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Impacts and Effectiveness of Logging Bans in Natural Forests in Asia-Pacific

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Impacts and Effectiveness of Logging Bans in Natural Forests in Asia-Pacific RAP PUBLICATION 2001/08 Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission Forests out of bounds: Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests in Asia-Pacific Edited by Patrick B. Durst Thomas R. Waggener Thomas Enters Tan Lay Cheng Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand 2001 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Senior Forestry Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Cover photo: Thomas Enters For copies of the report, write to: Patrick B. Durst Senior Forestry Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand Tel: (66-2) 697 4000 Fax: (66-2) 697 4445 Email: [email protected] FAO 2001 ISBN 974-7946-09-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of tables vi List of figures viii Acronyms ix Foreword xi Preface xii 1. Logging bans in Asia and the Pacific: an overview Thomas R. Waggener 1 2. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: New Zealand Alan Reid 43 3. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: People’s Republic of China Yang Yuexian 81 4. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Philippines Ernesto S. Guiang 103 5. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Sri Lanka H. M. Bandaratilake 137 6. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Thailand Sureeratna Lakanavichian 167 7. Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests: Viet Nam Vu Huu Tuynh 185 LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Planted forest areas in New Zealand (April 1999) 44 2. Summary of legislation currently applicable to natural forests in New Zealand 51 3. Measures to restrict commercial logging as a conservation strategy since 1970 and area of natural forest affected in New Zealand 57 4. Volume of New Zealand’s timber imports (thousand m3) 67 5. Area affected by natural disasters and floods in China, 1952-1997 (thousand ha/year) 84 6. Area of forests covered by China’s National Forest Conservation Program (thousand ha) 85 7. Volume of China’s domestic timber production, 1983-1997 (million m3) 89 8. Industrial timber consumption by sectors in China, 1993-1997 (thousand m3 and percent) 89 9. Volume of timber available for China’s domestic consumption (million m3) 90 10. Volume of timber available for China’s domestic use and actual consumption (million m3) 90 11. Volume of China’s timber plantation production by species (thousand m3) 92 12. Volume of China’s major forest product imports, 1981-1997 (thousand m3) 93 13. Volume of China’s major forest product exports, 1988-1997 (thousand m3) 93 14. Volume of China’s log and sawntimber imports, 1998 and 1999 (m3) 93 15. Value of China’s wood and wood product imports, 1998 and 1999 (thousand US$) 94 16. Status of protected natural forests by provinces in China 97 17. China’s natural forest resources by river basin 98 18. Forest area of the Philippines, 1997 105 19. Estimate of the status of forest and forest land management in the Philippines 107 20. Import of logs and processed forest products in the Philippines, 1988-1997 (thousand m3) 108 21. Sources of Philippines’ industrial roundwood supply, 1998 110 22. Area and potential timber yield from Philippines’ natural secondary forests 110 23. Key forestry policies of the Philippines 112 24. Major impacts of Philippines’ key forestry policies 116 25. Provinces and areas covered by logging bans in the Philippines 119 26. Natural forests in Sri Lanka, 1992 138 27. Population increase and depletion of natural forest cover in Sri Lanka 138 28. Sri Lanka’s diversity and status of selected flora and fauna groups in lowland rainforests and moist monsoon forests of Galle, Matara, Kalutra and Ratnapura districts 138 29. Key policy, legislation and institutional changes concerning management of Sri Lanka’s natural forests during the twentieth century 143 30. Sri Lanka’s protected areas administered by the Forest Department and Department of Wildlife Conservation 147 31. Sri Lanka’s natural forests by production and protection classifications (thousand ha) 147 32. Sri Lanka’s wood demand, 1985 (thousand m3) 148 33. Availability and demand for Sri Lanka’s industrial logs, 1985-2000 (thousand m3/year) 149 34. State Timber Corporation’s timber production in Sri Lanka, 1986-1995 151 35. Estimated supply sources for logs in Sri Lanka, 1993 152 36. Sri Lanka’s domestic supply of logs before and after the logging ban (thousand m3) 152 37. STC’s contribution to Sri Lanka’s total timber supply, 1986–1995 153 38. Average prices for grade "A" logs at depot sold by STC in Sri Lanka 154 39. Sri Lanka’s sawnwood imports and exports, 1985-1997 155 40. State Timber Corporation sale of imported timber in Sri Lanka, 1986–1995 155 41. Scenarios for consumption, production and imports of sawnwood in Sri Lanka (thousand m3) 156 42. Potential contribution of non-forest lands to national sawlog supply in Sri Lanka, 1995–2020 157 43. Forest plantations established by Sri Lanka’s Forest Department 157 44. Projected timber production from forest plantations in Sri Lanka, 1999-2005 (m3) 158 45. Number of private forest enterprises registered with Sri Lanka’s Forest Department, 1983–1997 159 46. Sri Lanka’s government revenues from the STC (thousand US$) 159 47. Forest offenses recorded in Sri Lanka’s natural forests and plantations, 1985-1994 160 48. Status of forest area in Thailand 167 49. Forest conservation and reserve areas in Thailand 168 50. Natural conservation and recreation areas in Thailand 172 51. Thailand’s domestic wood production, imports, exports and consumption of wood (thousand m3) 174 52. Thailand’s export and import of logs and sawnwood 175 53. Thai imports of wood by country of origin, 1994-1998 176 54. Reforestation by the Royal Forest Department and private sector in Thailand 177 55. Viet Nam’s forest area by function, 2000 (thousand ha) 187 56. Forest area and growing stock in Viet Nam, 1995 188 57. Area and stock of production forests in Viet Nam, 1995 189 58. Sawnwood production for rural housing construction in Viet Nam, 1996 191 59. Predicted consumption of forest products in Viet Nam, 2005 and 2010 (thousand m3) 191 60. Loss of natural forests in Viet Nam, 1990-1998 (ha) 192 61. Logging ban progress indicators in Viet Nam, 1996-2000 194 62. Roundwood production in different regions of Viet Nam, 1990-1998 (thousand m3) 196 63. Viet Nam’s fuelwood output, 1990-1998 (thousand steres) 196 64. Viet Nam’s leading wood product exports, 1990-1996 (thousand m3) 196 65. Value of Viet Nam’s forest product export revenues, 1990-1996, (million US$, current price) 197 66. Average prices of pit-prop at Quang Ninh (thousand VND/m3) 197 67. Viet Nam’s domestic prices for roundwood and fuelwood, 1991 and 1998 197 68. Sawnwood prices in Viet Nam, 1991 and 1998 (VND/m3) 198 69. Number of wood product enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City, 1993-1998 198 70. Volume of wood used by the wood-processing industry in Ho Chi Minh City, (m3 roundwood) 199 71. Changes in wood processing enterprises in selected provinces of Viet Nam, 1993 and 1998 201 72. Changes in non-State wood-processing enterprises in Viet Nam, 1990-1995 202 73. Supply and demand for paper pulp in Viet Nam, 1991–1996 202 74. Supply and demand for pit-props in Viet Nam, 1991-1998 202 75. Viet Nam’s gross forest product revenue, 1990-1998 (billion VND) 203 76. Structure of Viet Nam’s gross forestry output by sub-sector, 1990-1998, (1994 prices) (percent) 204 77. Viet Nam’s gross revenue from logging and wood products processing, (1989 prices) (billion VND) 204 78. Annual forest area destroyed by fire in Viet Nam, 1990-1998 (ha) 204 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Natural forests in Asia-Pacific: total area and area available for harvesting 3 2. Asia-Pacific production of roundwood by type and subregion, 1999 3 3. Asia-Pacific net growth of commercial species on available natural forests versus industrial roundwood production 4 4. Asia-Pacific industrial plantations: total area versus area available for harvesting by subregion 5 5. Estimated annual growth of available industrial plantations in Asia-Pacific by subregion 5 6. Asia-Pacific balance between estimated net growth from available natural forests and plantations compared to industrial roundwood production 18 7. Projected Asia-Pacific net trade in roundwood and sawnwood, 1980, 1994 and 2010 20 8. Natural forests unavailable for harvesting due to legal closure and technical/economic constraints 24 9. Asia-Pacific natural forest unavailable for harvest due to technical/economic constraints 24 10. Estimated forest cover in New Zealand, (from left) 1000 AD, 1840 and 1976 45 11. Timber production from New Zealand’s natural forests, 1978-1989 60 12. Production from TWC and private forests in New Zealand, 1994-1999 60 13.
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