Well-being and Quality of Life in Latin America & Caribbean (LAC)
Dr. Beatriz Cuartas E-mail: [email protected]
Organization of American States (OAS)
Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI)
OAS, CIDI December 14, 2017 Structure Context
Chapter 1: LAC Growth Patterns and Well-being (objective)
Chapter 2: Well-being Theory Definitions and Measures (Brief)
Chapter 3: LAC Child Migration (not discussed)
Chapter 4: LAC Well-being Measures (Objective +Subjective)
Summary of Findings
2 Global Trends in Well-being Ranking
Note: This Figure displays the Happy Planet Index Ranking for 151 countries, and compares the OECD and LAC regions. The best a country can rank is 1, and 151 is the worst. Source: Cuartas with Happy Planet Index data
3 Global Trends in Violence Ranking
Note: This Figure shows the Global Peace Index Ranking for 160 countries and compares the OECD and LAC regions. The best a country can rank is 1, and 160 is the worst. Source: Cuartas with Global Peace Index data
4 Ch. 1: LAC Literature
5 LAC Literature
Latin America & Caribbean Number of poor at $4 a day (PPP) (millions)
300
250
200
150 Millions of Poor 100
50
0 1981 [YR1981] 1984 [YR1984] 1987 [YR1987] 1990 [YR1990] 1993 [YR1993] 1996 [YR1996] 1999 [YR1999] 2002 [YR2002] 2005 [YR2005] 2008 [YR2008] 2010 [YR2010] Time Period (Year) Note: This Figure shows LAC’s millions of people in moderate poverty from 1981-2011. Source: Cuartas with World Bank Database, Poverty and Inequality 2015 data
6 LAC Literature
Latin America & Caribbean Poverty headcount ratio at $4 a day (PPP) (% of population) 60
50
40
30
20 Poverty Poverty Headcount Ratio (%)
10
0 1981 [YR1981] 1984 [YR1984] 1987 [YR1987] 1990 [YR1990] 1993 [YR1993] 1996 [YR1996] 1999 [YR1999] 2002 [YR2002] 2005 [YR2005] 2008 [YR2008] 2010 [YR2010] Time Period (Year) Note: This Figure shows LAC’s percentage of people in moderate poverty from 1981-2011. Source: Cuartas with World Bank Database, Poverty and Inequality 2015 data
7 LAC Literature
Latin America & Caribbean GINI index
Venezuela, RB Uruguay Peru Paraguay Panama Nicaragua Mexico Honduras Guatemala El Salvador GINI index Ecuador Costa Rica
Latin American Countries American Latin Colombia Chile Brazil Bolivia Argentina 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Gini Index (%) Note: This Figure displays LAC’s GINI inequality index per country for 2005. Source: Cuartas with Bank Database, Poverty and Inequality 2014 data
8 LAC Literature
Note: This Figure shows LAC’s Country poverty rates overall decline from 1999-2010. Source: World Bank Database, Poverty and Inequality 2014
9 LAC Literature
Note: This Figure displays the amount in billions of U.S. dollars flowing into LAC countries in the form of foreign direct investment and remittances for the time period of 1960-2012.Source: Cuartas + WB
10 Research Questions
• RQ1. What conceptual framework and measures inform LAC well-being policy?
11 LAC Wellbeing
HPI’s well-being is high Poverty and inequality reducing Lacking infrastructure: (i.e. potable water, sewage, food, nutrition,) Health deprivations (backlog) Education access: is improving primary school enrollment challenges remains Environmental foot print scores are low Limited technology: innovative challenges Violence and crime: high rates in the world Lacking Transparency: Corruption is high Lacking Security
12 Chapter 2: Financial Determinants of WB GDP$per$capita$(PPP)$
Legend worldshapehappypeacedatajoin1 GDPPPP 0.000000 - 3071.000000 3071.000001 - 9060.000000 9060.000001 - 19189.000000 19189.000001 - 30386.000000 30386.000001 - 60228.000000
Note: This world map shows the geospatial distribution analysis of secondary country data on GDP PPP for over 100 countries during the year 2013. Notice LAC
13 Chapter 2: GINI Income Inequality GINI-inequality no labels
Legend worldshapehappypeacedatajoin1 giniindex 0.000000 27.928333 - 36.196667 36.420000 - 43.833333 44.230000 - 52.288571 52.846667 - 65.270000
Note: This world map shows the geospatial distribution GINI secondary country data on Well-being for over 100 countries during the year 2013. GINI coefficients range from zero (closest to perfect redistribution) to sixty-five (closest to imperfect distribution.) Notice LAC 14 Measurement Literature
15 LAC Measurement Literature
Gross National Happiness Alkire (2008, 2013) &MDPI: Colombia, El Salvador, Brazil, Belize, Barbados, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago + other countries in the world… 9 dimension WB, Health, education, living, culture, time, vitality, etc.
16 Measurement Literature
New Economics Foundation (2012). For other models and measures (see proposal.)
Happy Planet Index ≈ Experienced well-being × Life expectancy Ecological footprint
17 Research Questions
• RQ3. How do well-being rankings and other country performance measures correlate with each other?
18 Chapter 4- Statistics + DATA Compared populations: LAC + World N=134
Data Sources: • Dependent Variables: The Happy Planet Index ranking.
• Independent Variables: Focus on how national security (–GPI-), governmental accountability (–CPI- rankings), and infrastructure (World Bank Development indicators –WDI- GPD Per Capita) issues affect (Gilpin 1993) HDI
• Spearman, and Pearson rank order correlations: the continuous sets of ranks are increasing (+1) or decreasing (-1) on a one-to-one relation of each other.
19 Recall Chapter 2: HPI’s Well-being Na onal Happiness Rank
Legend worldshapehappypeacedatajoin1 HPIrank 0.000000 - 18.000000 18.000001 - 51.000000 51.000001 - 83.000000 83.000001 - 113.000000 113.000001 - 143.000000
Note: This world map shows the geospatial distribution analysis of HPI secondary country data on Well- being for over 100 countries during the year 2013.
20 Corruption
Legend worldshapehappypeacedatajoin1 cpirank 0.000000 - 16.000000 16.000001 - 47.000000 47.000001 - 85.000000 85.000001 - 126.000000 126.000001 - 178.000000
21 Insecurity
22
Empirical Model 1 Results
23 Empirical Model 1 Results
24 Empirical Model 2
The variables:
GDP per capita PPP
CPI
GPI
Life expectancy
HDI
25 Empirical Model 2 Results Table 4.8 2011 World Quality of Life Pearson Correlations
Pearson Correlations LifeSat0-10 LifeExpY GDPPPP HDI GPIRank Cpirank LifeSat0-10 1 .838** .696** .837** -.238** -.586** LifeExpY .838** 1 .657** .925** -.321** -.602** GDPPPP .696** .657** 1 .775** -.461** -.747** HDI .837** .925** .775** 1 -.340** -.657** GPI rank -.238** -.321** -.461** -.340** 1 .463** CPI rank -.586** -.602** -.747** -.657** .463** 1 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2- tailed). N=134
26 Empirical Model 2 Results
27 Empirical Results
Not all hold for the LAC region and the world
Insecurity & corruption are + associated the (they go up hand in had for the world (r= +.463) and Latin America (r= +.629), (two- tailed, p <.01, ceteris paribus)
Negatively associated with all other variables
28 Empirical Results
• Life satisfaction world (-.586, not significant for LAC), • Life expectancy world (-.602) LAC (-.520), • GDP world (-.747) LAC (-.526), • HDI world (-.657) at the (two tailed, p <.01, ceteris paribus)
• Life satisfaction world (-.238, not significant for LAC), • Life expectancy world (-.321) LAC (-.524), and GDP world (- .461) LAC (.-446), HDI world (-.340) at the (two tailed, p <.01, ceteris paribus)
29 Ecuador Qualitative Analysis
Laws, Legislation, budgetary allocations
Constitution article II
Wellbeing Plan
Regional Life satisfaction has no effect insecurity and corruption and vice-versa.
Ministry of Well-being (discontinued)
Children’s books
INCE + App : Measurement
30 For Further research
31 TECH Measure for LAC WB
32 Thank You!