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The Ainu Speak of Famine: How Oral Traditions Reflect

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The Ainu Speak of Famine: How Oral Traditions Reflect CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Bates College: SCARAB (Scholarly Communication and Research at Bates) Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects Spring 5-2014 The Ainu Speak of Famine: How Oral Traditions Reflect and Inform Historical Analysis of Changing Food Practices and Trade Relations in Early Modern Period Hokkaido (1603-1868) Joanna Charlotte Moody Bates College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Moody, Joanna Charlotte, "The Ainu Speak of Famine: How Oral Traditions Reflect and Inform Historical Analysis of Changing Food Practices and Trade Relations in Early Modern Period Hokkaido (1603-1868)" (2014). Honors Theses. 55. http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/55 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ainu Speak of Famine: How Oral Traditions Reflect and Inform Historical Analysis of Changing Food Practices and Trade Relations in Early Modern Period Hokkaido (1603-1868) An Honors Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Asian Studies Program Bates College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Japanese major Degree of Bachelor of Science by Joanna Charlotte Moody Lewiston, Maine March 22, 2013 Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Sarah Strong, for introducing me to the rewarding field of Ainu study. Her exuberance and knowledge helped me forge my own path in this understudied area. I would also like to acknowledge all of the scholars who have worked to preserve the language, traditions, and culture of the Ainu people. I am especially grateful for the contributions of siblings Chiri Mashiho and Chiri Yukie, who preserved the stories that I have translated and presented in this study. These two Ainu were able to overcome a time of great hardship, and each in their own way work to protect traditional Ainu ways of life. It is truly an honor to present a small part of their work to an English-speaking audience. Finally, to my friends and family, thank you for all of your guidance, encouragement, and support. In particular, I would like to thank my older sister, Emily Moody, who helped me put my thoughts into words to be shared with and understood by others. i Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: ‘Reading’ Oral Traditions ......................................................................................8 Great Divide Theory .................................................................................................................................. 9 Psychodynamics of Orality ...................................................................................................................... 12 (I) Formulaic and Mnemonic............................................................................................................... 12 (II) Repetitive....................................................................................................................................... 14 (III) Participatory and Experiential...................................................................................................... 16 (IV) Homeostatic ................................................................................................................................. 18 (V) Temporal ....................................................................................................................................... 20 The Consequence of Psychodynamics on ‘Reading’ Oral Narratives ..................................................... 21 Chapter 2: Oral Traditions as Historical Sources .................................................................23 The Development of a Historical Methodology for Oral Sources ........................................................... 25 The Utility of Oral Sources...................................................................................................................... 27 History as Interpretation........................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Traditional Ainu Food and Trade Culture .........................................................32 The Satsumon Period and the Rise of Ainu Culture ................................................................................ 34 Relations between the Japanese State and Hokkaido............................................................................... 36 (I) Integrating Japanese Goods into Domestic, Ritual, and Social Life .............................................. 40 The Ainu Ecosystem and Food Culture ................................................................................................... 43 (I) Political Groups and Cooperative Units ......................................................................................... 44 (II) Subsistence Activities.................................................................................................................... 47 (III) The Cosmology of Food .............................................................................................................. 53 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 4: Loss of Ainu Autonomy in the Early Modern Period ........................................61 The Wajinchi-Ezochi Line ....................................................................................................................... 63 Trading Posts and Ainu Dependency....................................................................................................... 64 (I) Changing Subsistence and Relationship with Food........................................................................ 65 (II) Growing Competition between Chiefdoms................................................................................... 70 Shakushain’s War .................................................................................................................................... 72 Japanese Exploitation of Ainu Dependence............................................................................................. 74 The Introduction of Wage Labor and Contract Fisheries ........................................................................ 76 The Introduction of Foreign Contagions.................................................................................................. 79 Setting the Stage for Systematic Subjugation.......................................................................................... 83 Chapter 5: Kamui Yukar and Traditional Ainu Food Culture .............................................88 Characteristics of the Genre and its ‘Traditionalism’ .............................................................................. 88 Kamui Yukar of Famine ........................................................................................................................... 92 Reflections of Early Ainu-Japanese Trade in Kamui Yukar .................................................................... 93 Affirmation of Traditional Cosmology.................................................................................................... 95 (I) The Nature and Cause of the Famine ............................................................................................. 96 (II) The Restoration of Order with the Resolution of Famine ........................................................... 100 (III) The Dutiful Position of the Mediator......................................................................................... 103 Conclusion: An Autonomous Subsistence with Limited Trade............................................................. 107 ii Chapter 6: Uwepeker and Changes in Ainu Subsistence.....................................................109 Characteristics of the Genre and its ‘Modernity’................................................................................... 109 The Effects of Japanese Trade on Social Structures and Subsistence Practices.................................... 111 (I) Evidence of Increased Competition among Chiefdoms ............................................................... 112 (II) Evidence of Trade as a Necessary Form of Food Collection ...................................................... 114 (III) The Commodification of Hunting.............................................................................................. 116 Deteriorating Faith in Traditional Cosmology....................................................................................... 118 (I) The Cause of Famine.................................................................................................................... 119 (II) The Resolution of Famine ........................................................................................................... 122 (III) The Intentions of the Savior....................................................................................................... 123 Conclusion: Pressures from the South ..................................................................................................
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