DOCSLIB.ORG

MDMA - Ecstasy: a Current Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MDMA - Ecstasy: a Current Overview MDMA - Ecstasy: A Current Overview Introduction MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) is a synthetic stimulant that alters a person’s perception and mood. A person using MDMA will have an altered awareness of surrounding objects and conditions. The drug is similar chemically to hallucinogens and stimulants. It can produce feelings of increased pleasure, energy, emotional warmth, and a distorted perception of time. Although MDMA has psychedelic effects that cause a sense of euphoria and increased energy, over the long-term the drug may lead to fatigue and depression. MDMA is often combined with other drugs, which increases its potentially harmful effects on the user. Because of these harmful effects, MDMA was made illegal and listed as a Schedule I drug. Nevertheless, experimental use of MDMA has increased for psychiatric disorders, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in an attempt to treat symptoms.5 The History And Evolving Use Of MDMA Anton Kollisch discovered MDMA in Germany in 1912. Kollisch was a chemist working for the German pharmaceutical company Merck. The research interest in the drug was to synthesize methylhydrastinine as a possible treatment for uterine bleeding.6 Ecstasy was patented in 1914 by Merck and was used in therapy. Major tests for MDMA took place in the 1950s at the University of Michigan for the U.S. Army to study its toxicity in animals. In the mid 1970s the substance came to the attention of Alexander Shulgin. Shulgin was a former chemist with Dow Chemical Company and he is known 1 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com as the godfather of Ecstasy. MDMA came to his attention when he was researching another psychoactive compound called MDA. Shulgin worked with David Nichols from Perdue University and in 1978 they published a report about the effects of MDMA in humans. They compared the drug to mushrooms and marijuana.The report by Shulgin and Nichols caught the attention of psychotherapists interested in the disinhibiting effects of MDMA. They saw the drug as a possible tool to overcome fear in patients. The drug was thought to increase patients’ insight into their emotions. Eventually, MDMA became the drug of choice within the rave culture, house parties, clubs, and festivals, and goes by the popular name Ecstasy or Molly.1-6 After MDMA was introduced into psychotherapy, people began using MDMA recreationally. MDMA became attractive recreationally because it has the effects of both a hallucinogenic drug and a stimulant. The name Ecstasy was coined because it described the drug’s effect on people. Production of the drug in the 1980s could not keep up with its use. Safrole and sassafras oil was used to manufacture MDMA. Initially popular at nightclubs and all-night dance parties known as raves, MDMA spread through networks including young, urban professionals (yuppies), users of psychedelics, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists. A psychedelic drug closely related to MDMA, methylenedioxyemphetamine (MDA), nicknamed Sally, spread to U.S. college campuses. Recreational users and psychotherapists were hopeful that MDMA and MDA would remain legal in the United States.1-6 MDMA: Schedule I Substance Because of the perceived, serious dangers of MDMA, in 1985 the United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) issued an emergency notice declaring MDMA a Schedule I substance and the DEA also issued an alert to 2 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com individuals and businesses that it was illegal in the U.S. to use safrole and sassafras oil to manufacture MDMA.7 Some psychiatrists and psychotherapists objected to the DEA classifying MDMA as it did. They cited anecdotal use of its benefits in their practices. These objections failed and in 1988 MDMA and similar psychedelic drugs were classified as Schedule I substances. The Schedule I classification is according to the federal Controlled Substances Act, which is part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. Other examples of Schedule I drugs include heroin, LSD, peyote, and marijuana (cannabis).8 Under federal law, substances are categorized under schedules listed from Schedule I to Schedule V. Schedule I drugs are considered to be the most dangerous drugs. The schedule is assigned based on a drug’s 1) potential for abuse, 2) safety, 3) addictive potential, and 4) whether there is a legitimate medical application for the drug. The potential for severe psychological or physical addiction exists with Schedule I drugs and there is no legitimate medical application.8-10 No clinical studies have established the safety and efficacy of Ecstasy in a psychotherapy setting, which could make MDMA become a Schedule II drug, so the classification as a Schedule I drug remains. Statistics On MDMA Use Use of MDMA is reported at age 12 and older. There are indications that the peak age for use is between ages 18 to 25. There is less use above the age of 26 and under the age of 17. Statistics show that the use among adults 3 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com may be decreasing overall but this may not be true of adolescents.2,3 This could be because younger users may think that MDMA provides a high that is safe; however, it is not safe. Table 1 Use of MDMA (%): Grade 8, 10, and 12 (2016) Drug Time period Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 MDMA Lifetime 1.70 2.80 4.90 Past year 1.00 1.80 2.70 Past month 0.30 0.50 0.90 Table 2 MDMA % Use: Ages 12 and older, 12 - 17, 18 - 25, and 26 or older (2015) Time Period 12 and older 12 to 17 18 to 25 26 and older Lifetime 6.80 1.40 13.10 6.5 Past year 1.00 0.80 4.10 0.50 Past month 0.20 0.10 0.90 0.10 MDMA shares toxicities with amphetamines. It is also associated with specific adverse effects that can be serious or even lead to death. Deaths associated with the use of MDMA have increased since 2013.4 In other countries around the same time, such as Germany, the highest percent of MDMA reached increased for people aged 25 to 29. In Europe, in 2012 the estimate was that 37 percent of club goers ages 14 to 35 used MDMA.1-4 The cost of Ecstasy varies across the globe. Prices tend to be higher in North American than in Europe. A tablet of MDMA/Ecstasy in the United States can be as high as $50 for 50-150 mg of the drug. The lower prices can be $10 to 4 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com $25 per tablet. Production of Ecstasy is mainly in Canada but it is also imported from China. High Risk Drugs And Substance Use Disorder Before beginning an in depth discussion of MDMA, Ecstasy/Molly, a review of the drugs known to have high risk to develop into a substance use disorder and addiction are raised here. It is important for clinicians to be aware of other substances known to commonly have a high risk of addiction as they are often combined with MDMA use and are co-occurring disorders that need to be diagnosed as multiple or poly-substance use disorders, which complicate the medical management and treatment plan for recovery. When determining drug of use, the medical guidelines for testing can vary between regions, however, the clinician diagnosing a problem of MDMA or co-occurring will need to review a laboratory drug screen. Five drugs considered most important in a routine drug screen have evolved over time, such as new variants of amphetamines, synthetic marijuana/cannabinoids, opioids, and PCP not detectable with a routine drug test. PCP has been reported to be relatively obscure and used with lower frequency than numerous other street drugs, and amphetamine use is relatively infrequent compared now with methamphetamine and amphetamine derivatives, such as MDMA (Ecstasy), MDPV (bath salts), and numerous other drugs in this class. It is important that clinicians stay abreast of the drugs reported as frequently used, as the popular notion of drug use evolves based on media report, supply, demand and cost.47 In the United States, currently only amphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, opioids, and PCP should be expected on drug screen test, unless otherwise 5 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com specified or requested. Certain drugs and substances have strong potential for a substance use disorder while others do not. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin and substances such as alcohol are intensely psychoactive, and the user will prefer them for a more powerful feeling of being high. This is certainly one of the known reasons for why they are the agents of choice for people who develop a substance use disorder. However, the pleasures of being intoxicated or high cannot fully explain a substance use disorder, and research has shown that continued and excessive use of these harmful agents causes changes in the central nervous system. These changes both cause and reinforce substance use. Of course, there are many people who take illicit or prescription drugs and/or drink alcohol that do not develop a substance use disorder, and these individual responses to commonly used drugs and substances further complicate the efforts at understanding the development of a substance use disorder. The mechanism of action and medical consequences of long-term use of alcohol, amphetamines/stimulants, cocaine, opioids, and sedative-hypnotics are important considerations when starting and continuing a patient treatment plan. The mechanisms of action by which alcohol and specific high risk drugs cause a substance use disorder, and the withdrawal syndromes associated with each one, is highlighted below.46 Alcohol Aside from tobacco, alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in our society.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
    Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP Hallucinogenic compounds found in some • Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N- plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from have been used—mostly during religious certain types of mushrooms that are rituals—for centuries. Almost all indigenous to tropical and subtropical hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are regions of South America, Mexico, and classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens the United States. These mushrooms have chemical structures similar to those of typically contain less than 0.5 percent natural neurotransmitters (e.g., psilocybin plus trace amounts of acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine- psilocin, another hallucinogenic like). While the exact mechanisms by which substance. hallucinogens exert their effects remain • PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in unclear, research suggests that these drugs the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. work, at least partially, by temporarily Its use has since been discontinued due interfering with neurotransmitter action or to serious adverse effects. by binding to their receptor sites. This DrugFacts will discuss four common types of How Are Hallucinogens Abused? hallucinogens: The very same characteristics that led to • LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is the incorporation of hallucinogens into one of the most potent mood-changing ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. and is manufactured from lysergic acid, Importantly, and unlike most other drugs, which is found in ergot, a fungus that the effects of hallucinogens are highly grows on rye and other grains. variable and unreliable, producing different • Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in effects in different people at different times.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
    Information for Behavioral Health Providers in Primary Care Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP What are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogenic compounds found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used— mostly during religious rituals—for centuries. Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine-like). While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens exert their effects remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs work, at least partially, by temporarily interfering with neurotransmitter action or by binding to their receptor sites. This InfoFacts will discuss four common types of hallucinogens: LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline. This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance. PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use has since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. How Are Hallucinogens Abused? The very same characteristics that led to the incorporation of hallucinogens into ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also led to their propagation as drugs of abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs
    Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens See page 5. from the director: Research Report Series Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs — which have street names like acid, angel dust, and vitamin K — distort the way a user perceives time, motion, colors, sounds, and self. These drugs can disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate rationally, or even to recognize reality, sometimes resulting in bizarre or dangerous behavior. Hallucinogens such as LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca cause HALLUCINOGENS AND emotions to swing wildly and real-world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening. Dissociative drugs like PCP, DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia divinorum may make a user feel out of Including LSD, Psilocybin, Peyote, DMT, Ayahuasca, control and disconnected from their body PCP, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, and Salvia and environment. In addition to their short-term effects What Are on perception and mood, hallucinogenic Hallucinogens and drugs are associated with psychotic- like episodes that can occur long after Dissociative Drugs? a person has taken the drug, and dissociative drugs can cause respiratory allucinogens are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations—profound distortions depression, heart rate abnormalities, and in a person’s perceptions of reality. Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and a withdrawal syndrome. The good news is mushrooms (or their extracts) or can be man-made, and they are commonly divided that use of hallucinogenic and dissociative Hinto two broad categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such drugs among U.S. high school students, as PCP). When under the influence of either type of drug, people often report rapid, intense in general, has remained relatively low in emotional swings and seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
    US 20130289061A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0289061 A1 Bhide et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 31, 2013 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO Publication Classi?cation PREVENT ADDICTION (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: The General Hospital Corporation, A61K 31/485 (2006-01) Boston’ MA (Us) A61K 31/4458 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Pradeep G. Bhide; Peabody, MA (US); CPC """"" " A61K31/485 (201301); ‘4161223011? Jmm‘“ Zhu’ Ansm’ MA. (Us); USPC ......... .. 514/282; 514/317; 514/654; 514/618; Thomas J. Spencer; Carhsle; MA (US); 514/279 Joseph Biederman; Brookline; MA (Us) (57) ABSTRACT Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion to a CNS stimulant in a subject (21) App1_ NO_; 13/924,815 comprising; administering a therapeutic amount of the neu rological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor; to thereby reduce or prevent the devel - . opment of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also (22) Flled' Jun‘ 24’ 2013 disclosed is a method of reducing or preventing the develop ment of addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subj ect; comprising; _ _ administering the CNS stimulant and administering a mu Related U‘s‘ Apphcatlon Data opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the (63) Continuation of application NO 13/389,959, ?led on development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Apt 27’ 2012’ ?led as application NO_ PCT/US2010/ Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising 045486 on Aug' 13 2010' a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor ’ antagonist.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Features of a Fatal Datura Poisoning Case During a Robbery
    Forensic Science International 261 (2016) e17–e21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forensic Science International jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Case report Forensic features of a fatal Datura poisoning case during a robbery a, a a a a,b E. Le Garff *, Y. Delannoy , V. Mesli , V. He´douin , G. Tournel a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, UTML (EA7367), Service de Me´decine Le´gale, F-59000 Lille, France b Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, F-59000 Lille, France A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Datura poisonings have been previously described but remain rare in forensic practice. Here, we present Received 2 October 2015 a homicide case involving Datura poisoning, which occurred during a robbery. Toxicological results Received in revised form 28 January 2016 were obtained by second autopsy performed after one previous autopsy and full body embalmment. A Accepted 13 February 2016 35-year-old man presented with severe stomach and digestive pain, became unconscious and ultimately Available online 23 February 2016 died during a trip in Asia. A first autopsy conducted in Asia revealed no trauma, intoxication or pathology. The corpse was embalmed with methanol/formalin. A second autopsy was performed in France, and Keywords: toxicology samples were collected. Scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine were found in the vitreous Forensic humor, in addition to methanol. Police investigators questioned the local travel guide, who admitted to Intoxication Datura having added Datura to a drink to stun and rob his victim. The victim’s death was attributed to disordered Homicide heart rhythm due to severe anticholinergic syndrome following fatal Datura intoxication.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens
    Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab.
    [Show full text]
  • Methylphenidate Versus Dexamphetamine in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Double-Blind, Crossover Trial
    Methylphenidate Versus Dexamphetamine in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Double-blind, Crossover Trial Daryl Efron, FRACP; Frederick Jarman, FRACP; and Melinda Barker, Grad Dip Ed Psych ABSTRACT. Objective. To compare methylphenidate behavioral, academic, and social functioning. Many (MPH) and dexamphetamine (DEX) in a sample of chil- well-designed, placebo-controlled studies have dem- dren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder onstrated beyond doubt the benefits of stimulants in (ADHD). the vast majority of children with ADHD.2–4 In a Method. A total of 125 children with ADHD received review of 110 studies on the effects of stimulant both MPH (0.3 mg/kg twice daily) and DEX (0.15 mg/kg drugs on more than 4200 children with ADHD, twice daily) for 2 weeks a double-blind, crossover study. 4 ; Outcome measures were Conners’ Parent Rating Scale– Barkley found that 75% of subjects were regarded Revised, Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised, a Par- as improved on stimulants. The mean placebo re- ent Global Perceptions questionnaire, the Continuous sponse was 39%. Performance Test, and the Barkley Side Effects Rating Methylphenidate (MPH) and dexamphetamine Scale. (DEX) are the two stimulants prescribed most fre- Results. There were significant group mean im- quently and have been shown to have similar types provements from baseline score on all measures for of positive effects in children with ADHD. However, both stimulants. On the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scal- it is not known whether one is more efficacious than e–Revised, response was greater on MPH than DEX on the other in terms of probability of producing a the conduct problems and hyperactivity factors, as well positive response, magnitude of response, quality of as on the hyperactivity index.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs
    Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs Editors: Khursheed Asghar, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse Errol De Souza, Ph.D. Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 94 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review on pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs that took place on August 2 through 4, 1988, in Bethesda, MD. The review meeting was sponsored by the Biomedical Branch, Division of Preclinical Research, and the Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other matieral in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • MDMA Get 24/7 Help Now!
    MDMA Illicit substances can be categorized into one of three major drug types: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants consist of substances that slow or “depress” the body’s normal functions. In contrast, stimulants do the opposite: they jump-start the central nervous system, increasing the user’s heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and body temperature. Hallucinogens are unlike either of the other illicit drug groups; as the name suggests, these are drugs that cause hallucinations, whether visual or auditory. Sometimes, illicit drugs can fall into two of these three categories. Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, more commonly called MDMA, is one such example. It falls into two categories: stimulant and hallucinogen. MDMA drug addiction is one type of addiction treatment available through the Wellness Retreat Recovery program. Get 24/7 help now! All calls are free and confidential! 888-821-0238 MDMA About MDMA Like any other stimulant, MDMA increases the user’s energy, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. Still, MDMA stands apart from other stimulant drugs because it triggers a number of effects that are more common among hallucinogens. In fact, MDMA is most well-known for being the active ingredient in Ecstasy, a “club drug” that distorts the user’s senses and evokes uninhibited feelings of sensuality. Other effects include: increased sensory reception (i.e. fabric seems softer, drinks taste stronger, etc.) increased sensitivity to light emotional exacerbation sexual arousal Overall, MDMA has been known to intensity users’ emotional and physical experiences. However, this does not make MDMA a “safe” drug as many users might argue. The Effects of MDMA on the Brain Just like with any other illicit substance, continued use of MDMA can lead to addiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon-I I-D-Threo-Methylphenidate Binding to Dopamine Transporter in Baboon Brain
    Carbon-i i-d-threo-Methylphenidate Binding to Dopamine Transporter in Baboon Brain Yu-Shin Ding, Joanna S. Fowler, Nora D. Volkow, Jean Logan, S. John Gatley and Yuichi Sugano Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; and Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Stony Brook@Stony Brook@NY children (1). MP is also used to treat narcolepsy (2). The The more active d-enantiomer of methyiphenidate (dI-threo psychostimulant properties of MP have been linked to its methyl-2-phenyl-2-(2-piperidyl)acetate, Ritalin)was labeled with binding to a site on the dopamine transporter, resulting in lic (t1,@:20.4 mm) to characterize its binding, examine its spec inhibition of dopamine reuptake and enhanced levels of ificftyfor the dopamine transporter and evaluate it as a radio synaptic dopamine. tracer forthe presynapticdopaminergicneuron. Methods PET We have developed a rapid synthesis of [11C]dl-threo studies were canied out inthe baboon. The pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate ([“C]MP)to examine its pharmacokinet r1c]d-th@O-msth@ha@idate @f'1C]d-thmo-MP)weremeasured ics and pharmacological profile in vivo and to evaluate its and compared with r1cY-th@o-MP and with fts racemate ff@1C]fl-thmo-meth@1phenidate,r1c]MP). Nonradioact,ve meth suitability as a radiotracer for the presynaptic dopaminergic ylphenidate was used to assess the reveralbilityand saturability neuron (3,4). These first PET studies of MP in the baboon of the binding. GBR 12909, 3@3-(4-iodophenyI)tropane-2-car and human brain demonstrated the saturable [1‘C]MP boxylic acid methyl ester (fi-Cfl), tomoxetine and citalopram binding to the dopamine transporter in the baboon brain were used to assess the binding specificity.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine IR Generic
    GEORGIA MEDICAID FEE-FOR-SERVICE STIMULANT AND RELATED AGENTS PA SUMMARY Preferred Non-Preferred Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine IR generic Adzenys ER (amphetamine ER oral suspension) Armodafinil generic Adzenys XR (amphetamine ER dispersible tab) Atomoxetine generic Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine ER (generic Concerta (methylphenidate ER/SA) Adderall XR) Dextroamphetamine IR tablets generic Aptensio XR (methylphenidate ER) Focalin (dexmethylphenidate) Clonidine ER generic Focalin XR (dexmethylphenidate ER) Cotempla XR (methylphenidate ER disintegrating Guanfacine ER generic tablet) Methylin oral solution (methylphenidate) Daytrana (methylphenidate TD patch) Methylphenidate CD/CR/ER generic by Lannett Desoxyn (methamphetamine) [NDCs 00527-####-##] and Kremers Urban [NDCs Dexmethylphenidate IR generic 62175-####-##] (generic Metadate CD) Dexmethylphenidate ER generic Methylphenidate IR generic Dextroamphetamine ER capsules generic Modafinil generic Dextroamphetamine oral solution generic Quillichew ER (methylphenidate ER chew tabs) Dyanavel XR (amphetamine ER oral suspension) Quillivant XR (methylphenidate ER oral suspension) Evekeo (amphetamine tablets) Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) Methamphetamine generic Zenzedi 5 mg, 10 mg IR tablets (dextroamphetamine) Methylphenidate IR chewable tablets generic Methylphenidate ER/SA (generic Concerta) Methylphenidate ER/LA/SR (generic Ritalin LA, Ritalin SR, Metadate ER) Methylphenidate ER/SA 72 mg generic Methylphenidate oral solution generic Mydayis (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine ER) Ritalin LA 10 mg
    [Show full text]
  • Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet
    Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet January 2017 What are psilocybin, or “magic,” mushrooms? For the next two decades thousands of doses of psilocybin were administered in clinical experiments. Psilocybin is the main ingredient found in several types Psychiatrists, scientists and mental health of psychoactive mushrooms, making it perhaps the professionals considered psychedelics like psilocybin i best-known naturally-occurring psychedelic drug. to be promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a Although psilocybin is considered active at doses broad range of psychiatric diagnoses, including around 3-4 mg, a common dose used in clinical alcoholism, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, ii,iii,iv research settings ranges from 14-30 mg. Its obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression.xiii effects on the brain are attributed to its active Many more people were also introduced to psilocybin metabolite, psilocin. Psilocybin is most commonly mushrooms and other psychedelics as part of various found in wild or homegrown mushrooms and sold religious or spiritual practices, for mental and either fresh or dried. The most popular species of emotional exploration, or to enhance wellness and psilocybin mushrooms is Psilocybe cubensis, which is creativity.xiv usually taken orally either by eating dried caps and stems or steeped in hot water and drunk as a tea, with Despite this long history and ongoing research into its v a common dose around 1-2.5 grams. therapeutic and medical benefits,xv since 1970 psilocybin and psilocin have been listed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the most heavily Scientists and mental health professionals criminalized category for drugs considered to have a consider psychedelics like psilocybin to be “high potential for abuse” and no currently accepted promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a medical use – though when it comes to psilocybin broad range of psychiatric diagnoses.
    [Show full text]