, Hafnia, Shigella boydii, representing a diverse group of human Shigella sonnie, Escherichia coli , Shigella tumours, murine fibroblast, normal human dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi with the Chang liver cells; and weak general cytotoxic zone of inhibition ranging from 8 to 20 mm. activity was observed with only MCF-7 and The highest zone of inhibition was observed HeLa cells. Relative to the tumour cells in the against Salmonella typhi (20mm) and the panel, normal human Chang liver cells lowest zone of inhibition was observed against seemed resistant. In spite of a potent cytotoxic Sarcina lutea (8mm). The blank discs (30 µl effect against cultured cells amooranin methyl /disc) didn’t show any zone ofinhibition. ester had no antitumour activity when Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of administered to animals.This is probably Aphanamixis polystachya (wall.) Parker leaf because it was metabolized and excreted very against different bacterial strains is tabulated rapidly. Evaluation of amooranin and in Table in terms of diameter of zone of amooranin methyl ester against a panel of inhibition in mm.20 human cell lines, to determine if any selective cytotoxicity is evident, is in progress.17

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In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Aphanamixis polystachya (wall.) Parker Leaf Diameter of zone of inhibition in mm Bacterial strains Kanamycin(30μg/disc) Ethanolic extract (500μg/disc) Blank(30 µl /disc) Shigella boydii 26 11 0 Hafnia 25 10 0 Shigella dysenteriae 25 13 0 Escherichia coli 26 12 0 Pseudomonas 26 10 0 Salmonella typhi 28 20 0 Shigella sonnie 27 12 0 Staphylococcous aureus 27 9 0 Sarcina lutea 22 8 0

FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES leaves provided protection against acute Antifungal activities of 25 isolated compounds carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage.23,24 against seven phytopathogenic fungi (U.viciae- fabae, P. Dissimile, S. tritici, A. solani, P. CONCLUSION infestans, B. fuckeliana and G. zeae). Most Aphanamixis polystachya belonging to the compounds lack noticeable fungicidal activity family of Meliaceae, having several bioactive except for aphapolynins C, rohituka-3 and constituents is reviewed with special emphasis aphapolynin A that have shown strong on the biological activities. It is a tree found fungicidal activity against U. viciae-fabae and throughout India. It is popular in indigenous rohituka-15 and aphanamolide A exhibited culture of medicine like Ayurveda, Sidha and complete control over P. dissimile. In addition, Homeopathy. In the traditional medicine, aphanamolide A showed moderate activity various plant parts such as bark, leaves and against S. tritici, while aphanamolide B and seeds are used in different and severe rohituka-9 showed weak activity. Aphapolynin complaints. Aphanamixis polystachya is found E and rohituka-15 showed moderate activity to have significant anti oxidant, cytoprotective, against U. viciae-fabae, while aphapolynins D anti hepatotoxic, and thrombolyitc activity. The and aphanamolide A showed poor activity extracts also found to have a partial anti against U. viciae-fabae. Aphapolynins C, microbial effects. rohituka-3, rohituka-9, aphapolynin A and Further studies and and investigations can be aphanalides H showed moderate activity done on the plant to exploit the different bio against P. dissimile, while aphapolynins D, active molecules which are responsible for the aphanamolide B and aphanalides G showed various activitites of Aphanamixis polystachya. weak activity against P. dissimile. To A. solani, only aphapolynins D and aphanalides H REFERENCES displayed moderate activity. All the isolates 1. Apurba Sarker Apu, Fariha Akhter displayed no activity to three fungi: P. Chowdhury et. al, Phytochemical infestans, B. fuckeliana, and G. Zeae.21,22 Screening and In vitro Evaluation of Pharmacological Activities of ANTI-HEPATOTOXIC ACTIVITY Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall) Antihepatotoxic activity of A. polystachya was Parker Fruit Extracts, Tropical J. of Ph. evaluated on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- Res. February 2013; 12 (1): 111-116 induced liver injury in a rat model. The 2. H. M. Shadid Hossain Snigdha1, assessment of hepatoprotective activity was Rezwan Ali et. al, Biological evaluation evaluated by measuring the activities of of ethanolic extract of Aphanamixis aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine polystachya (Wall.) Parker leaf, Int. J. aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 2016: 3(9): 13- phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) 21 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum total 3. Shweta S. Saboo, Rani W. Chavan et. bilirubin and albumin and histology of the liver. al, Detail phytochemical study of The crude leaf extract significantly inhibits the Aphanamixis Polystachya (wall) enhanced ASAT, ALAT, ALP, ACP and LDH parker, World j. of pharmacy and ph. activities released from the CCl4 -intoxicated sciences, 2014:3(3):1583-1594. animals. The depressed value of serum 4. Yashwant Rai, Growth and albumin and the enhanced value of total Development of Medicinal bilirubin in plasma caused by CCl4 intoxication Endangered Tree Species are also ameliorated. The study showed that Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) the crude ethanolic extract from A. polystachya Parker in District Meerut, (U.P.) India, Int. J. of Multidiscip. and Current

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2017