Ancillary Services in Multi-Energy Sector Coupling to Contribute to Power System Stability

TSO2020 Project – Activity 2:

Exploitation of Ancillary Services in Multi-Energy Sector Coupling to Contribute to Power System Stability

Presenters: dr.ir. Bart W. Tuinema ir. Víctor García Suárez

24th October 2018 TSO 2020 Power to Hydrogen Mid-Term Workshop Brussels, Belgium

1 CONTENTS

1) Tasks of TUD IEPG 2) Power System Stability 3) Ancillary services provision by electrolysers 4) Conclusions

2 CONTENTS

1) Tasks of TUD IEPG 2) Power System Stability 3) Ancillary services provision by electrolysers 4) Conclusions

3 ACTIVITY 2: TU DELFT TASKS

Scope: To study the dynamic interaction between international connected electrical transmission networks and the large-scale demand side response associated to power-to-gas conversion. recommendations for the exploitation of ancillary services

hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests of a mock-up rectifier in RTDS

investigation of ancillary services provision by a 300-MW electrolyser in Eemshaven

modelling of the electrical transmission network in RTDS

development of a 1-MW electrolyser model in RTDS (Real-Time Digital Simulator) 4 ACTIVITY 2: TU DELFT TEAM

dr.ir. José L. Rueda Torres dr.ir. Bart W. Tuinema prof. Peter Palensky project leader RTDS simulations responsible professor

ir. Patrick K.S. Ayivor ir. Víctor García Suárez ir. Lian Liu dr.ir. Ebrahim Adabi electrolyser modelling ancillary services network modelling RTDS simulations

5 CONTENTS

1) Tasks of TUD IEPG 2) Power System Stability 3) Ancillary services provision by electrolysers 4) Conclusions

6 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

‘In power systems, we try to keep things stable and in balance.’

f (=1/T)

• Constant frequency f (e.g. 50 Hz) V • Constant voltage magnitude V (e.g. 230 V rms) δ • Constant voltage angle δ (small)

Static analysis: Dynamic analysis: • constant f, V and δ • time varying response of f, V and δ • Simple models, controls neglected • Detailed models, controls included • Perform power flow calculation • Perform time domain simulation (solve algebraic equation system) (solve differential algebraic equation system)

7 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY G G G P G in Generators (G) G

f = 50 Hz f (ω=2πf) = t 

M M L L Motors (M) M Pout Load (L)

8 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY G G G P G in G

f = 50 Hz f (ω=2πf) <= t 

Rate-of-Change-of-Frequency M M L L M Pout

desk lamp 9 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 1. Frequency Containment Reserve G G G P G in G

f = 50 Hz f (ω=2πf) FCR <= t 

Rate-of-Change-of-Frequency M M L L M Pout

10 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 1. Frequency Containment Reserve G G G 2. automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve Pin G 3. manual Frequency Restoration Reserve G

f = 50 Hz mFRR f (ω=2πf) FCR aFRR = nadir J (Inertia) t 

Rate-of-Change-of-Frequency M M Frequency nadir L L M Pout

11 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY Electrolysers  Ancillary Services: 1. Frequency Containment Reserve Wind (W) & Solar PhotoVoltaics (PV) 2. automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve Pin 3. manual Frequency Restoration Reserve PV G G mFRR W f = 50 Hz W f (ω=2πf) FCR aFRR = J (Inertia) FCR? M M L L t  M - Voltage support - Congestion Management Power Electronics (PE) Pout - Blackstart / restoration

12 CONTENTS

1) Tasks of TUD IEPG 2) Power System Stability 3) Ancillary services provision by electrolysers 4) Conclusions

13 ELECTRICAL ANCILLARY SERVICES MARKETS

FREQUENCY VOLTAGE CONGESTION BLACKSTART BALANCING CONTROL MANAGEMENT RESTORATION

» Moving towards a » Regional local markets » Mostly for generators common EU market » Determined by national TSOs » Fixed action plan

FRECUENCY CONTAINMENT RESERVE (FCR) | Supplier capacity ≥ 1 MW | Activation < 30 sec

AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY RESTORATION RESERVE (aFRR) | Supplier capacity ≥ 1 MW | Activation < 15 min

MANUAL FREQUENCY RESTORATION RESERVE (mFRR) | Emergency reserve | Large capacity required

14 ELECTROLYSER AS ANCILLARY SERVICES PROVIDER

DECISIVE FACTOR Electricity price will determine the electrolyser’s annual capacity factor

MARKET NEEDS The market regulatory framework should boost operational flexibility

BUSINESS DECISION

Opportunity costs: sale of H2 vs. provision of ancillary services

PARTICIPATION IN FREQUENCY BALANCING (2021) FCR will offer a 4-hour capacity product aFFR will allow 15-minute energy products (already in NL)

15 NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NETHERLANDS TenneT’s Development Plan 2030

Case Study – FCR in NL 2030 EEMSHAVEN » Performance: sync. generator vs. PEM electrolyser 300MW Electrolyser » Sensitivity to FCR controller parameters WEIWERD

VIERVERLATEN

MEEDEN to GERMANY 1MW Electrolyser

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 16 FCR PROVISION: EFFECTS ON FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Frequency response for different shares of electrolyser capacity in FCR support for a sudden loss of generation 50.00 100% Electrolyzer 50% Electrolyzer 49.98 25% Electrolyzer 10% Electrolyzer 49.96 3% Electrolyzer 100% Gas Turbine

49.94

Frequency [Hz] Frequency 49.92

49.90 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Time [s] CONCLUSIONS: • Electrolysers reduce the frequency deviations w.r.t. synchronous generators • Electrolyser’s linear dynamics allow stricter FCR control characteristics

17 CASE STUDY: FCR in NL-DE-DK 2030

» Low inertia grid conditions Denmark » Sensitivity to location and distribution NorNed » Inclusion of PEM fuel cells to Norway

Netherlands Germany

Synchronous Generator External Wind Farm Grid 20 MW PEM FC + 20 MW PEM Electrolyser 150 MW PEM FC + 150 MW PEM Electrolyser 18 DEALING WITH LOW INERTIA IN THE GRID

Frequency response for different inertia values during FCR support for a sudden loss of generation

50.05 H = 52 s PEM Devices 50 H = 52 s Sync Gen 49.95 H = 26 s PEM Devices 49.9 H = 26 s Sync Gen 49.85 49.8

Frequency [Hz] Frequency 49.75 49.7 49.65 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time [s] CONCLUSIONS: • PEM technologies can contribute to alleviate the low inertia conditions • Same performance regardless of the location and distribution of suppliers

19 aFRR PROVISION: ADEQUACY TO TSO SIGNALS

FCR response Activation of TSO signal

20 CONTENTS

1) Tasks of TUD IEPG 2) Power System Stability 3) Ancillary services provision by electrolysers 4) Conclusions

21 CONCLUSIONS

• Electrolysers are technically capable of partaking in frequency balancing markets.

• The fast dynamics of electrolysers help in preventing high-frequency deviations, especially when the inertia of electrical power system is reduced.

• The electrical transmission network facilitates the interplay between distributed PEM fuel cells and electrolysers. This constitutes a mitigation to threats to security of supply due to reduced inertia.

22 LIST OF DOCUMENTS BY TU DELFT Electrolyser Modelling

Feasibility of Demand Side Response from Electrolysers to Support Power System Stability * P. Ayivor, J.L. Rueda Torres | MSc Thesis, TU Delft, July 2018.

Modelling of Large Size Electrolyzer for Electrical Grid Stability Studies in Real Time Digital Simulation * P. Ayivor, J.L. Rueda Torres, M.A.M.M. van der Meijden, R. van der Pluijm and B. Stouwie 3rd International Hybrid Power Systems Workshop, Tenerife, Spain, May 2018.

Modelling of Large Size Electrolyser for Electrical Grid Stability Studies – A Hierarchical Control P. Ayivor, J.L. Rueda Torres and M.A.M.M. van der Meijden 17th Wind Integration Workshop, Stockholm, Sweden, Oct. 2018.

* Publicly available for consultation at the TU Delft online repository 23 LIST OF DOCUMENTS BY TU DELFT Procurement of Ancillary Services

Exploitation of Power-to-Gas for Ancillary Services Provision (within the Context of TSO2020) * V. García, J.L. Rueda Torres | MSc Thesis, TU Delft, Aug. 2018.

Integration of Power-to-Gas Conversion into Dutch Electrical Ancillary Services Markets * V. García, J.L. Rueda Torres, B. Tuinema, A. Perilla and M.A.M.M van der Meijden ENERDAY 2018 – 12th Conference on Energy Economics and Technology, Dresden, Germany, Apr. 2018.

Ancillary Services from Hydrogen Based Technologies to Support Power System Frequency Stability * F. Alshehri, J.L. Rueda Torres | MSc Thesis, TU Delft, Sep. 2018.

* Publicly available for consultation at the TU Delft online repository 24 Thanks! ? Questions: José L. Rueda Torres ([email protected]) Intelligent Electrical Power Grids Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy Delft University of Technology

25 NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NETHERLANDS TenneT’s Development Plan 2030

EEMSHAVEN

300MW Electrolyser

WEIWERD

VIERVERLATEN

MEEDEN to GERMANY 1MW Electrolyser

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 26 MODELLING OF THE ELECTROLYSER

Meeden110kV Veendam Zuidwending 110kV substation

MEEDEN

1 MW electrolyser 1MW Electrolyser Veendam Zuidwending 27 MODELLING OF THE ELECTROLYSER

High-level control • Interaction with TSO • Interaction power system • Interaction with market

Low-level control

• Control of H2 production • Control of stack current

• Response to alarms 28 MODELLING OF THE ELECTROLYSER Model Response to step increase/decrease of stack current Real Electrolyser

29 MODELLING OF THE ELECTROLYSER

49.9 Hz

Extended model with FEC enables frequency (FCR) support

30 MODELLING OF THE ELECTROLYSER

Extended model with FEC enables bus voltage support.

31 NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NL2030 To Denmark generator To Norway converter COBTenneT’sRAcable DevelopmentNorNed Plan 2030 GEMINI EOS-EEM-ZWART LCC station VSC station substation EEMSHAVEN EOS EOS-EEM-WIT EEM 2*800MW Electrolyser 300MW Electrolyser (300MW)

3*430MW To gas EEM line conversion WEIWERD AC/DC RBB ENS converter WEW

DIELE (to Germany) transformer

MEE VVL

MEE VIERVERLATEN BERGUM ZEYEREEN ZWOLLE MEE MEEDEN To gas conversion to GERMANY

normal Veendam Electrolyser 1MW Electrolyser Zuidwending (1MW, 33kV)

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 32 NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NL2030 To Denmark generator To Norway converter COBTenneT’sRAcable DevelopmentNorNed Plan 2030 GEMINI EOS-EEM-ZWART LCC station VSC station substation EEMSHAVEN EOS EOS-EEM-WIT EEM 2*800MW Electrolyser 300MW Electrolyser (300MW)

3*430MW To gas EEM line conversion WEIWERD AC/DC RBB ENS converter WEW

DIELE (to Germany) transformer

MEE VVL

MEE VIERVERLATEN BERGUM ZEYEREEN ZWOLLE MEE MEEDEN To gas conversion to GERMANY

maintenancenormal Veendam Electrolyser 1MW Electrolyser Zuidwending (1MW, 33kV)

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 33 +700 MW NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NL2030 TenneT’s Development Plan 2030 0 MW +300 MW

430 MW EEMSHAVEN Load flow scenario 1 300MW Electrolyser

Regional load: WEIWERD Groningen-Drenthe 875 MW Overijssel 800 MW Friesland 400 MW VIERVERLATEN MEEDEN to GERMANY 1MW Electrolyser

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 34 +700 MW NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NL2030 TenneT’s Development Plan 2030 600 MW +700 MW

2900 MW EEMSHAVEN Load flow scenario 2 300MW Electrolyser

Regional load: WEIWERD Groningen-Drenthe 875 MW Overijssel 800 MW Friesland 400 MW VIERVERLATEN MEEDEN to GERMANY 1MW Electrolyser

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 35 +700 MW NorNed COBRAcable GRID TOPOLOGY NL2030 TenneT’s Development Plan 2030 450 MW -700 MW

2900 MW EEMSHAVEN Load flow scenario 3 300MW Electrolyser

Regional load: WEIWERD Groningen-Drenthe 875 MW Overijssel 800 MW Friesland 400 MW VIERVERLATEN MEEDEN to GERMANY 1MW Electrolyser

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV to ZWOLLE 36 MODELLING OF NORTHERN NETHERLANDS NETWORK

Simulation of disturbances around EOS and EEM To Denmark To Norway

COBRAcable NorNed GEMINI EOS-EEM-ZWART LCC station Disturbances include: VSC station • Transmission line three-phase-ground fault EOS EOS-EEM-WIT EEM 2*800MW • Busbar short circuit fault Electrolyser (300MW)

• Tripping of transmission line(s) 3*430MW To gas conversion EEM • Loss of generation RBB

ENS • DC short circuit on COBRAcable WEW

DIELE (to Germany) Disturbances under maintenance: MEE • Fault at circuit EOS-EEM-ZWART when VVL

Circuit EOS-EEM-WIT is out of service MEE BERGUM • Fault at busbar B when Busbar A of ZEYEREEN ZWOLLE MEE substation EOS is out of service To gas conversion

Veendam Electrolyser Zuidwending (1MW, 33kV)

37 MODELLING OF NORTHERN NETHERLANDS NETWORK Simulation case: three-phase to ground fault

EOS-EEM-ZWART

To Denmark To Norway

COBRAcable NorNed GEMINI EOS-EEM-ZWART LCC station VSC station EOS EOS-EEM-WIT EEM 2*800MW EOS-EEM-WIT Electrolyser (300MW)

3*430MW To gas conversion EEM RBB

P2+P3 ENS P5+P6+P7 WEW

DIELE (to Germany)

MEE VVL Three phase ground fault: . Fault location: EOS-EEM-ZWART MEE . Fault resistance: 0.1Ω; BERGUM ZEYEREEN ZWOLLE . Fault clearing time: 90ms. MEE To gas conversion

Veendam Electrolyser Zuidwending (1MW, 33kV) 38 FCR DROOP CONTROL (BACKUP SLIDES)

1.0 50.00 Δfmax ±0.10 Hz Δfmax ±0.15 Hz 0.5 Δfmax ±0.20 Hz 49.95

[p.u.] 0.0 Droop | Δfmax ±0.10 Hz ∆P ∆P 49.90 Droop | Δfmax ±0.15 Hz

-0.5 [Hz] Frequency Droop | Δfmax ±0.20 Hz Quadratic | Δfmax ±0.20 Hz -1.0 49.85 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ∆f [Hz] Time [s]

CONCLUSIONS: • It is possible to increment the droop slope for the PEM technologies without creating oscillation issues