PULASKI COUNTY RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY

, ~- ,~ ,/ ,/ , / r--·/ \ I \ \ \

\ " '\ ' \ ' ' \ ,,.,-,-" I , / .. / ,,..llfl""""" ./ , / ,,....,.,,,,,,,,. J aski County bconmissance Level Survey **. m "'"2 tar. I ram : G ~bsor~ijorskiljn,, &ciiitecr Dan Pezzoni Survf2yar. .- . . le Naranjrr>upo.~d. lilcror ian - Arcijiret:rur& ;io~~?pfi?'. i';~lh:-,intern Davlc! Zoten iz~r*,3rfc ibr?nr.. New i?ivr?r VaiLey C.iapr.fr., ArcheologlcsL Socler y 02 Virginia Charlorte k'orl;.wf, Ar.c;.i~rt:ctur;ii iiirtorian -Vicky Goab, Adnlin~srr~~rivr kslst:int C . A. Cooper-Ruska. Ass isranr. to County Adniinicrrator

rnA nl- . ?a>ask: C~ut.ifyF~conna issauce kvel Survt2y na:: ken f inanceii in 3;xr vitn rederai. funds rrom :he Niir:on,G Pars Serv~ce.%pzlrzm?nr E or.Zc>w:ver, rht: conrunts and opirrion:: do nor necessar iiy rbctirct thi vit2wz or ppoiicli:~ot the ikp2rr.wnt or xh? Anrt:rror nor dotxi t.7e wnxion ot tradn. narnis or comm?rciai producrs conrx:rnte endorst?mnz o: rcicorrm:ndarion ~y t:~?apjrrmtlnr: or tnc Interior-. ry : Fuiaski County Peconni?rissance '"a Lev€?l Survey 1984-1985...... e...... L

Phyakcd Description...... v...... v...... v.4

gictarical Backgraur~d...... v...... 20 D*iin &udy Unit ...... ,.....,,...... 81 a reSt it ...... 83

Little 2iver Study Ur~it.~...... 85

Peak Creek Study Lmit ...... ~...... v..86

Drawr Valley Study Unit ...... ~...... v...87

HiountainvarfCfStuciy Unit ...... v...... ~...... 89 rnlawn or Puiaski Study Unit ...... v...... ~.~.....v.91 Apprncfix 7: Study Unit Eaundaxics ...... ,. ....,, ,,...... ,.. iOO

Apperkix 11: Cat& ag ...... 103 Appendix 111: Upri*tic al. Listing ...... 108 ...... v.113

Bi&iography ...... 118 Tihe County of: would ii~cto than& tiic mmiers of the prajcct

rean for thir crforts. In wrricuiar, tnankc are due to Leslie Naranjo-

Lupold , Dan 2exzort~.David Ro~enizer, and Vicky Goad id. Gibson Norsham '5 dtldicnrion ro conipierirq the swvt.y for r?e enrire cou-ity should be noted. f County 1:: es-wcla.iiy grstetui tc Vicky Goad wi~otyped mcr of rihe survey Torn&. rbixrd, and typd the f 1n.G iiwwenr, whie recoverlrig from a broiten harid. Spt.clul thanks are due xc Anne kClrary, Kilo sui:i;.d ns lcr~ough.-he entire process, dcspi~t:personal trclc~ed~esani! sra~ c:-1mges , S y: Puleski County Rec

and Store

Old Belspring Presbyterian Church Francis Fergw Pine Run Mill Miller 's House

Boom Furnace

Mack's Creek Superintendents House reek Furnace (Joseph Cloyd Fenn)

*Reconnaissance survey of the to Dub1 in,

*Intensive surveys of all buildings covered in rec study unit, in order by priority of need.

2, Back Cmek 3, Little River 4. Peak Cre 6, Mountain

Physical Description of Pulaski County

aski County was formed in 3839 from portions of Wythe and

Montgomery Counties. Before 1790 wthe was a t of Montgomry,

Moritgarrrer y formed in 1799 from Fincastle wtiich in turn was a

ivision ol Botetourt County after 1772, Ne rn, the f lrst organized settlelnent in the region that would become Pulaski, was platted in 1809. Dublin grew up around a depot on the railrmd in the mid-19th centwy, and the Tow] of Pulaski was incorporated irr 1886. Newbern, the county seat after 1839 was succeeded by the town of aski as the center of goverrmnt in 1895,

The county occupies a section of the New River Valley, a continuation of the Valley of Virginia sewrated from the Sknandoah

Valley to the north by a ridge of the ALleghany Mountairts and raised up to a considerably higher elevation. The ridge, which acted as a natural barrier in the early days of settlement, runs ktween Blacksburg and

g in Montgomery County and forms the eastern divide of the continental watershed. All of the runoff in Pulaski County flows with the Neba River to the Ohio River,

The New River flows in a northeasterly direction above the lover third of the county before mmoing north and with its tributary to the south, the Little River, forms the line betwen

Counties. The north margin of the county is bordered by the parallel ridges of Little and Big Walker Mountains, while the south is occupied by the more broken hollows and spurs of Mack's Mountain. The west center of the county is occupied by the ridge of Draper Mountain, vhich ends near tk center of the county in 3200 foot Peak Knob. The chief agricultural land lies in the rolling valley floor and the river bottom which are at an average elevation of over 2000 feet, The climte is mild with slightly higher rainfall and lower temperatures than adjacent low lying

8RaS, hitectwral, rec aski mtyis king

by a, grant from the Viqinia Division of Historic fieldwork ie being pe the f im of Gibon Wors hitect , Gibfson e up the survey team, directives indicated that intensive techniwes of survey were to be utilized All of the historic resources were examimd, and those hich met Mtcessary historicsl and architectural criteria =re imluded in the surwy. Criteria for inclusion vere based on local historical and tional Par)c Service in

the

230 sites were photographed, mapped described on Virginia

Division of Historic ks Brief Survey Form. There 29 sites in ed Snowille Historic District 23 sites ihntified as sf gnif icmt in tkNewbern Historic District. The t

eski vefe not included in the survey, however, the hist district of aski, containing 101 sites, n surveyed by the town.

In order to identify patte of settlement and cultural activity within the county, a group of study units devised as sec

e Protection Planning Process ( ) published by the National Park Service in 1980, The program is designed to link preservation planning with an analysis of the existing reso ed on geographical elements which idluewed setUennent l use, Initial mse h suggested thet in the relatively short priod in which settlentent nthew occurred these ge aries haw remimd cornsistent.

During the eurvey, the f ieldwrk proceeded generally by study unit.

7.5 minute series U,S,G.S, mps were used to klp locate traverse all county roads, Struct s were usually co~ideredif thy were more than old. Howver, survival rate of the fom alterations wrc2! i rtmt factors, 1nteriors were possible when the building 's age or mlati Outbuildings barns were included only significant c ex. The sites Iwated on U. S. G, S, map historical research perfo

In Bddition to surveyed sites t late-ninteenth century early 20th century dwllings that conformed to identified we ular patternis, within limited pa ters of build in^ material age, =re! -corded on field mp, A s ogy developed in Kentucky by vsletter, No. 5, Fall, 1990, pp. 3-5.). Y buildings built of light sem vood were =corded. Four types of buildings wrur distinguisherd, and their r of stories, depth, fenestration and roof type wre recorded. (See Appendix IV )

In addition, fr story, center-

time period vere recorded using e different code. All of the late-ninteenth and early- trentieth century I-houses utilized 3-bay fenestration. These were shown on the maps es 3bI. If the I-house shawvrd unusual chi y pleceaent, historical signific surveyed. A f id building tm=corded on the field mps =re houses with s , swh as double- pile depth r e gable roof, irregular sidedl fenestration, a y houses were built drawing from popYlar pyblished sources inco &ow onto tr-aditional fo If the house met two of the t criteria, it i&ntif ied with a B, 13g used if the house gable-fronted. The

d were tabulated by U. S. G. S. study unit, (See page 69 )

The final report includes a description of each study unit and an overell historic context. The study wits headings, and each addresses the historic thems identified by the in the Survey Guide:

Resident id/Domst ic

Education Military

The thems discussed as far as each is involved in the nt of the study unit's historic reso

The historic context for the county is presented in a narrative format. The discussion ie broken down chronologically into five periods: 1 Lete Eighteenth Century 1745-1800 2. Early Nilrr nth Century 1801-1830 3. Antebellum 1831-1860 4. Late Nineteenth Century 1861-1900 5. Early Twentieth Century 1901-1950 The historic thewts r the heading of each of these

perid, dess no historic res them, ----

Of the 230 sites identified in the county, 7 were rec

being associated with the late eighteenth century period of settlement.

10 sites were recorded from a pried of devel nt in the early nineteenth century, 34 sites wm identif fed from the mid-ninteenth century cow01idat ion nsion af the region as an i agricultwd a, 135 sites wre assmiated with late nimteenth century industrial and agricultural develo the gro*h of population rce attributed to improved transportation. 38 sites listed in the early tventieth century, doc related buildings extensiw dairy cattle farming seats. Sites lmated were pred y related to both agricultwal themes, but e significant n r (not including individual buildings in district surveys) were associated with one or more other historic themes:

2. Agricult (without howe assmiated) 3 4, Education 5 5, Military 1 6, Religion 15 12 6 acturing/Craf ts 14

Individual study units contained varying n of sites, depending on the density type of settlement:

Study hit 1 - in 37 Study Unit 2 - Back Creek 36 Study Unit 3 - Little River 37 Study Unit 4 - Peak Creek 15 Study Unit 5 - Draper Valley 65 Study Unit 6 - Nountain Land 40 Study Unit 7 - Tom of 0 r this contract)

ological evidence, the New River Valley for a great period of ti=, from roughly 15,000 B.

C. to 1580 A. D. Very little is known t the lifeways of these early

New River Valley dvellers because only limited ol~gicaltesting

hen done, Howver, by c bng these sites with sites in

rtearby states, e can begin to establish tan

like.

Arcbeologistc bve divided the Prehistoric t into four major time periodo, ed on the developrrrent of s. Tkse tinre periods are: the Paleo, the hchaic, the the Contact Period,

1, Pdeo Period

Th Paleo time period (15,000 - 8000 B. 6.) is c terized by the muted Point, a 1 spar with distinct ings. Paleo

ely by the hunting of big g

knowledge of Paleo man is wry limited since only two swh sites heve been excavated in Virginia. We do know that Pdeo at sed through the New River Valley, as twenty Fluted Points hw been f o here (two from eastern aski County).

2. haic Period

The Archaic tinre period (8000 to 1000 B. C. ) can be recognized by a smaller sized spear point. N recorded for the New River Valley. the rigors of archaeological excavation. Archa t essow. Th climte of North

line in the big g gathering. They hunted anids such

gathered swh wild f as nuts, berries edible plants,

3, Period

ti= period (1000 B. C. to 1500 A, D,) starts with the first occurrence of pottery, This reveals tkat some cultural devel

, No longer were the just struggling to survive and wre able to devote tinag to other s, This freledm can be attributed to the ad emnt of agriculture, with the growing of such crop as corn squash, Otkr f imluded fish in^ the hunting of s such ss deer, rbbit wolf.

nt of the C30d the buildfng of more prmnent settlements, Nany of the les excavated in the New River Vdley reveal the presence of an outer palis circular pattern of p~tsplaced in the gro ) Inside this palisaded 1 =re located circuLar "wig

The period allso saw the invention of the arrow.

~t~rk.Se~herls frm tkGdf of Nexico in the New River

Vdley. This liMicates that there cowtmt trade bet

the New River Valley, Woodland period sites The Contact period (1500 A, D, to 1745 A, D,) is act the period. The principal difference is that these people were in cont~twith the Europe . In the New River Valley, several sftes show evidence of indirect contact with early Europeans. This evidence is in the form of glas ads, which WE in either Venice or

nth Century, We know that no Europe hat tinre, There early Europem Explorers tal Indians up down the Atlantic an established

No early Ewropean doc

New River Valley. Houever, Batts and Fallam, two early explorerc,

Indian corn fields along the Hew River in

Indian settle~ntsin the not f dly

h my provide wers to this a series of

ological. Sites

The Virginia Division of Wistoric h Center for

haeology currently (July 1985) has e listing of 88

haeological sitet:, M this number, 48 doc prehistoric sites. The remaining 40 record historic sites (st

s included), These files site survey form s es. Site survey dorms ti-, or by aaer

Archaeological Research

A review of the haeological literat pertaining to the

a indicates that only limited res A has been conducted.

Following i~ a brief overview in chronological order of all knom heological wrk undertaken in

The f imt archaeological endeavor ki County took place in 1894 . In this year, Henry Cha conducting a search along Ohio Rive= I wail remains of early ilar to those southern thet time. While Mercer did not find his evidence of early

he did plublish a brief statement of his e

Explorations in the Eastern United States in 1894" that a d in

in 1896, f n his report, Bottom (now r CLafior 1. He wntions finding "mica disks buried with an arrowhe& cache. '"

The next reported haeolsgical activity acc later on Septe r 26, 1898, wrking for the rican Ethnology (Smithsonian Institute ) reported a site. Cravford reported finding a he -fern to M th

, Werekf "a pile of rocks overlying a skull with ceramic pottery she*. " No further data is available, except that the

by Clifford Evans. E used, in addition to his om field research, information on file at the

Smitksonian Iffititute ; the Crawford lead acquired frm this s

In 1955, during highvey construction for Route 100, a prehistoric village was e ed by construction crews in the Draper Valley section of Maski County. John H. Reeves, Jr . called in to perform rescue archsleology to salvage any sible deta not destroyed by the construction crew to determine the natwre of the rr.lmins erscowntered. Results of ves ' st&y, publis indicate the site to be that of a sdl perid vff lage .

ing 1963 1964 , C , G, Holl conducted a 1 k archaeological study in the southvestern portion of the state. The wrk

described in 1970 in a publication entitled

is the first person credited with taking in evaluating the archaeological resources of putting the date into a regional perspctiw.

During his surwy, Hall able to Locate and haeological sites in Pulaski County. Eight of these =re located in the eastern portion of the cowty dong the New River. The remaining t wre located in the central portion of the county. At a, r of the sites visited by Holl afole to condwt limited test excavations in his surface collecting. aski

County is f art te in that HolL ale to cwbom&te G f in two of the sites, site near Belsprirrg dated to AD 1600 plus or minus 200 years. Another site, near the Pe 's Ferry Bridge, dated to AD 1330 plus or minus 120 ye

In 1979, the first ological Envi (ETS) ws condwted in County. This E3S rewired for the

construction site of a propsed wat mation in the

e setion of aski County on Litt Mountain, Two potential locations were investigated by E. these loeations revealed a sdlWoa site, Tuner

nded that shoad the location of the site be chosen for tk mter

ther evaloation of the site wouJld be

hrior to the construction of the Pepper's Ferry Regio System that muld cover a l aski Cowtiel;

ord, Sr. conducted a survey on por

resulting in the finding of six new archaeological sites, all in the eastern portion of the county. Two of these vere determi enough to ire further investigation. site

&fleeted by the cowtrwtion of the to be nomirrated to the National Register receive preservation in the Of the two sites ing further wrk located during the 1982

tested by Ho A. ord, Sr. inOct&r of the EI

year. This site is known as the Dalton Site (44PU112). Testing determined that this site could ify for thtl Natianal mister. Since

the site vould be affected by construction regardless of its e, further investigation

this process in Dece E 1983. Results of test in^ here suggest a multi- by prehistoric peoples dating frm 7000 B. C. to

t 10% of this site investigated. The remainder is worthy of mination to the Natio gister due to the regio

e the site holds,

vert W, kIlhany coducted an Enviro

roposed location of the aski County Corporate -

y 's survey covered a 250 acre tract of 1 No evidenee of archaeological or historical material

The ~econdof the two archaeological sites located during the 1982 Pepper 's Ferry project survey required ional evalwtion, It

tested in August vert W, kIlbany served as the project director for the testing of the site knom as the Jennings

site (44PW4 ). The Jemings site located adjacent to the Fairlam ~ewrlagoon on the New River lain, Testing indicated that the site did not merit further res r protection, Histor icd Bac~gro *

Historical Backgrowd 1, Early Settlemnt 1745-1800

The earliest period of settlemnt in the section began in the mid- 1740 's, coinciding with the signing of the Treaty of Lancaster in which the Six Nations of Indiam gave up their claim to lands ir- Virginia. Traders and trappers had been familiar with the region for many decades.

The area had been accessible since the seventeenth century by the well- traveled Trader's Path, which crossed the New River in or near present- day Pulaski County. The Viqinia leaders did not pursue settlement in the land beyond the mountains, and instead directed their principal interest to the region's fur trade. Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730's by hopeful immigrants from Pennsylvania and Maryland began an era of rapid expansion into the largely uninhabited areas of the West.

James Patton, a substantial Ulster speculator, arrived with several r-elatives in Virginia in 1738 end began almost i land. He had been employed during the previous years as a agent for William Beverly, procuring Irish settlers and indent

Beverly's large grant in the Shenandoah Valley. (Johnson,

, p, 5). His activities are described in detail in F, B, and Nary B. Kegler's

. By 1740, he had purchased all the shares in a 100,000 acre group of tracts on the J oke Rivers in the upper Shenandoah Valley.

We was active in the of newly founded Augusta County, serving in the most powerful positioris. In 1745, the colony of Virginia began granting large tracts of land beyond the Uleghany Mountains to selected citizens and groups of speculators to be resold to settlers in the western lands at a profit, The practice desfgned to encourage ra~jid migration to and settlement of the Mastern laMs. (Mitchell,

Frontier, g, 35, ), ng the ealiest and most important of these was the Woad 9 River (New River) Grant of 1745, wkich gave to Pattori and his Wrtriers in the Mod "s River C ny 100,000 acres of land to be selected in smaller tracts in any location on the waters of the Clinch, Holston and New Rivers,

Patton and his prtners began in 1746 to select arkd survey the best land in the region, Two tracts had already been surveyed, and were wtented to John Harrison, One of these ski area, and was located near the mouth of Back Creek, This tract, later settled by the

Brown Fmily, represents one of the first surveys recorited in the New

River lands, Starting in 1745, settlers had begun settling the area in anticfption of gaining title to the land,

Draper" badow in present day Montgoneery County and the Dunkard

Settfemnt on the wst side of New River wpre both estaliskled in cfrca,

1745. The Dunkard bretherri of the Ephrata Society in Pe ylvania were a

atist religious group founded in &r irdluerrce of Pietism in the early eighteenth century. Tkie group of

ads at Ephrata were split over questions of co industrial development as opposed to support by alms and offerings. The

Ekerlin brothers wre leaders in the Ephrata community, and were active in developing mills, workshops and agricultural projects. Israel and

Samuel Ekerlin and Rlexander Mack, Jr. left the community in Septe 1745 after a tense confrontation with an opposing faction within the

Swirty, and i diately set out for the New River region, where William y a kinsmn of Alex er bck, had settled on a creek in

psent Dralpr 's Valley, Mack 's Mountain and Mack 's Creek are r?

him, although he died shortly before tk D group apparently intended to establish a settlement of pious land owners centering around a comity of hermits, who would live independently but

in close proximity to one another. Land was purchased in a wide section

of httam fad a13 the New River above the mouth of Little River, The

puoject never drew mare than two other full m~t , &thou(?h varying

xs of interested and curious Permylvania

comutjlty, Life on the frontier harsh, bnd had to t>ct cleared arid

improved and a mill built. Tenets of the faith were, of necessity,

compromised, such as the ban on the hunting of animals. As tension on

the frontier grew between the Indians and the settlers, the Dunkard Brethern on Mew River left the 900 acre tract for another site in what is

now Wst Virginia, farther from the theat of Indian attack and with more

opprtmity for trading with settled areas,(

n settlers had taken up residence on the adjacent

bottun~land at the saw time as the DWards, These included Jacob

Harmon on the Horseshoe bend and Samuel Stalnaker. The New River region was one of the major areas of destination for the German settlers from

the Shenandoah Valley for twenty years following 1743. (Mitchell,

, p. 54 ) , Fjfany of the settlers were of

. Moravian or Dunkard background, and tended to travel and settle in family and extended family groups.

The lands not included in the proprietary grants began filling up rapidly under a system of land distribution which dated back to the early days of the colony. A surveyor had been sent to Virginia as early as

1621, to record and lay off and to distribute land to adventurers and plantem under tke direction of the Colony, , In 1705, several laws wre pssfid describing the form of patents, or gifts of land, and those persons entitled to land, In 1748, modifications were made in the laws wiiich set the pttern for the settlement of the kst,

Rights of Importation to 50 acres of land were to be assured to every free immigrant, with larger mounts based on the n depndents, and to indentured servants after they kad finished their term of service. A certificate of importation rights was given to each applicant upon proof of eligibility, Ey the authority of that certificate, commissioned surveyors were required to lay out the acreage called for in the certificate on any vacant land. By the mid century the Importation Right was largely suprceeded by the Treasury Right which was a guarantee of land of up to 500 acres (with larger amounts based on the

r of servants or slaves) upon pa nt of five shillings f 1705) per fifty acres. A certificate was issued to applicants which authorized a survey of any vacant land.

In the case of both Importation and Treasury Rights, prospective landowners chose a site and filed a report of intention with the public surveyor, who entered the location in an entry book, for an initial fee. The entry fee and a yearly fee to the Colony know as the quit-rent were paid by the settler; the surveyor would then lay out the property and provide the owner and the Secretary for the Colony with copies. The survey report was held for two years to determine if there =re codlicting claim, then It considered by the Governor and Co

and an order mede for the patent to issue. The patentee had then five

years in which to improve the land according to a proportional. scale based on the type and unt of land, after wk~ichthe title was

confirmed. After 1763, grants or patents were given to veterans in

papnt for service in the Indian Wars, and the practice continued

following later wars,(Kegfey, F, £3, . pp, 53- 59.1

Pfany of the tracts in the Wood 's River Grant were selected and

surveyed by J s Patton hiffielf and by his asswiates and competitors in

the business of larid spjeculation. Patton personally selected the

Springfield tract of 4000 acres on Back. Creek far of his family,

The 3000 acre Robinsort's Tract on Peak Creek was selected by his

assmiate, George Robinson. The Wood 's River Compny , like otkleier land companies owrating in the West, was authorized to dispose of lands in

their 100,000 acre allotment by survey, for a fee, which in their case amounted to four pounds and five shillings per one hundred acres.

The earliest building of which record exists was contracted for by

Jams Patton and vas to be built on his Springfield tract in 1753.

Frederick and Henry Shore uere to build a house for Patton with a

shingled roof, and Benjamin Harris ws to construct tw "round -log" houses 21 feet long by 15 feet wide, eight feet below the joists and

three logs high &ove the joists. The two houses were to be connected by

a 20 foot long log shed. The chimney was to be "cut out". (Kegley, Vol.

11, . p 337,) Qrman, Ulster, English settlers from Pe ylvania, the Valley of Virginia and tk East stre d into the mgion and setaed on land in the hopes of eventually securing title. The French and Indian Warn of

1755-1763 interrupted the settlement and caused most tsf tk settlers to flee Indian attack. The settlers gathered at first in mal.rshift forts, but soon left the area, many never to return. James Patton was slain in an Indian raid at Drapr 's kadow, A mrewed wave csf settlemnt followed the cessation of hostilities. The imigrants ignored the Proclaimtion of 1743, which prohibited settlement on the Indian 's lad wst of the mountians. Many settlers claimed land under Military Warrant,

After the Revolutionary War, a further period of settlement resulted in the claiming of most of the remaining land and the resale and purchase of many earller patents. hny settlers on the New River left their claims in Virginia for the cheaper land of Kentucky and Tennessee. A process of consolidation began in which large sections of the best lands were concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy men, although the majority of landholders were and remained yeoman f armem.

Access to the land west of the New River was gained ttalrough a series of ferries and fords, The best knom of these were Ingles' Ferry and

Pepper 's Ferry. Ingles ' ferry was operated after 1763 by William Ingles, where the Great Road crossed the river from the north. Pepper's Ferry was operated in the late eighteenth century by Samuel Pepper, at the New

River crossing of the Pepper's Ferry Road, the northerly route through the area. The Great Road, also known as the Wilderness Road, stretched from Philadelphia down into the southern higklands. It ws the principal route of immigration into the area and into the lands to the west. It remained the principal route through the area through the nineteenth century, arrd MS developed through aski County in 1849 as part of the

Southwestern Turnpike.

Farmers in the region practiced diversified agriculture. As a consequence of their limited access to outside mrkets, the farmers had to provide for t of their om needs. Industries such as fulling and waving wool, and the production of hemp and flau, provided marketaLle goods. The developlent of a linen industry, based on the skills of

Scotcbi-Irish weavers, had been encouraged in the Shenandaah Valley in the

1740 's. (Mitchell, p. 146 1. A bounty was offered for the growing of hemp wfiich kc one of the West 's most important money crops. Cattle, which could be driven to distant markets, and skeep grazed the less productive land and the upland pastures.

Among the earliest congregations in the area was the New Dublin

Presbyterian Church of circa, 1769. The German Lutheran population built

h in the adjacent section of Montgomery County in the second half of the century. Dutch Mreting House Branch, a tributary of Back Creek in Pulaski indicates the early existance of a local German congregat ion, (Kegley, Vof 11, p. 234 ) The New DuGlin

Church relocated nearer the center of the Maski area in the 1790 's.

Tlie congregation continues to met in their second building at that site, built in the mid-ninteenth century.

In the early 1770 's, Edward Morgan came under the influence of

Francis Asbury, later the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Auerica, Morgan c to the New River Valley as a lay preacher where he mt Alexander Page, a farmer in the Belspring ama, Page helped him build a log chapel on his land in t 1773 a& it bec

Page 's Meeting House. Morgan settled in Pulaski County by the 1780 's and was later ordained by Bishop Asbury, who preached at the meting house several times, Page 's Meeting House, now vwiished, the first Methcrdist beting house west of the New River.

New D&lin was the only village in the Maski area during the late eighteenth century, Account books from a store owrated there b

M&orkle and William Ck~istianin tkift early 1770 's reveal. that n utilitarian articles and basic foodsturfs were sold there, as well as books, mdicines, rut and writing nmaterials, Tkie n s of craftsmn in the arrsa with accounts includr! seawtresses, tailors, and hatters,

Louis-Phillip, the future King of France, recorded an undoubtedly jaundiced view of a visit to New Dublin in his diary on April 21, 1797. He described the settlements in the area as "few and squalid. From all that I heard, tk~yexist orily along the road,, . .It seems that fear of the Indians infected this area until the peace of '94. There is no inn at

English {Inglesj Ferry, We dined two miles on the other side with sow Irishmen who have given the name New Dublin to a sktanty they've been living in for six years".(Louis- Phillippe. "Seeing Virginia in 1797... pp, 171-1781 Soon after this visit John Allen and J store at New Dublin. Joseph Cloyd operated a store on his land on Back

Creek to provide the settlers in that region. The stores in the eighteenth century Nev River region pro y were similar to the country stores owrated by farmerlmrchants in tk rural areas of the Shenandoah

Valley: as the ordy source of goods from the outside world, as a market for local agricultural products, which were used to pay for the goods,

and ffi a deprrurdable soume of credit,

By this tim a n r of mills existed on the county's stream for

the grinding of grain on a custom or toll basis. Most, like the mill built by Joseph Cloyd on Back Creek, wre operated by farmers as a

secondary source of income. By 1800 there wre sever& tanyards converting hides into leather for shoe ard harness makers, Blacksmiths, carpenters, hatters, tailors and weave= Ere &so among the population of the Pulaski area,

Education in the earliest pried was for the more affluent settlers.

At the end of the eighteenth century the average child grew up without

any formal education. Those who did receive some instruction were taught

by tutors employed by their families or in private academies in ring counties,

Most early dwellings in the Pulaski area were constructed in the log

building tradition in a region still devoid of semills and brickyards.

While log continued to be a popular building material for nearly a century after, brick was introduced at an early date, first appearing in

the region before 1800. Few, if any, fran~buildings survive which date

from before the third quarter of the nineteenth century. A notable

regional exception is SmitMield, built in the Montgomery County area east of the New River in the 1770's. Few eighteenth century log or

timber duellings survive in recognizable form in the Pulaski area.

Exceptions may be the Crockett House (77-9 ) in Draper Valley, the Ingles '

Ferry Inn (77-13 ) , and the Trollinger Howe in the Pepper 's Ferry Road corridor in the Dublin Study Unit. Two of tkm have hen heavily alltered, but survive as t story sectmguler log-pens.

While a few substantial houses from the period remain and others may have been built, the survival rate indicates that from the beginning until well into the nineteenth century housing in the New River Valley was of a semi-permnent and transient nature. The most ubiquitous housiny of the early settlers, and the principal option for the mjority of Pulaski area landowners during the first half of the nineteenth century as well, was the one-room dwlling, These were invariably constructed of logs and took two forms: square and rectangdar, The 1q hilding tradition was developed in the north and was brought to Western Virginia by the Scotch-Irish and Grman iwi~igxantswlsexe it took hold as the building materid of choice for most of the population. In some cases, the lags wexe covered with weather ding at an early date, if not at the time of construction. The single-pen log house was usually equippd with a garrett reached by a ladder or steep enclosed stair, and heated by an external stone chimney on one gable end. While patterrs of addition to the single-pn dvellings have hen recognized, such as the saddlehg, dogtrot, and double-pen dvelling, each made up of two linked log pens, no examples from the period were reconled in the county. While no single- pen houses wre recognized from the eighteenth century, a n survive as conceded log sections identified in later fr

Some of the earliest substantial houses of the German and Scotch- Irish or Ulster immigrants from Pennsylvania to the VValley of Virginia followd the three-room or Continental plan, a spacial organization which can be traced back to Medieval German origins. While the prototype in Cermrly and rica had three row oqanized around a central chi in mny of the later examples of the plan the room vere heated by exterior end chi ys, While this plan has hen identified in the Shenandoah Valley and in North Carolina(He , none have been f o in southwst Virginia,

A eompting plan t sJhick proved in the long run to be the most influential in the Valley also had its roots in Medieval Europe, The two-room or hall-parlor house was developed in seventeenth-century

rica from Irish and English precursors, Early examples in Virginia are characterized by an asy tricd bay organization reflecting the unequal sizes of the two rooms behind the facade. The larger room was served by a large fireplace and is usually identified as tk hall, mere cooking and household activities took place. The smaller room, separated from the hall by a wrtition, usually functioned as a parlor, or best room, and secondarily as a kdroom, Second floor or loft areas were used for storage and sleeping, and wrtt usually reached by an enclosed stair rising from the hall.

Continental-plan and hall-parlor houses, built of log, brick or stone, were the largest and most comfortable houses to be found in the early %st, None were identified in tke Pulaski area from bf ore the first quarter of the nineteenth century, but it is not unreasonable to expect some examples to have been built by the most ambitious settlers after some years of residence. Historical archeology may hold the key to understanding Pulaskl County 's early dowstic architect--.

In circa 1772, Joseph Cloyd purchased 632 acres of land on Back Cmek, and from that beginning gradually ssed holdings of almost 5000 acres. His house was the first brick dwelling in the region. The house, vkiich was built in circa 1790, is tpical of many homes being built at that time in the eastern areas of the United States, Brick was a material associated with permanence and solidity, and appealed to wealthy landowners as a means of expressing their prominence, Tk house illustrates changes in the esthetic and functional patterns which idluenced domstic building on a national scale, It is tw stories in height and is one room, or siwle-pile in depth, with interior end chimneys. The principal facade is pierced by five openings on each floor. Two room on each floor are separated by a central pssage wklich contains the stair,

has been identified by architectwal historians as the I-house, a form which developd out of earlier forms, such as the hdll-parlor house type, from an increased sense of privacy and a pervsive sense of classical sy try and detail. (Kniffen, Fred, "Folk

Housing" pp. 549-577.) The brick is laid in the Flemish bold pattern of alternating st~~tchersand hraders. A pedimented Ionic porch protects an elegant farLighted door surrounded with fluted pilasters supporting an enriched entablature. A two-story wing or ell is contemporary with the house, as is twical of many dwrllings in the period. The ell is entered through a fanlighted door, centered in the northeast side vall, which takes the form of a secondary facade. The interior is richly orn with Federal style details, including carved mntels, flush wainscoting and parieled window reveals,

The outbuildings at Back Creek are outstanding. They include a two brick dependerrcies, a brick smokehouse, and s stovle Sweitzer barn with a forebay or over supported by arched vinp walls. The barn is

one of very few bnk in the Southern Appalachians. It is common in

the Shenandoah Valley where it moved with settlers from Pennsylvania. It's existance at an early date in the New River Valley is an indication

of the scale and value of Cloyd's agricultural endeavors as ell as to his motivation and risk-taking. The barns were rare in Appalachia, because according to one source, poor agricultural conditiom precluded such an evnditure, and milder wather prmitted cattle to rpmin outside dl. year, (Noble, Mlen G , ,

60.). The complex includes other later buildings of fram and brick construction. On tk adjacent farm at Springfield, Joseph Cloyd 's son,

Gordon Cloyd, built an elaborate dwlling in circa , 1800. Spr ingf ield

(77-34) was partially destroyed by fire in the 1950's but portions of the f ive-bay brick I-house survive as well as photographic records of the interior. Evidence indicates that it was similar in many respects to Back

Creek. It features a doorway flanked by engaged colonettes, approached by a flight of stone steps with a delicate wrought iron railing. The windows are headed by dressed stone flat arches, while the interior incorporated painted landscapes of mourltains on the dado of the stairway.

The outbuildings include a hexagonal brick meathouse.

2, ly Nineteenth Century 1801-1830

aski area developed slowly during the first ter of the nimteenth centmy, Internal roads which n little mare t tracks during the eighteenth century vere improved only slightly, but access to the area ed with the construction in 1806-1809 of the Turnpike along a stretch of the Great Road from the Roanoke

Valley near Salem to the crest of the Uleg Chistiamburg. The new road stinrulated agricult not mtil the late 1840 's the constrwtion of the Southve~ternTurnpike along the route of the Great Road that trade through the area Made

@sP I only just before the railraad made the region more fully wcesrsible in the 1850 's ,

Self-sufficient agricultural practices continued in the early nineteenth century in co&imtion with s cottage industries. Few agriculturel outbuildings from the period were identified, An i rtant stone pyramidal-roofed smkehouse of circa 1803 survives at the Hem er House (77-11). Most outbuildings followd patterns fo the following periods, =re built of log

doublecrib fa , Cattle, hones, hogs, sheep, corn,

various fruits were raised to supply local aMf household needs. By 1810, 557 looms two fulling mills wre in operation in Montgomery county, joining the grist mills which continued to he active throughout the county.

Newt.>ern the principaL co the chief stop on the Great Road, but taverns pub1ic houses at Ingles other intermdiate stop offered ecc tiom to

ref m~kntto re8 idents ,

Xn 1820 Th braith licensed to operate m ordi

braith 'G Red House Tavern(77-14 ) bec a populiar place of staging station on the Great Rmd. In the spring of u Jackson spent the night at the &d House Tavern an his way from Nashville to hington, D. C. The Red House Tavern remained in operation until 1856, y wrtioffi of the Tavern remain as elenaentls of a

The earliest houses to survive from this period represent the homes of the more prosperous farmers . The Morgan Howe ( 77-124 ) is a sufiastantial Ml- dwelling of a full tvo stories in height. The

a plastered interior with naolded door window

chair rails. The division betwen the room is made by an intqral 109 partition, while the exterior was at one ti= sheathed with beaded eatherb , The house is located on a hill near the Peppr's

Ferry Road in the east central section of the county, imorparates

6 similar to several log dwellings erected in the village of

Another log house hilt later in the period is the Covey House (77-

62) located in the Little River Study Unit. It is a s story three-bay rect pen which cantairs e Federal style mantelo, molded window door trim in spite of incorporation into a circa 1900 fr I-house . A single log dogtrot house of two stories ms located, in the Springfield tract area. It built in 1834 by Th S, King story prch in front of the enclosed dogtrot. (77-224)

In the year 1810 e, then 63, faid out 1400 acres on plantation bordering the Great Road. His property lay halfmy betwen Christi E (now Wytheville), both county seats on the

Great Road, He called the town Nle had it surveyed WPW~by

Gordon Cloyd, swrveyor for Montgomery County. The town (77-22 )

ly consisted of 29 lots, including 14 lots along the Great Road, divided into two blocks by a cross street. Regulations governed the lacation and size of houses to be built incentives were made to 1 buyers. Hmce offered free timber for building mter conduits, a five yea perid by which purchasers could procure stone from his plantation

timber gratis f rorn his wd to the first four

hasers to build hauses on their lots, W vided water to the town from a spring located northst frw a stream southwest of tk town,

Lots sold quickly by 1812 a post off ice establiskd ,

popular stop on the Great Road for the thow of st. The tom continued to grow in 1939 selected as the county seat.

The regulations for building in Ne remained popular in the early nineteenth century as pe

Each house to be at least 16 feet s , 1 1/2 stories high of hem fogs with a stow or brick chi at least 12 lights each, Each house to have a shingled roof artd to fa~ethe st t. The mjority of the es in Ne*m ere hilt of logs vell into the nineteenth century. The phraseology of the building regulations indicates that it logical. economical building mterial in 181 many as ten Ml- or ar two-raom buildings, d or altered through the nineteenth century. Several houses were destroyed by fire in the mi&ninteenth century. The Hance-Ale House is perhap one of the most characteristic the bst preserved of

rn 's early dwllings , Built originally as two t ry three-bay

Ictgr strwtures by the H e brothers, the present house created by the addition of tro sections joining the original pens to form one long singlepile stmt , The house fe chairrails, emlased corner staim, early one-story porchee on the east end,

y rural houses remaining from the period were built by second generation settlers. While at least one single-pen log house

) (the Southern House(77-115 ) on Big Reed Is1 southwst corner of the county! has been identified from the period, the vast mjority of s of the area's fmnters do not swrvive in recognizable form. The buildings must have been imp nt praviaional at best, The series of s brick hows which

=-in =re built in y cases by de had e ed or improved their the persistence of traditional building for= at the s that more fachionable vernacular buildingc were finding increased favor with builders, Twr, brick y ac thirteen log howes orded frm the period utilized the hall- lor plan. T brick I-houses wm f

Of the houses, the brick John Draper House (77-7) ie the only structure utilizing a five-bay facade. It feat s a molded brick cornice, typical of all the brick structures of this period, &nt ilated rake

rib. The other houses set the pattern for the rest of the century by piercing the principal facade with only three bays.

The county's two recorded stone d stic buildings date from this period or earlier. of these, the Henry Hmaker Howe (7'7-11) in the

Drapr Valley, is owrsedr rubble lor house of very early nineteenth century date. The other stone dwelling, the Fr

House(77-19 ), may date from hefore the turn of the nineteenth century. It is a two-story, single-pile, six-bay house of carefully laid coursed

e limestone which contains three room on each floor, Evideme in the flooring of the much-altered interior Euggests that there-may have been an open stair in the ated center room, Both houses are built with wden box cornices federal interior voodwrk. The Fergus house is similar in plan to the brick Hoge House, Haflield, on Back Creek, which built by the son of first generation settler J 1826. The Hoge House, now incorporated as also has three rooms on each floor, a7, room contains an open stair in one corner, as well as a fireplace. The east room is the smallest, is made smaller in depth by an original lobby closet partitioned off on tk ssoth

By 1810 Doctor John Floyd had moved with his family to Thorn Spring

Plantation on the old Pepper's Ferry Road. The howe no longer stands.

Floyd first served in the Virginia General Assembly elected to tk United States Gongmss re he served for 12 ye ; he declined re- elect ion settled dom on his Thorn Spring farm. Less t later, in 1830, the General PIssembly elect& him gwermr of Virginia, Governor Floyd folloved progressive principles. He fought for the

Territory to become a t of the United States, earning for himself the "Old Oregon", He advocated needed r canals for Virginia,

Urrder his popdm leadership, a new Virginia constitution

Floyd county, formed in 1931, d in his honor. Floyd in national politics. While governor, he vacationed rested at his Thorn Spring h re he continued to call on hit: patients during his

d slaves but accordiw to his diary viewd slavery as an evil, mnting to s a law that wdd gradually lish slavery in Vir~iniaor at least west of the Blw Ridge Mountainr;,

He believed tk Southern States wauld be forced into subservience by the

North kcause thy tolerated slavery,

Upon completion of his second term as Governor, Floyd returned to his Thorn Spring farm. He died while visiting his daughter at Swet

Springs Resort in Wwoe Gomty in 1837, of his twlw chi1

an Floyd, moved to Abingdon governor of Virginia,

Secretary of sident Buchanan later a ~elleralin the Codederate Army. Number

(1)

(14)

Tota 1 Hamlets and villages began to grow up at crossroads, river crossings, and near mill seats during the antebellum period, as roads and lanes improved. The county's populatiori in 1840 stood at 3,739. Pulaski County% rich pasture land provided excellent feed for jts livestock herds. 1 n 1840 there were almost 2,000 horses and mules, over 6,900 bad of cattle, over 11,000 pigs, end 9,600 sheep wtiich prcxlwed 12,9800 pourids of waoL, Corn was the area's largest crop, oats second, followd by cstf-ler grains including wheat, rye and buckwheat, Other craps included potatws, hay, hernf.3, and flax,

Until after the Civil War there were four principal religious denominations in the Pulaski area, Presbyterian, kthalist, Baptist and the CP~istianChurch (Disciples of Christ). In the 1930 's bthodists established a church in Newbern. During this tim a new denomination was spreading throughout Virginia, led by Alexander Campbell, who was joinrd by Chester Bullard, a Snowille physician. It became known as the Christian Church and under Bullard's leadership spread throughout southwrst Virginia. Congregations WR forrrvtd at Snowville (Cpress

Grove Christiat] Church), Ne rn, Shiloh, Mack 's Creek, and Harmony Hill. Snowille was know as "the Jerusalem of Southvest Virginia". The well- preserved f ram Greek Revival Cypress Grove or Snowville Christian Church

(77-48) was built by 1845. The brick Methodist church (77-22-21) in

Newbern was built in 1860, and features an octagonal belfry above two

Greek fileviva1 entrance doors,

The New Dublin Presbyterian Church (77-311, built during the antebellum period north of present day Dublin, replaced an earlier church built on the site in the late eighteenth century. The stuccoed brick struct s the most elaborate and stylistically developed church building in the pre-war county. The exterior features a heavy frieze above wdls scored to rese&le askilar, The interior includes Greek

Revival woodwork and a gallery over the entry supported by a single Doric

, The arched entry is centered beneath a large circular window in the east gable,

In 1844 Presbyterians organized a congregation in the Belspring area first known as the White Glade Presbyterian Church. It was also used by

Baptists and Methodists. It was succeeded by the Belspring Presbyterian Church (77-18 1, which erected a twebay brick nave-plan building . It still stands in the "Long Hollows" south of Belspring, and now serves as a Baptist parsoriage. The Belspring congregation now wo~xhipsin an early twentieth centur-y church in the village of Brlspring. Pxesbyterians who previously worshipped with other denominations in the old Harmony Church, built the nearby brick Draper Valley Presbyterian Church (77-8) before

1847, under the leadership of the Reverend George Painter. Although heavily altered in the late nirieteenth cetltwy it remains irk use today.

Most ecclesiastical structures in Pulaski, including New Dutlin, took the form of a three-bay nave-plan church, This sirrple rectangle, lit on each side by three window, is built at a damstic scale. The buildings are entered at one gable end and am equipped with benches of fixed pew facing the pulpit which is located in the opposite gable end,

The plan was used with a feu modifications, for both elaborate churches and for the more modest churches built in the county for the rest of the century, In some examples, such as the frame Snowille (Cypress Grove) Chistian Ck h, the building received full Greek Revival detailing,

including a pedimented gable supported by corner pilasters, and an

elaborate interior with a gallery and an arched recess behind the pulpit.

Morgan's Chapel, located near the village of New River, is another

swviving antekllm congregation, N d in honor of Edward Morgan, a

prominent eighteenth-century preacher and area resident, the present

church was built to replace an earlier one in 1876. Mrthdism burgeoned

in the area after Edward Morgan's arrival. Methodist Cam;, ~etingswere held at Thorn Spring Campground near the Thorn Spring Church midway

ktwen Pdaski and Dublin, f n the 1850 's free Chistian Churches were established at Mack 's Creek and on Little Pine run, the latter congregation remining active today,

The majority of f armeks in Pulaski County owned no slaves, operating small multi-crop farms. In contrast to neighboring Montgomery County, howver, the land in Pulaski in 1860 was owned by proportionally fewer landholders and in laqer tracts, Nine estates in ask1 were of 1,000 acres or more, whereas in Montgomery County only two farm were that large. M a total of 572 farms, 344 were of I00 acres or less in

Montgowry County while in Pulaski County only 111 out of 280 were that size, The wdthier landholders in the New River area did own slaves but

r who omed many were limited in comparison to southside

Virginia plantation omers whose economy was dependent on the institution of slavery, (Shelton, In spite of this, regional public sentimnt was to support the seccession of Virginia in

1861. In Pulaski the ppaete rnof large landholding influerrced tk;e ownership of slaves. Whereas in Hontgomry County there were 2,219 slaves, and in aski only 1,589 in 1859, eight slaveholders had more than fifty slaves

aski while only tvo landowners in Montgomery possessed as many. In both counties, however, the majority of omrs possessed ten or fewer slaves. During the Civil War, the Confederacy began requisitioning slaves to work in the effort. At the beginning of the war many slaves vere requisitioned and shippd to Richmond to fortify the state capital. In the following three years slaves were requisitioned four times so that by 1865 the county found it could no longer comply as it was being drained of free and slave manpower, food supplies and money.

Barns and agricultural outbuildings in this period were largely built of log. Popular types include the single-crib and double-crib types, usually with- added leantos on one or more sides, Ot~e important four crib barn is located at the Covey Farm (77-62) in the Little River

Study Unit, A significant fr barn stands near the Joseph Cloyd farm

(77-40 ) , The mdif ied bar& hrn stands on a stone basemnt and includes a forebay, but the main floor is not reached by a ramp, as it would be in a true bank tarn. Corn cribs are often found standing alor~or sharing a roof with a shed, separated by a drive-through pssage. Half-dovetailed notching is typical of tlrle barns of the area. The form continued in use througkiout the century. A number of brick mathouses survive on the large farms, including a very large example at Springdale, the Dwvi MMcGavock farm of circa 1848.

In early 1639 citizer~of the western portion of Montgomery and the eastern part of tdythe had petitioned the GerteraiL Assembly for the fomtion of a new county, A commission was &so chosen to select a county seat, Nehrn, located on the Great Rmd near the center of the county, was the best location, The new courtty wm n d in honor of

Cmt Casimir Maski, a revolutionary war kro* Host of the. co arid political activity in the new county centered in Mewbern. The stores in Newtern were usual1y accommodated within, or adjacent to, the

~sidenceof tkie mrchant, Tk~estores of Remen Vermillion and of Henry Hance, among others, kiad opened in the early nineteenth century and continued well into tkie antekllum prid, The Vermillion store (77-22-

9) resedes mny of the log houses standing in Newbftrn,

The improvemnt of the Great Road in 1849 as the Southwstern

Turripike ktelpd open the county to the markets of the east and north, but by 1855 the Virginia and Tenriessee Railroad had built its track as far as

aski, giving industry and agriculture i diate contact with tlle markets and sources of raw materials, Befolre, and to som extent, after the developmnt of these transportation routes the New River and its tributaries WXP com~~ifXLywed to transport gods and raw mterials, king higfi water, btteaw piloted by rivermen passed dam the river through and from the Putaski area,

In 1852 plans =re &gun for the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to build a line through the county, By 1854 that line was extended from

Central &pot (now Radf ord) to a way station in as Dublin the foklowing year. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad was soon hauling freight and passengers through the area and made stops at

Dublin and Marttin's Tank, where the train stopped to take on water on the Hartin farm, "5"e railroad kc a boon for stockmttn as the Dublin and hrtink Tank stop kc shipping points for livestmk, Dublin and

aski (as Martin's Tank was called after 18861, both brought into being by the railroad, grew steadily. But the coming of the railroad f omshadowed the decline of the bypassed to m and Snowille,

The largest manufacturing concern in the county in 1840 was a paper mill wkiich uprated at the mouth of Peak Creek. In the same year, there were twnty distilleries in the county, six tanrieries, seven gristmills, five sawmills, one oil mill, and ten stores, aski industry represented a total investn~ntof $32,360. By contrast, neigktoring

&the Cou~yw-as the most industrially developed in the New River Valley, with thirty-eight distilleries, thirteen tanneries, thirty-eight grist mills, twenty-five sawmills, one oil mill, and fifteen stores repre3enting a cash investment of $72,051, Wythe County also had the area's only significant iron furnace and forges, and the states only lead mining and smiting industry, Floyd County, to the south, had the

lest industrial output with only six distilleries, and despite the existence of seven tanneries, twenty-nine grist mills, eighteen sawmills, three oil mills, and five stores, only recoded an investmnt of 93,950, indicating mills of small scale and low productivity.

The village of Snowille (77-48) is unique as the earliest manufacturing center in the region. It contains twnty-eight surveyed buildings or ruins, only a few of them representing the pre-war village.

Asiel Snow, a calirietmaker from Massachusettes, had settled in

Christiansburg. On a trip across Little River to the hlaski area he eiivisioned an industrial tom site near an existing mill seat. Snow began acquiring land there by 1833 settled his family and began to take advantage of the wter powr provided by tb Little River, As he and his brother-in-law began manufacturing plants, the first being a sawmill and foundry, he was joined by other imigrants. By the post-war period the tow-i supported a linseed oil factory, a 1 r mill, a wool carding mill, a textile mill vhere clothing and blankets were made, a tannery, a harness and leather goods maker, a shoe factory, an iron foundry, a blacksmit.h, and a cooper,(Hundley, W, R,

1 industries flourished and Snowville bcaw one of the most pmsperous towns in antebellum Southwest Virginia.

By 1840 there were seven schools listed in the county, accommodating

136 pupils. These public schools, often rrferred to as "poor schools", were suprvised by a school commission appointed by the courrty court. A modest tuition fee was charged and children of indigent parents were taught at putlic charge. Meager funds wrtt provided by the state from the Virginia Literary Fund.

During the early nineteenth century children of wealthy land o usually received Letter education than thwe of the average citizen. Private tutors engaged by the parents ofteri lived vith the families until the children were old enough to be sent off to private academies and colleges. The Reverend George Painter, pastor of three Presbyterian churches, conducted a private academy at his home in Draljer 's Valley (77-

10). Among the young men who attended this school was 3 Stuart who later kcam famous as a cavalry co

Codederacy. In Newbern, an academy taught by Jams McNutt and Charles

Hewer, a Ge n exile, was in operation from the early 1850's until 1862. Generally wkiite children of poor end middle class families received inadequate education before the Civil War. During the Civil War, most schocrls in Pulaski County closed,

In the towi of Snowille private schools were held in homes with private tutors. Pay schools were later organized and shortly before the Civil War a puLlic school was established in the village, more than a decade before Virginia 's free school system was esthlisked, Citizens contributed money to this school, providing improved classroom and teackiers ,

Only a few frame structures have been identified from the antebellum

~rid,Or-Ly orle waden house is recorded in the 1840 census as having been built by contractom in 1839, while three msonry houses were listed

year. Mozt of the homes of the vealthy farmers continued to br built of brick, and the majority of log, The only recorded frame houses are two houses in Nevbern (77-22-6 and 77-22-19], which feature elaLorate porches and details, and the Dubtins House (77-99) in the Little River Study Unit, which has a one-story central porch with Greek

Revivd square col barn is describd on page 44.

Only one brick house was built south of the New River during the antebellum period. Crwkett Grayson, a second generation settler aprated a brick yard on his farm. He constructed a large house, now vanished, on his farm south of the New River.(Montgomry County Chancery

Packet #210, Deposit ion of John Grayson ) The surviving dependencies ( 77-

55) include an important 2-story brick outbuilding which apprently housed the kitchen, A series of brick farmhouses (twelve ere recorded) ere built along

Back Creek and in Draper Valley during the antebellum perid. Seven were of the single- pile, center- passage form . Two dellings , tk Willim Henry Honaker House (77-11) in Draper Valley and Springddle, the David Md;avock House (77-33) or. Back Creek, are exwp1es of urlusa and expnsive house t s which can kist be describd as a doaxed single-

pile house with a central passage. The doufr,le-pile vernacdar dwlling

adheres more closely in pfan than the f - house to the academic standards wk~ich influenced rican architecture in the eighteenth ard nineteenth

centuries. The center-passage is flanked by two rooms on each side, each

with an exterior end chimney, The David McGavock House is similar to the home of David Cloyd at Dunkards Bottom, demolisbied *en Claytor Lake flooded the land, Both houses were unusually Large (the house at

Springdale masures approximtely 60 x 50 feet), and both wue built in the late 1840's. The McGavock House features a secondary elltrance on the west side which opens into a secondary passage with a stairnay, situated between the west rooms as if they were the flanking rooms in a single- pile I-house. David avock and David Cloyd were each tfiird generation heirs of Joseph Cloyd of Back Creek. During the antelellm period Joseph

Cloyd 's sons and heirs controlled most of the choice graziq and farming land in Pulaski County and are resporsible for many of the period's large brick dwllings,

During the antebellum period domestic and ecclesiastical architecture was influenced by national design trends. The delicate and finely detailed finishes identified with the Federal style wre gradually replaced by the heavier and more two-dimnsional Greek Revival, hsed in mrt on an increasing use of popular pattern books by tk owners and builders, But the introduction of new plans arrd decorative form did not man that traditional plans and form were ndoned by builders of any economic level. The hall-parlor plan continued to be employed, particularly in connection with log construction (three masonry and seven log houses were located f . Tkie log single-pen dwlling was still a popular building type, As with tk earlier perids, the low survival rate among duellings of poor farmers causes a distortion in the figures .

Of the 26 dwellings recorded from this period approximtely three were s irigle- pen 1og houses,

Antebellum Period

Hall-Parlor Houses Number

Masonry A (3)

Log 1 (8)

Frame Lh (1)

Sinqle-oile, Center-xksssaqe Houses

Masonry o

Log 0

Frame 6

DoubIe- pile, Center-passaqe Houses

Masonry Cl

Log I

Frame

Sincrle-oen Houses

Log 0

Tota t 4, bte Nimteenth Century 1861-1900

Ijuring the Civil Mar no battles of major importance were fought in

aski County, The Battle of Cloyd 's Farm, wklilrt not a mjor engagemnt, was a hloody one. On May 9, 1864 the Union forces of twelve

~gimnts,with cavalry and twlw artillery pieces met with Confederate forces of three regiments, one battalion, a sdl number of how guards and eight artillery pieces, The Union armies, whose mission was to cut the Virginia arid Tennessee railroad, a supply line of the Confederacy

r-ded by Brigadier General George Crook. The Union forces moved through Big Walker Mountain Gap to the base of Cloyd's Mountain north of

Back Creek, Confederate forces to the south of Back Creek on Cloyd 's

nded by Brigadier General A, G, Jerkins, fithougkl two

Confederate batteries outgunned Union artillery the sheer outn the Codederates forced them to retreat back down the Pulaski-Giles

County Turnpike (now Route 100 ) , The Federals were met with 400 men dislnounted from Morgan's Calvary which saved many Confederates from . The fleeing Confederate army passed tb~oughDdin and crossed New River on the railroad bridge, btillery took the macadamized road f roni Nr*m to Ingles ' Ferry, crossing the river on Ingles ' Bridge.

The next day Federal and Confederate artillerymen fired across the river but casualties wre light an both sides. To prevent the Federals froni crossirrg the Ingles ' Bridge, it was set on fire by Confederates. By mid-day the Codederates had run out of ammition and withdrew toward

Christiamburg, The Union soldiers accornpf.ished their mission and burned the railroad bridge. Around one thousand ntin fell during the struggle, sow two hundred or more died on the battlefield and many nlore in mkeshif t hospitds after the engagemnt, Sewrail homes iri the area,

including Back Creek farm, wl-e used as hospitals.

Before the Civil War beef cattle grazed from Draper's Valley to Back

Creek, John T, Sayers, Joseph and Jams Cloyd, J s Hoge, David C, Kent and other farmers introduced breeding stock from other areas, continually improving their herds, During the Civil War the

cattle declined substantially due to impressmnt by the Co~dederacyas

well as taking of beeves after the Battle of Cloyd 's Farm, Gradually the cattle business was revived by such farmers as William W, Bentley in

Rotinson Tract, J. Hoge Tyler oii Back Creek, N. F). Oglesby in Drapr

Valley and Haven B. How in Dunkard 's Bottom. By 1870 Pulaski 's 61,000 improved acres produced a cash value of $177,500. By contrast, and

prhap exemplifying the essential difference &tween the smller, more

diversified farms revealed in the 1870 census of neighboring Montgonsry

County, the total agricultural product of its 79,500 improved acres was

valued at $667,400. Wkiile Montgomry far exceeded Pulaski in prduction

of wheat, oats and timler, the counties reached rough parity in livestock

production. Pulaski only exceeded Montgomery in the raising of corn.

Nw~rsof horses and cattle Mere almost half the 1840 census estimte,

By 1890 the 534 farms of aski produced almcsst $300,000 in agricultur-al products on 74,000 improved acres while Montgomery County's 1,351 farms

produced only $67,000 more on 103,000 acres. This can in part be

attributed to the cattle breeding business, because for the first time

Pdaski led Montgomery in n rs of cattle, a significantly higher percentage of which were of purebred stock, The n

stock of cattle in the county in 1840. Pulaski also had m3re sheep than Montgomery grming its pastures, although Montgomry's breeds were of much greater value.

In 1871 Francis Bell began acquiring land and by 1876 he was one of

the county's largest grmers, Just north of Dublin he hilt an elaborate

brick house known as Rockwod (77-45 1, now the home of his grandson Sam Bell. Francis Bell was a pioneer in developing the export cattle

business in the region. We devised a plan to ship Putaski cattle live to

England, where it brought higher prices, kyiw~ingin 1878, Pulaski

County grazers continued to be in the export cattle trade for many years,

r of large and modern barns represented their interest in progressive farming techniques,

South of Dutlin a fairground was established in the early 1870's by

the Pulaski County Agricultural arid Mechanical Associatiori. A fence,

racetrack, and grandstand were built to accommodate local fairs.

Originally subsidized by Philadelphia capitdlists interested in the

county's resources, the fairgrounds closed in 1909 after having been

pf agued for years by financial difficulties,

Fine saddle and harness horses were being bred on Maski's farm,

finding ready sales in eastern markets. Pulaski county farmers wre

among the early rican breeders of French Percheron draft horses, As

early as 1867 John S. Draper, Sr. brought the first Percherom to his

Draper's Valley farm. The county soon built a reputation for producing

- SOW 01 the finest draft horses in the United States, Tk barn at Buena

Vista farm ( 77-216 ) was built to house 27 team of horses. The barn,

wl-iich =mains one of the chief landmrks of Robinson Tract, was built by Captain Jones, a Wels n connected with the Bertb Zinc Commny. It was incorporated into the farm of L, P. Stearns after 1910.

After the Civil Mar the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad was taken over by the Atlantic, Mississippi , and Ohio Railroad, wk~ichlater sold out to the Morfcrlk and &stern Railway in 1881, In the 1880's the rapid

nsion of industry inspired the Norfolk and kstern Railway to build branch lines out of Pulaski County, General Gabriel Mharton,a prominent citizen of Central Depot (now Radford) envisioned a railroad running from

Central kpot into kst Virginia coal fields, In 1872 the New River bilroad , Mining arid Man~acturing Company was incorporated, The railroad to the coalfields in the west did not open until 1885, after king bought by the growing Norfolk and &stern Railway. As a result of the owning, Certtrd Depot in Montgomry County grew into the City of

Radford and Mew River Depot across the river in Fulaski County kc busy railroad towi. The Norfolk and &stern owned its Cripple Creek branch line from Pulaski to Ivanhoe in Wythe County in 1887 and extended it to Galax, This branch, serving the iron and zirkc mines to the southwst, oprled the way for other businesses and indwtries in the town of Pulaski, md stimulated the growth of alllisonia, Hiwassee, and Draper, Several surviving buildings in Ulisonia represent the railroad 's importance. These include the frame depot(77-110) and the one story board and batten center-passage one-story section house (77-109) which was the residence of the foreman in charge of maintaining the track and facilities, A similar house survives in Boom Furnace (77-106 ),

During the 1880-1890's numerous churches Ere built in the town of aski, as well as throughout the county. Among the rural churches were the Rockford Methodist Church at Fairlam, then know as "Brooklyn"; the

Belspring Methodist Church; the Allisonia Methodist Ch

Higkland Methodist Church near Back Creek; and the Draper Hethodist

Church. A Christian (Disciples of Christ ) Church was estallisbieled in

Drapr as well. By 1940 severdl Pentecostal and Church of

congregatior~were well established. One of the most popdar- denominations in the soutfiern district of the county was the Primitive

Baptist or Hardshell Church, k7hicPi ildvmated an urieducated clergy and no

support of missiorxi, One exihn~ple is the Reed Island Primitivct Baptist

Church (77-119) in the southwest corner of the county. Most of the rural churches in Pulaski continued to follow the 3-lay nave-plan, arid were built of frawd 1 r, while urbn churches followed wpafar national trends, including Gothic Revival towers and picturesque plans Urban sites

were not included in the swvey,

Until 1868, when the Nevbern African Methodist Episcopal Church was established under the impetus of the Freedman's Bureau, blacks worshipped mostly in the Mconies of the white churckies, A school as established within this building, at first run by tt-he Freedman's Bureau. For a r of years blacks continued to worship in segregated white churches,

During Reconstruction Captain Charles S. Schaeffer of Philadelphia had been appointed conmissioner for Montgomery, Giles, arid Maski

Counties by the Freedman's Bureau. Reviled by both the fowr and upper class wl-lites, Captain Schaeffer worked tirelessly for the brtterment of the blacks. With the end of Rrconstructiorr, Schaeffer 's position was terminated; but he remined in the Christiansburg area, continuing his work with the help of the Tenth Baptist Ch

Schaeffer oqanized a n

aski he helped organize Negro Baptist congregations at New

River, DuLlin, Belspring , Pulaski , and Rich Hill. Unfortunately scant

records remain of his work in the county.

In 1877 the New River African Church (Methodist) acqdired land at

New River Depot. In 1879 land on Track fork on Peak Creek was given to

the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church of Pulaski County. In

Dublin the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church acquired lmid on Main

Street. This church, which became known as Mount Pleasar,t Church, merged

with the D&lin United Methodist Church in 1970, In 1817 the

congregation of the Colored Missionary Baptist Churcfi built a church at

New River Depot. Also in 1887 a Mrthodist congregation, know as Maple

Grove Church established a church on Robinson Tract Road. In the late

80's a Negro Baptist congregation was worshipping on Little Reed Island

Creek and New River. In 1888 black Missionary Baptists bought land near

Belspring Depot on which to build a church. By 1910 blacks had

established churches in Draper and several in the tom of

church associated with a black congregation was recorded

in Belspring ( 77-145 ) . It f ollovs the three-bay nave-plan typical of rural churches in the county.

The village of New River grew rapidly after the railroad arrived.

New hams were built and businesses were opened and a local newspapr,

the was published. General Wharton of fiadford opened a large mill, Farmrs c from both sides of the New River bringing

their grain to be ground. Cattle dealers shippd livestozk from the Nev River stock yards. Logs were rafted down the New River to the community 's sawmill. The town reached its apogee in the 1890 's ( "United

rica Petitioners vs Appalachian Electric Co

Depositions, p. 3-4.). At the turn of the century the Norfolk and Western completed a lowgrade branch line into West Virginia, largely superceedirig the old line from New River by Belspring. Today New River has no commercial or industrial activities. Frame buildings (77-135) still remain centered around the railroad. It is one of the princim black communities in the county,

Bell Spring Post Off ice was establisfied in 1881 . Shortly after the Norfolk and Western's branch through the village was comfileted, the villages name was changed to "Churchwood". In 1906 the naBE was again changed to a shorter~edform - Belspring. Like New River Depot, Belspring reacl-led its heyday between 1883 and the turn of the century when a mj or branch railroad line ran through the village. Freights stopped to pick up coal f rum J. Hoge Tyler 's nearby Belle-Hampton Mines. A spur track brought the coal to be lmded on the Norfolk and kstern branch,

Railroading and coal mining drew people to the village and businesses flourished. But due to the steep grade of the line, Norfolk and Western built a new line into West Virginia by the turn of the century. With the lessened importance of the railroad and the gradual phasing out of local coal mining, farming again became the area's main industry.

The tow] of Pulaski grew up on Peak Creek around the railroad and the Pepper's Ferry Road, after the arrival of the Virginia and Tennessee

Railroad in the 1950's. In 1888, the town was replatted on a large scale to the north of Peak Creek and the railroad tracks, responding to the creation of a branch line to the mineral region in southern Pdaski and

in bSythcn Cowty, The creek was canalized ktwen e mnts of stone and large areas Ere designated for industrial development. The principl developer of land in late nineteenth-century Pulaski was the

Pulaski Land and Improvement Company. L, S. Calfre, and his two brotkiers served as the first myors.

In 1882 the Norfolk and Mestern hilway bcl invested in the future of the tow1 by erecting a large and comfortble hutef on the south side of the tracks, facing a park, one of a series of lm-ious hotels built in Southwest Virginia during the decade preceding the pa.iic of 1893. The hotels were located in areas of industrial and minirig im~jortanceand served as magnets far development. The stone a& half - t inkered Maple

Shade Inn was demolished in the early 1960 's. A large residentid area was laid out after 18813 ta the north of the tokn center, It contaivrs large late nir~eteenthcentury houses on a series of boulevards. Worker housing is located on the sloping land to the other sides of the town.

Until the 1870 '5, some county citizens patronized and wtfieville, but more often wnt to county n~~~hantsfor loans. At the close of Recorgtruction, in 1871, William Wdl, John Baskerville,

s Wdker, John S. Draper, Gordon Dobbins and others organized the unsuccessful. "Pufaski Bank" in NewGern. Thfr Bank of Dublin was chartered in 1879 but seem, like the Pdaski Bark, to have been shortlived. Not until 1900 was the Bank of Pulaski County chartered in Dublin, changing its n to the Ba~.of Dblin in 1909, This ban)c became part of the First Virginia Bank system in 1465 and remains in owrat ion, In 1872 the county 's first nrwspaprr was printed in Snowille

. It was established by Charles Heermns, an Later William Mysor of Newkrn kcam co- publisher. About 1874 the printing equi into Newlsern wid the paper p~bliskdthere under the name and later

1n following years it was p~klishedin Dublin by &ssrs,

Gardner and Paym , In 1886, when the town of askk was incorporated,

Gardner and Payne moved the paper t.o P~daskichanging its n

Another weekly, , edited by R, La Gardner made an appearance in 1890 but survived only a year, In 1891 the defunct

was acqrrired by Benjamin Smith and his three sons and was changed to the . The followinc~year the Smiths bought &

and combined the t.wo paprs under t.he nam of

and priblished for the next ~WE'LVByears,

In 1880, wkien both Newbern and Dutlin vere incorporated, sixty-f ive merchants and tradesmen had businesses in the courity. These included general me~~hants,druggists, cattle dealers, coach and wagon makers, harness and saddle makers, carpenters, builders, cabinet makers, coal dealers, liquor dedlers, a tailor, milliner, watchmaker, jeweler and photographer. The county 's population stood at 8,755. By 1890 the population had increased dramatically to 12,790, due in part to the growth and e ns ion of Pufask i and Dub1 irk,

On Monday, Nave r 27, 1893 the Pulaski County Courthouse in

Neuhm was destroyed by fire, Fortunately all records were saved, having been housed in a recently built fireproof vault. The town of

aski had rapidly developed into the county's center of industry and

xce, The older ta of Newbern, Sncrwville and Dublin had slowd in growth and lost some ppulation. Pulaski businessmn sav the opportunity to move the county seat from Newbern to Pufaski, The towi favored a bond issue to build the courthouse with town money rather thari with county taxes, but the tow1 of Du&lin also mnted the courthouse and a three-way battle developed Letween Pulaski, Newbern and Dublin. The fight dragged on for well over a year. In March of 1895 a Court of Appals decision was handed dom and the town of Pulaski was the victor , Tkie new stone courthouse (125-5-511 was begun in 1895 and completed the following year.

The value of real estate in Newbern greatly declined as a result.

There were two summer resorts in Pulaski County by the turn of the century. They were Hunter 's Alum Spring and Crabtree Sprlrlgs . Hunter 's ALum Spring was situated on Little Wdlker Creek in the valley between

Little and Big Walker Mountains, eight miles north of Maski. Willian~ and Joseph Hunter opned a hostelry there in 1853. By the turn of the century Alum Springs had grown to tecome a popular s accomodations for two hundred guests. People came to Pdaski by trairr and wl-e driven across Little Walker Mountain in horse-drawl hacks to the group of two story buildings on 600 acres of woodlands. In 1909 Robert s Graham acquired the now vanished resort from the Hunter family and continued its operation for a n

Crabt:ree Springs was a smafler resort situated on Motmt Olivet Road half a mile west of present Pulaski town limits. It was established by

Robert Crabtree, an Irish immigrant. Water from the spring was bottled ard shippd out of the county. Several guesthouses stood by the Mount

Olivet Road and a pavilion was built to house the springs. For several

ye~safter the turn of the century, the resort was operated by Studwick v-"' ard Johnson under the n of "Maple Shade Mineral and Sulphur Springs" 4 in conjunction with tfie bple Shade Inn in Pulaski, after a fire

destroyed the guesthouses, the proprty was acquired in 1911 by the

H~xtonfiiiii'iily, who built a Large hori~011 tk~site, The Wortons continued

to take in guests and bottled and shippd mineral water for a n

years until the home burned in 1927,

Heavy iron and zinc industries did not get their start in the county wktil after the Civil War and were largely financed by Northerri capital,

The county's first sizeable iron industry was the Radford Iron Company,

chartered in May 1867. Soon the Radford Furnace was in operation on htk's Creek remaining in blast about 1900, The stone blast furnace (77-

87) survives beside the creek, The second blast fwnace built in

County was on Little Reed Island Creek upstream from Allisonia. This facility, known as Boom Furnace (77-42), wnt into blast in 1882. With thrt advent of the Cripple Creek Connection of the Norfolk and &stern bilway, flliscjnlsa kcam a boom tow-Ain the 1880's atid 1890 's, Boom nace was eventually taken over by Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company and remained in operation until 1906. Both industries supported compny stores or commissaries near the work place. By the turn of the century the more efficient coke-fu-naces on the railroad in the tom of Pulaski an3 Wythe County put the remining charcoal furnaces in the region out of

By 1870 Pulaski fell behind both Moritgomery and Floyd Counties in r of industrial. establiis nts (forty industries powred by seventeen water wheels and one steam engine), but the nat industries gave Pulaski an industrial income slightly higher than that of

Montgonnery and well ve Floyd County, By 1890, the i relationship ktween Montgomry and Pulaski counties was even more pronounced, indicating tk heavy nature and large scale of the factories and furnaces of Pulaski, Pulaski, with orily eighteen est&lishn#?nts qualifyirkg for record in the 1890 industrial census, prduced $650,000, wb~ileMontgo~ery County's thirty-four man~acturersproduced only

$111 ,OOC>.

One site, the Pine Run Mill (77-24), illustrates the continuing importance of srdl scale industry in the rurd areas of tkie county, The mill operated from the late nineteenth century through circa 1945, grinding corn or wkleat on a custom or toll basis for farfi~rsin tfie

Draper Valley twlve mantks a year. The tiny orie-story frame mill ws powred by a turbine wkiich drove a single late-nineteenth centlu-y run of millstones arid a sifter, No other mills survive from hfore the twntieth century, The ruins of the horn Furnace Mill (77-103 ) indicate that it was a larger, heavy ti r structure with twcl stories on a stone basement. At least tvo roller mills were located on the first floor, producing flour on the gradual reduction system, a devel

1880 's, which led to the modern flour milling practices. Other roller mills were located in Maski and Dublin, but no longer stand.

Although no coal is being mined in the county today, for some sixty years a fine grade of semi-anthracite coal was mined in shtantial quantities. During the mid nineteenth century, mining ha3 been limited to small truck mines or coal pits. Amollg the largest of the late nineteentfi century *rations was the Altoona Mine in Little Wdkev

Mountain, later taken over by Bertha Zinc C y, the first large

industry in present Pulaski. Later Governor J. Hoge Tyler corkducted a profitable mining operation near Belspring on his Belle-Hmpton estate in

the 1880 's, He built a brick store near his far-&louse to supply the

miratzrs 177-152 ). In 1904 the mining interests were sold to a Mew York corporation which coatinued to operate for som years as the Belle-

Hampton Coal Mining Compny. In 1896 the New River Mining Company was granted a charter. The small operation began near the present village of

Parrott. Changing hands srverdi times, it was taken ovex by the Pulacki

Anthacite Coal Company, orgar-iized by Northern investors. The new compslny tk~ivedand a worker village dewelopd, named after John H,

Parrott, the firm's general manager. During the Great Depression these mines &re forced to close.

Shortly after the Civil War two excellent private academies were established within the county. George W. Walker, who Field a msters

degree from the University of Virginia, opened a private classical

academy. It was conducted at the old Wysor how, which stood by the

Pulaski-Giles turnpike just north of Dublin. It had housed a camp of military instruction during the Civil War. This co-educational academy built a wide reputation as a college preparatory school.

In 1873 the Draper's Valley Academy was established and in 1878 was chartered as a joint stock company. The Academy buildings stood wst of

the I 81 interchange with Route 11 and have been demolisfied. The Academy accepted both boys and girls who were boarded in the horns of f amiLies living nearby. The school vas taught by the Presbyterian minister of the Drapr k VValley Ch h, the Reverend George N, Gilmr . It continued to owrate as a private school until after the turn of the century.

Virginia 's public school system was legislated into being in 1870.

By 1880, there were thirty-two public schools in the courity, usually one- or two-room facilities offering a segregated education to blacks and

wkiites, However, mny citizens continued to think of tfaesfr as the

equivalent of the former "poor schools" and employed private tutors or sent their children to private educational institutim, Snowville's

school continued to owrate, The term "old field schools"~was used to

refer to the schools of this period in sow rural areas, A n schools from this era survive, but have often &en converted into more

modern homes. The Birch Run School (77-76 ), a two-room school in the

Little River Study Unit, is typical. The Mack's Creek school (77-831, a

twa-room school is less altered, and its one-room predecessor, the Old

Mack 's Creek School (now a church)(77-85 ) resembles a three-bay nave-plan

church, The Mewkrn School (77-22-23 ) is a mu= elborate three-roon~

school in a T-shape, with clippd gables arid gable brackets, similar to

the Snowille School (77-48-291, which incorporates a blfry on the apx

of the roof ,

By 1900 there were f if ty-f our public school buildings, mostly one- and two-room schools, scattered throughout the cowty. Enrollment for the 1900-1901 session was 2,398 whites and 672 blacks. Schools continued to be segregated. Because putlic schools did not offer college preparatory courses, private schools continued to flourish. In 1892 tvo brick school buildings we= erected in

overlooking the New River, opposite the tom of Radford in Montgomry

d by Professor George W. Miles, a University of Virginia

graduate, St. Alban 's School (77-46 ) enrolled boys from all over the South arid took in local day students, The school offered classical

courses but gaired a reputation through a strong athletic program. The

buildings are of Gxick laid in Flemish bond, and are early examples of

the full-blown Colonial Revival style. They feature complex plans,

sixteen over sixteen light windows with louvered Uinds, Doric parches

and dentilated eornices toppd by hippd slate roofs, The school closed

in 1916 due to financial difficulty, The brnildings and grounds were

purchased by Dr. J, C, King who estA1ished St, BLGan's Sanatorium, a

propr iatary wj-lt& hospital, in the school buildings. The buildings

survive as part of the facility known today as St. Alban's Psychiatric

Hospital, and are among the most elegant buildings in the caur~ty.

Many rural students wnt to the town of Pulaski lor an education.

Before 1900 Ws. M. A. Sayers organized s private school in Pulaski which

grew into the Pulaski Institute in the early twentieth century. The building, which was not included in the survey area, still stands. The

stone and fr two-story building incorporates portions of a late- nineteenthcentury Episcopal Church building.

Until 1870 Virginia law denied blacks ari education, In Newbern the

au sent Captain Charles S, Schaeffer to administer a free black school, White schoolmistresses edisted in the Nsrtkiern states caw to Newkr-1.1 tr teach black students, Schaeffer remained in the area after his post was terminated and was instr Christiansburg Institute in Montgomery county which educated blacks from

aski and Giles as well. It was largely supported by the Free Assmiat ion of Philadelphia and had developed into an excellent school

with moderri brick buildings by the tim of Schaeffer 's deatki in 1899,

The county 's largest public school for blacks was a large two-story

frame school built in 1894 on west bin Street in Eiulaski. This school continued in operation until 1936, wkn the buildinr~burrled. High school

students wre then bused to the Ckistiansbwrg Institute.

The agricultwal, mining, and mtallurgical industries stimulated the building of houses for the many industrial workers. In the Hiwassee-

Allisonia vicinity many homs were built wk~ichwere part of vernacular

patterns of housing on a national scale. Many of these homes fit within

s recognized by architecturdl historians as the three- or four-by

double-cell dwelling. Usually of a single story in height, the double- cell house is a small frame house frequently divided into two equal-sized

room. The house is frequently entered through a single door into one of

the rooms, flanked by a pair of windows in the three-bay f orrn. Sometimes the tm is equipped with two front doors flanked by a pair of window in trical f our-bay form. Roofs are usually gabled, although

rous examples of hipped roofs were found. The house t

housed mine and industrial workers, but is also associated with s farmers,

The double-cell house is also found, in smller n Creek and other- agricultural districts, where it is used for tenant

houses an large farms. These houses, wtiich were built roughly betwet] 1880 and 1930, vere also found in two-story and double-pile forms. 327 double-cell houses were located throughout the county, of vfiich 62 were double-pile, and 21 uere two-story. Another house type, tfre T-plan, wkiich appears to be a development of the double-cell and I-house forms, was found in much more limited n rs. Approximately 40 ow-story examples =re charted on U, S. G, S , forms and survey f omand 7 two- story, distributed throughout the county in rural and village settings.

Several elaborate T-plans were su-,veyed, The house at 77-81 is a two-

T-plan with a polygorial Lay and decorative brackets, while the hick T-plan at 77-224 is one of the cowity's most rh~ensively dec~ratedhouses with sawn and turned exterior woodwork, A n fralre T-plans built just west of Pulaski as housing for workers at the Bertha Zinc Company in the late nineteenth century. Ttiese are large and substantial houses in both one- and two-story form. (77-210, 211, and 212)

113 addition, the I-house continued to be built in increasing n on smaller farms and at cross road comwities tk~oughautthe county, particularly south of the New River. These houses were invariably framd and wathertoarded, and frequrntly featured a two-story gatled or pedinlented porch in the central bay. The houses were built well into the twentieth century. Additional rooms were located, as in px~vious periods, in an ell to the rear. Stylistic differentiation was achieved through the use of pattern book ornament applied to the porch or gable ends, in the form of spindle friezes, saw brackets, and decorative wood shingles in a fisklscale or other pattern. Approximately 60 frame I-houses were recorded on U. S. G. s. maps utilizing typology and 43 on survey After the Civil ktar krterd J s A. Walker, first captain of the

Pdaski Guards and last co nder of the Stonewall Brigade returned to

NewLern, tecoming active in the practice of law and in plitics. In 1871

Fie was elected to the Virginia General Assembly and in 1878 he became

lieutenant-governor of Virginia. He later moved to Wytheville where he

continued activity in politics arid was elected for two term to the U, S,

Congress &ginning in 1894, He built a large f r dohle-pile ho~~in

Newkm (77-22 1 wl-iich included a monumrntal porch supprtrd by rock-faced

stone columns,

James Huge Tyler was Virginia's Governor at the turn of the century.

HE was torn in Caroline County in 1846 to Eliza, daughter of Gerkeral Jaws Hqe of Back Creek and George Tyler of eastern Virginia. Tyler was

raised by his maternal grandparents after the death of his mother, He was brought to Nayfield Plantation where 3 kneral Hoge, settled in 1770. General Hoge had replaced a log home with

a large brick dwelling (77-3) around 1826. Governor Tyler inherited this

estate from his grandfather. He added an impressive new front section,

nlade changes to the exterior and chariged the nam from Hayfield to Belle-

Hmpton for his daughters Belle and Sue Hampton.

Coal mines, rich farmlands, and cattle made Tyler a wealthy man. He an eloquent spokesmn for agriculture in the county and later was politically active. In 1877 J. Hqe Tyler was elected to the Virginia

State Senate, then to the post of lieutenant-governor. He had a second home built in the towi of Radford. Tyler was a talented businessman and started the Radford joint stock land company, a catalyst far its grovth eoning industrial city.

J. Hoge Tyler operated the Belle-Hampton coal mines and his farm and cattle operatioris from his home in Radford. In 1898 Tyler was elected governor of Virginia. During his administration a new constitution was written. After his largely uneventful term as governor, he renuimd active in state and national politics. His farm. Belle-Hampton, is preserved in Back Creek and is used as a s r hum by fis descendants, NEW RIVER VALLEY l NWSTRIAL SITES TYPOLOGY DISTRIBUTION

irrt. of rh. Tam of hluW1. IL We1 *uru=y hu not b- c4qlll.c.d llr rhrrr . .rue

5. Early Twentieth Century 1901-1950

By the early 1900's grain was still grown in Pulwkl but the larger landomers concentrated on livestock. & early as the 1840 's John T. Sayers of Draper's Valley had begurl bringing purebred cattle into ttle county, By the twrn of the century, J, R. K, bell had establist~dthe county 's f irst herd of purebred rdeewAngus on his farm, "Mowitain

How" in Robinson Tract (77-221 1. At the same time purebred Herfords grazed 01-1 Haven How 's New River farm. The county gained a reputat ion for producing sow of the finest cattle, horses and sheep in An~rica. In the early 1900's county farmers wre shipping annually 5,500 head of beef cattle and 15,000 lambs. About 2,500 head of cattle were being exported to England, Motor transport and the growth of the private car wre augwnted by the development of the Lee Highway (Route 111, a dud lane road wtiich traveled the length of the Vdley of Virginia. It linl.ed Roanoke and Chistiar~shwgwith Radford, DuGlin, Pulaski and points south. Well into the twritieth century, however, many country roads vere unimproved, and railroad stops at Belspring, Draper and other villages

=re used for boarding points for livestock driven on hoof from the farm to the station. Railroads retained their prominence until the end of ttie

Several service stations remain in the Route 11/ke Highway corridor. Kelley 's Service station(?'?- 177 ) on old Route 11 iri Drapr

Valley, and tke Williamson Service Station and Grocery (77-157) or1 Route

11 between D~llinand Radf ord rrpresellt the early- to mid- twntieth century transportation routes in the county. Both are brick structwes with integral canopies extending to the front over the gas pumps. The Roundhouse (77-61) on Route 11 near Fairlam, is a mid-twntieth century roadside diner wkiich incorporates an oval plan and strip cwement windows,

Empire Mines, a prosprous coal mine on the slopes of Little Maker Mountain was developed in the early part of the ceritury by Ckster W.

Colgrove , The mirjes were very successf ul uritil the depressiol-i era, and by 1938 the charter was dissolved, Tkie site of E~piremines is now ailmast vanished, The other prosperous mine at Parrott also closed in the early 1930's. A n r of worker houses remain at Parrott, The iron and zinc industries of Pulaski had succumLed to comptition out of state by the &pression, and were largely rep1aced by a textile and f ur~-~itur.e industry,

Before World Uar I1 nwrous itions plants were built in the United States. One factory to mnufacture sms>krles~-po&e3:ws built straddling New River at the lower Horseshw across from tk~tomi of

Radford. It was the largest industrial plant ever built in the area. It employed thousands of workers from surrour~dingcounties as well as from

West Virginia. It provided for the imptus in growth in the early twrntieth century. The older place of plant operations was discontinued and is still used for underground storage while in the fifties the plant expanded operations to include government ownership of the entire pninsula of land that extends into New River northwest of the tom of Radf ord, The enal includes army warehouses, factory houses, barracks, a railroad line, its own fire and emergency facilities and hospital to accommodate workers. It is well guarded. Oprations were first contracted out to Appalachian Powr Company and then later to Hercules, Inc. wkiich owrates e n

largest employer in the county.

Shortly after the turn of the century a group of citizens organized

the Pulaski Board of Trade. This board sought diversified industries for

Yulaski. In 1906, according to a brochure, wood-working flants, a

f urrriture factory , overall arid pants f actorirs, cottori ard woolen mills

and an ice plant ere king sought for the tom. By 1911 the Board of

Trade was reorganized as the Cha&r of Commerce.

In 1902 the Pulaski Institute was opried by the Pulaski School

Company in a stone and shingle building (125-6) which still stands on

Washington Square at the intersection of Washington Avenue and Sixth

Street. The building was originally built as a church by the Episcopal

Corigregation. Both boys arid girls were instructed in premratory courses

and in music and art. The school grew and by 1906 bec part of tkke putlic school system, the building becoming Pulaski High School.

11; 1906 the DuLlin Institute was chartered by a group of prosperous farmers of the DSlin area. This institute became a fully accredited preyeratory school instructing both tcly~arid girls in advanced courses, forelgn languages and music. According to the school's 1908-1909 catalog, the buildings corisisted of "three special. dormitories, and a handsom and f inely appointed academic structure. . . all new and planned by a skilled architect". Like the aski Imtitute, tke Dublin

Institute became a part of the putlic school system in the tuentieth cer~t~y,

In 1906 came int-o be.ing owned hy George Cheves who thee years later acquired Pulaski's consolidated it with

. It was gubllished under different editors and pt&lishers until 1954 wf-ien it was purchased by Worrell Nevsmwrs, Ire. of Bristol .

After changing hands once more it was again purchased by Worrell Newpaprs, It rewins the courity daily newspapr,

Pulaski County 's f irst hospital was established by General Chemical

Compny, one of Pulaski 's leading indwtries at the time The company had just completed a new brick office building in 1914 and moved the older frame structure to Main Street to he used as a hospital. Originally this was for the use of conlpny employees only but through 81-1 agreement with cow~tycitizens it was open to all ptients and doctors in the county,

1 n 1915 the Pulaski Hospitd Association was chartered, enera1 Cheri~icd

Company donated equipment and citizens gave money and supplies, The hospital was a non-profit organization kelonging to the community.

In 1925 through the efforts of Doctors Richard Moolling, R. F.

Thornhill, and D. S. Divers, a large brick hospital was built on north

Randolph Avenue, Pulaski. Tkre services of tkte kiospital grew and it became well established serving Pulaski and the surrounding counties. It late established a school of nursing under the direction of Miss L. E.

Gerdone. The hospital grew to a 150 bed institution. In 1973 it was replaced by the aski Community Hospital built on U. S, 12 northeast of the Tom of Pulaski. The old building on Randolph Avenue is now the

Randolph House, an amrtwnt building for the elderly. The county poor farm across the river at Love's Ferry ~s discontinued in 1928 and Fairvlew Home {77-6) built on a hundred-acre tract of lad =st of Dublin, Fairview was a distri~thorn to serve the counties of Roanoke, Craig, Montgomery, Smythe, Giles, and Pulaski and the City of Radfol-d. The two-story brick elmhouse and rs now stand vacant, replaced by a modern facility nearby. The Colonial Revival building features tvcrstory square columned porches on the north and east facades,

Residentid housing was built in the community of Fairlam by the federal goverrwnt for workers of tlie Radf or2 kmy the late 1930's though the 1940 's, Most of these frame hnws remairi in use although most are privately owned. Staff Village (77-431, a sn~all community of larger frame homes irk the Colonial Revival style were built for the R. A. A. F, officers by the federal goverrfiEnt. These nearly identical fram homes wre spcious and built in a landscapd wrk-like setting arranged on a picturesquely curved street with parallel alleys.

These homes are now also privately owned.

Light fran~vrrmcd?lar housing in the first part of the prriod is included in the tkpology discussed in the previom period. In addition, many houses were found influenced in varying degrees by the national putlications of designs for one-story bungalow,, and their two-story counterparts knowi as four-square houses. The houses, built of brick and frame construction, and occasionally of stone or concrete block, usually irtcorporate asp~etricalplans arid deep gable roofs with central dormers.

In many cases the traditional doble-pile , dout?le-cell house was adapted to resedle in one or more specifics , the bungalow model. 113 bungalow or bungdoid doutle-cell houses wrrr identified, and 3 four-square houses =re Icrmd,

Six large brick and frame houses were built on the county's major cattle and dairy farms in the early years of the century. These frequently adapted popular elements from pattem books such as of 1903 and grafted them onto traditional plans such as the double-pile, center-passage form. The Nathanld Burwell

Harvey House ( 77-49 1, a two-story trick house is a good example of the type. Harvey 's decendants have the edition of the which he r~sed in designing his house, The house, wkjich was the seat of one of the county's most prductive cattle and horse farms, inccsrporates, as well, wiusud pinted waif decoration thoughout the first floor, The decoration was executed by an itinerant decorator using elemnts of designs made popular byGwtave Stickley in a popular mgazine of decorative arts in the period.

Other similar brick farmhouses include the William &Lane House (77-

130) which incorporates a monumental front porch, the Pwdue Hause (77- 30), which displays pronounced vernacular features in it's four-bay west side facade, and the Warden House (77-2061, built for a prominent road contractor and the builder of the houses incorporate Colonial Revival decorative features, including brick jack-arches and classical porches, and feature Georgian plan chimney placement with the two chimneys located betwen the room on either side of the center passage. The farms, except the Warden farm, also incorporated the ntost modern developmnts in agricultural buildings. The

Harvey farm had a now vanished ba& barn, and a barn complex near the ue farm includes a brick g rel-roof ed daify barn (77-194 ) similar to several f r barns found in other parts of the county. Study Unit Dracriptions i, DuGiin Stay Unit

Dubiin Stmy Unit occupies the rolling hills adbottom 1 *st of the Hew River from Pepper's Ferry in the north to Peak Greek in the south and includes the towis' of Dublin Fairiam and the viliages of

Newbrn and New River, Througrl this section ran mosr; of tihe his~oric modern east to west transportation routes, The rich bottom lands dung pjew River wre ng the first to jrrt.! sett;ed ir! the mi&1'740is by a group of dicsidenz me rs of tiw Epffrata Suciety of Lamaster, Penr~yTvanlc-i,a coiany of krmn pietists who imigrated in the 1720 's , Irtcfim hosxility in the ~tiil-17503 cawed ~u?yearly settlers throqhout tne ~ttrdyunit to leave the region, A fort w5 asembli-id at Dut-&ad Buttam in wi-iich mny

New 2iver Valley settiers Ito rekugr during the latter +part a% 1755.

Mtcr the hostilities s-ided the 1 were man reaccwicd by krnmn and ScotckIrish fantilies from Pennsylvania and Ar1gi.e from leastern Virginia.

Mills were constructed on the north side of the New Ziver, including a very early mill built by ti= Dunjtar& before 1750, and an imprtarbt rill st the mouth of Falling Spring Creek. The region 's oGy village,

New DGLin, ws estsbliskd in the late 1760's on the higkr ground along the Great Road ve Dunkad 's Bottom, William Christian kforicle operated a store there from 1774-1776 in conjuction with

Christian 's ianrU~oldirrgsin Dunkmd 'G Bottom. The Great Road entered tire area of Pulacki County and the Study Unit at Im~iesFerry. which William

1ngit.s owrated after 1762, and proceeded along the high ground above ardts Bottom to a ford over Pe& Creek near the foot of Drapr

Mountain. The Presbyterian Church at New Dublin d in 1769, one of the first churches west of the Alleghany Ridge. Page 'G Methodist

Chapel is said to have ken fo d in the 1770's in tk nortkrn section of the study unit near the Pepper 's Ferry Road, another i est-=st r& wl.kich traverses the study unit.

Pepper's Ferry was opwd by Samuel Pepper in 1770 at the site of an earlier river crossirq, Hemy Trollieer ~;ettl&north af the road in

1776 manufactured gunpowder mar a saltpeter cave on his property during ti-e Revolutionary War. His son John Trollinger built a log house on the Pepper 's Ferry Road which survives today. Adam H e developed a

y in 1809 at Newkrn on the Great Rarad west of New Dublin,

the only village in the county at the time of its formtion

served as the county seat until 1805. In tre early years or the 19th centwy Tho Cloyd began purchasing land aro

Bottom, eventmlly owning 5000 acres brtwen Dublin and tk River. His son, David, build a large brick ham at the ~ite02 Willim Christian's farm ( now flooded by Claytor Lake ) .

When the Virginia Tennessee Railroad was built through the county in 1856 a town grew up on the Pepper's Ferry Road north of

Newkrn, The town took the n Dubiin from the villaae of New Dublin, which had f acted from existence after the first decades ot th? 19th century. New River, today a distinct black comunity near the mouth of Falliw Springs Branch, grew up as an industrial. community connected with the railrmd where it crosses the New 2ivcr from &?&orb. In the late 19th century the rich agricultural 1 In the north ad south of the study unit saw &vel nt as dairy and cattle breeding farm. In 1939 the construction of Claytor Dam by the Appalachian Power

Commny flooded D 's Bottm, resulting in the development, of s hms arrd aiong its shores, ing World War I1 the P3dford Army

Arsenal began operation on 1 dong either of the New River at the

ME end oT the study unit, stimrriating the growth of Dublin arii the comur~ityor Fairlam-i, Fairlam origidly laid out as gave owmd warker howiw, but by the 1950 k sthe ha~eswere largt3iy o mcupied .

2, Back Creek Study Unit

Back Creek Study Unit occupies the upland roeadow and uell-watered bttom lard dong Bock Creejc its tributary, Neck Creek, and the

along the New River near its mouth, irlciudiw the Horseshoe, a neck of land in a hnd of the New River to the south. Tk study unit

t of the open plateau hich extencfs east arxi =st of the New

River from Blacksburg in the ewt to bbinson Tract(Study Unit 4) in the vest. Back Creek runs along the southern

Cloyd's Mountains, ard the Study Unit contaim some of the first land surveyed urlder the Wood's River Grant 02 1745. Persons had already settled on the land in hopes of receiving title before this time, and it is known that by 1745, Jacob Ha was living on the Hor-seshw, A Survey

made for John Harrison, Jr. be$-ore 1745 of the land at the mouth of

Back Creek, and a patent issued for the 350 acre tract in 1746, among the emliest patents issued for 1 wcst of the Uleghany Mountains.

s Patton, prantoter of the 's River Company, persadly

selected 4000 acres on the upper reaches of Back Creek ad named his

tract Springfield in the 1740 's. The patent issued in 1753 to Patton

who left it to his son- in-law, William Th settled in

the 1750's by n raw idividuals, many of @born later naoved west

Mealy all the creek6 in the wea were developtld with mi31 scats,

including a c ing and fulling mill on Neck Creek in tIhe early 19th

century. David How operated a plaster mill on his proprty on Back

Creek before 1838, Joseph Ciayd settled in the Back Creek area in 1772

on a portian of the Sprir~gfieldtract. He beg=] buying i

early 19th century, Cloyd his sans, Gordon, David and

mast of the choice land in aski Cawrty , His house at Back Creek Farm

and his son Gordon 's house at Springfield were both built around the turn

of the 19th century and were the gr st houses in the study unit, In

1864, Confederate Union forces disputin~control of

railraad elas on the Back Creek farm in the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain, which ended in a costly Union victory.

A group of s ler brick houses were built by surro

wing the first quarter of the century. One of these, Hayf ieLd,

s Hoge farm vas enlarged during the late 19th century by a decendarrt, Governor James Hoge Tyler, wr~ooperated a profitable coal mine

on the slopes of Cloyd's Mountain. By the middle of the century David

avack, son- in-law of David Cloyd, i rited from Gloyd a tr;&ctof 1 on Neck Creek. On this land he built Sprir~gdale,n brick dwelling similar to the how of his wife's uncle, Tho Bottom. The study unit continws to serve entirely agricultural purposes, since all mining and milling have ceased. The principal village is klspring, new the muth of Back Creek the railroad tracks. Belspr ing Presbyterian Church f ounded in 1851, The conmunity, which grew in the late 19th and early 20th century in comction with the mines the railroad, declined after the mims closetl, but is growing now as houses are built along the river,

3. Little River Study Unit

Little River Study Unit occupies the ar&e 1 east of Little

River south of tire New River. It consists chiefly of rolling uplands divided by the deep hollows of creeks draining into the Little River.

d the New River the land drops otf more abruptly, and lands there vcre have been flooded by Claytor Lake. The Study Unit traversed historically by s road from Chistiamburg wi-lich crossed the

Little River on its path along the south side of the New River. Wl~ile lands irk the Study Unit were settled in the mid-18th cerrtury, surviving structures in the agricultural districts represent early to mi&19th century middling farm, except for the Crockett Grayson farm site in the land opposite D ad Bottom, The site contains the fourdation of a large antebellum brick house and a two story brick depndercy with raised ba~emnt,as wii as several framed outbuildings.

In the footkrills to the south of the Study Urhit the last, most margird 1 taken up in the mihl9th century by smill I in isolated coves and hollow, In the early 19th century the water on Little River was knessed by a dam ard by 1833 hiel Snow bught the mill seat and proceeded to develop a series of industrial operations, including a f y, forge, oil, grist, saw ad carding mills, tanwry, and &working shops, which grew tkraughaut the antebellum perid, rtant industrial center for the surro ing counties, After a revival of business in the late 19th century, Snowville swc competition from the growing towns on the railroad. Cypress Grove

Christian Church f ounded in Snowille in 1850, Other communities in the Study Unit include Simpkinstam, in the southern section on the waters of Sugar Run,

4, Peak Creek Study Unit

Peak Creek Study Unit occupies the rolling hills bttdand

&ow the waters of Peak Creek btwen the e oft Peak's hbon the south a& Little Walker Mountain is a continuation of the fine

on Back Creek in Study Unit 2 to the i diate east, The upper lands were ~slecctedin the 1740's by George Winson, a mrmber of the Wodf % River C surveyed befare J s Patton 's Spr ingf ield tract on Back Creek. The tract was irrcluded when Patton acquired the interests of ;iLT the other me

rs of the Preston family, the Kent family, decedents of whom built a large brick how called

Weldon in the post Civil War priod. Robinson Tract is one of few agricultural districts in the region to retain in comn use its original designation in the entry books of the Wood 's River Co The adjacent tract on Thorn Spring Br sed to Johl Floyd,

Governor of Virginia during the 1830 '6 through his wife, Iettitia Preston

Floyd. A site adjoining Thorn Spring was wed as a c weting ground by the Methadists in the area durin~the mi e of the 19th century, rear the: Tbrn Spring kthodlist Church, built in 1841. In tk late 59th and early 20th century a n r of successful cattle farms =re established tkraughout the county. Qne of the &st kmm that of Nathaniel

11 Harvey, who built a large Colonid Revival house on his farm in the eastern half of the study wit in 1906.

5, Draper Valley Study Unit

Draper Valley Study Unit is composed of bottomlar* rolling hills lying north of thr lJew River between the base of Drapr Mountain

the river, tk battoml, along Big Reed Is1 Creek and the

New River on the opposite side of the river. The Draper Valley historically extends on each side of the 1839 wthe County line, so that the western Study Unit bo y does not reflect the sacid

geographical divisions of this area. Many i rtant elemsnts of tk + district located in present day Wythe County. This includes the important site at Graham 'G Forge David Crockett oprated an iron Run before 1796, operation there by 1800, making this the industrial center of the early New River Valley.

The Study Unit contains most of the arable land pasturage to be foud in the southwest quadrant of the county. The 1 first wveyed in 1747, artd settled in the years following. Tlre Great Rmd traversed the Study Unit, t of the historic ewt-=st corridor which has molded the developnent of the county to the present. Along its path are several early 1 cted with tr

braith omrated the Horse Tavern, one of the several taverns on the Great Road, during the early years of the 19th century, The Henry

Honaker House af 1803 is one of only two examples of stone domestic building in the county, The valley and mountoin are d for John

Draper, who received title to a tract of 240 acres by 1850. The Draper family holdings included over 2000 acres in the valley, The Draper home of the first quarter of the 19th century is one of the mst imposing

rks in the Study Unit. In the early 19th century Draper Valley

Presbyterians and Baptists vorshippd together at the Harmony Church rear the Mythe County line of 1839, but by 1840 the Presbyteri large brick church ncmby which ic still in use.

Joseph Russell settled in the Study Unit at the end of the 18th century, on the Great Road near the present town of Drapr, operated

distillery as vrlL ar ore of several mills in the Valley.

ity origidly knom as Rffisellville, but by the coming of the Cripple Creek Br Western bilroad in

1887 it grew to become a prosperous village. Draper Valley t continues to serve as an i rtmt agriculturd district, The lmation of the Interstate 81 right of way though the center of the Study Unit in the 1960's caused sow reorganization of local transportation routes.

The district along Big Walker Creek is appnded to the study unit.

It settled in the eighteenth centucy, and contains a n sdtantid fr log farm houses, as wll ss c ities swh as Ferris Mines which developed with the mining activities on the slopes of

Mack 's Mountain.

6, Mountain Study Unit

The Mow~tain Study Unit contains most of the rough arxl broken

Land in the county. It is divided into three districts: the first is

Imated along the northern edge of the county contaiw the parallel. ridges of Walker and Littie Wdker Mourrtairs. Cloyd 's Mountain f orw the eastern section of the Little Walker ridge, The steep-si&d valley betwen the ridges is tially drained by Little Walker Creek wl.rich exits the valley through a gap in ker buntain. mong the creek there

t of agriculturd land which chiefly settled in the

aski ALum Springs, a populnr resort of which no trace

opened in 11353 by the Hunter brothers, It had a

y as 200 guests. Tht3 second district of muntain l accupies the West centrd section of the county is contiguous with the Walker Mountain chain. It consists of a group of mountains inclding Tract Mountain, Brushy Ridge Draper Mountain, which terminates in

Peak's Knob, dividing Draper Valley from the rest of the settled portions of the county. The group of mountaim embrace the site of the Town of

aski, and together with the Walker Mountain group forffi the section of

Jefferson National Forest which is located in Pulaski County. Crabtree

Springs, a s&l resort, operated just west of fork of Peak Creek in the late 19th century. No trace of it remains Both districts included in the Brushy Mountain Caal Field =cognized as early as the 18th century, which exted frm Botetowt

Caunty to the nortbast to B1 Wyth County in the Southwst.

Mines or pits were located north of the Town of W~ki(thtznMartinis

Tank) as early as 1853. By the late 19th century Governor

Tyler and the Bertha Mineral C ny were operating shtmtial mines on the lower slopes of the Little Walker-Cloy& Mountain Ridge. During the early 20th century coal mined at the Empire Miner; the Pulaski bthracite Coal Co mines in the same area. Both the Empire

Utoona Mines were ki by a narrow gauge railroad, while the Tyler mims at Belle-Hapton the PuTwki hltfuracite mines shippd their coal from the depot at Belspring on the New River. The company town of Pnrrott grew up after 1902 in the Study Unit in co the Pdaski Antkracite Coal Co ve Belspring near the gap where the New River passes Cloyd's Mountain. Most of the mines had wsociated worker cornunities and commissaries but only the Comisary at

Belle-Ifampton(Study Unit 2 ) the village at Parrott rewin.

In the southm southeastern district of the county the Mack's Mountain group of peaks and ridges does not contain coal, is sufficiently varied in topography to permit settlement in its hollows isolated coves. Settlers were on Mack 's Creek in the 18th Century. In this region iron ore deposits encouraged early develo prosperow iron industry, with the large ti necessary char-coal for fuel, A s above Snowille be£ ore tth Civil War. A large charcoal- f ired furnace owrated by the ord Iron C y wnt into blast soon after the

d by Northern capital. The furnace located on kck's Creek

fueled by the enarmw ti r reserves of kb Mountain, A large iron furnace vent into operation in 1882 on Little Reed Icl

n it clo~edin 1906 it one of the last charcoal fired furnaces in the state. The villages of Ulisonia Hiwssee grew up in relation to these early industries and the 1887 advent of the Cripple

h of the Norfolk and Western Railraod which built to serve the zinc, lead and iron interests in the region southwst of the county.

By the early years of the 20th century, the coke-fired funaces in

aski Town, using fuel mined in local qionaf cod mines, dominated the tr partation routes kets, and the older furnaces

ed out, although iron ore from the southern section of the county continued to supply the iron indwtry. The ffuriture factories a& samillr of the town cons d the forest products of the entire mountain region, T y the principal mineral product of the region is an iron oxide pigment mined on kck'a Mowitain.

skiStudy Unit

The boundaries of the unit of the Tom of Pulaski coincide with the town limits of Pulaski. The tom, which lies in a hollow just east north of Chestnut Mountain Peak 's Knob, originated on the lands of

Robert D. Martin, who purchased land originally patented by the

Montgomry family in the 18th century on the the Robinson Tract. Martin and his family developed Pulaski during the years after the railroad established there an i mtering stop called

Heavy industry initiated in ki by the lBertha Mimr;il

C y which in 1879 opened a zinc f followed by the

Pulaskl f ron and Coal C y and the Dora furnace, The town supported furniturn ar~d1 r industries as well as several mrchant flour mills,

The community gradudly grew to fill out the grid of streets with brick

rcial buildings and two large theatres. Grovth was spurred by its

selection as the county seat two years after the burning of the courthouse in Ne ge f mhionabre hms in the Queen

ard Colorkid. Revivdl styles wcre built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries on boulevards and curving streets on the high

, prticularfy to the north of the c cia1 section, while housing for workerc built on other sur ing hills ides. The Haple

Shade Inn closed and ms torn down in the early 1960 's. Today the principal industries of Pulaski are a furniture factory several. knitting mills.

Appendix Bo iels - Study Unit 1

Startingi at the center of the mouth of Peak Creek on New River

) and proceeding up the creek to the bridge of Interstate

81, thence North Northeast following the high gmund between Goose Creek

Thorn Spring Branch to a pint on Rt. 11 approximtely 2/10's mile

west, of the intersection of Rt, 11 Rt, 100, to the intersection with

the southern boundary of study unit 2 at a point near Black Hollow thence

dong the high ground ktwen the Back and Neck Creeics wsterskd the

Falling Spring Creek watershed to the New River at a point above the east entrance to Pepper Tunnel thence south along the New River to the point of origin

ries - Study Unit 2 Starting at the point where Study Unit tl intersects the New River

at the east entrance to Pepper Tunnel proceeding SW along the high ground btwen Neck Back Creeks on the North Falling Spring Creek and

Thorn Spring Branch and Bentley Branch on the south, to a point on the

tree line at the base of Little Walker Mountain 2/10is mile NE of Empire

Mines, thence NE along the treeline at the base of Little Walker and

Cloyd's Mountains to the New River south of Parrott, thence south with the river to the point of origin.

ies - Study Unit 3

Starting at the pint the Little River and proceeding south along that line to n point near tk head of Wolf Creek and the tree line at the foot of High Knoll Mountain, following the tree line NW to a point on CLaytor e across from Claytor State Park, thence NE to the mouth of Little River theme SE with the Little River to the point of origin.

Bo ies - Study Unit 4

Starting at a point where the bo ies of Study Unit 1 2 meet at a point near Back Hollow and proceeding along the high ground betwen

Back Creek on the N and Thorn Spring Branch Bentley Branch on the

~outhto a point on the tree line at the base of Little Walker Mauntain

2/10ts mile NE of the Empire Mines, thence Skf following the tree line to tk point &re Fortrierfield Br~~chruns into Tract Fork, thence east ssuth following Tract Fork to the Tom limits of PULmki, thence following thrt northern bowxkiries of the Tow of Pulaski north, east, south to the intersection of the Town limits with Peak Creek east of town, thence east following Peak Creek to its intersection with

Interstate 81, thence NNE following the high ground betwen Goose Creek

Thorn Spring Branch to a point on Rt . 11 approximately 2/10 's mile west of the intersection of Rt, 11 Rt. 100, to the point of origin.

Boundmies - Study Unit 5

Starting at a point at the intersection of Interstate 81 and Rt, 99 near the village of &Adam proceeding south dong the high ground SW of

Rt. 679 to the New River, thence SW with the New River to a point 1/10 mile NE of Allisonia, thence south along the tree line at the

Irish Mountain to a point 3/10 'G mile east of the bridge of Rt. 693 over

Big Reed Island Creek, thence north with the tree line along the Dry Fond. Nountain to the muth of d Island Creek at New River, tkewe

w~talong New River to a point ite the mouth of south following the tree line west of Little Reed Is1

intemection with the Wythe County line, thence with the Wythe County

line north to the tree line at the base of Draper Mountain, thence east

to the point of origin.

aries - Study Unit 6

All those l not lying in any of the other studjr units,

ries - Study Unit 7

Ml lands lying in the Town Limits of the Tom of N Study Unit U.S.G.S. Quadrant 1 Anderson House Staff o&vill e 2, Back Creek Farm Staff ordsville 3, Belle-Hampton Farm Staff ordsville 4, Bish/Brown Farm Staff ordsville 5, Michael Brown House Radf ord North 6, Fairview Home Dubl in 7, Draper House Fosters Falls 8. Drapr Valley Fosters Falls Presbyterian Church 9, Crockett House Fosters Falls 10. Hillcrest (George Fosters Falls Painter farm) 11, Heriry Honaker House Dub1 in 12, Cecil Wouse Dub1 in 13, Ingles Ferry Inn Radf ord South 14, Red Horse Tavern Fosters Falls 15, Honaker House Fosters Falls 16, Stilwell House Fosters Falls 17. Gordon Cloyd Kent Farm Staff ordsville 18. Old Belspring R~dford North Presbyterian Church 19. Francis Fergus House Dub1 in 20, Harmon Sif f ord House Radf ord North 21, Sunnyside(Hotse Farm) Staff ordsville 22, Ne*m Historical Dub1in District 23. Pine Run Miller 's House Fosters Falls 24, Pine Run Mil1 Fosters Falls 25, Pine Run Church Fosters Falls 26, Calf ee House Fosters Falls 27, Pine Run Store Fosters Falls 28, Log House Fosters Falls 29. Wade Hampton Allison Fosters Falls Farm 30, Purdue Farm Dubl in 31. New Dublin Presbyterian Dublin Church 32, Log House Hiwassee 33, Springdale(David Staff ordsville avock Farm) 34. Springfield(Gordon Cloyd Farm) 35, Back Creek Archaeological Site 36, Samuel Cecil Wouse Staff odsville 37. Brlspring Presbyterian Radf ord North Church 38, Jones Wouse a3 CDbDOclCOdb444ICJ4JC.._l4C.._ldQZOI~.)ChSfi( CfSCnQZOIWvtWulmUrWVtVtV1 Vt AdAIbhLbrbcb b*W ~1 SI.W~~t-~OcDcn,4~~1Slb.C3~~3oc~ao4jrnul1nwhsro,wco~07vt~aWh)~sQ u2 a34OIWS*.Wk~b.l OCQI I...... *. *.*....* *.*. .***.*...... * .-.*4**.

WOW 86, Mack's Creek Funace 6 Superintendant 's House 87, Mack 's Creek Furnace 6 88, Phillips/Hancwk House 6 89, Log House 6 90, House 6 91, House 6 92. Simpkins House 6 93, Hoover Color 6 Corporation Building 94. Holly/@esenberry House 6 95, Log House 6 Hiwassee 96. House 3 fiadford South 97, Riverview Church 3 Dub1 in 98, House 3 Dublin 99 Dobbins House 3 Dub1 in 100,Planing Mill 6 Hiwassee 101 ,House 5 Fosterxi Falls 102 ,House 6 Fosters Falls 103,Boom Furnace Mill 6 Fosters Falks 104 ,House 6 Fosters Falls 105 ,House 6 Fosters Falls 106,Boom Furnace Section 6 Fosters Falls House 107 ,Issac Huff House 6 Fosters Falls 108 .Gregory House 6 Fosters Falls 109, Alliscmia Section House 5 W iwassett 110 .Allisonia Depot 5 Wiwassee 111,House 5 Hiwassee 112,Allisonia United 5 H iwassee Methodist Church 113 ,House 5 Hiwassee 114 ,House 5 Himssee 115 .Southerut House 5 Hiwassee 116 ,kbb Mill 5 Hiwassee 117.Farris Mines Commissary 5 Hiwassee 118 ,House 5 H iwassee 119,ReedfslandPrimitive 5 Hiwssee Baptist Church 120 .Reed Island Creek Bridge 5 Hiwssee 121 ,House 5 Hiwassee 122,House 5 123 ,House 5 Hiwssee 124 ,Morgan House #I 1 Dub1 in 125 .Morgan House #2 1 Dub1 in 126 .Utizer House 1 Dub1 in 127 ,Trollinger House 1 D&l in 128 ,Hilton Farm 1 Staff ordsville 129,Davis Painter House 5 Fosters Falls 130 ,New Dublin Manse 1 Dub1 in 131 ,New DuGlin School 1 Dubl in 132,Dr. William Mebane 1 Dub1in House 133 ,House 1 bdlEord North 134 ,Divers House 1 Radford North 135 ,Building 1 Radford North 136,House 1 Radford North 137 ,Store 1 Radfod North 138,House 1 Radford North 139 .Joseph Graham House 5 Fosters Falls 140 ,Harless & Childress 2 Radford North Store 141.Belspring Baptist Church 2 Radford North 142,Brick House 5 Fosters Falls 143,Belspring Underpass 2 Radf ord North 144 ,House 2 Radf ord North 145 ,Black Church 2 Radford North 146,House 5 Fosters Falls 147 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 148 ,]Log House 6 Long Spur 149,House 6 Long Spur 150 ,Log House 2 Staff ordsville I51 ,Log House 2 Staff ordsville 152.Belle-Hampton Mines 2 Staff ordsville Store 153,Log House 2 Staff ordsville 154 ,Eaton House 2 Staff ordsville 155 .Nevton J. Morgan House 1 Radford North 156, House 2 Staf fordsville 157.Wi3liamson Shell Station 2 Staff ordsville 158 .Log House 2 Staff ordsville 159,House 2 Staff ordsville aski Wayside Picnic 6 Pulaski Area 161,House 2 Staff ordsville 162 ,House 6 fiadlord North 163 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 164 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 165 .Log House 5 Fosters Falls 166,House 5 Fosters Falls 167, House 5 Hiwassee 168 ,House 5 Hiwassee 169.Dr-r District 5 Hiwassee 170 ,The Round House 1 fiadf ord North 171,House 5 Fosters Falls 172.Lq House 5 Fosters Falls 173.Winf ield Scott Sayer 5 Fosters Falls H ouse 174.R. E. Lee Sayer House 5 Fosters Falls 175 ,House 6 Fosters Falls 176,House 5 Fosters Falls 177 ,Kelley 's Service 5 Fosters Falls Station 178 .Log barn 5 Fosters Falls 179 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 180. House 5 Fosters Falls 181 ,kllison Hoffie 5 Fate= Falls 182,House 5 Fosters Fdls 183 ,Cistern 4 in 184 .Richardson Dairy Barn 4 jin 185 ,Glyatt Tenant House 4 Dub1 in 186 .House 5 Fosters Falls 187.Cripple Creek RP. Trestles5 Fosters Falls 188 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 189.Pilgrim 's Rest Church 5 Hiwassee 190 ,A1hrt Moore House 5 Hiwassee 191 ,House 5 Fosters Falls 192,Smith House 5 Hiwassee 193 ,House 5 Hiwassee 194 .Ingf es Tenant House 1 Radf ord South 195 .Joseph Covey House 1 Radf ord South 196 ,Zack Farmer House 1 Radf ord South 197 .Graham House #2 1 Radford South 198 .Log House 1. Dublin 199 .House 1 Dub1 in 200,House 1 Dub1 in 201 ,House 1 Dub1 in 202 .Uglesby House 5 Fosters Falls 203. Painter House 5 Fosters Falls s Abner Aff ison House5 Fosters: Fdls 205, House 2. Dub1 in 206 .Warden Springs Farm 1 Dub1 in 207 ,ktatson House 1 Dubr in 208 ,Andrew House 6 Pulaski 209 ,Godsnell House 6 aski 210 ,House 6 aski 211 ,House 6 aski 212 ,House 6 aski 213 .Gray House 6 Pulaski 214 ,House 6 aski 215 ,School 6 Pulaski 216 ,Buena Vista Farm 4 Pulaski Agricultural Barn 217. Massep House (Buena 4 Pulaski Vista Farm) 218 ,House 4 Pulaski 219.Darst/Strauss Farm 4 220, Bell House 4 221 ,Mountain Home 4 222 .Twin Oaks (Sutton/ 4 Pulask i Whitman home) 223,Miller House 6 White Gate 224 .Phelps House 4 Pulaski 225 ,@Idon 4 Pulaski 226,Piedmont 2 klhite Gate 227. Burnbrae 2 Pulaski 228 ,House 2 White Gate 229 .Farm Group 2 Staff ordsville 230, Mouse 2 Staff or&ville Study Unit

80, Akem House 3 Dub1 in 190,Albert Moore House 5 Hiwassee 181,All ison House 5 Fosters Falls 110.Allisonia Depot 5 Hiwassee 109,Allisonia Section House 5 Hiwassee 112,Allisonia United 5 Hiwassee hthodist Church 126 ,Alt izer House 1 Dub1 in 2 Staff ordsville 6 Maski 3 Radford South 2 Staff ordsville haeolqical Site 2, Back Creek Farm 2 Staff ordsville 220 ,kll House 4 Pulaski 3. Belle-Hampton Farm 2 Staff ordsville 152 .Belle-Hmpton Mines 2 Staff ordsville Store 141,Belspring Baptist Church 2 Radford North 37. Belspring Presbyterian 2 hdf ord North Church 143.Belspring Underpass 2 Radford North 76, Birch Run School 3 Radford South 4, BishfBrom Farm 2 Staff ordsville 145 ,Black Church 2 Radford North 6 Fosters Falls ce Comissary 6 Fosters Falls 6 Fosters Falls 106.Bom Furnace Section 6 Fosters Falls House 142 .Brick House 5 Fosters Falls 41. Brick House 2 Radford North 216 ,Buena Vista Farm 4 aski ArQicultural Barn 135.Building 1 Radford North 227,Burnbrae 2 aski 75, Byrd House 3 Radford South 26. Calf ee House 5 Fosters Falls 12, Cecil House 1 Dub1 in 63. Cecil 's Chapel United 3 Dub1 in Nethodist Church 183 ,Cistern 4 Dub1 in 44. Clapor Dm 1 Radford South 62. Covey House 3 Radford South 71, Creed Wilson House 3 Radford South 187 .Cripple Creek RR Trestles5 Fosters Fdls 55. Crockett Grayson Kitchen 3 Radford South 9. Crockett House 5 Fosters Fdls 219,Darst/Straws Farm 4 aski 132.Davis Painter House 5 Fosters Fdls It34 ,Divers House 1 Radford North 99, Dsbbiffi House 3 in 169.Draper District 5 Hiwassee 7. Draper House 5 Fosters Falls 8. Draper Valley 5 Fostera Fdls sbyterian Church 154 .Eaton House 2 Staff ordsville 6. Fairview Home 4 Dub1 in 229. Farm Group 2 Staff ordsville 117,farris Mines Comissary 5 Hiwassee 19. Francis Fergus House 1 Dublin 209 ,Godsnell House 6 aski 17. Gordon Cloyd Kent Farm 2 74, Graham House 6 Indian Valley 197.Grahm House 12 1 Radford South 213 .Gray House 6 Pulaski 108 .Gregory House 6 Fosters Falls 140 .Harless 6 Childress 2 Radf ord North Store 47. Haven How House 1 Radford South 11, Henry Honaker House 5 Dublin 20. Herman Sif f ord Farm 2 Radford North 10, Hillcrest 5 Fosters Falls 15, Honaker H 5 Fosters Falls 94. Holly/me rry House 6 Hiwassee 93, Hoover Color 6 Hiwassee Corporation Building 199 ,House 1 Dublin 200 ,House 1 Dubl in 201 ,House 1 Ilubl in 205 ,House It Dublin 133 ,House 1 Radford North 136,House 1 hdford North 138 .House 1 Radford North 144 ,House 2 Radf.ord North 156,House 2 Staff ordsville 159 ,House 2 Staff ordsville 160,House 2 Staff ordsville 161,House 2 Staff ordsville 78, House 3 Dubl in 81, House 3 Dubl in 82. House 3 Dub1 in 98, House 3 Dubl in 51, House 3 Radford South 53. House 3 Radford South 58, House 3 Radf ord South 60, House 3 Radf ord South 64, House 3 Radford South 65, House 3 Radf ord South 66, House 3 Radlord South 67, House 3 Radlord South 73, House 3 Radford South tnnu" mmw-m~~65 zz0018 vl cn << C1- C1- Pt-' t-' PP ul (D tD 153,- House 2 Staff ordsville 1158 .Log House 2 Staff ordsville 77. Log Howe 3 in 68. House 3 Radford South 28. Log House 5 Fosters Falls 165 .Log House 5 Fosters Falls 172,- Howe 5 Fosters Falls 32. House 6 89. Lt>g House 6 95. Log House 6 148 .Log House 6 87, Nack's Creek 6 86. Mack 's Creek Furnace 6 Hiwassee Suprintendant 's House 83. Mack 's Creek School 6 see sey House (Buena 4 ki ista Farm 69, &Peak House 3 Radford South 79, kredith House 3 Radford South 5. Michael Brown House 2 Radford North 223 ,Miller House 6 mite Gate 124 ,Morgan House #1 1 Dubl in 125 ,Morgan House W2 1 Dubl in 49, Nathaniel Burw11 4 Dubl in 1 Dubl in 31. New Dublin Presbyterian 1 Dubl in Church 129 ,New Dublin School Dublin 22, Newbern Historical Dubl in District 155.Newton J. Morgan House hd5ord North 40. Oakland(Joseph Cloyd Staf fordsville Farm ) 18. Old Belspring hd;ford North Presbyterian Church 85. Old Mack 's Creek 202.0glesby House Fosters Falls School Church 50. Page/Dishon House Radford South 203,Painter House Fosters Falls 56, Peterson House #1 Radford South 57, Peterson House W2 Radford South 224 .Phelpe; House ki 88, Phillip/Hancwk House see 226 .Piedmont White Gate 189.Pilgrim 's Rest Church Hiwassee 25, Pine Run Church Fosters Falls 24, Pix Run Mill Fosters Falls 23, Pine Run Miller 's House Fosters Falls 27. Pine Iiun Store Fosters Falls 100,Planing Hill see 131,Maski Wayside ki 4 6 House 174 .R. E , Lee Sayer House 5 Fosters Falls 14, Red Horse Tavern 5 Fosters Falls 120 .Reed Island C 119 ,Reed Island P 184 ,Ri 9'7, Ri 45, Rmkwood 1 36, Samuel Cecil House 2 215 ,School 6 52, Showalter House 3 Radford South 92. Simpkins House 6 Hiwassee 192 ,Smith House 5 Hiwassee 48, Snowville Historic 3 Word South District 115 ,Southern House 5

2 Cloyd Farm) 46. St, fiban's School 1 Radford North 43. Staff Village District 1 in 16, Stilwll House 5 ers Falls 137 ,Store 1 Radford North ys ide ( Howe Farm ) 2 Stdfordsville Ratdf ord South hdford North Radford North 127 ,Trollinger House 1 222 .Twin Oaks (Sutton/ 4

5 Fosters Falls

1 Dub1 in 207 ,Watson House 1 in 116 ,kbb Mill 5 Hiwassee

Staff ordsville 72. Wilson Grove Chmh 3 Word South 70, Wilson House 3 Radford South 173 .Winf ield Scott Sayer 5 Fosters Falls House 185 ,Wyatt Tenant House 4 Dub1in 196 .Zack Farmr House 1 Radford South An historic buildings survey should involve the careful recording of a broad range of structures. Uraike the traversal, which provides only flinrjy justification for the recognition and preservation of a few superlative buildings, the intensive architectural study includes detailed information about a variety of buildings and many aspects of a cultural landscape. This kind of survey is a necessary basis for both scholarly analysis and informed preservation efforts.

A clear problem with the intensive survey is that it requires considerably more time and money than the "windshield survey" that was nded to state preservation offices some ten years ego. Therefore, practical constraints usually force the surveyor to make value

ut which buildings should be studied, and how much time should be devoted to each subject. One response to this problem has been the decision to record less significant buildings in group. An effective group survey technique is to establish a typology for the recording of structures with related characteristics.

In Kentucky, successful use has been made of a tmology for the late

19th- and early 20th-century dwelling form that ware built with great frequency in the rural parts of the state. Because of their recent construction dates, and predictability of form, these houses are not usually accorded individudl study. Their very profusion and uniformity, however, makes them a significant demographic feature . The typology allows the surveyor to quickly record the locations and nt& features of these turn-lclf-the-century buildings, A c&e tkat zes these major cheracterlfitics is then used to identify each house on the survey maps.

The of this typolwy is always the cowlty to be surveyed, The is a priad of forty years ktween about

1890 and 1920, during which there was a discernible proliferation of these dwelling forms. Any older or more recently constructed houses must be treated separately, even though they exhibit the appropriate ford attributes,

Only buildings constructed as of light a are recorded within the par ters of this typology. The fabric requirement includes those houses composed of wood frame and veatherboerding, vertical-board boxing and weatherboarding, or board and batten. Recent application of such sheathings as asphalt paper or asbestos shingles are ignored if datable features assured the propr period of construction.

Among dwellings with the proper for characteristics, a f&ic of brick, stone, or hewn logs generally indicates an earlier construction date, and these buildings are excluded from the typology on temporal grounds. A few .buildings are always identified, however, that fit dl the requirements of the, typology except that of sawn-wood fabric. While it is not generally acceptable to catagorize building types on the basis of material, it has been a useful limitation in this case. Typeable form built of masonry or hem logs usually exhibit distinguishing characteristics that suggest a different orientation or intention on the part of the builder. Such houses warrant individual study. Within this Ir work, classification is made by plan:

I. Double-Cell 11. Double-Cell with passage IS, T-Plan IV, T-Plan with passage Both the double-cell or tvo-room plans, orre of which has an intervening circulation space, have clear connections with the traditional domestic architect of early 19th- century Kentucky, The T-Plan, which wa ilt both with and without a passage, originated with the 19tfrcentury picturesque mowment. Variations of the form appear in n publications, The rural Kentucky version can interpreted as the result of a jogging forward of one of the raditional front room. In this way trical, unbroken facade is given a r ~tywithout major disruption of estab arrangemnts , Variations in the typology are based on:

I, One S . single pile 2. Tvo bays 6, Gable 2, Two D. double pile 3. Three bays P, Pyramidal 4, Four bays H, Hipped 5. Five bays

The attached diagram shows plans and diagnostic feat s that can be identified and recorded on the survey maps. For example, a one-story gable-roofed T-plan with a single file of rooms and s circulation passage would be marked on the map as: IVISG. An additional designation for the r of bays is necessary for the flush facades of the double-cell arxl central-passage form. For example, a two-story , f ive-bay , single-pile , centrdi-passage-plan dvelling (commonly called an I-house) would be recorded as II2S5G. mile the use of four or five symbols to identify a plain house may seem excessively complex, it is an important part of responsibly recording these usually overlooked buildings. The separate designations both emphasize important variations in detail, and identify formal patterns among seemingly unrelated dwlling t Though this twology includes 120 possible combinations of features, o,nly a limited range w~ere ever built with any frequency. In addition, certain characteristics, such as the hipped roof {H) tk doale- pile plan (D) are closely, though not inevitably linked. A8 might be cted, diffemnt combinations of featues *re favorvsd in different parts of KEtntucky , Some variations, such as the overwkielming predominance of thee-by doble-cell houses (IISG) in Fleming. Courmty and four-bay versions {IIHG) in Clark County, seem to be the result of local selection, Other differences can be linked to soeiail, ecanomic, or geographic factors. The one-story double-cell form, for exarrple , has been associated with tenant farming in Kentucky and in accordance with this function, is usually inconspicuously sited in low areas, scattered fairly evenly across the county. In keeping with the popular, published * origin of the type, the T-plan usually shows up in groups at strillgto small service communities that "string out" along sections of country roads, an at rural railroad crossings .

This rural house t ogy has worked well in Kentucky because of the high rate of predictability among the subjects. A word should be sald

ut the reasons for this cohesion, All of these unpretentious houses Ere built in a period of Kentucky's history that was characterized by economic stagnation in the rural areas. New dwellings vex built either by landomers retrenching to more modest farming operations, or as housing for the growing n r of tenant farmers. Simultaneously, the predominance of light wood construction came about as a result of the availability by rail of cheap milled 1 r from regional centers, and the depletion of Kentucky's abundant timber which had formerly sustained local traditions of hem-log and heavy-fr comtrwtion,

Accompanied by e descriptive, explanatory essay and photographs of representative examples, the t

for which the surveyor has some record. In Daviess County, Kentucky, 300

buildings and structures were individually studied, and some 1100

additional buildings were coded on the maps according to this typology. Because of a relatively confining survey budget, these dwellings would not otherwise have received attention, except as amorphous, groups described in sow final report of the county survey.

The use of a t logy has obvious merit for n wbiich large n rs of buildings have a relatively low variance in form

and detail. The typology might be applicable to the treatment of uban speculator housing or industrial worker communities. Another use could

be in the recording of specialized building form such as tobacco barns

or detached root cellars. It should be emphasized that the t like any system of catagorization, is a f ramewrk that the surveyor is imposing on the subject at hand. For that reason, great care must accompany the selection of appropriate criteria. In order to insure that no important variations are ignored, it is necessary to pmcede the formulation of a typology with a period of field work during which the potential subject buildings are individually recorded. Properly used,

homver, tb typology can be more than a necessary evil resulting from

the surveyor's limited resources. It can emphasize relationships among form, details, f

understanding architecture. 4

Camifle WIclfPs Kentucky Heritage Commission - PLAN DEPTH BAYS

S. SINGLE PllE A DOUBLE PILE

1. ONE

2. TWO

I1 00Ulllf-CELL WITH PASSAGE

Ba y W. "Black History of aski Countyw. ( paper filed at aski County Library). Barber, Michael B. "Prehistoric Man Beyond the Blue Ridge: A S sented at "The Blue Ridge S oke College on February 29. 1980. Boyd, C. R. . New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1881, Bruce, T Richmond: J. He

Calfee, Robert M. Letter to his sister Eva, August 3, 1962. In the collection of the Town of

Chappel1 , Edward A. "Acculturation in the She Vdley: Rhenish of the hssanuttsn Settlemnt". Phildelphia; rican Philosophical Society. Vol , February 1980. Ev Clifford, . Bureau of rican Enth onian Institute, 1955.

Glassie , Henry. . Knoxville : University

Gl f Apmachia. . Vol 9, No. 1. Roanoke : 1974-1975. Herman, Bernard. "Continuity and Change in Traditional The Continental Plan farhouse in e North Carolina" in oug Swain, (Student ication of the School 26 ) , North Caroli e University, 1978 . Holland, C. G, Smithsonian Smithsonian Irrstitution Press.

Wow, Danjiel r. Boyce , Virginia: Hundley, M. R, . Roanoke, Virginia: R Hunter, Louis C.

b

Hurst, Sm N, , Apa;;rchia, VA: Hurst & Go, , 1929 Johnson, Patricia Givens, Verona, Virginia: lure Press, 1973.

Johnson, Patricia Giwns, aski, VA: B, D. Smith, Printers, 1976, Kegler, Fredrick Ef. . Roanoke, VA: Southwst Virginia Historical Society, 1938,

pp, 549-577, Louis Phillippe. "Seeing Virginia in 1797 excerpts from 'Diary of My

, vol, 10, no. 2 (1978).

on file at the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology, Yorktown, 1982,

MacCord, H. A. "Report of Phase I1 Testing of the Dalton Site, Pulaeki County, VA (44PW2 1. K on file at the Virginia Research Center haedogy, Yorktown. 1983,

, Virginia: A Report on haeologicd Society of , No. 4, 1984,

krler, Henry rations in the Eastern United States in 1894 " , 18, No, 2, 1896. Mi of Virginia, 1977. ry County. Chancery Packet # 210, Deposition of John Grayson B William Greyson in Crockett Greyson vs William Grayson et al . , 1861 . New River Valley Chapter of the Society of Virginia, Unpublished informat ion on f ile, , VA, 1983-1985, No G, , v of ksachusetts Press, 1984.

Pe st Virginia Turnpike," , fI(Winter 1965-66), p 11. Adminisstration, ash, VA, 1985.

hdford, Charles. . Chicago: The bdford Architecturd Company, 1903, Reeves, John H. , Jr. "Draper Valley Indian Village Site". Archaeological Society of Virginia, Quarterly Baletin. Vol

Rotsnizer, David E, a Unpublished manuscript on file with author. 1983. Rotsnizer, David E, Papr presented

Rotenizer, David E. Unpublished notes on rescue excavations of the Einstein House site (44PW3 ) . On file with author. Rothen Toronto: Rim nd

S , Rlvin Morris, 111, . Unpublished Maste orth Carolina Folk Housing" in ication of the School of Desig Carolina State University, 1978. "United States achian Electric Powr or

t

United States Printing Office. "United States Census". United States Printing Office: Washington, D. C. 1840, 1860, 1870, 1890,

amille Fleming Go, a fort, Kentucky: Ke

t, Klaus, Edenburg, Virginia :