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The Development of Children's Attitudes

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The Development of Children's Attitudes DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH STUDIES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN’SSatraki ATTITUDES TOWARDS LINGUISTIC VARIATION: A STUDY ON A DIALECT/REGISTERP. CONTINUUM DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION MelanieMELANIE P. SATRAKI 2015 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH STUDIES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN’SSatraki ATTITUDES TOWARDS LINGUISTIC VARIATION: A STUDY ON A DIALECT/REGISTERP. CONTINUUM MELANIE P. SATRAKI AMelanie Dissertation Submitted to the University of Cyprus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2015 Satraki P. Melanie ©Melanie P. Satraki, 2015 Satraki P. Melanie VALIDATION PAGE Doctoral Candidate: Melanie P. Satraki Doctoral Thesis Title: The development of children’s attitudes towards linguistic variation: A study on a dialect/register continuum The present Doctoral Dissertation was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of English Studies and was approved on the 24th of June 2015 by the members of the Examination Committee. Satraki Examination Committee: P. Research Supervisor: Andreas Papapavlou, Professor Department of English Studies, University of Cyprus ……………………………………………………………… Other members: Phoevos Panagiotidis, Associate Professor (Chair) Department of English Studies, University of Cyprus ……………………………………………………………… Dina Tsagari, Assistant Professor MelanieDepartment of English Studies, University of Cyprus Marilena Karyolemou, Associate Professor Department of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, University of Cyprus Itesh Sachdev, Professor Emeritus Department of Linguistics, SOAS, University of London i DECLARATION OF DOCTORAL CANDIDATE The present doctoral dissertation was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Cyprus. It is a product of original work of my own, unless otherwise mentioned through references, notes, or any other statements. Melanie P. Satraki Satraki ……………………………………………………………… P. Melanie ii ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Η παρούσα διατριβή διερευνά τις γλωσσικές στάσεις στα πρώτα στάδια της κοινωνιογλωσσολογικής ανάπτυξης. Μετά από πολλά χρόνια έρευνας, οι ερευνητές έχουν καταλήξει στο ότι η στάση είναι μια αξιολογική άποψη σε κάποιο αντικείμενο (Garrett et al. 2006). Οι γλωσσικές στάσεις έχουν διερευνηθεί σε όλο τον κόσμο, ειδικά σε περιβάλλοντα όπου εμφανίζονται πολλαπλές γλωσσικές ποικιλίες. Οι περισσότερες από τις μελέτες αφορούσαν τις στάσεις ενηλίκων, οι οποίες ήταν πιο θετικές προς τυποποιημένα στοιχεία. Μια τέτοια παρατήρηση έχει γίνει και εντός του ελληνικο-κυπριακού σκηνικού (Papapavlou 1998, Themistocleous 2007, Papapavlou & Sophocleous 2009). Έρευνες για τιςSatraki γλωσσικές στάσεις των παιδιών παρέχουν στοιχεία που αποδεικνύουν ότι από την ηλικία των τριών τα παιδιά αρχίζουν να σχηματίζουν γλωσσικές στάσεις (Rosenthal 1974, Schneiderman 1976, Mercer 1977). Η έκθεση σε ένα γλωσσικόP. κώδικα που χρησιμοποιείται μέσα στο περιβάλλον δίνει τη δυνατότητα στο παιδί να αποκτήσει γλώσσα, μαζί με συγκεκριμένες γλωσσικές στάσεις. Η μελέτη του Pavlou (1999) σε μικρά παιδιά Eλληνοκυπρίων έδειξε ότι δεν ήταν υπέρ ούτε της τυποποιημένης ποικιλίας ούτε της διαλέκτου. Η παρούσα διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στις στάσεις Eλληνοκύπριων παιδιών προς την Κυπριακή Ελληνική, ως περίπτωση ενός διαλεκτικού/υφολογικού συνεχούς, όπως επίσης και στις συνδέσεις που κάνουν μεταξύ γλώσσας και μη-γλωσσικών χαρακτηριστικών. Προσπάθεια γίνεται επίσης να εξεταστεί αν μεταβλητές όπως το φύλοMelanie και η ηλικία παίζουν ρόλο στην εικόνα των γλωσσικών στάσεων των παιδιών. Έτσι, μέσα από την υιοθέτηση μιας τεχνολογικά αναβαθμισμένης έκδοσης των ‘Magic Boxes’ (Rosenthal 1974), η διατριβή έχει ως στόχο να ρίξει φως στην ανάπτυξη των γλωσσικών στάσεων Ελληνοκύπριων παιδιών προς τα διάφορα επίπεδα της Κυπριακής Ελληνικής από τις ηλικίες πέντε έως επτά. Ο ακριβής σκοπός είναι να εντοπιστεί αν τα παιδιά σε αυτά τα στάδια έχουν επίγνωση των iii διαφορετικών επιπέδων της Κυπριακής Ελληνικής εκφράζοντας διαφορετικές στάσεις απέναντι σε κάθε επίπεδο. Ταυτόχρονα, καταβάλλεται προσπάθεια για να διερευνηθεί αν υπάρχουν διαφορές μεταξύ των φύλων και αν τα παιδιά κάνουν κάποιους συσχετισμούς μεταξύ των διαφόρων επιπέδων και των μη-γλωσσικών χαρακτηριστικών που αποδίδονται στον ομιλητή ή στο περιβάλλον. Η στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων επιβεβαιώνει προηγούμενα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την ικανότητα των παιδιών να διακρίνουν ποικιλίες του ίδιου κώδικα και να διαμορφώσουν στάσεις απέναντί τους από την ηλικία των πέντε (Rosenthal 1974). Τα παιδιά που συμμετείχαν στη μελέτη, και ιδιαίτερα τα μεγαλύτερα, φαίνεται να προτιμούν το ακρολεκτικό και να βλέπουν δυσμενώς το βασιλεκτικό επίπεδο της Κυπριακής Ελληνικής. Οι στάσεις των κοριτσιών δίνουν μια σαφέστερη εικόνα από εκείνη των αγοριών, που υφίσταται περισσότερες τροποποιήσεις μετά από περαιτέρω ευαισθητοποίηση στα γλωσσικά ερεθίσματα. Επίσης, τα κορίτσια φαίνεται να είναι ακόμα περισσότερο υπέρ των τυποποιημένων στοιχείων από τα αγόρια. Αυτό μπορεί να οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι, καθώς τα παιδιά μεγαλώνουν αποκλίσεις αρχίζουν να εξαφανίζονταιSatraki (Schneiderman 1976) ή πραγματικές διαφορές φύλου εμφανίζονται μετά την ηλικία των δέκα (Sharp et al. 1973). Ο ενδεχόμενος φόβος της αλλοίωσης της εθνικής ταυτότητας μπορεί να εμποδίζει τους Ελληνοκύπριους να παραδεχτούνP. ότι δεν μπορούν ποτέ να είναι φυσικοί ομιλητές της Κοινής Νέας Ελληνικής. Η έλλειψη επιστημονικής έρευνας οδήγησε στη μη αναγνώριση από τους ομιλητές της έννοιας του συνεχούς, και κατά συνέπεια της ανεπαρκούς διαχείρησης τόσο της Κοινής όσο και της Κυπριακής Ελληνικής. Σε κάθε περίπτωση, το θέμα των γλωσσικών στάσεων είναι γενικά σημαντικό, αφού είναι αλληλένδετο με παιδαγωγικά θέματα και θέματα συμπεριφοράς, καθώς και θέματα διατήρησης της γλώσσας, γλωσσικής πολιτικής και σχεδιασμού. Melanie iv ABSTRACT The present thesis investigates language attitudes at early stages of sociolinguistic development. Through many years of investigation, researchers have come to agree that attitude is an evaluative stance towards an object (Garrett et al. 2006). Language attitudes have been investigated worldwide, especially within contexts where multiple linguistic varieties appear. Most of the studies concerned adults’ attitudes which were more positive towards standardised forms. Such an observation has been made within the Greek-Cypriot setting too (Papapavlou 1998, Themistocleous 2007, Papapavlou & Sophocleous 2009). Research on children’s language attitudes provides evidence that from Satrakithe age of three children start forming language attitudes (Rosenthal 1974, Schneiderman 1976, Mercer 1977). Exposure to a linguistic code used in the environment enables the child to acquire language, along with certain languageP. attitudes. Pavlou’s study (1999) on young Greek-Cypriot children showed that they were not in favour of either the standard variety or the dialect. The present thesis focuses on Greek-Cypriot children’s attitudes towards Cypriot Greek, as a case of a dialect/register continuum, along with their associations between language and non-language features. An attempt is also made to test whether variables such as gender and age play a role in the language attitudes’ picture of children. Thus, through the adoption of a technologically advanced version of the ‘Magic Boxes’ (Rosenthal 1974), the thesis aims at shedding light on the developmentMelanie of Greek-Cypriot children’s language attitudes towards different levels of Cypriot Greek from age five to age seven. The actual purpose is to detect whether children at these stages are aware of the different levels of Cypriot Greek, expressing different attitudes towards each level. At the same time, an effort is made to investigate whether there are any gender differences and whether children make v any associations between the various levels and non-language characteristics ascribed to the speaker or to the context. The statistical analysis of the results verifies previous conclusions on children’s ability to distinguish between varieties of the same code and hold attitudes towards them as early as age five (Rosenthal 1974). Children participating in the study, and especially the older ones, appear to favour the acrolectal level and disfavour the basilectal level of Cypriot Greek. Females’ attitudes give a clearer picture than that of males which undergoes more changes after further familiarisation with the linguistic stimuli. Also, girls appear to be even more in favour of the standardised forms than boys. This may be due to the fact that as the children grow older deviations start disappearing (Schneiderman 1976) or real gender differences appear after the age of ten (Sharp et al. 1973). Possible fear of decay of the national identity may prevent Greek Cypriots from admitting that they can never be native speakers of Standard Modern Greek. The lack of scientific research led to speakers’ non-awareness of the continuum, and consequently to inadequate mastering of both Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek. WhateverSatraki the case might be, the issue of language attitudes is generally an important one since it is interrelated with pedagogical and behavioural issues, as well as issues of language maintenance, language policy and planning. P. Melanie vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to thank all those people who made this thesis possible through their guidance, contribution and support. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Andreas Papapavlou. He is the person who made me love linguistics and
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