Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association Within the Conservation of Landscape Potential

Inonu University Journal of Art and Design İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi ISSN: 1309-9876, E-ISSN: 1309-9884 Cilt/Vol. 7 Sayı/No.16 (2017): 66-78

Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential

Elvan ADA1*, Doğanay YENER2

1: İstanbul 2: İstanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Archi- tecture, İstanbul *: Corresponding Author, [email protected] DOI: 10.16950/iujad.338690

Abstract Developments in technology and science in the last two centuries have greatly increased the effect of human to the nature and to its modifier effect on the landscape. With the impact of globalization, especially in urban areas, the in- crease in zoning regulations, which allow construction in urban areas, such as shopping centers, mass housing, exemplifies the development of a lifestyle based on consumption, not production. The fast-living, fast-consuming urban people profile has gradually begun to create standard living spaces that are more like each other and loss of distinctive natural and cultural landscape features. The Cittaslow Union (Slow City Association) has emerged in cities that have lost their rural, regional and traditional features, and are moving away from the natural world. Natural and cultural landscapes have an important place within these changes and disappearing features. There are a total of 14 slow cities in Turkey that are members of the Union. In order to become a member of the Union, it is necessary to develop and implement projects to realize the criteria set by the Union. In the current situation, there are a total of 72 criteria in the 7 policy titles of the union. The purpose of this study is to discuss whether the association has an effec- tive role in the conservation of landscape areas. In this context; Cittaslow's (Slow City Association) environmental policies were examined along with infrastructure policies, urban quality of life policies, and policy criteria for agriculture, tourism and craftsmen. Cittaslow (Slow City Association) criterias, those who have influence on the preservation and sustainability of natural and cultural landscapes, have been evaluated in the context of the slow cities of Akyaka, Halfeti and Gökçeada, which are members of the Union of Turkey.

Keywords: Cittaslow, Slow city, Slow food, Akyaka, Halfeti, Gokceada

Suggested Citation Ada, E., & Yener, D. (2017). Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential. Inonu University Journal of Arts and Design, 7(16). 66-78. DOI: 10.16950/iujad.338690.

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Peyzaj Potansiyelinin Korunmasında Cittaslow-Yavaş Kent Birliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Elvan ADA1*, Doğanay YENER2

1: İstanbul 2: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, İstanbul *: Corresponding Author. [email protected] DOI: 10.16950/iujad.338690

Özet Son iki yüzyılda teknoloji ve bilim alanında yaşanan gelişmeler, insanın doğa ve onun uzantısı olan peyzaj üzerindeki değiştirici etkisini büyük ölçüde arttır- mıştır. Küreselleşmenin de etkisi ile özellikle kentsel alanlarda, alışveriş mer- kezi, toplu konut gibi inşaatlara imkân veren imar düzenlemelerinin artışı, üre- timden çok tüketime dayalı bir yaşam şeklinin geliştiğini örneklemektedir. Hızlı yaşayan, hızlı tüketen kentli insan profili, giderek birbirine daha çok benzeyen, ayırt edici doğal ve kültürel peyzaj özelliklerini kaybeden, standart yaşam alan- ları oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Kırsal, yöresel ve geleneksel özelliklerini kaybeden, doğallıktan giderek uzaklaşan kentlerde, hızlı bir yaşam süren kent insa- nının, kaybettiği bu özellikleri tekrar aramaya yönelmesiyle Cittaslow birliği (Yavaş Kent Birliği) ortaya çıkmıştır. Değişen ve kaybolan bu özellikler içeri- sinde doğal ve kültürel peyzaj alanları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Türkiye’nin birliğe üye olan toplam 14 yavaş kenti bulunmaktadır. Birliğe üye olmak adına, birliğin belirlediği kriterleri gerçekleştirmek için projeler geliştirmek ve uygula- mak gerekmektedir. Güncel durumda, birliğin 7 politika başlığında toplam 72 kriteri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada amaç, birliğin peyzaj alanlarının korunmasında etkili bir rolü olup olmadığının tartışılmasıdır. Bu bağlamda; Cittaslow’un (Yavaş Kent Bir- liği) çevre politikaları, altyapı politikaları, kentsel yaşam kalitesi politikaları ve tarımsal, turistik, esnaf ve sanatkârlara dair politikaları kriterleri ile birlikte in- celenmiştir. Cittaslow (Yavaş Kent Birliği) kriterlerinden, doğal ve kültürel peyzaj alanlarının korunmasında ve sürdürülebilirliğinde etkisi olanlar, Türkiye’nin birliğe üye olan Akyaka, Halfeti ve Gökçeada yavaş kentleri çerçevesinde tar- tışılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yavaş Kent Hareketi, Yavaş Kent, Yavaş Yemek, Ak- yaka, Halfeti, Gökçeada.

Önerilen Atıf Ada, E., & Yener, D. (2017). Peyzaj Potansiyelinin Korunmasında Cittaslow-Yavaş Kent Birliğinin Değerlendirilmesi. Inonu University Journal of Arts and Design, 7(16). 66-78. DOI: 10.16950/iujad.338690.

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Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. What is the Slow City Association and Chembers, 1980). and its philosophy? What is the Cittaslow can be interpreted as an adapted movement of Slow food which is its form of Slow Food movement, to the urban inspiration? living areas. Cittaslow is an association, Within the transition of mankind to the per- which has been established with the coop- manent settlement, it began to move away eration of Slow Food’s founder and the from nature and created a new life style. mayors of Greve in Chianti, Orvieto, Bra Especially by the advancement of technol- and Positana cities of Italy in 1999. Cit- ogy, people living in urban areas, has en- taslow is a movement, which aimed the tered into a rapid way of life. During the protection and sustainability of local iden- day, in order to keep up with the fast oper- tity, authenticity and distinctive features of ating conditions; they began to perform the Slow cities (URL-1). basic needs such as dining, recreation and The objectives of the association in the socializing, quickly as a mission. charter of 2017 can be summarized as; This new system has dragged people on a quest in order to relax, socialize and to be  Making life better for everyone living in fed with natural products and also has re- an urban environment sult the request of re-orientation to nature.  improving the quality of life in the cities This request has become a rebellion by Carlo Petrini, at first time in Italian city, Bra  resisting the homogenization and glob- in 1989. At that time USA’s leading fast alization of towns around the globe food chains had opened a branch in Italy.  protecting the environment Petrini defended that it was incompatible with the Italian food culture and lifestyle. Af-  promoting cultural diversity and ter this rebellion Petrini has become the pi- uniqueness of individual cities oneer of this slow Food movement. Slow  provide inspiration for a healthier life- food has appear as a tool for preservation style (URL-2) of local products, traditional cuisine and the cultural sustainability. This movement, Although the union first started to show which is also the inspiration source of Cit- growth in Europe, today it has become an taslow, can be defined as protecting the international collaboration concerning traditional culture of Europe, against the many disciplines together, which has got new world culture based on rapid con- up to 236 members from 30 countries, far sumption of USA (Radstrom, 2011), (Pe- from Japan to USA. Cittaslow union which trini,2001). is started out with the discourse of “Interna- tional network of cities where living is good” Culture, including all of the behavior, tradi- is represented by an orange snail, facing tions, beliefs and perceptions of a society left side and carrying historical buildings or a group, is not just a behavioral phenom- (Figure 1). Snail is a slow moving but a pro- enon. The cultural traces of the society can gressive scarring living being. This snail be seen both in the natural environment logo means; along with development, the and in the physical environment. The rela- historical and cultural heritage that will re- tionship between the culture and the envi- main to the next generations has been car- ronment can be considered as a two way ried in these cities where quiet lives take interaction. While the communities built place. This logo reminds that the natural their living areas accordance to their cul- life and the urban culture is important for ture, the culture is affected and shaped by the people and also it summarizes the ob- the conditions of the environment (Altman jectives of the Union (URL-2).

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plants and/or fruit trees, meter cubes of cement in green urban areas, cable network city.  Agricultural, touristic and artisan policies: It contains criteria such as; development of agro-ecology, increasing the value of rural areas, use of local products, conservation and increasing the value of local cultural events, prohibiting the use of gmo in agriculture, which are directly realted with the conservation of cultural landscape areas. Figure 1. Cittaslow Logo (URL-2). 1.2. What is the criteria for the cit-  Policies for hospitality, awareness and taslow? training: This policy is for systematic and permanence information for the cit- Cittaslow is an association that only small izens regarding the meaning of Cit- cities with a population less than 50,000 taslow, and supporting for Cittaslow can attend. To be a member of Cittaslow campaigns. Union, it is necessary that developing and implementing projects related to 72 criteria  Social cohesion: It contains; minorities of 7 policy chapters and also developing or- discriminated, multicultural integration, ganization of the cities according to those integration of disabled people, children criteria. The first 4 policies are involving cri- care and youth condition etc. Criteria teria about landscape planning and their (URL-2). According to Altman and sustainability; the last 3 policies are includ- Chembers (1980), in terms of cultural ing the social and cultural infrastructure of sustainability, the transfer of beliefs, slow cities, introduction of Cittaslow union values and behaviors shared by society and their collaborations. plays an important role in the education and socialization of future generations These policies are; (Altman and Chembers, 1980). Espe- cially this criteria is important for under-  Energy and environmental policy: In the standing the mission of Cittaslow in the context of this policy, there has been cri- sustainability of culture. teria for the sustainability of the landscape such as air - water quality con-  Partnerships: It includes support for Cit- servation, public energy production taslow campaigns and activity, collabo- from renewable sources, energy saving ration with Slow food and the other or- in buildings and public systems and also ganizations (URL-2). criteria for the conservation of the natural landscapes such as conservation of 1.3. What is the landscape? biodiversity. Landscape is defined as, natural and cul-  Infrastructure policies: It includes crite- tural elements in a very variety of charac- ria for the infrastructure of urban land- ters, located in an environment and that can fit into viewing angle from any point of scape areas such as; efficient cycle view (Yücel et al., 2008). So the landscape paths connected to public buildings, is a component of each item that the eye planning of eco-mobility as an alterna- can see and the brain can identify from a tive to private cars, verified accessibility sight. to medical services. Natural elements, morphological and geo-  Quality of urban life policies: These pol- logical terrain, the vegetation cover on this icy contains criteria for the sustainability land, fauna and all visual items but except of an easy and quite life such as; inter- the impact of human are defined as natural ventions of recovery and increasing the landscape (Bayer, 1977). In the Essay of value of civic centers, recovery/creation Watermann which is called: Basics of of social green areas with productive Landscape Architecture, he emphasizes

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Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential that "to be able to understand the land- region has been home to different civiliza- scape, it is true to look out from the door of tions. In the Ottaman time this region was your home and also it is a broad concept a small village but still it has the rich histor- that covers everything where open space ical traces (URL-3), (URL-4). exist" (Watermann, 2012). In 2001, Akyaka has been included to Cit- The areas where people use for various taslow through its natural landscape fea- purposes and the areas comprising joint tures, cultural landscape areas and vernac- work of people and nature is defined as cul- ular layout formed by the traditional land tural landscape (UNESCO, 2011). Socie- use types. There is a quite life dominated ties change their environment according to in Akyaka, because of the impact of the their cultural heritage and they develop natural qualities and the prioritizing behav- land use forms according to their benefit ior of the local people to production and style from nature and soil. There are differ- tourism- based economy. ent classifications of this benefit styles for As geological features of the region; the the cultural landscape areas. In this study, waters coming from the plains and creeks in the framework of Slow city concept, ur- at the east side of Akyaka has dumped to ban and rural landscape areas which are the sea. These wetlands formed by these affected by the people in the urban and ru- creeks are home to the flora of reeds, ral areas next to them, has been identified. marshes and meadows. Also there has Urban landscapes are the living areas been Tamarix sp., Bambusa sp. and spe- which are formed by peoples demand of cies from Chenopodiaceae family. Espe- living together. These are buildings forming cially Quercus sp., Laurus sp., Callistemon the city, urban blocks, traffic system, social sp., Nerium sp., Pinus brutia, Liquidambar facilities, trade and industrial areas etc. ru- orientalis, Pinus pinea, Cedrus sp., Juni- ral landscape is identified as the view of perus sp., Celtis sp., Ceratonia sp., Iris natural environment that has been xanthospuria are the dominant taxa of changed because of the activities of people Akyaka flora (Top, 2013). outside the city. These are, agriculture, forestry, recreation, transportation and indus- At the southeast part of the Akçapınar trial facilities (Dirik, 2005). creek; there has been cultural landscape areas consisting of agricultural lands. In 2. THE EVALUATION OF TURKEY'S these areas, citrus, cotton, sesame, corn CITIES AS MEMBERS OF CIT- and wheat stand out as major agricultural TASLOW products. On the high and sloppy areas, The impact of Cittaslow to the landscape there has been the olives (Top, 2013). In potentials of the cities has been evaluated the local market places; natural products in a case study of Akyaka in Aegean re- gained from the natural flora are solved. gion, Gökçeada in Northern Aegean region For example thyme, lavender, sage, laurel, and Halfeti in South-east Anatolia region of st.john’s wort, olive. Local people also ben- Turkey. efit from those natural products in their traditional food culture (URL-5). 2.1. Akyaka Although Akyaka has a really rich flora and Akyaka is one of the resorts in Aegean re- fauna elements, cultivated Eucalyptus gion of Muğla city in Province Ula. İt is lo- trees were planted in the area. And now cated in the north-east side of Gökova Gulf, this area became an important cultural at the foot of the 1000 m high mountains landscape area. 1500 Eucalyptus trees and at the meeting point of the seas and were planted in 1938, to Akçapınar village mountains. The first historical source of the to improve the marsh areas. This way is 3 city is from BC 5th century. It is said that the km long and now called as “Aşıklar Yolu- first name of the city was Idyma which is a Lovers Way” and also so important for our Carian city. Since the ancient times, that oral cultural heritage (URL-6) (Figure 2).

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the basis of microbiological treatment (URL-9). Moreover, the municipal recycling project is carried out and information meet- ings are done on behalf of public participa- tion. 2.2. Halfeti Halfeti province is located near the Euphra- tes River, in the north-west part of Şanlıurfa city in south-east Anatolia region of Turkey. Its history begins from the year BC 2000 Figure 2. Aşıklar Yolu- Lovers Way (URL-6). and it has been home to Hittite, Assyrian, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. The As well as Akyaka has natural landscape rocky areas near the Euphrates River, re- features, also it has indigenous and tradi- sembles a green belt in Halfeti. Town cen- tional architectural houses. Nail Çakırhan ter is formed from Euphrates River and has designed a house and its garden in- near the steep rocky slopes which begins spiring from old Ula houses (Figure 3). In 200m from the shore (URL-10). 1983 this house has won an architectural award called “Ağa Han Architectural In 2013, Halfeti has been included to the Award”. Since 1983 in Akyaka, the same Cittaslow Union. It is important for conser- type of houses are applied and so a land- vation of biodiversity and for the introduce scape specific to that region has been and sustainability of natural and cultural formed (Tuğutlu, 2013), (URL-7) (Figure 4). landscapes. Halfeti has been an important tourism center because of its natural environment features and abandoned settlement patterns as a result of dam water. The city was first established as a fortress city around Rumkale (Figure 5). Settlement moved to Fırat coastline which is called “Old Halfeti” because of the loss property of the castle and at the same time Fırat coastal areas became more attractive due to its natural qualities (Figure 6). In 2000, by the water was collected from the Birecik dam, the city near the coastline was Figure 3. Çakırhan House (URL-8) flooded by the water. And than the city dis- placed for the second time and moved to the village Karaotlak which is 8 km east (Bakırcı, 2002).

Figure 4. Akyaka Houses (URL-5)

When we observe the ecological life sensi- Figure 5. Rumkale (Ada, 2013) tivity, it is seen that it tried to take the advantage of technological possibilities with an environmental approach. Wastewater treatment facility of municipal is working on

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Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential

and in the Ilyada epic of Homeros, it is said that it was the island of Poseidon, who is the god of the sea (URL-12), (Özdemir, 2012). Because of the inaccessible and isolated structure of the islands, they are used to be quite places and their population is generally less than the mainland. Gökçeada has been included to the Cittaslow union in 2011 because of its natural landscape fea- Figure 6. Old Halfeti (Ada, 2013) tures, island culture and indigenous way of life. In order to adapt to the climatic conditions of the region, flat-roofed or roofless build- Within the advantage of being away from ings made by cut stone is used which is a the mainland, it has a rich fauna and flora. local material. Just for the efficient use of In the island there has seen a transitional the water, people created dams. As a result climate type between the Marmara climate of this, interesting settlement pattern has and the Mediterranean climate. Maquis been occurred which is a good example of vegetation is dominated in the island. In an- the cultural landscape of Halfeti. imal breeding, sheep and goats are con- ducted in a manner described as free sys- Rich soils that has been formed by the al- tem. Maquis and pasture areas are both luvium, accumulated on the banks of Fırat functional and economic landscape areas river, is also home to rich flora. 381000 of Gökçeada (Cengiz et al., 2013). There square meters of the land is in a quality of has been 5 ponds in Gökçeada which is the agriculture. In half of these lands pistachio, 4th island of the world in terms of the abun- vines and olives are generally grown. In the dance of water resources. In the south part other half part of the land, grain cultivation of the island, there is the salt lake, in which is done (URL-11). place of resort of the flamingos and migra- The endemic plant of 'black rose' is only tory birds like wild ducks and goose grown in Halfeti in Turkey. The most typical (Özdemir, 2012). The coastal area be- example is the Halfeti rose (“Siyah gül” in tween the Kaleköy and Kuzulimanı was de- meaning black rose, Arapkızı); this rose clared as “Underwater National Park” be- commercialized and sailed in the name of cause of its rare underwater fauna (URL- “Louis XIV”. The rose is a local variety of 13). Rosa odorata named “Yediveren” in Turk- Island is suitable for organic agriculture, ish (Özçelik, 2013). In Orvieto city of Italy, thanks to its isolated structure (Figure 7). there is a rose garden where only rarely And for many years chemical control is not cultivated roses from different countries are carried out on the island. Gökçeada has grown. In this garden “Black Rose” which is chosen as a pilot area for the purpose of an endemic rose species of Halfeti, is making ecological agriculture, by the Min- planted. This plant has a cultural meaning istry of Agriculture. The other cultural value because it acts as a cultural bridge be- of the island is its traditional food culture, tween the countries. under the effect of Greek population. In 2.3. Gökçeada these traditional foods, again the local products are used. There is a soap studio Gökçeada is the biggest island of Turkey. in Kaleköy in which the olives, the laurel Its on the west point of the country, in the and lots of herbaceous plants of the island city of Çanakkale and in north-east of the is used (Saygı, 2010) (Figure 8). Aegean sea. “Imroz” is its ancient name

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to protect the unique urban and cultural identity in small towns, to ensure that local production and consumption models are made sustainable by using environmentally friendly and modern technologies, to establish an urban living environment where the relationship between nature and humans will be managed in a balanced way and every citizen and visitor will be happy to live Figure 7. Gökçeada agricultural areas (Ada, here. At the beginning of the movement, 2012). the goal is to provide all of these criteria, even if preservation is not possible, and to serve to preserve the natural and cultural landscape features within local boundaries. Cittaslow is a new movement whose history is not very old, that has not even com- pleted 20 years. Especially the negative effects of technological and scientific innova- tions in the last two centuries on urban life, nature and human relations and sustaina- Figure 8. Gökçeada Soap Studio (Ada, 2012) bility have caused this new movement to be discussed by researchers in different 52 % of the natural and cultural valuable disciplines. The common question of these areas of the island is protected as archae- researchers is whether Cittaslow has the ological sites, natural sites and urban sites potential to be evaluated as a tool in the status (Cengiz et al., 2013). There has transformation of these negative effects been 5 Greek villages on the island which into positives. are called; Dereköy, Kaleköy, Tepeköy, Zeytinli and Eski Bademli. The architectural Mayer and Knox (2006) investigate Slow pattern of all these villages are under pro- Food and Slow City movements as an al- tection as urban site status. These are typ- ternative approach to urban economic de- ical Greek villages with their cobblestone velopment. Their research is based on the roads, simple houses from natural cut assumption that these movements are a stone, squares and laundries near the good example of Campbell's "three-E" fountains. Although there has been a de- framework for local sustainability (Camp- crease in Greek immigration and external bell, 1996). In Campbell (1996), the con- migration in Gökçeada, which has a dense cepts of economy, environment and equity, Greek population until 1970's, the reflec- including as much contradictions as being tions of this cultural structure are observed priorities for planners, are defined as the in settlement texture and land use three corners of triangle. Campbell (1996) (Kahraman, 2005). describes three basic priorities for planners, Economy, Environment and Equity, 3. WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE CIT- which also create conflicts in planning, as TASLOW TO THE LANDSCAPE? three corners of triangle. The economic de- The emergence of Cittaslow is simple. As velopment, planner sees the city as a loca- stated in the international charter, "Cit- tion where production, consumption, distri- taslow is an international network where bution, and innovation take place. The en- living is good". In the Cittaslow Manifest it vironmental planner sees the city as a con- is stated that "a new cultural and scientific sumer of resources and a producer of approach was born: from food to agricul- wastes. The city is in competition with nature, from agriculture to the environment, ture for scarce resources and land, and al- from the environment to dwelling space. ways poses a threat to nature. Space is the Slow town is at the centro, of “slow” lands ecological space of greenways, river ba- and a new awareness" (URL1). Cittaslow, sins, and ecological niches. The equity based on the philosophy of Slowness, aims

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Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential planner sees the city as a location of con- use of local products and preparation of flict over the distribution of resources, of food in schools in order to transfer these services, and of opportunities (Camp- traditions to future generations. The execu- bell,1996) In Campbell (1996), it has been tion of these training programs and the cre- pointed out that in practice, finding a bal- ation of job opportunities for local produc- ance between economic development, en- ers and business owners provide the equity vironmental protection, and equity is not (Mayer and Knox, 2006). Waldkrich, an- easy because their aims are sometimes other slowcity of Germany, is presented by conflicting with each other. Mayer and Mayer and Knox (2006) as an example of Knox (2006) argue that the Slow City Cittaslow's social cohesion criteria. The movement can eliminate this conflict since 'Red House' project, taking its name from it aims at environmental sustainability, but the exterior color of a house, which was in defending only local economic operations, very poor condition that has been reno- traditional production and traditional land vated by the municipality in Waldkrich and use. At the same time, they note that Cit- transformed to a public space, and has be- taslow may be an alternative in providing come an important work for social sustain- the ‘’three-E’’ since the application of social ability. Red house has become an im- cohesion criteria indicated in the charter portant community center as a meeting may be an essential tool in providing eq- place for communities, a community uity. In this context, they have examined kitchen for the homeless, and close by Hersbruck and Waldkirch, the first slow cit- marketplaces where local farmers can sell ies of Germany, which were included in Cit- vegetables and fruit. This area, which ena- taslow for the first time outside the borders bles people of all ages and ethnic groups of Italy, as an example. to establish social networks, allows for environmental protection by promoting the Hersbruck features unique cultural land- production and consumption of local and scapes with its towers and castles, city traditional products. With the cases of walls and the advantages brought by being Hersbruck and Waldkrich, Mayer and Knox a small medieval city center. In addition to (2006) have proven that Slowcities can ful- these features, natural landscape features fill Campbell's "three-E". with the preserved thermal water resources make up the elements that enrich the city's In his study titled "Cittaslow: Producing rural landscape (URL 14). In Hersbruck, lo- Slowness Against The Fast Life", Miele cal environmental protection groups work (2008) investigated the slowcities of Italy, in partnership with farmers, city govern- Orvieto and San Vincenzo, in order to illus- ment and small businesses for local tradi- trate that each city has its own slowness tional land use, and the preservation of approach. The city of Orvieto, founded by pastures and orchards. Local environmen- the Etruscans, has a long and rooted his- tal groups have begun these works since tory. Cittaslow's international headquarters the 1980s, but with the introduction of is the Orvieto Municipality in Orvieto Hersbruck into Cittaslow, these efforts (URL2). Many traces and remains from its have gained speed and importance. In this history can be found in the cultural struc- town, fruits are picked from fruit trees and ture of this city, which has a history of 3000 shrubberies, particularly apple trees, which years. These traces manifest themselves are rural landscape components, and in the culture of food and social life. Or- these fruits are used in local production. In vieto's wine, extra virgin olive oil, and local addition, these landscapes create habitats dishes produced with traditional methods for birds, insects and wildlife, as well as are particularly important in describing the providing aesthetic value and shades. The slow character of the city. The city has a fact that the fruits and products of the local slow character with the advantage of its farms produced and picked with traditional history, and it is among the founding cities methods are used again in the local mar- of the association. However, innovative kets and restaurants protects the environ- projects are being developed in order to ment and also contributes to the economy. maintain Orvieto's position in the Cittaslow In addition to training programs run with lo- community and the slowness of life. Prac- cal farms, children are given training in the tices such training programs for children

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where traditional local products and meth- a result of traditional land use techniques ods are introduced, or summer schools that meeting with consumers in the public mar- are based on developing environmental ket or being used in the traditional food cul- awareness and food culture are carried ture supported by slow food organizations out. The use of environmentally friendly positively affect the sustainability of agricul- technologies in the urban infrastructure tural landscapes. and the promotion of the use of renewable Halfeti is a unique cultural landscape area energy resources are other applications that can be presented as evidence for the (URL, 15) (Miele, 2008). The city of San changing effects of human activities on the Vincenzo has made plans for developing physical and natural environment per- natural and environmental resources in or- formed in order to control nature. The set- der to join Cittaslow since it is not a histori- tlement texture that remains beneath the cal and cultural city center like Orvieto. San dam waters reveals an interesting land- Vincenzo, a small coastal town in Tuscany scape. Moreover, the traditional use of land with white sandy coasts, joined Cittaslow in agriculture for several generations following processes such as the conserva- emerges as another form of cultural land- tion of natural resources and the applica- scapes. The conservation and sustainabil- tion of innovative environmental policies. ity of these natural and cultural landscaping When these two cities are compared, it is features, which led to the acceptance of observed that they have completely differ- Halfeti as a slowcity, will play an important ent slowness characters and they are role for the city that has a tourism-based transformed into different and original economy. With the projects and programs slowcities by strengthening the strong as- to be realized in order to realize the Cit- pects of their identities (URL, 16) (Miele, taslow criteria, Halfeti will make a name for 2008). itself, and this will result in increased socio- The research of Mayer and Knox (2006) cultural welfare and prosperity through constitutes an assessment of Cittaslow in tourism. In this way, contributions can be terms of urban planning; whereas the work made for the preservation of the natural of Miele (2008) deals with Cittaslow landscape and for the local people in main- through the approach of urban identities. In taining their lives in a high quality natural this study, we have assessed whether Cit- environment. taslow can be a model for preserving the Production in Gökçeada takes place landscape potential with examples of Turk- through the agricultural use of land and the ish slowcities Akyaka, Halfeti, and direct sale of products obtained from these Gökçeada. lands to the public. In addition, agricultural When the landscape potential of Akyaka is and related herbal products of the region considered, it is seen that it has a rare nat- are also used in the production and sale of ural geography and natural landscape fea- local foods, as supported by the slow food tures consisting of the rich flora and fauna movement. When the existence of agricul- that this geography hosts. These natural tural lands are considered in terms of main- landscape features are attractive features taining an ancestral form of land use, as for those who wish to escape from fast ur- well as the way in which products are used ban life and want to live a natural life in or- and utilized, Gökçeada meets the main der to slow down. For Akyaka to remain a purposes of Cittaslow with its impact on the quiet city, Cittaslow membership is an in- sustainability of cultural landscapes. The surance in order to protect these natural development of innovative projects in order properties and for the protective measures to meet Slowcity criteria may create added to be applied. The continuation of the local value in maintaining a high quality life cycle settlement texture and traditional architec- provided by the island’s natural and cultural tural features, which are included in the cri- landscape features. teria of Cittaslow, is an important factor in the preservation of Akyaka's cultural landscape. In the city, the products obtained as

İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT VE TASARIM DERGİSİ İnönü University Journal of Art and Design

Evaluation of Cittaslow-Slow City Association within the Conservation of Landscape Potential

4. CONCLUSIONS When the slow cities are evaluated in Tur- ment that ensure the continuity of the local key, even they are in different geographical culture and the local architecture, has pro- regions, it is seen that they all have a rare vides the usage of cities in terms of tour- natural environment. Within these natural ism. Considering that tourism is one of the landscape features, also their agricultural main livelihood of the inhabitants of the areas has been attract attention. The prod- city, providing the continuity of the natural ucts of these agricultural areas are used in and cultural landscape values is obliged, the local market places and also in local which makes the city attractive. food culture. That’s why these areas are In order to have a better quality of urban cultural landscape areas in terms of their life, it is necessary to improve the infra- aesthetic and functional features. The ex- structures that support the ecological life. istence of traditional forms of settlement As it seen at the examples of Turkey’s Slow that each city has its own currency as a re- cities, Cittaslow is an important, interna- flection of cultural values and lifestyles also tional communicational tool in order to rec- increases the diversity of the cultural land- ognize the cities and landscapes. This un- scape. ion is very important for the attention of The cities selected according to the objec- competent institutions in case of conserva- tives and criteria of the Slow city, should tion and sustainable use of natural and cul- maintain these properties in order to main- tural landscape potentials. Investments tain their existing membership. This re- that has been done for the introducing and quirement has a significant impact on the criteria of Cittaslow providing public partic- protection of the natural and cultural land- ipation and awareness of the public, is an scape. Urban people especially choose to important factor ensuring the sustainability live in these quite cities because of their of vernacular landscape. Mentioned criteria natural and cultural characteristics. Also is an important step against the rapid ur- the tourists prefer these cities for the same banization movement. It has a philosophy reasons. A life in harmony with the natural that encourages the preservation of the environment, the aesthetic landscape world landscape heritage and transferring formed by traditional land use patterns, lo- it to the next generations. cal architecture and a physical environ-

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