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Instituto Poli Escuela Nacional Lista Actualizada INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS LISTA ACTUALIZADA Y ANÁLISIS DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA HERPETOFAUNA EN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: BIÓLOGO PRESENTA: GUSTAVO CAMPILLO GARCÍA ASESOR: DR. VÍCTOR HUGO REYNOSO ROSALES COASESOR : M. EN C. JUAN CARLOS LÓPEZ VIDAL MÉXICO, DISTRITO FEDERAL 2013 0 ÍNDICE Resumen 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 2 ANTECEDENTES 5 JUSTIFICACIÓN 11 OBJETIVO GENERAL 11 Objetivos particulares 11 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO Ubicación 12 Provincias fisiográficas 13 Climas 15 Vegetación 16 Provincias biogeográficas 17 Reservas naturales 18 MÉTODOS Base de datos 20 Georreferenciación 20 Trabajo de campo 20 Listado taxonómico 21 Categorías de riesgo 23 Identificación de los ensambles herpetofaunísticos 23 Análisis de la distribución del esfuerzo de recolecta y diversidad de especies 23 i Estimación del número de especies en las principales reservas naturales 24 RESULTADOS Base de datos 24 Listado taxonómico 25 Especies válidas 25 Especies exóticas 26 Primeros registros estatales 26 Especies excluidas 26 Categorías de riesgo 27 Ensambles herpetofaunísticos 27 El ensamble del Altiplano Sur 27 El ensamble de la Sierra Madre Oriental 28 El ensamble del Golfo de México 28 El ensamble del Altiplano Sur-Sierra Madre Oriental 28 El ensamble de la Sierra Madre Oriental-Golfo de México 28 Distribución del esfuerzo de recolecta y diversidad de especies 29 Estimación del número de especies en las principales reservas naturales 30 DISCUSIÓN Base de datos 32 Listado taxonómico 34 Primeros registros estatales 36 Especies excluidas 37 Especies exóticas 39 ii Categorías de riesgo 41 Ensambles herpetofaunísticos 41 Distribución del esfuerzo de recolecta y diversidad de especies 44 Estimación del número de especies en las principales reservas naturales 37 CONCLUSIONES 49 LITERATURA CITADA 51 ANEXO I. ACRÓNIMOS Y NÚMEROS DE REGISTROS DE LAS COLECCIONES HERPETOLÓGICAS INCLUIDAS EN EL PRESENTE TRABAJO 75 ANEXO II. LISTADO TAXONÓMICO ACTUALIZADO DE LA HERPETOFAUNA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ 78 ANEXO III. PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS CINCO ENSAMBLES HERPETOFAUNÍSTICOS DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ 88 iii LISTA ACTUALIZADA Y ANÁLISIS DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA HERPETOFAUNA EN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO Resumen En San Luis Potosí los tres principales componentes bióticos de México están representados por las provincias biogeográficas del Altiplano Sur (componente Neártico), Sierra Madre Oriental (Componente Transicional) y Golfo de México (Componente Neotropical). Se ha establecido que la interacción de distintos componentes bióticos produce regiones geográficas con la mayor biodiversidad del mundo. Las primeras recolectas científicas en el estado se realizaron a finales del siglo XIX durante las primeras expediciones en el norte del país. A nivel estatal el inventario herpetofaunístico más importante se realizó hace casi 60 años y los inventarios más recientes son regionales. En este trabajo se actualizó el inventario herpetofaunístico, se identificaron los distintos ensambles de especies, se determinaron las regiones con mayor densidad de esfuerzo de recolecta y diversidad de especies, y se estimó el número de especies dentro de las principales reservas narturales de San Luis Potosí. Se conformó una base de datos con un total de 15,967 registros (8,654 registros curatoriales de colecciones científicas, 4,324 registros del Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Biodiversidad, 2,505 registros bibliográficos, 383 registros de recolectas y 101 de observaciones recientes). Se actualizaron los nombres científicos con base en catálogos de autoridades taxonómicas de anfibios y reptiles. Las localidades de recolecta se georeferenciaron usando cartas topográficas impresas y sistemas de información geográfica. El inventario actualizado consta de 167 especies agrupadas, de las cuáles, 31 son especies de ranas y sapos, 9 salamandras, 41 lagartijas, 79 serpientes, 6 tortugas y 1 cocodrilo. Junto con las especies nativas se han registrado también seis especies exóticas. Se incluyeron los primeros registros estatales de 4 especies. 8 especies previamente reportadas como parte de la herpetofauna estatal se excluyeron debido a errores en la determinación específica de los ejemplares o en la información geográfica asociada a ellos. Se identificaron tres ensambles herpetofaunísticos, particularmente asociados a las tres provincias biogeográficas del estado. Otros dos ensambles revelan el flujo de elementos a través de la Zona de Transición Mexicana. Históricamente el esfuerzo de colecta se ha concentrado en las regiones: Xilitla-Tamazunchale, Ciudad Valles-Tamuín, Ciudad del Maíz-El Naranjo, Guadalcázar, Sierra de Álvarez-Santa María del Río, San Luis Potosí, Ébano y Charcas. Las regiones con el menor número de registros se ubicaron en la mitad occidental del estado. La mayor diversidad de especies se observó en las regiones del oriente del estado. Se estimó que en las principales reservas anturales del estado están protegidas 28 especies de anfibios y 95 especies de reptiles. 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Las zonas de transición entre distintas regiones biogeográficas son consideradas como las regiones geográficas más diversas del mundo (Bryson, Jr. et al., 2011a); dicha riqueza biológica se debe a la interacción de diferentes componentes bióticos (Morrone, 2010). Los tres principales componentes bióticos de México, Neártico, Transicional y Neotropical, son una mezcla de diferentes elementos bióticos (Morrone, 2005). Un elemento biótico es un grupo de especies con una misma historia geológica que están usualmente expresados por géneros o grupos de especies (Duellman, 1965). En el estado de San Luis Potosí los principales componentes bióticos del país están representados por las provincias biogeográficas del Altiplano Sur, Sierra Madre Oriental y Golfo de México. La provincia biogeográfica del Altiplano Sur incluye algunas de las regiones desérticas y semidesérticas más diversas del mundo (Fitzgerald et al., 2004). La provincia biogeográfica de la Sierra Madre Oriental forma parte de la Zona de Transición Mexicana que está considerada entre las regiones geográficas más diversas del mundo (Morrone, 2010). La provincia biogeográfica del Golfo de México es una zona en donde se observa una abrupta transición entre las regiones biogeográficas clásicas Neártica y Neotropical además de la mezcla de algunos elementos herpetofaunísticos con diferente afinidad biogeográfica (Mulcahy & Mendelson III, 2000). Existen otras regionalizaciones bióticas de México como las de Smith (1941a, 1949) y la de Casas-Andreu & Reyna-Trujillo (1990) que conservan la visión clásica de la regionalización Neártica y Neotropical y que están 2 caracterizadas por grupos de especies o ensambles herpetofaunísticos particulares. Un ensamble herpetofaunístico puede definirse como una lista particular de especies que componen una unidad ecológica o espacial (Morafka, 1977). En cuanto a las áreas de endemismos en San Luis Potosí se han identificado hasta cuatro, a través de diferentes metodologías: las áreas de endemismos de anfibios y reptiles centro y sur de la provincia fisiográfica de la Sierra Madre Oriental (Canseco-Márquez et al., 2004) y las áreas de endemismos de herpetofauna de San Luis Potosí y Matehuala (Ochoa-Ochoa & Flores-Villela, 2006). Además se ha estimado que San Luis Potosí es el octavo estado más diverso del país en herpetofauna con 200 especies (Ochoa-Ochoa & Flores-Villela, 2006), que representan aproximadamente del 16% del total de las especies mexicanas (1206 especies según Wilson & Johnson, 2010). Así puede decirse que la diversidad herpetofaunística de San Luis Potosí es representativa de México porque ahí existen la confluencia de múltiples provincias herpetofaunísticas, varias áreas de endemismos y un gran número de especies. En las últimas décadas se ha generado una problemática en la conservación de la herpetofauna a nivel mundial debido a la pérdida del hábitat, la presencia de especies exóticas invasoras, la contaminación ambiental, las enfermedades, el uso irracional y el cambio climático (Gibbons et al., 2000). Esta problemática se ve reflejada en San Luis Potosí en la destrucción del hábitat en gran parte de la planicie costera del Golfo de México, causada principalmente por 3 las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas; en la presencia de las especies exóticas Lithobates catesbeianus (Taylor, 1952), Hemidactylus turcicus (Taylor, 1953), Hemidactylus frenatus (Marcellini, 1971) y Kinosternon hirtipes (Iverson & Berry, 1979); en la contaminación constante de los humedales de la Ciénega de Tamasopo y de la Laguna Chica de Ébano; así como en la comercialización masiva de algunas especies, en mercados clandestinos como el de Charco Cercado, para su uso en la medicina tradicional y el esoterismo (Fitzgerald et al., 2004). Considerando que los inventarios regionales promueven un mejor conocimiento de la distribución y abundancia de los recursos naturales y permiten complementar el inventario nacional (Flores-Villela & Navarro, 1993), se propone elaborar un inventario herpetofaunístico actualizado del estado de San Luis Potosí que es imprescindible para el desarrollo de las estrategias de conservación y de manejo adecuados, sabiendo también que la herpetofauna mexicana tiene gran importancia científica y cultural (Flores-Villela, 1998; Martín del Campo, 1936) y que su taxonomía ha sido muy dinámica en los últimos años (Flores-Villela & Canseco-Márquez, 2004). El inventario herpetofaunístico actualizado de San Luis Potosí integrará los registros curatoriales y
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