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STATE of DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS and the RULE of LAW a Security Imperative for Europe

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STATE of DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS and the RULE of LAW a Security Imperative for Europe ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE DENMARK DANEMARK ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE GEORGIA GÉORGIE GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MALTA MALTE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA MONACO MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT-MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA» «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE» TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINE UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM ROYAUME-UNI ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE DENMARK DANEMARK ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE GEORGIA GÉORGIE GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MALTA MALTE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA STATERÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA OF MONACO DEMOCRACY, MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT- MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA» «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE»HUMAN TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINERIGHTS UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOMAND ROYAUME-UNI ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLICTHE RÉPUBLIQUE RULE TCHÈQUE DENMARK OF DANEMARK LAW ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE GEORGIA GÉORGIE GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MALTA MALTE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA MONACO MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT-MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMERA YUGOSLAV security REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA» imperative «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE» TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINE UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM ROYAUME-UNI ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE DENMARK DANEMARK ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE forGEORGIA GÉORGIEEurope GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MALTA MALTE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA MONACO MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT- MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA» «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE» TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINE UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM ROYAUME-UNI ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE DENMARK DANEMARK ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE GEORGIA GÉORGIE GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURGReport LUXEMBOURG by the MALTA SecretaryMALTE REPUBLIC OF GeneralMOLDOVA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA MONACO MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT-MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICof OF the MACEDONIA» Council «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE of Europe YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE» TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINE UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM ROYAUME-UNI ALBANIA ALBANIE ANDORRA ANDORRE ARMENIA ARMÉNIE AUSTRIA AUTRICHE AZERBAIJAN AZERBAÏDJAN BELGIUM BELGIQUE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE BULGARIA BULGARIE CROATIA CROATIE CYPRUS CHYPRE CZECH REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE DENMARK DANEMARK ESTONIA ESTONIE FINLAND FINLANDE FRANCE FRANCE GEORGIA GÉORGIE GERMANY ALLEMAGNE GREECE GRÈCE HUNGARY HONGRIE ICELAND ISLANDE IRELAND IRLANDE ITALY ITALIE LATVIA LETTONIE LIECHTENSTEIN LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LITUANIE LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MALTA MALTE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA MONACO MONACO MONTENEGRO MONTÉNÉGRO NETHERLANDS PAYS-BAS NORWAY NORVÈGE POLAND POLOGNE PORTUGAL PORTUGAL ROMANIA ROUMANIE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE SAN MARINO SAINT- MARIN SERBIA SERBIE SLOVAK REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE SLOVAQUE SLOVENIA SLOVÉNIE SPAIN ESPAGNE SWEDEN SUÈDE SWITZERLAND SUISSE «THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA» «L’EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE» TURKEY TURQUIE UKRAINE UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM ROYAUME-UNI An analysis of democracy, Thorbjørn Jagland human rights and the rule 126th Session of the of law in Europe, Committee of Ministers 2016 based on the findings of Sofia, 18 May 2016 the Council of Europe monitoring mechanisms and bodies STATE OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW A security imperative for Europe Report by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe 2016 Council of Europe French edition Situation de la démocratie, des droits de l’homme et de l’État de droit – Un impératif pour la sécurité de l’Europe All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or Layout: by any means, electronic Documents and Publications (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) Production Department (SPDP), or mechanical, including Council of Europe photocopying, recording or any information storage Photos: Shutterstock or retrieval system, without the prior Published by the Council of Europe permission in writing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex from the Directorate www.coe.int of Communications (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex © Council of Europe, May 2016 or [email protected]). Printed by Ott, France CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 CHAPTER 1 – AN EFFICIENT, IMPARTIAL AND INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY 13 Introduction 15 Judicial independence 16 Efficiency of court proceedings 19 Enforcement of court judgments 22 Legality and legal certainty 24 Access to legal aid 26 Lawyer professionalism 28 Proposed actions and recommendations 29 CHAPTER 2 – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 31 Introduction 33 Safety of journalists and others performing public watchdog functions 34 Protection from arbitrary application of law 39 Media independence 41 Media pluralism and diversity 44 Protection of freedom of expression on the Internet 47 Proposed actions and recommendations 52 CHAPTER 3 – FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION 53 Introduction 55 Freedom of assembly 57 Freedom of association 62 Proposed actions and recommendations 67 CHAPTER 4 – DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS 69 Introduction 71 Free and fair elections 72 Functioning of democratic institutions 74 Vertical separation of powers 76 Good governance 78 Proposed actions and recommendations 80 CHAPTER 5 – INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES 81 Introduction 83 Social rights 84 Non-discrimination 86 Integration of migrants 91 Education and culture for democracy 96 Engaging young people 100 Proposed actions and recommendations 101 ► Page 3 FOREWORD Thorbjørn Jagland Secretary General of the Council of Europe he past 12 months have seen a gear shift in Europe’s security concerns. Recent terrorist attacks have sent a shockwave through our societies. Unco-ordinated responses to the migrant crisis have sustained T chaos at our borders. Lasting peace has still not been secured in eastern Ukraine. The recent resumption of hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh has reminded us how swiftly frozen conflicts can thaw. ■ Combined with ongoing economic uncertainty, such insecure conditions are creating fertile ground for nationalists and xenophobes who seek to exploit public anxiety. Hate crime, anti-Semitism and Islamophobia are on the rise. Trust in state as well as European institutions is in decline. ■ At the same time, a dangerous tendency towards legislative nationalism has emerged. Over recent months there have been attempts in a number of states to introduce laws which risk contravening international standards, most notably as governments try to stem the arrival of refugees. More broadly, a growing chorus of voices now openly questions the authority of the European Court of
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