Norms and Space. Understanding Public Space Regulation in the Tourist City Pizzolatto Konzen, Lucas 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pizzolatto Konzen, L. (2013). Norms and Space. Understanding Public Space Regulation in the Tourist City. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche “Cesare Beccaria” Sezione di Filosofia e Sociologia del Diritto “Renato Treves” International PhD Program in Law and Society NORMS AND SPACE: Understanding Public Space Regulation in the Tourist City Lucas Pizzolatto Konzen Milan 2013 PhD Candidate: Lucas Pizzolatto Konzen Title of the Doctoral Dissertation: Norms and Space: Understanding Public Space Regulation in the Tourist City This doctoral dissertation was submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD in Law and Society. The “Renato Treves” International PhD Program in Law and Society is organized by a consortium of universities whose members include the University of Milan as the central and administrative base, University of Lund, University of Antwerp, University of the Basque Country, Carlos III University of Madrid, Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law, University of Bari, University of Bologna, University of Insubria, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy’s Centro Nazionale di Prevenzione e Difesa Sociale, and Carlo Bo University of Urbino. Supervisor: Professor Karsten Åström (University of Lund, Sweden) Co-supervisor: Professor Letizia Mancini (University of Milan, Italy) Milan 2013 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures 11 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 13 Abstract 17 Acknowledgments 21 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 25 1.1 The Changing Nature of Public Space 26 1.2 The Quest for Regulation 27 1.3 The Rise of the Tourist City 29 1.4 The Research Question 30 1.5 The Plan of the Present Study 32 PART I PUBLIC SPACES THROUGH A SOCIO-LEGAL LENS: THEORIES AND METHODS CHAPTER 2 The Functional Transformation of Common Use Property: An Epistemological Dialogue 37 2.1 Legal Science and the Dogmatic Approach 39 2.1.1 Common Use Property as a Key Legal Category 41 2.1.2 The Functionality of the Dogmatic Approach 45 2.2 Urban Sociology and the Socio-spatial Approach 49 2.2.1 Places, Publicization Processes, and Use Values 50 2.2.2 Patterns of Exclusion over Public Spaces 54 2.3 Escaping from Epistemological Cages 57 CHAPTER 3 How Are Public Spaces Regulated? Towards a Socio-legal Framework 63 3.1 Legal Geography and Public Space Regulation 64 3.2 The Theory of the Production of Space 68 3.3 The Theory of Property Relations 73 3.4 The Theory of Norms 77 3.5 The Theory of Tourist Attractions 82 3.6 The Theoretical Design of the Present Study 87 CHAPTER 4 Researching Norms in the Context of the Tourist City: Methods for a Multiple Case Study Analysis 89 4.1 The Selection of Cases and Themes 90 4.1.1 The Tourist Cities Studied as Cases 91 4.1.2 The Embedded Themes 95 4.2 The Case Study Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis 98 4.2.1 Contextual Literature 98 4.2.2 Tourist Materials 100 4.2.3 Observations 102 4.2.4 Newspaper Reports 103 4.2.5 Documents 106 4.2.6 Interviews 109 4.3 The Methodological Design of the Present Study 112 PART II REGULATING PUBLIC SPACES IN TOURIST CITIES: CASE STUDIES CHAPTER 5 Making a Living from an Image: Public Space Regulation in Acapulco, Mexico 117 5.1 The Production of the Tourist Acapulco 119 5.1.1 Traditional Acapulco 120 5.1.2 Golden Acapulco 122 5.1.3 Diamond Acapulco 123 5.1.4 Fortress Acapulco 125 5.1.5 Urban Space Produced 126 5.2 The Ideological Layer 128 5.2.1 Tourists’ Motivations and Expectations 128 5.2.2 The Tourist Zone and its Attractions 130 5.2.3 The Image of the City 133 5.2.4 The Image of Public Spaces 135 5.2.5 Ideological Norms and the Tourism Industry 139 5.3 The Legal-institutional Layer 142 5.3.1 The Policy-making Context 142 5.3.2 Governing the City 144 5.3.3 Public Space Management and Zoning Districts 147 5.3.4 Public Administration Agencies and their Jurisdictions 149 5.3.5 Legal Norms and the State 151 5.4 The Concretized Relationships Layer 152 5.4.1 Street Vending 153 5.4.2 Political Activism 160 5.4.3 Street Maintenance 165 5.4.4 Square Redevelopment Projects 169 5.4.5 Social Norms and Social Groups 174 5.5 Concluding Remarks 175 CHAPTER 6 The Search for the Authentic: Public Space Regulation in San Sebastian, Spain 177 6.1 The Production of the Tourist San Sebastian 179 6.1.1 The New City alongside Old Town 179 6.1.2 The Belle Époque’s Resort 181 6.1.3 A Basque City under the Francoist Regime 182 6.1.4 Confrontation, Democracy, and the Tourist Revival 184 6.1.5 Urban Space Produced 185 6.2 The Ideological Layer 185 6.2.1 Tourists’ Motivations and Expectations 186 6.2.2 The Tourist Zone and its Attractions 187 6.2.3 The Image of the City 190 6.2.4 The Image of Public Spaces 192 6.2.5 Ideological Norms and the Tourism Industry 197 6.3 The Legal-institutional Layer 198 6.3.1 The Policy-making Context 198 6.3.2 Governing the City 199 6.3.3 Public Space Management and Zoning Districts 201 6.3.4 Public Administration Agencies and their Jurisdictions 202 6.3.5 Legal Norms and the State 203 6.4 The Concretized Relationships Layer 204 6.4.1 Political Activism 204 6.4.2 Street Vending 212 6.4.3 Street Maintenance 216 6.4.4 Square Redevelopment Projects 219 6.4.5 Social Norms and Social Groups 223 6.5 Concluding Remarks 223 CHAPTER 7 Beyond the Island of Magic: Public Space Regulation in Florianopolis, Brazil 225 7.1 The Production of the Tourist Florianopolis 226 7.1.1 Conversion into a Tourist Destination 226 7.1.2 The Tourist Capital of Mercosur 228 7.1.3 The Quest for Quality Tourism 229 7.1.4 Urban Space Produced 231 7.2 The Ideological Layer 231 7.2.1 Tourists’ Motivations and Expectations 232 7.2.2 The Tourist Zone and its Attractions 232 7.2.3 The Image of the City 235 7.2.4 The Image of Public Spaces 239 7.2.5 Ideological Norms and the Tourism Industry 243 7.3 The Legal-institutional Layer 244 7.3.1 The Policy-making Context 244 7.3.2 Governing the City 245 7.3.3 Public Space Management and Zoning Districts 246 7.3.4 Public Administration Agencies and their Jurisdictions 247 7.3.5 Legal Norms and the State 248 7.4 The Concretized Relationships Layer 248 7.4.1 Street Vending 248 7.4.2 Political Activism 253 7.4.3 Street Maintenance 256 7.4.4 Square Redevelopment Projects 260 7.4.5 Social Norms and Social Groups 264 7.5 Concluding Remarks 264 PART III PUBLIC SPACE REGULATION REVISITED: A CROSS-CASE ANALYSIS CHAPTER 8 Spatializing Norms: On Jurisdictions, Zones, and Territories 269 8.1 Legal Norms and Jurisdictional Spaces 270 8.2 Legal Practices and Spatial Zoning 273 8.3 Social Norms and Territorial Spaces 276 8.4 Theorizing the Norms-Space Nexus 278 CHAPTER 9 Postcards of Exclusion: The Selective Control of the Public 281 9.1 Postcard, from the Artifact to the Metaphor 282 9.2 Street Vending and Political Activism 285 9.3 Controlling the Public 288 9.4 Ideological Norms and the State’s Repressive Role 289 CHAPTER 10 Places Off the Map: The Uneven Promotion of Public Uses 291 10.1 Map, from the Artifact to the Metaphor 291 10.2 Street Maintenance and Square Redevelopment Projects 294 10.3 Promoting Public Uses 297 10.4 Ideological Norms and the State’s Promotional Role 298 CHAPTER 11 Conclusion 301 References 305 Appendix 335 List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1 Dogmatic discourses over common use property in Brazil 44 Table 2 Newspapers selected to be used as sources of data 105 Table 3 Online databases selected to be used as sources of data – 106 Acapulco Table 4 Online databases selected to be used as sources of data – San 107 Sebastian Table 5 Online databases selected to be used as sources of data – 108 Florianopolis Table 6 Interviews – List of questions 110 Table 7 Most frequently mentioned contradictions – Acapulco 127 Table 8 Tourist districts and attractions – Acapulco 132 Table 9 Postcard semiotic analysis, present signs 138 Table 10 Postcard semiotic analysis, absent signs 139 Table 11 Key ideological norms of tourist Acapulco 141 Table 12 Election winners and development plans, 1990-2011 – 143 Acapulco Table 13 Selected land-use planning legislation, 1978-2010 – 146 Acapulco Table 14 Selected statutory texts on public spaces, 1985-2010 – 148 Acapulco Table 15 Public administration agencies and their jurisdictions – 150 Acapulco Table 16 Street vending in Acapulco 158 Table 17 Tourist districts and attractions – San Sebastian 189 Table 18 Outlawed behaviors 201 Table 19 Means to communicate discourses