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Secamone Glaberrima K.Schum (ASCLEPIADACEAE)

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Secamone Glaberrima K.Schum (ASCLEPIADACEAE) FILIERE : PHYSIQUE –CHIMIE MEMOIRE DE RECHERCHE POUR L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE « C.A.P.E.N » Sur la CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE PHYTOCHIMIQUE ETHNOBOTANIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE DE Secamone Glaberrima K.Schum (ASCLEPIADACEAE) Présenté par RAJOHARISON Herilalaina Florin Soutenu le Mois de Décembre 2010 devant la Commission d’Examen Président : Dr RAKOTONDRAMASY VOKATSOA Christian Maître de conférences Examinateur : Monsieur RABEARISOA Andry Hariniaina Rapporteur : Dr RASOANAIVO RAZAFIZANAKA Albertine Maître de conférences Année 2010 DEDICACE Je remercie DIEU Père, Fils et Saint Esprit de m’avoir donné la force d’accomplir ce travail. Je dédie ce mémoire A ma mère, mes frères et sœurs Pour m’avoir soutenu moralement et matériellement durant toutes mes études jusqu’à la réalisation de ce mémoire. Vous n’avez pas manqué de m’encourager avec vos moyens et prières. Que l’accomplissement de cette œuvre constitue à votre égard un témoignage de toute ma gratitude. Ma sincère gratitude à toute ma famille et à mes proches pour leur patience et leurs encouragements tout au long de mes études. Vous m’avez témoigné beaucoup d’amour et vous avez consenti à tous les sacrifices pour me voir réussir. Recevez en retour ces quelques mots qui ne peuvent traduire tout l’Amour que je vous porte. - I - REMERCIEMENTS Nous adressons nos vifs remerciements à : Notre Président de Jury : Docteur RAKOTONDRAMASY VOKATSOA Christian Maître de conférences Enseignant Chercheur à la faculté des sciences de l’Université de Fianarantsoa Nous tenons à vous remercier vivement de nous faire l’honneur de présider le Jury de ce Mémoire. Malgré vos multiples obligations, vous avez consenti à nous accorder une partie de vos temps si précieux. Vous n’avez pas ménagé vos efforts pour que ce Mémoire puisse être présenté aujourd’hui. Veuillez trouver ici un gage de notre profonde reconnaissance. Notre Rapporteur : Docteur RASOANAIVO RAZAFIZANAKA Albertine Maître de conférences Enseignant Chercheur à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Fianarantsoa. Chef de département de Chimie à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Fianarantsoa. Nous vous remercions pour les temps précieux que vous nous avez consacré tout au long de notre formation jusqu’à la réalisation de ce Mémoire. Vous nous avez guidé avec discernement à chaque étape de ce travail. Votre rigueur scientifique ainsi que votre abnégation ont été exemplaires à nos yeux. Nous saluons aussi votre grand cœur et la grande humanité dont vous avez gratifié tout au long de cette période. Soyez assurée de notre gratitude et de notre plus profond respect. Notre Examinateur : Monsieur RABEARISOA Andry Hariniaina Enseignant chercheur à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Fianarantsoa Nous vous remercions également d’avoir accepté de siéger parmi le jury de ce Mémoire malgré vos nombreuses responsabilités. Vos suggestions et vos remarques seraient appréciées pour compléter nos connaissances. Nous vous sommes reconnaissant également pour nous avoir partagé votre expérience sur l’étude chimique d’une plante. - II - Nos remerciements les plus sincères vont aussi : € A Madame la Directeure et à tous les enseignants de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Fianarantsoa, qui nous ont donné le meilleur d’eux même pour notre formation. € A tout le personnel de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de l’Université de Fianarantsoa Votre appui moral et votre compréhension nous ont été nécessaires tout au long de nos études. Merci infiniment € A Madame Georgine de m’avoir accueilli et aidé pour la réalisation des différents tests et manipulations au laboratoire de Chimie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure Université de Fianarantsoa. € A Monsieur RAZAFINDRAONY William, Chef de service au laboratoire de l’hôpital Tambohobe FIANARANTSOA de nous avoir accueilli pour la réalisation des tests microbiologiques préliminaires. € A Monsieur BOTORAFO Jeremy, Unité Microbiologie et Parasitologie d’avoir bien voulu nous aider dans toutes les manipulations durant les tests sur l’activité antimicrobienne. € A Monsieur Brent CORDOVA (Fort Collins COLORADO USA) de nous avoir aidé matériellement. € A tous mes collègues de promotion, pour leur entraide durant nos études. € Enfin nous tenons à présenter notre profonde reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la réalisation de notre travail. - III - ACRONYME % : Pour cent € : Longueur d’onde °C : Degré Celsius AcOEt : Acétate d’éthyle Bi(NO3) : Nitrate de bismuth CP : Chromatographie sur papier CC : Chromatographie sur colonne CCM : Chromatographie sur Couche mince CPG : Chromatographie en phase gazeuse CMI : Concentration Minimale Inhibitrice CH2Cl2 : Dichlorométhane CHCl3 : Chloroforme cm : Centimètre conc : Concentré DL : Dose Létale ED : Eau Distillée Et2O : Ether EtOH : Ethanol FeCl3 : Trichlorure de fer g : gramme H2O : Eau H2SO4 : Acide sulfurique HCI : Acide chlorhydrique HCN : Acide cyanhydrique HgCI2 : Dichlorure de mercure KI : Iodure de potassium MeOH : Méthanol Mg : Magnésium mL : Millilitre mm : Millimètre mn : Minute - IV - N : Normale N° : Numéro Na2SO4 : Sulfate de sodium NaCl : Chlorure de sodium NH4OH : Ammoniaque nm : Nanomètre PP : Page Rf : Référence frontale SiO2 : Gel de silice Sup : Supérieure UV : Ultra violet V : Volume € : à chaud - V - LISTE DES PHOTOS Photo 1 : Secamone Glaberrima K.Schum(ASCLEPIADACEAE) Photo 2 : Tige, feuilles et boutons floraux du Secamone Glaberrima Photo 3 : Tige, feuilles et gousses de Secamone Glaberrima LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Exemple : la strychnine dérivée du tryptophane Figure 2 : Exemple : la colchicine Figure 3 : Exemple : la caféine Figure 4 : exemple d’alcaloïde à structure aliphatique : la galégine Figure 5 : exemple de structure de la colchicine Figure 6 : exemple de structure d’alcaloïdes Isoquinoléiques Figure 7 : Exemple de structure d’alcaloïdes indoliques Figure 8 : Exemple de structure d’alcaloïdes quinoléiques Figure 9 : Exemples d’alcaloïdes puridiques et pipéridiques Figure 10 : Exemple de structure d’alcaloïdes dérivés de tropanes Figure 11 : Structures chimiques de quelques flavonols Figure 12 : Exemples de structure de flavanols Figure 13 : Structure du flavone Figure 14 : Structure du flavanone Figure 15 : Exemples de structure d’isoflavones Figure 16 : Structure de quelques anthocyanidine Figure 17 : Exemple de structure de tanin hydrolysable Figure 18 : Exemple de structure de tanins condensés Figure 19 : Quelques exemples de structure de polyphénols Figure 20 : Exemple de structure d’anthraquinones Figure 21 : Exemple de structure de stéroïdes Figure 22 : Structure des stérols naturels Figure 23 : Exemple de structure de bufadiènolides Figure 24 : Exemple de structure de cardénolide - VI - Figure 25 : Exemple de structure de coumarine simple Figure 26 : Exemple de structure de coumarine complexe Figure 27 : Exemple de structure de carotènoïdes Figure 28 : Exemple de structure chimique des polysaccharides Figure 29 : Exemple de structure d’hétéroside cyanogénétique Figure 30 : Exemple de structure d’Emodol-anthracénoside Figure 31 : Exemples de saponine Figure 32 : Structures chimiques des génuines de l’Aurone et de la Chalcone LISTE DES SCHEMAS Schéma 1 : Classification des terpènoïdes Schéma 2 : Profil d’un chromatogramme Schéma 3 : Réaction des alcaloïdes Schéma 4 : Mécanisme de la réaction de Wilstater Schéma 5 : Mécanisme de la réaction de Bath-Smith Schéma 6 : Mécanisme de la réaction de Salkowski Schéma 7 : Mécanisme de la réaction du test de Grignard Schéma 8 : Chromatogrammes des glycosides - VII - LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Barèmes utilisés pour les appréciations Tableau 2 : Résultats du test par macération chlorhydrique Tableau 3 : Résultats du test de Wilstater Tableau 4 : Résultats du test des leucoanthocyanes et anthocyanes Tableau 5 : Résultats du test des tanins et polyphénols Tableau 6 : Résultats du test des triterpènoides Tableau 7 : Résultats du test des stéroïdes Tableau 8 : Résultats du test des cardénoïdes et bufadiénolides Tableau 9 : Résultats du test des anthraquinones et quinones Tableau 10 : Résultats du test des hétérosides cyanogénétiques Tableau 11 : Résultats du test des saponines Tableau 12 : Résultats du test des polysaccharides Tableau 13 : Résultats du test des caroténoïdes Tableau 14 : Résultats du test des emodols enthracénosides Tableau 15 : Résultats du test des coumarines Tableau 16 : Récapitulation des résultats du screening photochimique Tableau 17 : Valeurs de Rf et couleur des glycosides (éluant 15 %) Tableau 18 : Valeurs de Rf et couleur des glycosides (éluant 60 %) Tableau 19 : Interprétation des couleurs des taches des glycosides Tableau 20 : Résultat des actions antibactériennes de l’extrait en milieu gélosé - VIII - SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1 GENERALITES.....................................................................................................................2 I.LES ASCLEPIADECEAE [2,10,14] ...................................................................................2 Définition et répartition de la famille ..................................................................................2 II. LES SECAMONOIDES [2,3, 14,16]..................................................................................2 II.1Généralités : ..................................................................................................................2 Distribuiton:................................................................................................................3
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